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Mitangala PN, Irenge LM, Musubao ET, Kahindo JBM, Ayonga PN, Kyembwa Safari I, Kubuya JB, Ntabe EN, Kabangwa Senga RK, Mutombo GN, Ambroise J, Gala JL. Prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in people attending the two main Goma markets in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e167. [PMID: 37724000 PMCID: PMC10600894 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) officially reports low coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) prevalence. This cross-sectional study, conducted between September and November 2021, assessed the COVID-19 seroprevalence in people attending Goma's two largest markets, Kituku and Virunga. A similar study in a slum of Bukavu overlapped for 1 month using identical methods. COVID-19-unvaccinated participants (n = 796 including 454 vendors and 342 customers, 60% of whom were women) were surveyed. The median age of vendors and customers was 34.2 and 30.1 years, respectively. The crude and adjusted anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence rates were 70.2% (95% CI 66.9-73.4%) and 98.8% (95% CI 94.1-100%), respectively, with no difference between vendors and customers. COVID-19 symptoms reported by survey participants in the previous 6 months were mild or absent in 58.9% and 41.1% of participants with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, respectively. No COVID-19-seropositive participants reported hospitalisation in the last 6 months. These findings are consistent with those reported in Bukavu. They confirm that SARS-CoV-2 spread without causing severe symptoms in densely populated settlements and markets and suggest that many COVID-19 cases went unreported. Based on these results, the relevance of an untargeted hypothetical vaccination programme in these communities should be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudence Ndeba Mitangala
- Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Université Officielle de Ruwenzori, Butembo, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Leonid M. Irenge
- Center for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | | | | | - Patrick Ndeba Ayonga
- Département des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Guy Ndongala Mutombo
- Division Provinciale de la Santé du Nord Kivu, Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jérôme Ambroise
- Center for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Gala
- Center for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
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2
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Yalley AK, Ahiatrogah S, Yalley AB, Yankson IK, Nii-Trebi NI, Yalley AA. Did Ghana Do Enough? A Scientometric Analysis of COVID-19 Research Output from Ghana within the African Context. Diseases 2023; 11:diseases11020056. [PMID: 37092438 PMCID: PMC10123632 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated worldwide research efforts to provide knowledge about the disease. Yet little is known about how Ghana contributed to this critical knowledge production. This scientometric analysis was conducted to ascertain Ghana’s COVID-19 research output within the African context to gain understanding and identify potential future directions. The study retrieved relevant research, spanning 2019 to 2022, from the Scopus database in December 2022. The retrieved data were assessed using various established indices, including collaboration patterns, productive institutions, citation patterns, and major research sponsors, among others. Ghana came seventh in Africa with a total of 1112 publications. For international collaborations, the United States and the United Kingdom were the major partners, while South Africa was the main African collaborator with Ghana. Out of the top 21 most productive authors, 85.7% were males and 14.3% were females, demonstrating a great gender gap in research output in Ghana. Although Ghana has made some contributions to the global COVID-19 research output, there are few intra-continental research collaborations, which limits Africa’s overall research output. Our study demonstrates a critical need for the Ghanaian government to prioritize research and funding and address barriers to women’s research productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akua K. Yalley
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra P.O. Box 143, Ghana
| | - Selasie Ahiatrogah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Pan African University of Life and Earth Sciences Institute, University of Ibadan, Ibadan P.O. Box 22133, Nigeria
| | - Akuba B. Yalley
- Department of Mining Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa P.O. Box 237, Ghana
| | - Isaac K. Yankson
- CSIR-Building and Road Research Institute, Kumasi P.O. Box UP40, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Nicholas I. Nii-Trebi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra P.O. Box 143, Ghana
| | - Abena Asefuaba Yalley
- Zukunftskolleg, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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3
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Giovanni MY, Whalen C, Hurt DE, Ware-Allen L, Noble K, McCarthy M, Quinones M, Cruz P, Jjingo D, Wele M, Seydou D, Tartakovsky M. African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Science: Building Capacity for Enhancing Data Intensive Infectious Diseases Research in Africa. JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 1:006. [PMID: 37987019 PMCID: PMC10658664 DOI: 10.37191/mapsci-jidm-1(2)-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Africa faces both a disproportionate burden of infectious diseases coupled with unmet needs in bioinformatics and data science capabilities which impacts the ability of African biomedical researchers to vigorously pursue research and partner with institutions in other countries. The African Centers of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Science are collaborating with African academic institutions, industry partners, the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in a public-private partnership to address these challenges through enhancing computational infrastructure, fostering the development of advanced bioinformatics and data science skills among local researchers and students and providing innovative emerging technologies for infectious diseases research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Y Giovanni
- Office of Data Science and Emerging Technologies and Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Whalen
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Darrell E Hurt
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Latrice Ware-Allen
