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Hoover A, Watson D, Reimche P, Tanner L, Gilchrist L, Finch M, Messinger YH, Turcotte LM. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on utilization and cost for care of pediatric and young adult ALL. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:112. [PMID: 38644484 PMCID: PMC11034092 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy and among the most common malignancies in young adults and requires a unique pattern of healthcare utilization including an acute/emergent presentation and an intensive initial 8 months of therapy followed by two years of outpatient treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic caused massive global disruptions in healthcare use and delivery. This report aims to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the presentation, diagnosis and continued management of childhood and young adult ALL in regard to utilization and cost of care among commercially insured individuals in the United States. RESULTS Utilizing a commercial insurance claims database, 529 pediatric and young adult patients were identified who were diagnosed with ALL between January 2016 and March 2021. New diagnoses were evaluated by era and demographics. Utilization was measured by COVID-related era as number of inpatient and outpatient encounters, inpatient days, and cumulative cost during the initial 8 months of therapy. None of these cost or utilization factors changed significantly during or shortly after the pandemic. These findings reinforce that the necessary care for pediatric and young adult ALL was unwavering despite the massive shifts in the healthcare system caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This provides a valuable benchmark as we further examine the factors that influence the pandemic's impact on health equity and access to care, especially in vulnerable pediatric and young adult populations. This is the first investigation of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on utilization and cost of care in pediatric and young adult cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hoover
- Optum Labs Visiting Fellow, Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Mayo Mail Code 366, 420 Delaware St SE, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Laura Gilchrist
- Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Mike Finch
- Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Lucie M Turcotte
- Optum Labs Visiting Fellow, Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Mayo Mail Code 366, 420 Delaware St SE, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Zamanzadeh A, Cavoli T, Ghasemi M, Rokni L. The effect of actual and expected income shocks on mental wellbeing: Evidence from three East Asian countries during COVID-19. Econ Hum Biol 2024; 53:101378. [PMID: 38593608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This paper evaluates the effects of economic shocks to current and expected income reduction on mental wellbeing. We use individual-level data from three East Asian countries; China, Japan, and South Korea, during the early phases of the pandemic when the COVID-induced economic shocks were severe. The findings reveal significant causal effects from current and expected income reduction on different aspects of mental health deterioration, including anxiety, trouble sleeping, boredom, and loneliness. Interestingly, we found that expectations of future income loss have a significantly larger effect on people's mental wellbeing compared to current falls in income. This has significant implications for the design of policies to support income during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Zamanzadeh
- Business School, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Markets, Values and Inclusion (CMVI), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tony Cavoli
- Business School, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Markets, Values and Inclusion (CMVI), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Matina Ghasemi
- Faculty of Business and Economics, Girne American University, Kyrenia, Cyprus
| | - Ladan Rokni
- Asia Contents Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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3
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Cerezo A, Rivera DB, Sanchez D, Torres L, Carlos Chavez FL, Drabble LA. Examining COVID-19 pandemic-related economic and household stress and its association with mental health, alcohol, and substance use in a national sample of Latinx sexual minority and heterosexual adults. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2024; 30:385-394. [PMID: 37199960 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sexual minority adults of Latinx descent faced compounded intersectional stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic across socioeconomic and health domains. Latinx people have experienced some of the highest COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality rates in the United States in addition to significant economic challenges. Yet, current data have not observed the unique pandemic-related experiences of sexual minority Latinx (SML) adults. We examined sexual identity differences in economic and household stress, social support, mental health symptomatology (depression, anxiety), alcohol, and substance use among sexual minority and nonsexual minority Latinx adults in the United States. METHOD Primary data were collected via the AmeriSpeak panel, a national probability sample of U.S.-based 2,286 Latinx adults [sexual minority = .34% (n = 465)]. Data were collected from November 2020 to January 2021, during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS SML adults endorsed higher levels of economic and household stress, mental health symptomatology, and alcohol and substance use than nonsexual minority Latinx adults. Economic stress was associated with increased mental health symptomatology, alcohol, and substance use among SML adults. Social support moderated the association between economic stress and mental health symptomatology and substance use, but not alcohol use. CONCLUSION Findings highlighted unique intersectional considerations among SML adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the importance of social support and the negative toll of economic stress on mental health and substance use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Cerezo
- Department of Counseling, Clinical and School Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara
| | - David B Rivera
- Department of Counseling, Clinical and School Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara
| | | | | | - Fiorella L Carlos Chavez
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University
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4
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Lu ZN, Gao Z, Hao Y. The economic consequence of large-scale epidemic outbreak: The path and loss evaluation of COVID-19 in China based on input-output analysis. Glob Public Health 2024; 19:2341403. [PMID: 38659107 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2024.2341403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted China's economic and social development. Understanding the direct and indirect effects of the epidemic on the economy is vital for formulating scientifically grounded epidemic management policies. This study assesses the economic losses and influence paths of a large-scale epidemic in China. We proposed three COVID-19 scenarios - serious, normal, and mild - to evaluate the direct economic impact on China's GDP from a demand perspective. An input-output model was used to estimate the indirect impact. Our findings show that China's GDP could lose 94,206, 75,365, and 56,524 hundred million yuan under serious, normal, and mild scenarios, respectively, with corresponding GDP decline rates of 9.27%, 7.42%, and 5.56%. Under the normal scenario, indirect economic loss and total loss are projected at 75,364 and 489,386 hundred million yuan, respectively. Additionally, the pandemic led to a reduction in carbon emissions: direct emissions decreased by 1,218.69 million tons, indirect emissions by 9,594.32 million tons, and total emissions by 10,813.01 million tons across various industries. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic and environmental impacts of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Nan Lu
- Interventional Center of Valvular Heart Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Gao
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Development Research Centre of Beijing New Modern Industrial Area, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hao
- School of Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Talana ALE, Quensell ML, Peltzer NK, Thompson MD, Stupplebeen D, Pirkle CM, Keliikoa LB. Examining Mental Health and Economic Consequences During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Filipino Residents in Hawai'i: May - Oct 2020. Hawaii J Health Soc Welf 2024; 83:16-24. [PMID: 38223464 PMCID: PMC10782392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in rapid and drastic changes to daily lives, posing a threat to residents' mental health and well-being. Filipinos are disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 and have one of the highest COVID-19 prevalence in Hawai'i. The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a rise in mental health concerns, yet little is known about the impact on the mental health of Filipinos in Hawai'i. Using publicly available polling data from the SMS Community Pulse Survey, this study sought to describe the mental distress experienced by Filipino residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from an online panel of Hawai'i residents over 4 timepoints (May 5-10; June 11-17; July 31-August 8; October 19-31, 2020). Compared to non-Filipinos, a higher proportion of Filipinos reported feeling stress and sadness during 3 of the 4 timepoints. Across all timepoints, Filipinos were more likely to respond affirmatively to mental health indicators (62.5%). Similarly, Filipinos reported food insecurity in higher proportions relative to non-Filipinos in most timepoints, particularly notable in Timepoint 4 where 33.0% of Filipino respondents reported food insecurity. These findings suggest that Filipinos would benefit from social policy and community-supported initiatives to address social determinants of health, reduce chronic stress, and prevent further mental health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Lynn E. Talana
- Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Michelle L. Quensell
- Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Nicole K. Peltzer
- Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Mika D. Thompson
- Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - David Stupplebeen
- Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Catherine M. Pirkle
- Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - L. Brooke Keliikoa
- Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
