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Kurzawa-Akanbi M, Tzoumas N, Corral-Serrano JC, Guarascio R, Steel DH, Cheetham ME, Armstrong L, Lako M. Pluripotent stem cell-derived models of retinal disease: Elucidating pathogenesis, evaluating novel treatments, and estimating toxicity. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101248. [PMID: 38369182 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Blindness poses a growing global challenge, with approximately 26% of cases attributed to degenerative retinal diseases. While gene therapy, optogenetic tools, photosensitive switches, and retinal prostheses offer hope for vision restoration, these high-cost therapies will benefit few patients. Understanding retinal diseases is therefore key to advance effective treatments, requiring in vitro models replicating pathology and allowing quantitative assessments for drug discovery. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) provide a unique solution given their limitless supply and ability to differentiate into light-responsive retinal tissues encompassing all cell types. This review focuses on the history and current state of photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell generation from PSCs. We explore the applications of this technology in disease modelling, experimental therapy testing, biomarker identification, and toxicity studies. We consider challenges in scalability, standardisation, and reproducibility, and stress the importance of incorporating vasculature and immune cells into retinal organoids. We advocate for high-throughput automation in data acquisition and analyses and underscore the value of advanced micro-physiological systems that fully capture the interactions between the neural retina, RPE, and choriocapillaris.
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Rathore S, Verma A, Ratna R, Marwa N, Ghiya Y, Honavar SG, Tiwari A, Das S, Varshney A. Retinoblastoma: A review of the molecular basis of tumor development and its clinical correlation in shaping future targeted treatment strategies. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:2662-2676. [PMID: 37417104 PMCID: PMC10491038 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3172_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a retinal cancer that affects children and is the most prevalent intraocular tumor worldwide. Despite tremendous breakthroughs in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that regulate progression of retinoblastoma, the development of targeted therapeutics for retinoblastoma has lagged. Our review highlights the current developments in the genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic landscapes of retinoblastoma. We also discuss their clinical relevance and potential implications for future therapeutic development, with the aim to create a frontline multimodal therapy for retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rathore
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Verma
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ria Ratna
- Ocular Genetics Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Navjot Marwa
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Yagya Ghiya
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh G Honavar
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, Centre for Sight, Hyderbad, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sima Das
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhil Varshney
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Naseripour M, Sedaghat A, Mirshahi R, Abdolalizadeh P, Koushki A, Faranoush M, Ghorbani M, Kashkouli MB, Sadeghipour A, Chaibakhsh S, Mehrvar A. Targeted chemotherapy in retinoblastoma: A step forward from patient survival to globe survival. Eur J Ophthalmol 2023; 33:574-586. [PMID: 35414292 DOI: 10.1177/11206721221093018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/ OBJECTIVES Despite being the most common intraocular malignancy in childhood, there is a substantial disparity between developing and developed countries in terms of patient and globe survival in retinoblastoma (Rb). The current study intends to determine patient and globe survival before and after the introduction of the new targeted treatment modalities in a developing country. METHODS Medical records of 350 patients (516 eyes) with retinoblastoma referred to a tertiary referral center for Rb in Tehran, Iran, were reviewed. In order to compare patient and globe survival before and after the availability of the new treatment modalities, including intra-arterial and intravitreal chemotherapy, the patients were divided into group 1 (2001-2007) and group 2 (2008-2018) based on the calendar period of diagnosis. RESULTS Two-hundred-twenty-three eyes of 149 patients and 293 eyes of 201 patients were categorized into groups 1 and 2, respectively. The 5-year patient survival was 97% across the current survey, and the overall survival rate was 96% in group 1 and 99% in group 2 (P = 0.08). Overall, 50% of eyes with retinoblastoma underwent enucleation, which was the primary in 63% (116/184) of the unilateral and 30% (99/322) of the bilateral cases. Primary enucleation was significantly lower in group 2 (35%) in contrast to group 1 (50%) (P < 0.001). In addition, globe survival improved significantly in the International Classification of Retinoblastoma Groups D (17% in group 1 vs. 66% in group 2, P < 0.001) and E (1% in group 1 vs. 23% in group 2 P < 0.001) during the two timelines. In enucleated eyes, despite the increased rate of prelaminar involvement in group 2 (13% vs. 2% in group 1, P = 0.003), the rate of high-risk histopathologic findings was similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION Similar to developed countries, the application of new targeted treatment modalities, including intra-arterial and intravitreal chemotherapy, has been associated with significantly improved globe survival in Rb patients. However, it should be noted that even with the availability of these novel treatment options, the decision for on-time enucleation should not be deferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Naseripour
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, 48492Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University, of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Sedaghat
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, 48492Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University, of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirshahi
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, 48492Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University, of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parya Abdolalizadeh