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karlynn Noble
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meghan McCarthy
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mariam Quinones
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Phillip Cruz
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daudi Jjingo
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Information Sciences, and The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Science, Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mamadou Wele
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, and The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Science, Bamako
| | - Doumbia Seydou
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako
| | - Michael Tartakovsky
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Pellegrino J, Tapera O, Mberikunashe J, Kanyangarara M. Malaria service provision in Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe during the coronavirus pandemic: a cross-sectional survey of health facilities. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.29392/001c.31597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar Tapera
- SADTAP Health Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
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5
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Abstract
In addition to concern about physical health consequences of COVID-19, many researchers also note the concerning impact on behavioral health and quality of life due to disruption. The purpose of this paper is to explore pathways of COVID-19 behavioral health and quality of life. We found increased anxiety, depression, and alcohol misuse and that the pandemic exacerbated prior problems. Further community indicators also lead to poorer behavioral health and overall decreased quality of life. The nature of COVID-19 and vast reach of the virus suggests that behavioral health concerns should take a primary role in pandemic recovery.
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6
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Mezzina R, Gopikumar V, Jenkins J, Saraceno B, Sashidharan SP. Social Vulnerability and Mental Health Inequalities in the "Syndemic": Call for Action. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:894370. [PMID: 35747101 PMCID: PMC9210067 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.894370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Covid-19 is referred to as a "syndemic," i.e., the consequences of the disease are exacerbated by social and economic disparity. Poor housing, unstable work conditions, caste, class, race and gender based inequities and low incomes have a profound effect on mental health and wellbeing. Such disparities are increasing between, among and within countries and are exacerbated by human rights violations, in institution and in society, stigma and discrimination. Social capital can mediate health outcomes, through trust and reciprocity, political participation, and by mental health service systems, which can be coercive or more open to demand of emancipation and freedom. Societal inequalities affect especially vulnerable groups, and Covid itself had a wider impact on the most socially vulnerable and marginalized populations, suffering for structural discrimination and violence. There are complex relations among these social processes and domains, and mental health inequalities and disparity. Participation and engagement of citizens and community organizations is now required in order to achieve a radical transformation in mental health. A Local and Global Action Plan has been launched recently, by a coalition of organizations representing people with lived experience of mental health care; who use services; family members, mental health professionals, policy makers and researchers, such as the International Mental Health Collaborating Network, the World Federation for Mental Health, the World Association for Psychosocial Rehabilitation, the Global Alliance of Mental Illness Advocacy Networks (GAMIAN), The Mental Health Resource Hub in Chennai, India, The Movement for Global Mental Health (MGMH) and others. The Action Plan addresses the need for fundamental change by focusing on social determinants and achieving equity in mental health care. Equally the need for the politics of wellbeing has to be embedded in a system that places mental health within development and social justice paradigm, enhancing core human capabilities and contrasting discriminatory practices. These targets are for people and organizations to adopt locally within their communities and services, and also to indicate possible innovative solutions to Politics. This global endeavor may represent an alternative to the global mental discourse inspired by the traditional biomedical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mezzina
- World Federation for Mental Health, Woodbridge, VA, United States
| | - Vandana Gopikumar
- The Banyan Academy of Leadership in Mental Health, Chennai, India.,Madras School of Social Work, Chennai, India
| | - John Jenkins
- International Mental Health Collaborating Network, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - S P Sashidharan
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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7
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Kana MA, LaPorte R, Jaye A. Africa's contribution to the science of the COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2020-004059. [PMID: 33648978 PMCID: PMC7925249 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Musa Abubakar Kana
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA .,Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nasarawa, Nigeria
| | - Ronald LaPorte
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Assan Jaye
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, The Gambia atLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Banjul, Gambia
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8
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Dente MG, Resti CV, Declich S, Putoto G. The Reported Few Cases and Deaths of Covid-19 Epidemic in Africa Are Still Data Too Questionable to Reassure About the Future of This Continent. Front Public Health 2021; 9:613484. [PMID: 33614582 PMCID: PMC7892606 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.613484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Dente
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Declich
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Putoto
- Planning and Operational Research Department, Doctors With Africa Collegio Aspiranti e Medici Missionari (CUAMM), Padova, Italy
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9