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Lazarus JV, Romero D, Kopka CJ, Karim SA, Abu-Raddad LJ, Almeida G, Baptista-Leite R, Barocas JA, Barreto ML, Bar-Yam Y, Bassat Q, Batista C, Bazilian M, Chiou ST, Del Rio C, Dore GJ, Gao GF, Gostin LO, Hellard M, Jimenez JL, Kang G, Lee N, Matičič M, McKee M, Nsanzimana S, Oliu-Barton M, Pradelski B, Pyzik O, Rabin K, Raina S, Rashid SF, Rathe M, Saenz R, Singh S, Trock-Hempler M, Villapol S, Yap P, Binagwaho A, Kamarulzaman A, El-Mohandes A. A multinational Delphi consensus to end the COVID-19 public health threat. Nature 2022; 611:332-345. [PMID: 36329272 PMCID: PMC9646517 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite notable scientific and medical advances, broader political, socioeconomic and behavioural factors continue to undercut the response to the COVID-19 pandemic1,2. Here we convened, as part of this Delphi study, a diverse, multidisciplinary panel of 386 academic, health, non-governmental organization, government and other experts in COVID-19 response from 112 countries and territories to recommend specific actions to end this persistent global threat to public health. The panel developed a set of 41 consensus statements and 57 recommendations to governments, health systems, industry and other key stakeholders across six domains: communication; health systems; vaccination; prevention; treatment and care; and inequities. In the wake of nearly three years of fragmented global and national responses, it is instructive to note that three of the highest-ranked recommendations call for the adoption of whole-of-society and whole-of-government approaches1, while maintaining proven prevention measures using a vaccines-plus approach2 that employs a range of public health and financial support measures to complement vaccination. Other recommendations with at least 99% combined agreement advise governments and other stakeholders to improve communication, rebuild public trust and engage communities3 in the management of pandemic responses. The findings of the study, which have been further endorsed by 184 organizations globally, include points of unanimous agreement, as well as six recommendations with >5% disagreement, that provide health and social policy actions to address inadequacies in the pandemic response and help to bring this public health threat to an end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (CUNY SPH), New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Diana Romero
- City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (CUNY SPH), New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Salim Abdool Karim
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ricardo Baptista-Leite
- UNITE Global Parliamentarians Network, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Health Sciences (CIIS), Catholic University of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Mauricio L Barreto
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Yaneer Bar-Yam
- New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Quique Bassat
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Consortium in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Batista
- Doctors Without Borders (MSF), Geneva, Switzerland
- Baraka Impact Finance, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Shu-Ti Chiou
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Gregory J Dore
- University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - George F Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lawrence O Gostin
- The O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Mojca Matičič
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Illnesses, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin McKee
- The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Bary Pradelski
- French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Grenoble, France
| | | | - Kenneth Rabin
- City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (CUNY SPH), New York City, NY, USA
| | - Sunil Raina
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sabina Faiz Rashid
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rocio Saenz
- University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Sudhvir Singh
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Sonia Villapol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peiling Yap
- International Digital Health & AI Research Collaborative (I-DAIR), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ayman El-Mohandes
- City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (CUNY SPH), New York City, NY, USA
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Pang Y. A theory of fiscal policy response to an epidemic. Health Econ 2022; 31:2050-2071. [PMID: 35771194 PMCID: PMC9349544 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Governments worldwide have issued massive amounts of debt to inject fiscal stimulus during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper analyzes fiscal responses to an epidemic, in which interactions at work increase the risk of disease and mortality. Fiscal policies, which are designed to borrow against the future and provide transfers to individuals suffering economic hardship, can facilitate consumption smoothing while reduce hours worked and hence mitigate infections. We examine the optimal fiscal policy and characterize the condition under which fiscal policy improves social welfare. We then extend the model analyzing the static and dynamic pecuniary externalities under scale economies-the decrease in labor supply during the epidemic lowers the contemporaneous average wage rate while enhances the post-epidemic workforce health and productivity. We suggest that fiscal policy may not work effectively unless the government coordinates working time, and the optimal size of public debt is affected by production technology and disease severity and transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pang
- School of BusinessMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacau
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8
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Schwandt H, Currie J, von Wachter T, Kowarski J, Chapman D, Woolf SH. Changes in the Relationship Between Income and Life Expectancy Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic, California, 2015-2021. JAMA 2022; 328:360-366. [PMID: 35797033 PMCID: PMC9264223 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.10952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic caused a large decrease in US life expectancy in 2020, but whether a similar decrease occurred in 2021 and whether the relationship between income and life expectancy intensified during the pandemic are unclear. OBJECTIVE To measure changes in life expectancy in 2020 and 2021 and the relationship between income and life expectancy by race and ethnicity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective ecological analysis of deaths in California in 2015 to 2021 to calculate state- and census tract-level life expectancy. Tracts were grouped by median household income (MHI), obtained from the American Community Survey, and the slope of the life expectancy-income gradient was compared by year and by racial and ethnic composition. EXPOSURES California in 2015 to 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and 2020 to 2021 (during the COVID-19 pandemic). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Life expectancy at birth. RESULTS California experienced 1 988 606 deaths during 2015 to 2021, including 654 887 in 2020 to 2021. State life expectancy declined from 81.40 years in 2019 to 79.20 years in 2020 and 78.37 years in 2021. MHI data were available for 7962 of 8057 census tracts (98.8%; n = 1 899 065 deaths). Mean MHI ranged from $21 279 to $232 261 between the lowest and highest percentiles. The slope of the relationship between life expectancy and MHI increased significantly, from 0.075 (95% CI, 0.07-0.08) years per percentile in 2019 to 0.103 (95% CI, 0.098-0.108; P < .001) years per percentile in 2020 and 0.107 (95% CI, 0.102-0.112; P < .001) years per percentile in 2021. The gap in life expectancy between the richest and poorest percentiles increased from 11.52 years in 2019 to 14.67 years in 2020 and 15.51 years in 2021. Among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Asian, Black, and White populations, life expectancy declined 5.74 years among the Hispanic population, 3.04 years among the non-Hispanic Asian population, 3.84 years among the non-Hispanic Black population, and 1.90 years among the non-Hispanic White population between 2019 and 2021. The income-life expectancy gradient in these groups increased significantly between 2019 and 2020 (0.038 [95% CI, 0.030-0.045; P < .001] years per percentile among Hispanic individuals; 0.024 [95% CI: 0.005-0.044; P = .02] years per percentile among Asian individuals; 0.015 [95% CI, 0.010-0.020; P < .001] years per percentile among Black individuals; and 0.011 [95% CI, 0.007-0.015; P < .001] years per percentile among White individuals) and between 2019 and 2021 (0.033 [95% CI, 0.026-0.040; P < .001] years per percentile among Hispanic individuals; 0.024 [95% CI, 0.010-0.038; P = .002] years among Asian individuals; 0.024 [95% CI, 0.011-0.037; P = .003] years per percentile among Black individuals; and 0.013 [95% CI, 0.008-0.018; P < .001] years per percentile among White individuals). The increase in the gradient was significantly greater among Hispanic vs White populations in 2020 and 2021 (P < .001 in both years) and among Black vs White populations in 2021 (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This retrospective analysis of census tract-level income and mortality data in California from 2015 to 2021 demonstrated a decrease in life expectancy in both 2020 and 2021 and an increase in the life expectancy gap by income level relative to the prepandemic period that disproportionately affected some racial and ethnic minority populations. Inferences at the individual level are limited by the ecological nature of the study, and the generalizability of the findings outside of California are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schwandt
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Janet Currie
- National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Economics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Till von Wachter
- National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Economics, University of California, Los Angeles
- California Policy Lab, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jonathan Kowarski
- Department of Economics, University of California, Los Angeles
- California Policy Lab, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Derek Chapman
- Center on Society and Health, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond
| | - Steven H. Woolf
- Center on Society and Health, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond
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9
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Hsu J, Fung V, Newhouse JP. Expiration of Pandemic-Related Marketplace Insurance Policies: Implications for Affordability and Coverage. JAMA 2022; 327:2187-2188. [PMID: 35594053 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.8318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Hsu
- Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vicki Fung
- Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph P Newhouse
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Khan MA, Naqvi HA, Hakeem MM, Din GMU, Iqbal N. Economic and financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:15703-15712. [PMID: 34636009 PMCID: PMC8504559 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The world is facing a COVID-19 pandemic outbreak with an unprecedented and enormous impact on the lives of humankind. The economic engine has suffered a big blow in economic and financial performance in all the regions. South Asian countries are also trying to cope with the challenges posed by the pandemic. This paper attempts to understand the severity of the pandemic, the responses by the governments of the region, and the way forward. The pandemic affected the services, manufacturing, trade, supply chain, and particularly the small businesses, which disrupted all the economic indicators, forecasts, and growth patterns. The paper also discusses the strategies devised by the countries to counter the shocks of pandemics and what new opportunities are identified under the circumstances.