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, 48492Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University, of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Koushki
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, 48492Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University, of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faranoush
- Pediatric growth and development research center, 440827Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Division of vascular and endovascular neurosurgery, Firoozgar Hospital, 440827Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bahmani Kashkouli
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, 48492Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University, of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghipour
- Department of Pathology, Oncopathology Research Center, 440827Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Chaibakhsh
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, 48492Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University, of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azim Mehrvar
- MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center (MAHAK-HORC), MAHAK Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Selective Induction of Intrinsic Apoptosis in Retinoblastoma Cells by Novel Cationic Antimicrobial Dodecapeptides. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112507. [PMID: 36432697 PMCID: PMC9694048 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides represent an important component of innate immunity. In this work, we report the anticancer properties of a panel of hyper-charged wholly cationic antimicrobial dodecapeptides (CAPs) containing multiple canonical forms of lysine and arginine residues. These CAPs displayed excellent bactericidal activities against a broad range of pathogenic bacteria by dissipating the cytoplasmic membrane potential. Specifically, we identified two CAPs, named HC3 and HC5, that effectively killed a significant number of retinoblastoma (WERI-Rb1) cells (p ≤ 0.01). These two CAPs caused the shrinkage of WERI-Rb1 tumor spheroids (p ≤ 0.01), induced intrinsic apoptosis in WERI-Rb1 cells via activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3, cleaved the PARP protein, and triggered off the phosphorylation of p53 and γH2A.X. Combining HC3 or HC5 with the standard chemotherapeutic drug topotecan showed synergistic anti-cancer activities. Overall, these results suggest that HC3 and HC5 can be exploited as potential therapeutic agents in retinoblastoma as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy to enhance the effectiveness of currently used treatment modalities.
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Divya G, Madhura R, Khetan V, Rishi P, Narayanan J. Understanding the mechano and chemo response of retinoblastoma tumor cells. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Wang L, Li S, Mei J, Ye L. Immunotherapies of retinoblastoma: Effective methods for preserving vision in the future. Front Oncol 2022; 12:949193. [PMID: 36132125 PMCID: PMC9483150 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.949193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor in children. Patients can be cured by enucleation, but it can lead to vision loss. Chemotherapy is the main method of treatment for RB currently. Unfortunately, chemoresistant and tumor metastasis often happen, resulting in a relatively poor prognosis. Therefore, immunotherapy becomes one of the optimal choices. Targeting not only tumor cells but also the active tumor microenvironment is a novel strategy for RB treatment. Here, we conclude several potential targets for RB immunotherapy, including gangliosides GD2, PD-1 and PD-L1, B7H3, EpCAM and SYK. We also review the techniques for CART, bispecific antibodies and genetically modified Dendritic cells according to the characteristics of different targets and discuss the feasibility of immunotherapy with different targets.
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Vuhahula EA, Jumanne S, Yahaya J. Expression of Ki67 as detected by MIB-1 and its association with histopathological high-risk factors among patients with retinoblastoma tumour: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2022; 7:bmjophth-2022-000984. [PMID: 36161862 PMCID: PMC9472146 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2022-000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to investigate the expression of Ki67 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from patients with a diagnosis of retinoblastoma tumour (RbT) as well as determining its association with histopathological high-risk factors (HHRFs). Methods and analysis Retrospectively, a total of 194 eyeball specimens from 163 children with RbT were reviewed at Muhimbili National Hospital between 2009 and 2013. Immunohistochemical expression of Ki67 using MIB-1 antibody (Abcam, batch ab93680, Cambridge, UK) was determined and correlated with the conventional HHRFs. The predictors of Ki67 expression were determined using binary logistic regression model in multivariate analysis. A two-tailed p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Majority (67.5%) of the patients had leukocoria and extraocular disease was found in 20.9% of all the patients. High expression of Ki67 was present in 63.8% of the 80 eyeballs that were tested. Massive choroidal invasion (adjusted OR (AOR)=9.32, 95% CI=2.82 to 10.89), positive retrolaminar optic nerve invasion (AOR=3.01, 95% CI=4.43 to 9.11), positive surgical margin (AOR=7.10, 95% CI=1.63 to 11.40) and pT4 (AOR=7.49, 95% CI=0.12 to 0.89) were the potential HHRFs that were associated with Ki67 overexpression. Conclusion Overexpression of Ki67 may be of prognostic value for patients with RbT as it has been shown in the present study that high expression was common in tumours with massive choroidal invasion, positive retrolaminar optic nerve invasion, positive surgical margin and advanced tumour stage, which are the conventional HHRFs associated with prognosis of RbT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edda Am Vuhahula
- Pathology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Shakilu Jumanne
- Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma College of Health and Allied Sciences, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - James Yahaya
- Department of Pathology, University of Dodoma College of Health and Allied Sciences, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