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Rosenthal PJ. Year 100 of the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene: A Remarkable Year. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1-3. [PMID: 33432913 PMCID: PMC7790076 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Rosenthal
- Address correspondence to Philip J. Rosenthal, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94946. E-mail:
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10
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Addis SG, Nega AD, Miretu DG. Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on chronic disease patients in Dessie town government and private hospitals, Northeast Ethiopia. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:129-135. [PMID: 33338951 PMCID: PMC7728425 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The novel corona virus disease which was first detected in China, December 2019 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2. In Ethiopia, the number of infected peoples has been increased from day to day, despite government mitigation measures. But in our country the psychological impact of COVID-19 on patients with chronic diseases was unknown. Hence, this study was aimed to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19 and its associated factors among chronic disease patients. METHODS A facility based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 413 chronic disease patients in Dessie town government and private hospitals from July 20 to August 5, 2020. Impact of event scale revised questionnaire was used for data collection. Both binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were utilized to show the association between outcomes and independent variables. In multivariable analysis, significant association was declared at p-value of <0.05. RESULTS Overall, COVID-19 had abnormal psychological impact on 22.8% (95% CI: 18.6-27.1) of chronic disease patients. Age, sex, duration of chronic disease, respiratory symptoms and having no social support were factors for abnormal psychological impact. CONCLUSION COVID-19 had abnormal psychological impact on one-fourth of chronic disease patients. Therefore, the government, health professionals and researchers should contribute to prevent the psychological impact ofCOVID-19 on chronic disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisay Gedamu Addis
- Department of Comprehensive Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - Abebe Dires Nega
- Department of Comprehensive Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Debrnesh Goshiye Miretu
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
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11
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El Bcheraoui C, Weishaar H, Pozo-Martin F, Hanefeld J. Assessing COVID-19 through the lens of health systems' preparedness: time for a change. Global Health 2020; 16:112. [PMID: 33213482 PMCID: PMC7675393 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last months have left no-one in doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic is exerting enormous pressure on health systems around the world, bringing to light the sub-optimal resilience of even those classified as high-performing. This makes us re-think the extent to which we are using the appropriate metrics in evaluating health systems which, in the case of this pandemic, might have masked how unprepared some countries were. It also makes us reflect on the strength of our solidarity as a global community, as we observe that global health protection remains, as this pandemic shows, focused on protecting high income countries from public health threats originating in low and middle income countries. To change this course, and in times like this, all nations should come together under one umbrella to respond to the pandemic by sharing intellectual, human, and material resources. In order to work towards stronger and better prepared health systems, improved and resilience-relevant metrics are needed. Further, a new model of development assistance for health, one that is focused on stronger and more resilient health systems, should be the world’s top priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel El Bcheraoui
- Evidence-Based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Heide Weishaar
- Evidence-Based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco Pozo-Martin
- Evidence-Based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Hanefeld
- Evidence-Based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Dubbink JH, Branco TM, Kamara KB, Bangura JS, Wehrens E, Falama AM, Goorhuis A, Jørgensen PB, Sevalie SS, Hanscheid T, Grobusch MP. COVID-19 treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: If the best is not available, the available becomes the best. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101878. [PMID: 32927051 PMCID: PMC7485546 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Dubbink
- Masanga Hospital, Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone; Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone; Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tiago Martins Branco
- Masanga Hospital, Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone; Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone
| | - Kelfala Bb Kamara
- Masanga Hospital, Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone; Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone
| | - James S Bangura
- Masanga Hospital, Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone; Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone
| | - Erik Wehrens
- Masanga Hospital, Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone; Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone; Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Capacare, Trondheim, Norway, and Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Abdul M Falama
- District Health Medical Team, District Medical Office, Magburaka, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone; Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter B Jørgensen
- Masanga Hospital, Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone; Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone
| | - Stephen S Sevalie
- Joint Medical Unit, 34 Military Hospital, Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces, Free Town, Sierra Leone; National COVID-19 Emergency Response Team, National Emergency Operations Centre, Free Town, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Martin Peter Grobusch
- Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone; Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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