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11
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Ríos V, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Barquera S. Association between living in municipalities with high crowding conditions and poverty and mortality from COVID-19 in Mexico. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264137. [PMID: 35192660 PMCID: PMC8863291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization stated a pandemic by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-Cov2 (COVID-19) on March, 2020 with devastating implications for populations, healthcare systems, and economies globally. Objective The present study explores the association between patients living in municipalities with crowding conditions and poverty and mortality from COVID-19 in Mexico; specifically evaluating the socioeconomic characteristics of the municipality in which the patients reside and some individual characteristics. Methods In the present study, we examined public information collected from the National Epidemiological Surveillance System informing all persons tested for SARS-CoV-2 and published by the Ministry of Health. The present analysis was restricted to those with the date of registration to October 12, 2021. The association between the main exposures (overcrowded conditions and poverty) and the outcomes of interest (death by COVID-19) was explored using Cox proportional hazard regression models, including frailty penalties to accommodate multilevel data and random effects for the municipality of case occurrence. Results A total of 9619917 subjects were included in the Epidemiological Surveillance System for viral respiratory disease platform. Of those for which results were available, 6141403 were negative for COVID-19 and 3478514 were positive for COVID-19; with a total of 273216 deaths in those who tested positive. Among those positive to COVID-19 mean age was 46.9. Patients living in municipalities with high rates of crowding conditions increased the risk of dying from COVID-19 by 8% (95% CI: 1.03, 1.14). Individuals living in municipalities with indigenous background was associated with an increased risk of dying from COVID-19 (HR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.17). Individuals living in municipalities with illiteracy (HR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.11), poverty (HR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.19), food insecurity (HR = 1.094; 95% CI 1.02, 1.06), limited access to social security (HR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.13) and health services (HR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.08) had a higher risk of mortality from COVID-19. Conclusion Our data suggest that patients living in municipalities with higher rates of crowding conditions and higher rates of poverty had elevated risk of mortality from COVID-19. In Mexico, the COVID-19 pandemic is a systemic crisis linked to human development since we have seen that it affects less developed and more vulnerable municipalities. Policies to reduce vulnerabilities and develop strategies to deal with health crises like the current one needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Simón Barquera
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail:
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12
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Galanakis CM, Brunori G, Chiaramonti D, Matthews R, Panoutsou C, Fritsche UR. Bioeconomy and green recovery in a post-COVID-19 era. Sci Total Environ 2022; 808:152180. [PMID: 34883168 PMCID: PMC8647344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has generated a health crisis and repetitive lockdowns that disrupted different economic and societal segments. As the world has placed hope on the vaccination progress to bring back the socio-economic "normal," this article explores how the bioeconomy can enhance the resilience and sustainability of bio-based, food, and energy systems in the post-COVID-19 era. The proposed recovery approach integrates technological innovations, environment, ecosystem services, "biocities," food, rural economies, and tourism. The importance of integrating culture, arts, and the fashion industry as part of the recovery is underlined towards building a better bioeconomy that, together with environmental safeguards, promotes socio-cultural and economic innovations. This integration could be achieved supporting communities and stakeholders to diversify their activities by combining sustainable production with decarbonization, stimulating private investments in this direction and monitoring the resulting impact of mitigation measures. Food systems should become more resilient in order to allow adapting rapidly to severe crises and future shocks, while it is important to increase circularity towards the valorization of waste, the integration of different processes within the biorefinery concept and the production of bio-based products and biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis M Galanakis
- Research & Innovation Department, Galanakis Laboratories, Chania, Greece; Food Waste Recovery Group, ISEKI Food Association, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | - Uwe R Fritsche
- International Institute for Sustainability Analysis and Strategy (IINAS), Darmstadt, Germany.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Lopes
- Public Health Unit of the Institute of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Portugal
| | - Alison McCallum
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh
| | | | - John Middleton
- Wolverhampton University
- Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER)
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14
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Lukáč J, Olexová C, Kudlová Z. Factors predicting companies' crisis in the engineering industry from the point of view of financial analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264016. [PMID: 35180268 PMCID: PMC9116989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A key factor for business management is the assessment of the financial situation of companies. Nowadays, it is essential to monitor the liquidity crisis, which is closely linked to corporate crises. The aim of the paper is to analyse a selected sector of the economy from the perspective of the corporate crisis and to identify the factors of crisis. More than 2000 engineering companies in Slovakia were analysed during the period from 2015 to 2019 with the aim of analysing financial results, especially in the area of financial forecast for the future. In the analysis, statistical testing of the significance of relationships using the Spearman correlation coefficient, the significance of differences by the power of t-test, regression and clustering were used. A significant part of the paper is the analysis of selected indicators of the company's crisis-Altman's Z score and the IN05 index. The results indicate that engineering companies in Slovakia are achieving good results and their financial situation is improving within the years between 2015-2019. The results can also be used as a starting point for research concerning the impact of COVID-19 in this area. In the context of corporate crisis management, engineering companies behave in the same way but it is necessary to monitor individual factors that can detect a corporate crisis. Possible measures would thus lead to the stabilization of financial results and long-term sustainable positive prospects for companies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lukáč
- Faculty of Business Economics with seat in Košice, Department of
Corporate Financial Management, University of Economics in Bratislava,
Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Cecília Olexová
- Faculty of Business Economics with seat in Košice, Department of
Management, University of Economics in Bratislava, Bratislava,
Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kudlová
- Faculty of Business Economics with seat in Košice, Department of
Corporate Financial Management, University of Economics in Bratislava,
Bratislava, Slovakia
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15
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Anser MK, Nassani AA, Zaman K, Abro MMQ. Environmental and natural resource degradation in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic: a wake-up call. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:10456-10466. [PMID: 34519987 PMCID: PMC8438285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study's objective is to examine the relationship between COVID-19 cases, environmental sustainability ratings, and mineral resource rents in a large cross section of 97 countries. The emergence of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) enlarges its magnitude across the international borders and damages social, economic, and environmental infrastructure with a high rate of human death tolls. The mineral resources are also devastated, which served as a primary raw input into the production system. The adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment and mineral resources are studied in a large panel of countries and found that mineral resource rents and population growth improve environmental sustainability rating (ESR). In contrast, an increase in coronavirus cases decreases the rating scale across countries. Further, mineral resources first decrease along with increased COVID-19 cases due to strict government policies, including the mandatory shutdown of economic institutions. Further, mineral resource rents increase later because of resuming economic activities in many parts of the world. The high rate of population growth is another important factor that negatively affects mineral resources across countries. Through impulse response and variance decomposition estimates, an exacerbated coronavirus cases and population growth would likely negatively affect ESR and mineral resources. In contrast, COVID-19 recovered cases will likely play a more significant role in securing mineral resources over time. Therefore, the global mineral resource conservation policies and improving ESR are highly needed during the COVID-19 to keep the significant economic gains in unprecedented times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalid Anser
- School of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, 710000 China
| | - Abdelmohsen A. Nassani
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zaman
- Department of Economics, University of Haripur, Haripur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587 Saudi Arabia
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16
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Abdussalam NB, Usman N, Akadiri SS. Appraising the oil-stock nexus during the COVID-19 pandemic shock: a panel threshold analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:11418-11431. [PMID: 34537937 PMCID: PMC8449701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We examine the oil-stock nexus in 24 countries amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and test for threshold effects on oil prices using Hansen (1999) panel dynamic threshold model and recent extensions of Kremer et al. (2013) and Seo and Shin (2016). We find evidence of nonlinearities and threshold effects in oil prices. As an addition to literature, our estimated model shows that stock market prices react in a regime-style manner, when the joint effects of oil prices, exchange rate changes, number of reported cases, and the number of death due to COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed. This is in support of the theoretical model of investor sentiment by Barberis et al. (1998). Therefore, we are of the opinion that policymakers, governments, and investors in their business decision-making process should put into consideration and also observe changes in the global reported cases alongside the number of deaths and how oil prices are evolving, as the global economy is further affected by the COVID-19 pandemic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuruddeen Usman
- Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
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17
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Abstract
The speed of the economic downturn in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic has been exceptional, causing mass layoffs-in Germany up to 30% of the workforce in some industries. Economic rationale suggests that the decision on which workers are fired should depend on productivity-related individual factors. However, from hiring situations we know that discrimination-i.e., decisions driven by characteristics unrelated to productivity-is widespread in Western labor markets. Drawing on representative survey data on forced layoffs and short-time work collected in Germany between April and December 2020, this study highlights that discrimination against immigrants is also present in firing situations. The analysis shows that employees with a migration background are significantly more likely to lose their job than native workers when otherwise healthy firms are unexpectedly forced to let go of part of their workforce, while firms make more efforts to substitute firing with short-time working schemes for their native workers. Adjusting for detailed job-related characteristics shows that the findings are unlikely to be driven by systematic differences in productivity between migrants and natives. Moreover, using industry-specific variation in the extent of the economic downturn, I demonstrate that layoff probabilities hardly differ across the less affected industries, but that the gap between migrants and natives increases with the magnitude of the shock. In the hardest-hit industries, job loss probability among migrants is three times higher than among natives. This confirms the hypothesis that firing discrimination puts additional pressure on the immigrant workforce in times of crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Auer
- University of Mannheim, MZES, Mannheim, Germany
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18
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Abstract
A return to a business as usual economy would be a fatal mistake argues Ronald Labonté
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Labonté