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Asadi MR, Moslehian MS, Sabaie H, Sharifi-Bonab M, Hakimi P, Hussen BM, Taheri M, Rakhshan A, Rezazadeh M. CircRNA-Associated CeRNAs Regulatory Axes in Retinoblastoma: A Systematic Scoping Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:910470. [PMID: 35865469 PMCID: PMC9294360 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.910470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is one of the most common childhood cancers caused by RB gene mutations (tumor suppressor gene in various patients). A better understanding of molecular pathways and the development of new diagnostic approaches may lead to better treatment for RB patients. The number of studies on ceRNA axes is increasing, emphasizing the significance of these axes in RB. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a vital role in competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory axes by sponging microRNAs and regulating gene expression. Because of the broadness of ceRNA interaction networks, they may assist in investigating treatment targets in RB. This study conducted a systematic scoping review to evaluate verified loops of ceRNA in RB, focusing on the ceRNA axis and its relationship to circRNAs. This scoping review was carried out using a six-step strategy and the Prisma guideline, and it involved systematically searching the publications of seven databases. Out of 363 records, sixteen articles were entirely consistent with the defined inclusion criteria and were summarized in the relevant table. The majority of the studies focused on the circRNAs circ_0000527, circ_0000034, and circTET1, with approximately two-fifths of the studies focusing on a single circRNA. Understanding the many features of this regulatory structure may help elucidate RB’s unknown causative factors and provide novel molecular potential therapeutic targets and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Asadi
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Sadat Moslehian
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hani Sabaie
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mirmohsen Sharifi-Bonab
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Hakimi
- Woman’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
- Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Taheri, ; Azadeh Rakhshan, ; Maryam Rezazadeh,
| | - Azadeh Rakhshan
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Taheri, ; Azadeh Rakhshan, ; Maryam Rezazadeh,
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Woman’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Taheri, ; Azadeh Rakhshan, ; Maryam Rezazadeh,
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Topical instillation of cell-penetrating peptide-conjugated melphalan blocks metastases of retinoblastoma. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ke N, Chen L, Liu Q, Xiong H, Chen X, Zhou X. Downregulation of miR-211-5p Promotes Carboplatin Resistance in Human Retinoblastoma Y79 Cells by Affecting the GDNF-LIF Interaction. Front Oncol 2022; 12:848733. [PMID: 35311096 PMCID: PMC8925320 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.848733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the role of the miR-211-5p-GDNF signaling pathway in carboplatin resistance of retinoblastoma Y79 cells and what factors it may be affected by. Methods A carboplatin-resistant retinoblastoma cell line (Y79R) was established in vitro. RNA-seq and microRNA-seq were constructed between Y79 and Y79R cells. RNA interference, RT-PCR, Western blot (WB), and flow cytometry were used to verify the expression of genes and proteins between the two cell lines. The TargetScan database was used to predict the microRNAs that regulate the target genes. STING sites and Co-Immunoprecipitation (COIP) were used to study protein–protein interactions. Results GDNF was speculated to be the top changed gene in the drug resistance in Y79R cell lines. Moreover, the speculation was verified by subsequent RT-PCR and WB results. When the expression of GDNF was knocked down, the IC50 of the Y79R cell line significantly reduced. GDNF was found to be the target gene of miR-211-5p. Downregulation of miR-211-5p promotes carboplatin resistance in human retinoblastoma Y79 cells. MiR-211-5p can regulate the expression of GDNF. Our further research also found that GDNF can bind to LIF which is also a secreted protein. Conclusion Our results suggest that downregulation of miR-211-5p promotes carboplatin resistance in human retinoblastoma Y79 cells, and this process can be affected by GDNF–LIF interaction. These results can provide evidence for the reversal of drug resistance of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibo Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinke Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiyuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Targeting of histone methyltransferase DOT1L plays a dual role in chemosensitization of retinoblastoma cells and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1141. [PMID: 34887387 PMCID: PMC8660841 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant and exclusive expression of chromatin regulators in retinoblastoma (RB) in contrast to terminally differentiated normal retina presents a unique opportunity of selective targeting for RB. However, precise roles of these chromatin regulators in RB development and their potential as therapeutic targets have not been defined thoroughly. Here, we report that targeting of disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L), a histone H3K79 methyltransferase, sensitizes RB cells to chemotherapeutic drugs by impairing the DNA damage response and thereby potentiating apoptosis while it is largely inefficacious as a single-agent therapy. Moreover, we identified high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) as a novel DOT1L target gene in RB cells and found that its aberrant expression is dependent on DOT1L. As HMGA2 depletion reduced CHK1 phosphorylation during DNA damage response and augmented the drug sensitivity in RB cells, our results suggested that DOT1L targeting has a dual role in chemosensitization of RB cells by directly interfering with the immediate involvement of DOT1L in early DNA damage response upon genotoxic insults and also by downregulating the expression of HMGA2 as a rather late effect of DOT1L inhibition. Furthermore, we provide the first preclinical evidence demonstrating that combined therapy with a DOT1L inhibitor significantly improves the therapeutic efficacy of etoposide in murine orthotopic xenografts of RB by rendering the response to etoposide more potent and stable. Taken together, these results support the therapeutic benefits of DOT1L targeting in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in RB, with mechanistic insights into how DOT1L targeting can improve the current chemotherapy in an RB cell-selective manner.