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Y Adashi
- Department of Medical Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - I Glenn Cohen
- Harvard Law, Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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20
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Persaud N, Woods H, Workentin A, Adekoya I, Dunn JR, Hwang SW, Maguire J, Pinto AD, O'Campo P, Rourke SB, Werb D. Recommandations pour une reprise équitable après la pandémie de COVID-19 au Canada. CMAJ 2022; 194:E60-E72. [PMID: 35039395 PMCID: PMC8900790 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.210904-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nav Persaud
- Centre MAP pour des solutions en santé urbaine (Persaud, Wood, Workentin, Adekoya, Dunn, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto, O'Campo, Rourke, Werb), Hôpital St. Michael du Réseau hospitalier Unity Health Toronto; Faculté de médecine (Persaud, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto) et Département de psychiatrie (Rourke), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Hannah Woods
- Centre MAP pour des solutions en santé urbaine (Persaud, Wood, Workentin, Adekoya, Dunn, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto, O'Campo, Rourke, Werb), Hôpital St. Michael du Réseau hospitalier Unity Health Toronto; Faculté de médecine (Persaud, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto) et Département de psychiatrie (Rourke), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Aine Workentin
- Centre MAP pour des solutions en santé urbaine (Persaud, Wood, Workentin, Adekoya, Dunn, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto, O'Campo, Rourke, Werb), Hôpital St. Michael du Réseau hospitalier Unity Health Toronto; Faculté de médecine (Persaud, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto) et Département de psychiatrie (Rourke), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Itunu Adekoya
- Centre MAP pour des solutions en santé urbaine (Persaud, Wood, Workentin, Adekoya, Dunn, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto, O'Campo, Rourke, Werb), Hôpital St. Michael du Réseau hospitalier Unity Health Toronto; Faculté de médecine (Persaud, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto) et Département de psychiatrie (Rourke), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - James R Dunn
- Centre MAP pour des solutions en santé urbaine (Persaud, Wood, Workentin, Adekoya, Dunn, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto, O'Campo, Rourke, Werb), Hôpital St. Michael du Réseau hospitalier Unity Health Toronto; Faculté de médecine (Persaud, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto) et Département de psychiatrie (Rourke), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Stephen W Hwang
- Centre MAP pour des solutions en santé urbaine (Persaud, Wood, Workentin, Adekoya, Dunn, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto, O'Campo, Rourke, Werb), Hôpital St. Michael du Réseau hospitalier Unity Health Toronto; Faculté de médecine (Persaud, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto) et Département de psychiatrie (Rourke), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Jonathon Maguire
- Centre MAP pour des solutions en santé urbaine (Persaud, Wood, Workentin, Adekoya, Dunn, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto, O'Campo, Rourke, Werb), Hôpital St. Michael du Réseau hospitalier Unity Health Toronto; Faculté de médecine (Persaud, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto) et Département de psychiatrie (Rourke), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Andrew D Pinto
- Centre MAP pour des solutions en santé urbaine (Persaud, Wood, Workentin, Adekoya, Dunn, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto, O'Campo, Rourke, Werb), Hôpital St. Michael du Réseau hospitalier Unity Health Toronto; Faculté de médecine (Persaud, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto) et Département de psychiatrie (Rourke), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Patricia O'Campo
- Centre MAP pour des solutions en santé urbaine (Persaud, Wood, Workentin, Adekoya, Dunn, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto, O'Campo, Rourke, Werb), Hôpital St. Michael du Réseau hospitalier Unity Health Toronto; Faculté de médecine (Persaud, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto) et Département de psychiatrie (Rourke), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Sean B Rourke
- Centre MAP pour des solutions en santé urbaine (Persaud, Wood, Workentin, Adekoya, Dunn, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto, O'Campo, Rourke, Werb), Hôpital St. Michael du Réseau hospitalier Unity Health Toronto; Faculté de médecine (Persaud, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto) et Département de psychiatrie (Rourke), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Daniel Werb
- Centre MAP pour des solutions en santé urbaine (Persaud, Wood, Workentin, Adekoya, Dunn, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto, O'Campo, Rourke, Werb), Hôpital St. Michael du Réseau hospitalier Unity Health Toronto; Faculté de médecine (Persaud, Hwang, Maguire, Pinto) et Département de psychiatrie (Rourke), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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21
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Gunay S, Can G. The source of financial contagion and spillovers: An evaluation of the covid-19 pandemic and the global financial crisis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261835. [PMID: 35030202 PMCID: PMC8759666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the reaction of stock markets to the Covid-19 pandemic and the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 (GFC) and compares their influence in terms of risk exposures. The empirical investigation is conducted using the modified ICSS test, DCC-GARCH, and Diebold-Yilmaz connectedness analysis to examine financial contagion and volatility spillovers. To further reveal the impact of these two crises, the statistical features of tranquil and crisis periods under different time intervals are also compared. The test results show that although the outbreak's origin was in China, the US stock market is the source of financial contagion and volatility spillovers during the pandemic, just as it was during the GFC. The propagation of shocks is considerably higher between developed economies compared to emerging markets. Additionally, the results show that the COVID-19 pandemic induced a more severe contagious effect and risk transmission than the GFC. The study provides an extensive examination of the COVID-19 pandemic and the GFC in terms of financial contagion and volatility spillovers. The results suggest the presence of strong co-movements of world stock markets with the US equity market, especially in periods of financial turmoil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samet Gunay
- Finance Department, College of Business Administration, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait
| | - Gokberk Can
- Accounting Department, College of Business Administration, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait
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22
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Abstract
The worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is a complex and multivariate process differentiated across countries, and geographical distance is acceptable as a critical determinant of the uneven spreading. Although social connectivity is a defining condition for virus transmission, the network paradigm in the study of the COVID-19 spatio-temporal spread has not been used accordingly. Toward contributing to this demand, this paper uses network analysis to develop a multidimensional methodological framework for understanding the uneven (cross-country) spread of COVID-19 in the context of the globally interconnected economy. The globally interconnected system of tourism mobility is modeled as a complex network and studied within the context of a three-dimensional (3D) conceptual model composed of network connectivity, economic openness, and spatial impedance variables. The analysis reveals two main stages in the temporal spread of COVID-19, defined by the cutting-point of the 44th day from Wuhan. The first describes the outbreak in Asia and North America, the second stage in Europe, South America, and Africa, while the outbreak in Oceania intermediates. The analysis also illustrates that the average node degree exponentially decays as a function of COVID-19 emergence time. This finding implies that the highly connected nodes, in the Global Tourism Network (GTN), are disproportionally earlier infected by the pandemic than the other nodes. Moreover, countries with the same network centrality as China are early infected on average by COVID-19. The paper also finds that network interconnectedness, economic openness, and transport integration are critical determinants in the early global spread of the pandemic, and it reveals that the spatio-temporal patterns of the worldwide spreading of COVID-19 are more a matter of network interconnectivity than of spatial proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsiotas
- Department of Regional and Economic Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Nea Poli, 33100, Amfissa, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Tselios
- Department of Economic and Regional Development, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, 17671, Athens, Greece
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23
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van Ruitenbeek RE, Slik JS, Bhulai S. On the relation between COVID-19, mobility, and the stock market. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261381. [PMID: 34962952 PMCID: PMC8714095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has brought forth a major landscape shock in the mobility sector. Due to its recentness, researchers have just started studying and understanding the implications of this crisis on mobility. We contribute by combining mobility data from various sources to bring a novel angle to understanding mobility patterns during Covid-19. The goal is to expose relations between mobility and Covid-19 variables and understand them by using our data. This is crucial information for governments to understand and address the underlying root causes of the impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandjai Bhulai
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Knapp ME, Partington LC, Hodge RT, Ugarte E, Hastings PD. We're all in this together: Focus on community attenuates effects of pandemic-related financial hardship on reactance to COVID-19 public health regulations. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260782. [PMID: 34941891 PMCID: PMC8699617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been resistance to COVID-19 public health restrictions partly due to changes and reductions in work, resulting in financial stress. Psychological reactance theory posits that such restrictions to personal freedoms result in anger, defiance, and motivation to restore freedom. In an online study (N = 301), we manipulated the target of COVID-19 restrictions as impacting self or community. We hypothesized that (a) greater pandemic-related financial stress would predict greater reactance, (b) the self-focused restriction condition would elicit greater reactance than the community-focused restriction condition, (c) reactance would be greatest for financially-stressed individuals in the self-focused condition, and (d) greater reactance would predict lower adherence to social distancing guidelines. Independent of political orientation and sense of community, greater financial stress predicted greater reactance only in the self-focused condition; the community-focused condition attenuated this association. Additionally, greater reactance was associated with lower social distancing behavior. These findings suggest that economic hardship exacerbates negative responses to continued personal freedom loss. Community-focused COVID-19 health messaging may be better received during continued pandemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Knapp
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Lindsey C. Partington
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan T. Hodge
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Elisa Ugarte
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Hastings
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry McCartney
- College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret Douglas
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - S Vittal Katikireddi
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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26
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Wei X, Li L, Zhang F. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socio-economic and sustainability. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:68251-68260. [PMID: 34268692 PMCID: PMC8282265 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the lives of people around the world in millions of ways . Due to this severe epidemic, all countries in the world have been affected by all aspects, mainly economic. It is widely discussed that the COVID-19 outbreak has affected the world economy. When considering this dimension, this study aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world economy, socio-economics, and sustainability. In addition, the research focuses on multiple aspects of social well-being during the pandemic, such as employment, poverty, the status of women, food security, and global trade. To this end, the study used time series and cross-sectional analysis of the data. The second-hand data used in this study comes from the websites of major international organizations. From the analysis of secondary data, the conclusion of this article is that the impact of the pandemic is huge. The main finding of the thesis is that the social economy is affected by the pandemic, causing huge losses in terms of economic well-being and social capital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wei
- Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Lijing Li
- Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China.
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Martcheva M, Tuncer N, Ngonghala CN. Effects of social-distancing on infectious disease dynamics: an evolutionary game theory and economic perspective. J Biol Dyn 2021; 15:342-366. [PMID: 34182892 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2021.1946177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We propose two models inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic: a coupled disease-human behaviour (or disease-game theoretic), and a coupled disease-human behaviour-economic model, both of which account for the impact of social-distancing on disease control and economic growth. The models exhibit rich dynamical behaviour including multistable equilibria, a backward bifurcation, and sustained bounded periodic oscillations. Analyses of the first model suggests that the disease can be eliminated if everybody practices full social-distancing, but the most likely outcome is some level of disease coupled with some level of social-distancing. The same outcome is observed with the second model when the economy is weaker than the social norms to follow health directives. However, if the economy is stronger, it can support some level of social-distancing that can lead to disease elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Martcheva
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Necibe Tuncer
- Department of Mathematics, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Calistus N Ngonghala
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Abstract
Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic, it has several specificities influencing its outcomes due to the entwinement of several factors, which anthropologists have called "syndemics". Drawing upon Singer and Clair's syndemics model, I focus on synergistic interaction among chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, and COVID-19 in Pakistan. I argue that over 36 million people in Pakistan are standing at a higher risk of contracting COVID-19, developing severe complications, and losing their lives. These two diseases, but several other socio-cultural, economic, and political factors contributing to structured vulnerabilities, would function as confounders. To deal with the critical effects of these syndemics the government needs appropriate policies and their implementation during the pandemic and post-pandemic. To eliminate or at least minimize various vulnerabilities, Pakistan needs drastic changes, especially to overcome (formal) illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, gender difference, and rural and urban difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inayat Ali
- Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Tan MMJ, Neill R, Haldane V, Jung AS, De Foo C, Tan SM, Shrestha P, Verma M, Bonk M, Abdalla SM, Legido-Quigley H. Assessing the role of qualitative factors in pandemic responses. BMJ 2021; 375:e067512. [PMID: 34840137 PMCID: PMC8624757 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-067512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Mei Jin Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel Neill
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, US
| | - Victoria Haldane
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Jung
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Chuan De Foo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - See Mieng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pami Shrestha
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Monica Verma
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mathias Bonk
- Berlin Institute of Global Health
- Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response Secretariat
| | - Salma M Abdalla
- School of Public Health, Boston University, US
- Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response Secretariat
| | - Helena Legido-Quigley
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
- Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response Secretariat
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Ligo AK, Mahoney E, Cegan J, Trump BD, Jin AS, Kitsak M, Keenan J, Linkov I. Relationship among state reopening policies, health outcomes and economic recovery through first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260015. [PMID: 34793504 PMCID: PMC8601438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
State governments in the U.S. have been facing difficult decisions involving tradeoffs between economic and health-related outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite evidence of the effectiveness of government-mandated restrictions mitigating the spread of contagion, these orders are stigmatized due to undesirable economic consequences. This tradeoff resulted in state governments employing mandates at widely different ways. We compare the different policies states implemented during periods of restriction ("lockdown") and reopening with indicators of COVID-19 spread and consumer card spending at each state during the first "wave" of the pandemic in the U.S. between March and August 2020. We find that while some states enacted reopening decisions when the incidence rate of COVID-19 was minimal or sustained in its relative decline, other states relaxed socioeconomic restrictions near their highest incidence and prevalence rates experienced so far. Nevertheless, all states experienced similar trends in consumer card spending recovery, which was strongly correlated with reopening policies following the lockdowns and relatively independent from COVID-19 incidence rates at the time. Our findings suggest that consumer card spending patterns can be attributed to government mandates rather than COVID-19 incidence in the states. We estimate the recovery in states that reopened in late April was more than the recovery in states that did not reopen in the same period- 15% for consumer card spending and 18% for spending by high income households. This result highlights the important role of state policies in minimizing health impacts while promoting economic recovery and helps planning effective interventions in subsequent waves and immunization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre K. Ligo
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Concord, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Emerson Mahoney
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Concord, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Cegan
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Concord, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin D. Trump
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Concord, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Jin
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Concord, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maksim Kitsak
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse Keenan
- School of Architecture, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Igor Linkov
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Concord, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Latif Y, Shunqi G, Bashir S, Iqbal W, Ali S, Ramzan M. COVID-19 and stock exchange return variation: empirical evidences from econometric estimation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:60019-60031. [PMID: 34155586 PMCID: PMC8216325 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This research looked at the effects of COVID-19 on a number of the world's most important stock exchanges, as well as the empirical relation between the COVID-19 wave and stock market volatility. In order to plan proper portfolio diversification in international financial markets, researchers must examine COVID-19 anxiety in relation to stock market volatility. The stock market volatility connected with the COVID-19 pandemic was measured using AR(1)-GARCH(1,1). COVID-19 fear, according to our research, is the ultimate driver of public attention and stock market volatility. The findings show that throughout the pandemic, stock market performance and GDP growth both declined significantly due to average increases. Furthermore, a 1% increase in COVID-19 causes a 0.8% and 0.56% decline in stock return and GDP, respectively. The stock market, on the other hand, showed a slight movement in GDP growth. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic reported cases index, death index, and global panic index all influenced public perceptions of purchasing and selling. As a result, rather than investing in stocks, it is recommended that you invest in gold. The research also makes policy recommendations for important stakeholders. We look to examine how stock returns respond dynamically to unanticipated changes in the COVID-19 scenarios, as well as the uncertainty that comes with a pandemic. Using daily data from Canada and the USA, we conclude that a spike in COVID-19 instances has a negative impact on the stock market in general. Furthermore, in both the increase and decline scenarios in Canada, the stock return reactions are asymmetric. The disparity is due to the unfavorable impact of the pandemic's unpredictability. We also discovered that uncertainty had a negative impact on the US stock market. The magnitude, however, is insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousaf Latif
- Institute of International Economics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Shunqi
- Institute of International Economics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Business Studies Department, Namal Institute, Mianwali, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Iqbal
- Department of Management Science, College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Salman Ali
- Institute of International Economics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ramzan
- Institute of International Economics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
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Anser MK, Khan MA, Nassani AA, Abro MMQ, Zaman K, Kabbani A. Does COVID-19 pandemic disrupt sustainable supply chain process? Covering some new global facts. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:59792-59804. [PMID: 34146331 PMCID: PMC8214375 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are widely visible in the economic structure, while the principal causal factor is the disruption of the supply chain process that leads to the economies into a global depression. The purpose of the study is to identify the critical factors that affect the global sustainable supply chain process in the cross-sectional panel of 38 European countries, 14 North American countries, 40 Asian countries, and a heterogeneous panel of 111 countries. The results show that an increase in susceptible coronavirus cases and death tolls limits the supply chain process because of nationwide closures of industries and business activities. In contrast, an increase in the number of recovered cases supports economic activities and improved logistic performance index across countries. The innovation accounting matrix shows that since August 2020, the global coronavirus cases will decline and start resuming economic activities to increase the supply chain process. The result is further supported by the estimates of reduction in the proportion of death to recovered cases (case fatality ratio 1) to increase sustainable logistics activities. However, the supply chain process could affect an increasing death toll and case fatality ratio 2 (i.e., the proportion of death to registered cases) over time. The global economies should ensure a free flow of sustainable logistics supply, especially the supply of healthcare medical equipment that would help control the coronavirus pandemic, which escapes from the nations from a global depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalid Anser
- School of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, 710000 China
| | - Muhammad Azhar Khan
- Department of Economics, University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Abdelmohsen A. Nassani
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587 Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zaman
- Department of Economics, University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Kabbani
- Department of Management, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
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Iloskics Z, Sebestyén T, Braun E. Shock propagation channels behind the global economic contagion network. The role of economic sectors and the direction of trade. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258309. [PMID: 34669711 PMCID: PMC8528308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining the spread of macroeconomic phenomena between countries has become increasingly popular after the 2008 economic crisis, but the recent COVID-19 pandemic rendered this issue much more relevant as it shed more light on the risks arising from strongly interconnected economies. This paper intends to extend previous studies in this line by examining the relationship between trade openness and business cycle synchronization. It extends the scope of previous analyses in three areas. First, we use a Granger-causality approach to identify synchronization. Second, trade is broken down to the sector level and third, we distinguish between upstream and downstream connections. These developments allow for a directed approach in the analysis. We use conditional logit regressions to estimate the effect of trade openness on the probability of shock-transmission. The results presented in this study contribute to the literature in two ways. First, in addition to revealing a positive effect of aggregate two-way trade on shock-contagion, it also points out that this overall effect hides diverse behavior in specific trading sectors as well as upstream and downstream channels. Second, while some sectors are not significant channels of shock-transmission in either directions, upstream channels seem to be important in agriculture while downstream channels dominate machinery and other manufactures. Also, there are sectors (chemicals and related products) trade in which affects shock-transmission negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Iloskics
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- ELRN, CERS, Institute for Regional Studies, Pécs, Hungary
- EconNet Research Group, UPFBE, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Sebestyén
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- EconNet Research Group, UPFBE, Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Innovation and Economic Growth Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erik Braun
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- ELRN, CERS, Institute for Regional Studies, Pécs, Hungary
- EconNet Research Group, UPFBE, Pécs, Hungary
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Luo W, Guo W, Hu S, Yang M, Hu X, Xiong C. Flatten the curve: Empirical evidence on how non-pharmaceutical interventions substituted pharmaceutical treatments during COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258379. [PMID: 34634078 PMCID: PMC8504736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Non-Pharmaceutical and Pharmaceutical treatments were alternative strategies for governments to intervene. Though many of these intervention methods proved to be effective to stop the spread of COVID-19, i.e., lockdown and curfew, they also posed risk to the economy; in such a scenario, an analysis on how to strike a balance becomes urgent. Our research leverages the mobility big data from the University of Maryland COVID-19 Impact Analysis Platform and employs the Generalized Additive Model (GAM), to understand how the social demographic variables, NPTs (Non-Pharmaceutical Treatments) and PTs (Pharmaceutical Treatments) affect the New Death Rate (NDR) at county-level. We also portray the mutual and interactive effects of NPTs and PTs on NDR. Our results show that there exists a specific usage rate of PTs where its marginal effect starts to suppress the NDR growth, and this specific rate can be reduced through implementing the NPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Luo
- Maryland Transportation Institute (MTI), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Wei Guo
- Asia-Pacific Academy of Economics and Management and Faculty of Business Administration, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Songhua Hu
- Maryland Transportation Institute (MTI), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Mofeng Yang
- Maryland Transportation Institute (MTI), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Xinyuan Hu
- Maryland Transportation Institute (MTI), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Chenfeng Xiong
- Maryland Transportation Institute (MTI), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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Li K, Foutz NZ, Cai Y, Liang Y, Gao S. Impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns and stimulus payments on low-income population's spending in the United States. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256407. [PMID: 34495996 PMCID: PMC8425560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the economy and human lives worldwide, particularly the vulnerable low-income population. We employ a large panel data of 5.6 million daily transactions from 2.6 million debit cards owned by the low-income population in the U.S. to quantify the joint impacts of the state lockdowns and stimulus payments on this population's spending along the inter-temporal, geo-spatial, and cross-categorical dimensions. Leveraging the difference-in-differences analyses at the per card and zip code levels, we uncover three key findings. (1) Inter-temporally, the state lockdowns diminished the daily average spending relative to the same period in 2019 by $3.9 per card and $2,214 per zip code, whereas the stimulus payments elevated the daily average spending by $15.7 per card and $3,307 per zip code. (2) Spatial heterogeneity prevailed: Democratic zip codes displayed much more volatile dynamics, with an initial decline three times that of Republican zip codes, followed by a higher rebound and a net gain after the stimulus payments; also, Southwest exhibited the highest initial decline whereas Southeast had the largest net gain after the stimulus payments. (3) Across 26 categories, the stimulus payments promoted spending in those categories that enhanced public health and charitable donations, reduced food insecurity and digital divide, while having also stimulated non-essential and even undesirable categories, such as liquor and cigar. In addition, spatial association analysis was employed to identify spatial dependency and local hot spots of spending changes at the county level. Overall, these analyses reveal the imperative need for more geo- and category-targeted stimulus programs, as well as more effective and strategic policy communications, to protect and promote the well-being of the low-income population during public health and economic crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Li
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Natasha Zhang Foutz
- McIntire School of Commerce, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yuxin Cai
- Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yunlei Liang
- Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Song Gao
- Geospatial Data Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Holz M, Mayerl J. Early days of the pandemic-The association of economic and socio-political country characteristics with the development of the COVID-19 death toll. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256736. [PMID: 34464429 PMCID: PMC8407552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article examines cross-national differences in growth of deaths by COVID-19 over time in the first phase of the pandemic, during the time period of 31st December 2019 to 2nd April 2020. We seek to understand and explain country level reaction in the initial period of the pandemic. We explore socio-economic and socio-political country characteristics as determinants of deaths per day and we examine whether country characteristics act as moderating factors for different growth patterns of deaths per day over time. The country characteristics include variables about economy, globalization, health care and demography. We examine data published by the European Center of Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) in combination with World Bank data and a webscraping approach. Using a conditional growth model specified as a multilevel regression model with deaths by COVID-19 per day as the outcome variable, we show that economic variables are not significantly associated with decrease or increase of deaths by COVID-19. In contrast, variables about national health care mitigate the impact of the pandemic. Demography shows expected effects with an increase of growth of deaths in countries with a higher percentage of people older than 65 years. Globalization predicts the death toll as well: Social interaction between people is deadly on a short-term scale (in the form of tourism). Our results mirror frequent demands for global investment in national health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Holz
- Institute for Sociology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jochen Mayerl
- Institute for Sociology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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Sevtsuk A, Hudson A, Halpern D, Basu R, Ng K, de Jong J. The impact of COVID-19 on trips to urban amenities: Examining travel behavior changes in Somerville, MA. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252794. [PMID: 34469450 PMCID: PMC8409662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While there has been much speculation on how the pandemic has affected work location patterns and home location choices, there is sparse evidence regarding the impacts that COVID-19 has had on amenity visits in American cities, which typically constitute over half of all urban trips. Using aggregate app-based GPS positioning data from smartphone users, this study traces the changes in amenity visits in Somerville, MA from January 2019 to December 2020, describing how visits to particular types of amenities have changed as a result of business closures during the public health emergency. Has the pandemic fundamentally shifted amenity-oriented travel behavior or is consumer behavior returning to pre-pandemic trends? To address this question, we calibrate discrete choice models that are suited to Census block-group level analysis for each of the 24 months in a two-year period, and use them to analyze how visitors' behavioral responses to various attributes of amenity clusters have shifted during different phases of the pandemic. Our findings suggest that in the first few months of the pandemic, amenity-visiting preferences significantly diverged from expected patterns. Even though overall trip volumes remained far below normal levels throughout the remainder of the year, preferences towards specific cluster attributes mostly returned to expected levels by September 2020. We also construct two scenarios to explore the implications of another shutdown and a full reopening, based on November 2020 consumer behavior. While government restrictions have played an important role in reducing visits to amenity clusters, our results imply that cautionary consumer behavior has played an important role as well, suggesting a likely long and slow path to economic recovery. By drawing on mobile phone location data and behavioral modeling, this paper offers timely insights to help decision-makers understand how this unprecedented health emergency is affecting amenity-related trips and where the greatest needs for intervention and support may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Sevtsuk
- Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Annie Hudson
- Mobility Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dylan Halpern
- Center for Spatial Data Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rounaq Basu
- Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kloe Ng
- Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jorrit de Jong
- Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
Background/aim The Covid-19 pandemic is one of those rare events that affects everyone on earth and changes our lives. The pandemic, which has killed over four million people worldwide, is putting unprecedented pressure on governments to maintain essential health and social services, as well as keep their economies running, even as the virus threatens people’s daily life on every level. Thus, the purpose of this study is to discuss the short-term economic impact of the pandemic by assessing its costs using official economic data for both the world and Turkey. Furthermore, this research highlights possible economic, social, and political pathways for a postpandemic new world. Materials and methods This study is a review article that overviews and tracks the economic development of the Covid-19 pandemic from the start, synthesizes and compares current data of reliable institutions, and provides an overall assessment. Results The pandemic has certainly caused short-term and long-term damage to economies and living standards for many people. Although there are estimates on what this damage is, the exact degree of the damage is still unknown. However, it seems that the recovery will be gradual, long-lasting, and unpredictable due to the unprecedented uncertainty characteristic of the pandemic. Conclusion Early economic growth projections show that there will be no ordinary recovery for the world economy since short-term countries’ recovery paths are different. It is likely to remain uneven and depend on the effectiveness of the vaccination process, fiscal policy support, public health management, and hard-hit sectors’ growth size in economies. Due to the uncertainty and lack of confidence, governments should ensure an equal and sustainable economic recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic by conducting flexible monetary and fiscal policies. However, without structural reforms, economies can not boost either in the short-term and long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer AÇIKGÖZ
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Political Science, Social Sciences University of Ankara, AnkaraTurkey
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Aslı GÜNAY
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Political Science, Social Sciences University of Ankara, AnkaraTurkey
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Singh DR, Sunuwar DR, Shah SK, Sah LK, Karki K, Sah RK. Food insecurity during COVID-19 pandemic: A genuine concern for people from disadvantaged community and low-income families in Province 2 of Nepal. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254954. [PMID: 34288965 PMCID: PMC8294479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food insecurity is a serious social and public health problem which is exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic especially in resource-poor countries such as Nepal. However, there is a paucity of evidence at local levels. This study aims to explore food insecurity among people from the disadvantaged community and low-income families during the COVID-19 pandemic in Province-2 of Nepal. METHODS The semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted virtually among purposively selected participants (n = 41) from both urban and rural areas in eight districts of Province 2 in Nepal. All the interviews were conducted in the local language between July and August 2020. The data analysis was performed using thematic network analysis in Nvivo 12 Pro software. RESULTS The results of this study are grouped into four global themes: i) Impact of COVID-19 on food security; ii) Food insecurity and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic, iii) Food relief and emergency support during the COVID-19 pandemic, and iv) Impact of COVID-19 and food insecurity on health and wellbeing. Most participants in the study expressed that families from low socioeconomic backgrounds and disadvantaged communities such as those working on daily wages and who rely on remittance had experienced increased food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants used different forms of coping strategies to meet their food requirements during the pandemic. Community members experienced favouritism, nepotism, and partiality from local politicians and authorities during the distribution of food relief. The food insecurity among low-income and disadvantaged families has affected their health and wellbeing making them increasingly vulnerable to the COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSION Food insecurity among low-income and disadvantaged families was found to be a serious problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study suggests that the relief support plan and policies should be focused on the implementation of immediate sustainable food security strategies to prevent hunger, malnutrition, and mental health problems among the most vulnerable groups in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Raj Singh
- Department of Public Health, Asian College for Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Lalitpur, Nepal
- Research and Innovation Section, Southeast Asia Development Actions Network (SADAN), Lalitpur, Nepal
- Research Section, Swadesh Development Foundation (SDF), Siraha, Province-2, Nepal
| | - Dev Ram Sunuwar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Armed Police Force Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sunil Kumar Shah
- Program Section, Bagmati Welfare Society Nepal, Sarlahi, Province-2, Nepal
| | - Lalita Kumari Sah
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Social Care, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Kshitij Karki
- Department of Public Health, Asian College for Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Rajeeb Kumar Sah
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Sports and Exercise, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
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Chen YS, Zhou ZN, Glynn SM, Frey MK, Balogun OD, Kanis M, Holcomb K, Gorelick C, Thomas C, Christos PJ, Chapman‐Davis E. Financial toxicity, mental health, and gynecologic cancer treatment: The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic among low-income women in New York City. Cancer 2021; 127:2399-2408. [PMID: 33899220 PMCID: PMC8239639 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New York City (NYC) emerged as an epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, and marginalized populations were affected at disproportionate rates. The authors sought to determine the impact of COVID-19 on cancer treatment, anxiety, and financial distress among low-income patients with gynecologic cancer during the peak of the NYC pandemic. METHODS Medicaid-insured women who were receiving gynecologic oncology care at 2 affiliated centers were contacted by telephone interviews between March 15 and April 15, 2020. Demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained through self-report and retrospective chart review. Financial toxicity, anxiety, and cancer worry were assessed using modified, validated surveys. RESULTS In total, 100 patients completed the telephone interview. The median age was 60 years (range, 19-86 years), and 71% had an annual income <$40,000. A change in employment status and early stage cancer (stage I and II) were associated with an increase in financial distress (P < .001 and P = .008, respectively). Early stage cancer and telehealth participation were significantly associated with increased worry about future finances (P = .017 and P = .04, respectively). Lower annual income (<$40,000) was associated with increased cancer worry and anxiety compared with higher annual income (>$40,000; P = .036 and P = .017, respectively). When controlling for telehealth participation, income, primary language, and residence in a high COVID-19 prevalence area, a delay in medical care resulted in a 4-fold increased rate of anxiety (P = .023, 95% CI, 1.278-14.50). Race was not significantly associated with increased financial distress, cancer worry, or anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Low socioeconomic status was the most common risk factor for increased financial distress, cancer worry, and anxiety. Interventions aimed at improving access to timely oncology care should be implemented during this ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Stefanie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew York
| | - Zhen Ni Zhou
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew York
| | | | - Melissa K. Frey
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew York
| | - Onyinye D. Balogun
- Department of Radiation OncologyWeill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist HospitalNew YorkNew York
| | - Margaux Kanis
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNew York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist HospitalNew YorkNew York
| | - Kevin Holcomb
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew York
| | - Constantine Gorelick
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyNew York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist HospitalNew YorkNew York
| | - Charlene Thomas
- Clinical and Translational Science CenterDepartment of Biostatistics and EpidemiologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew York
| | - Paul J. Christos
- Clinical and Translational Science CenterDepartment of Biostatistics and EpidemiologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew York
| | - Eloise Chapman‐Davis
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew York
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Davis EJ, Amorim G, Dahn B, Moon TD. Perceived ability to comply with national COVID-19 mitigation strategies and their impact on household finances, food security, and mental well-being of medical and pharmacy students in Liberia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254446. [PMID: 34242378 PMCID: PMC8270202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, guidance from WHO has promoted social distancing, wearing face masks, frequent hand washing, and staying-at-home as measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19. For many across Africa, compliance can be difficult. The aim of this study was to 1) understand the impact of student's household's ability to comply with COVID-19 mitigation strategies, 2) identify predictors of mitigation strategy compliance, and 3) describe the impact of COVID-19 on household economics, food-security, and mental well-being. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted an email-based survey among current medical and pharmacy students of the University of Liberia College of Health Sciences between July and October 2020. The questionnaire was designed to explore their household's ability to comply with current mitigation strategies, as well as the pandemic´s impact on the student's household's finances and food security. Descriptive statistics were used to delineate demographic characteristics. Logistic regression was used to model factors associated with ability to comply with COVID-19 mitigation strategies, as well as participant's food security. RESULTS 113 persons responded to the questionnaire. Seventy-six (67∙3%) reported income losses as a result of the pandemic, with 93 (82∙3%) reporting being "somewhat" or "very worried" about their households' finances. Seventy-seven (68∙1%) participants reported food stocks that were sufficient for one-week or less. Forty (35%) participants reported eating less preferred foods or skipping meals in the past week. Overall, 20 participants (19∙4%) had a positive depression screen. CONCLUSIONS Study participants showed mixed results in being able to adhere to national COVID-19 mitigation strategies, with household level stressors experienced around finances and food security. Until Liberia has access to vaccinations for most of its citizens, COVID-19 response measures need to provide social protections that address basic needs (shelter, clothing and food), and which specifically targets food insecurity. Preventative interventions for mental health problems must be incorporated into Liberia's response to the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis J. Davis
- University of Liberia College of Health Sciences, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Gustavo Amorim
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bernice Dahn
- University of Liberia College of Health Sciences, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Troy D. Moon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Sandmann FG, Davies NG, Vassall A, Edmunds WJ, Jit M. The potential health and economic value of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination alongside physical distancing in the UK: a transmission model-based future scenario analysis and economic evaluation. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21:962-974. [PMID: 33743846 PMCID: PMC7972313 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099%2821%2900079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the UK first adopted physical distancing measures in March, 2020. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 became available in December, 2020. We explored the health and economic value of introducing SARS-CoV-2 immunisation alongside physical distancing in the UK to gain insights about possible future scenarios in a post-vaccination era. METHODS We used an age-structured dynamic transmission and economic model to explore different scenarios of UK mass immunisation programmes over 10 years. We compared vaccinating 75% of individuals aged 15 years or older (and annually revaccinating 50% of individuals aged 15-64 years and 75% of individuals aged 65 years or older) to no vaccination. We assumed either 50% vaccine efficacy against disease and 45-week protection (worst-case scenario) or 95% vaccine efficacy against infection and 3-year protection (best-case scenario). Natural immunity was assumed to wane within 45 weeks. We also explored the additional impact of physical distancing on vaccination by assuming either an initial lockdown followed by voluntary physical distancing, or an initial lockdown followed by increased physical distancing mandated above a certain threshold of incident daily infections. We considered benefits in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs, both to the health-care payer and the national economy. We discounted future costs and QALYs at 3·5% annually and assumed a monetary value per QALY of £20 000 and a conservative long-run cost per vaccine dose of £15. We explored and varied these parameters in sensitivity analyses. We expressed the health and economic benefits of each scenario with the net monetary value: QALYs × (monetary value per QALY) - costs. FINDINGS Without the initial lockdown, vaccination, and increased physical distancing, we estimated 148·0 million (95% uncertainty interval 48·5-198·8) COVID-19 cases and 3·1 million (0·84-4·5) deaths would occur in the UK over 10 years. In the best-case scenario, vaccination minimises community transmission without future periods of increased physical distancing, whereas SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic with biannual epidemics in the worst-case scenario. Ongoing transmission is also expected in intermediate scenarios with vaccine efficacy similar to published clinical trial data. From a health-care perspective, introducing vaccination leads to incremental net monetary values ranging from £12·0 billion to £334·7 billion in the best-case scenario and from -£1·1 billion to £56·9 billion in the worst-case scenario. Incremental net monetary values of increased physical distancing might be negative from a societal perspective if national economy losses are persistent and large. INTERPRETATION Our model findings highlight the substantial health and economic value of introducing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Smaller outbreaks could continue even with vaccines, but population-wide implementation of increased physical distancing might no longer be justifiable. Our study provides early insights about possible future post-vaccination scenarios from an economic and epidemiological perspective. FUNDING National Institute for Health Research, European Commission, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Sandmann
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.
| | - Nicholas G Davies
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anna Vassall
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - W John Edmunds
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Sandmann FG, Davies NG, Vassall A, Edmunds WJ, Jit M. The potential health and economic value of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination alongside physical distancing in the UK: a transmission model-based future scenario analysis and economic evaluation. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21:962-974. [PMID: 33743846 PMCID: PMC7972313 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the UK first adopted physical distancing measures in March, 2020. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 became available in December, 2020. We explored the health and economic value of introducing SARS-CoV-2 immunisation alongside physical distancing in the UK to gain insights about possible future scenarios in a post-vaccination era. METHODS We used an age-structured dynamic transmission and economic model to explore different scenarios of UK mass immunisation programmes over 10 years. We compared vaccinating 75% of individuals aged 15 years or older (and annually revaccinating 50% of individuals aged 15-64 years and 75% of individuals aged 65 years or older) to no vaccination. We assumed either 50% vaccine efficacy against disease and 45-week protection (worst-case scenario) or 95% vaccine efficacy against infection and 3-year protection (best-case scenario). Natural immunity was assumed to wane within 45 weeks. We also explored the additional impact of physical distancing on vaccination by assuming either an initial lockdown followed by voluntary physical distancing, or an initial lockdown followed by increased physical distancing mandated above a certain threshold of incident daily infections. We considered benefits in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs, both to the health-care payer and the national economy. We discounted future costs and QALYs at 3·5% annually and assumed a monetary value per QALY of £20 000 and a conservative long-run cost per vaccine dose of £15. We explored and varied these parameters in sensitivity analyses. We expressed the health and economic benefits of each scenario with the net monetary value: QALYs × (monetary value per QALY) - costs. FINDINGS Without the initial lockdown, vaccination, and increased physical distancing, we estimated 148·0 million (95% uncertainty interval 48·5-198·8) COVID-19 cases and 3·1 million (0·84-4·5) deaths would occur in the UK over 10 years. In the best-case scenario, vaccination minimises community transmission without future periods of increased physical distancing, whereas SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic with biannual epidemics in the worst-case scenario. Ongoing transmission is also expected in intermediate scenarios with vaccine efficacy similar to published clinical trial data. From a health-care perspective, introducing vaccination leads to incremental net monetary values ranging from £12·0 billion to £334·7 billion in the best-case scenario and from -£1·1 billion to £56·9 billion in the worst-case scenario. Incremental net monetary values of increased physical distancing might be negative from a societal perspective if national economy losses are persistent and large. INTERPRETATION Our model findings highlight the substantial health and economic value of introducing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Smaller outbreaks could continue even with vaccines, but population-wide implementation of increased physical distancing might no longer be justifiable. Our study provides early insights about possible future post-vaccination scenarios from an economic and epidemiological perspective. FUNDING National Institute for Health Research, European Commission, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Sandmann
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.
| | - Nicholas G Davies
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anna Vassall
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - W John Edmunds
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Sulis G, Batomen B, Kotwani A, Pai M, Gandra S. Sales of antibiotics and hydroxychloroquine in India during the COVID-19 epidemic: An interrupted time series analysis. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003682. [PMID: 34197449 PMCID: PMC8248656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in India on the consumption of antibiotics and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the private sector in 2020 compared to the expected level of use had the epidemic not occurred. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed interrupted time series (ITS) analyses of sales volumes reported in standard units (i.e., doses), collected at regular monthly intervals from January 2018 to December 2020 and obtained from IQVIA, India. As children are less prone to develop symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, we hypothesized a predominant increase in non-child-appropriate formulation (non-CAF) sales. COVID-19-attributable changes in the level and trend of monthly sales of total antibiotics, azithromycin, and HCQ were estimated, accounting for seasonality and lockdown period where appropriate. A total of 16,290 million doses of antibiotics were sold in India in 2020, which is slightly less than the amount in 2018 and 2019. However, the proportion of non-CAF antibiotics increased from 72.5% (95% CI: 71.8% to 73.1%) in 2019 to 76.8% (95% CI: 76.2% to 77.5%) in 2020. Our ITS analyses estimated that COVID-19 likely contributed to 216.4 million (95% CI: 68.0 to 364.8 million; P = 0.008) excess doses of non-CAF antibiotics and 38.0 million (95% CI: 26.4 to 49.2 million; P < 0.001) excess doses of non-CAF azithromycin (equivalent to a minimum of 6.2 million azithromycin treatment courses) between June and September 2020, i.e., until the peak of the first epidemic wave, after which a negative change in trend was identified. In March 2020, we estimated a COVID-19-attributable change in level of +11.1 million doses (95% CI: 9.2 to 13.0 million; P < 0.001) for HCQ sales, whereas a weak negative change in monthly trend was found for this drug. Study limitations include the lack of coverage of the public healthcare sector, the inability to distinguish antibiotic and HCQ sales in inpatient versus outpatient care, and the suboptimal number of pre- and post-epidemic data points, which could have prevented an accurate adjustment for seasonal trends despite the robustness of our statistical approaches. CONCLUSIONS A significant increase in non-CAF antibiotic sales, and particularly azithromycin, occurred during the peak phase of the first COVID-19 epidemic wave in India, indicating the need for urgent antibiotic stewardship measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sulis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brice Batomen
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita Kotwani
- Department of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Madhukar Pai
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sumanth Gandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zackary D Berger
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Ross D Silverman
- Richard M Fairbanks School of Public Health and Robert H McKinney School of Law, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
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Mateev M, Tariq MU, Sahyouni A. Competition, capital growth and risk-taking in emerging markets: Policy implications for banking sector stability during COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253803. [PMID: 34166479 PMCID: PMC8224939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates how banking competition and capital level impact on the risk-taking behavior of banking institutions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The topic is perceived to be of significant importance during the COVID-19 pandemic. We use data for more than 225 banks in 18 countries in the MENA region to test whether increased competition causes banks to hold higher capital ratios. Employing panel data techniques, and distinguishing between Islamic and conventional banks, we show that banks tend to hold higher capital ratios when operating in a more competitive environment. We also provide evidence that banks in the MENA region increase their capitalization levels in response to a higher risk and vice versa. Further, banking concentration (measured by the HH-index) and credit risk have a significant and positive impact on capital ratios of IBs, whereas competition does play a restrictive role in determining the level of their capital. The results hold when controlling for ownership structure, regulatory and institutional environment, bank-specific and macroeconomic characteristics. Our findings inform regulatory authorities concerned with improving the financial stability of banking sector in the MENA region to strengthen their policies in order to force banks to better align with capital requirements and risk during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmad Sahyouni
- Higher Institute for Administrative Development, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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Li D, Suresh M, Abbondanza T, Vaidya A, Bancos I. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Self-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Adrenal Insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2469-e2479. [PMID: 34042985 PMCID: PMC8194854 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted healthcare environment. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of the pandemic on self-reported outcomes in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI). DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective longitudinal survey study at 2 tertiary centers. PARTICIPANTS Patients with AI. INTERVENTION Patient-centered questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21, Short Form-36, and AI self-management. RESULTS Of 342 patients, 157 (46%) had primary AI, 109 (32%) had secondary AI, and 76 (22%) had glucocorticoid-induced AI. When compared to prepandemic, daily glucocorticoid dose and number of adrenal crises did not change. However, patients reported a higher financial impact from AI (34% vs 23%, P = 0.006) and difficulty accessing medical care (31% vs 7%, P < 0.0001) during the pandemic. A third of patients reported difficulty managing AI during the pandemic. After adjusting for duration and subtypes of AI, younger patients [odds ratio (OR) 2.3, CI 95% 1.3-4.1], women (OR 3.7, CI 95% 1.9-7.1), poor healthcare access(OR 4.2, CI 95% 2.3-7.7), lack of good insurance support (OR 2.8, CI 95% 1.3-5.9), and those with a higher financial impact (OR 2.3, CI 95% 1.3-4.3) reported greater difficulties managing AI. Patients were more likely to report a higher anxiety score (≥8) if they found managing AI challenging during the pandemic (OR 3.0, CI 95% 1.3-6.9), and had lower Physical Component Summary (OR 4.9, CI 95% 2.2-11.0) and Mental Component Summary (OR 4.1, CI 95% 1.8-9.5) scores prior to the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS A third of patients with AI reported difficulties with management of AI during the pandemic, particularly in younger patients, women, and those with poor healthcare access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingfeng Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Malavika Suresh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tiffany Abbondanza
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Dyduch W, Chudziński P, Cyfert S, Zastempowski M. Dynamic capabilities, value creation and value capture: Evidence from SMEs under Covid-19 lockdown in Poland. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252423. [PMID: 34129597 PMCID: PMC8205126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic capabilities, resulting from activities that allow conscious and skillful modification of a firm's strategic potential, are seen as one of the key drivers of a firm's value creation, competitive advantage and above-average performance in changing environments. However, little is known about how dynamic capabilities can shape business survival and performance during crises. The research objective of this paper is twofold. First, through a literature review, we seek to identify which first-order dynamic capabilities-managerial decisions under uncertainty-are vital for rapid response to a crisis. Second, we present the results of research carried out among 151 small and medium-sized companies in Poland immediately after the beginning of the economic lockdown (April 2020). The survey that we developed identifies which dynamic capabilities were essential for businesses to survive during this unexpected black swan event. We also present dependence and regression analyses showing the links between the identified dynamic capabilities and value creation, understood as retaining employees and production levels, as well as value capture, understood as maintaining cash flow and current revenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Dyduch
- College of Management, University of Economics in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Szymon Cyfert
- Institute of Management, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Zastempowski
- Department of Enterprise Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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Li X, Feng L. Impact of donors' financial fairness perception on donation intention in nonprofit organizations after COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251991. [PMID: 34106946 PMCID: PMC8189488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the investigation of financial fairness perception and donation intention of individual donors in non-profit organizations (NPOs), this paper uses structural equation model to analyze the impact of individual donors' financial fairness perception on donation intention. The results show that individual donors' perceptions on financial result fairness, financial procedure fairness and financial information fairness all have positive impact on donation intention; among which the perception on financial result fairness only has direct impact on individual donation intention, while the perceptions on financial procedure fairness and financial information fairness have direct and indirect impact on individual donation intention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Accounting School, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Linyan Feng
- College of Business Administration, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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Abstract
Women remain underrepresented within academic medicine despite past and present efforts to promote gender equity. The authors discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic could stymie progress toward gender parity within the biomedical workforce and limit the retention and advancement of women in science and medicine. Women faculty face distinct challenges as they navigate the impact of shelter-in-place and social distancing on work and home life. An unequal division of household labor and family care between men and women means women faculty are vulnerable to inequities that may develop in the workplace as they strive to maintain academic productivity and professional development without adequate assistance with domestic tasks and family care. Emerging data suggest that gender differences in academic productivity may be forthcoming as a direct result of the pandemic. Existing gender inequities in professional visibility, networking, and collaboration may be exacerbated as activities transition from in-person to virtual environments and create new barriers to advancement. Meanwhile, initiatives designed to promote gender equity within academic medicine may lose key funding due to the economic impact of COVID-19 on higher education. To ensure that the gender gap within academic medicine does not widen, the authors call upon academic leaders and the broader biomedical community to support women faculty through deliberate actions that promote gender equity, diversity, and inclusion. The authors provide several recommendations, including faculty needs assessments; review of gender bias within tenure-clock-extension offers; more opportunities for mentorship, sponsorship, and professional recognition; and financial commitments to support equity initiatives. Leadership for these efforts should be at the institutional and departmental levels, and leaders should ensure a gender balance on task forces and committees to avoid overburdening women faculty with additional service work. Together, these strategies will contribute to the development of a more equitable workforce capable of transformative medical discovery and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Woitowich
- N.C. Woitowich is research assistant professor, Women’s Health Research Institute and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-2547
| | - Shikha Jain
- S. Jain is assistant professor, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vineet M. Arora
- V.M. Arora is Herbert T. Abelson professor of medicine and assistant dean for scholarship and discovery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4745-7599
| | - Hadine Joffe
- H. Joffe is Paula A. Johnson associate professor of psychiatry, Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology and Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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