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Sari NM, Hadiputri R, Kuntorini MS, Agustina H, Mardianty F. High-Risk Histopathologic Features of Retinoblastoma Treated at a Tertiary Hospital in West Java, Indonesia. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2021; 7:353-360. [PMID: 34722492 DOI: 10.1159/000517100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the histopathological characteristics of clinically advanced retinoblastoma (RB) and its relationship with tumor differentiation. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of primary enucleated group D/E intraocular RB using medical records from 2017 to 2020 in a tertiary referral hospital. Cases with incomplete histopathological results were excluded. Tumors were classified into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated and undifferentiated. High-risk histopathological features were classified as per Thaung and Karaa [Community Eye Health. 2018;31(101):17-3]. Results This study included 121 patients (129 eyes), of which 32.2% were diagnosed at 25-36 months. High-risk features (HRFs) were found in 100/129 eyes, and of 73 complete histopathological results, the 2 most common HRFs were postlaminar optic nerve invasion and massive choroidal invasion. RB was poorly differentiated in 69.9% and well differentiated in 12.3% of eyes. There was no statistically significant association between any HRFs and tumor differentiation, with age >2 years associated with tumor differentiation (p < 0.05). Conclusion The frequency of HRFs is 77.5% of primary enucleated eyes, mainly poorly and undifferentiated cells, particularly in children aged >2 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Melani Sari
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital/Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Regina Hadiputri
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Maya Sari Kuntorini
- Department of Opthalmology, Cicendo National Eye Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hasrayati Agustina
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Friska Mardianty
- Anatomic Pathology Laboratory, Cicendo National Eye Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Narayana RVL, Jana P, Tomar N, Prabhu V, Nair RM, Manukonda R, Kaliki S, Coupland SE, Alexander J, Kalirai H, Kondapi AK, Vemuganti GK. Carboplatin- and Etoposide-Loaded Lactoferrin Protein Nanoparticles for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells in Retinoblastoma In Vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:13. [PMID: 34784412 PMCID: PMC8606840 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.14.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to contribute to tumor relapses by virtue of their chemoresistance. With the knowledge that nanoformulations can overcome drug resistance, we evaluated the efficacy and cytotoxicity of clinical-grade carboplatin (CPT)– and etoposide (ETP)–loaded lactoferrin nanoparticles (Lf-Nps) on total, CD133-enriched (non-CSC), and CD133-depleted (CSC) populations of retinoblastoma (Rb) Y79 cells. Methods Physicochemical properties of drug-loaded Lf-Nps were measured with transmission electron microscopy and attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared. The encapsulation efficiency, uptake, and release of drug-loaded Lf-Nps were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Cytotoxicity of the standard and drug-loaded Lf-Nps was evaluated by the MTT assay. Results The mean (SD) size and encapsulation efficiency of Lf-CPT and Lf-ETP were 61.2 (3.94) nm, 60% and 45.15 (5.85) nm, 38%, respectively, and the drug release efficiency was highest at pH 6. The increased drug uptake and lower release of drug-loaded Lf-Nps were observed in CSC and non-CSC populations compared to their standard forms. The relative increase of drug uptake and sustained intracellular retention of the drug-loaded Lf-Nps compared to standard drugs showed an enhanced cytotoxicity up to 50%, especially in Rb Y79 CSCs (IC50: CPT, 230.3; Lf-CPT, 118.2; ETP, 198.1; and Lf-ETP, 129) compared to non-CSCs. Conclusions Our study documents an increase in drug uptake, retention, and cytotoxicity of Lf-CPT and Lf-ETP on Y79 CSCs and non-CSCs as compared to their standard drugs in vitro. The reversal of chemoresistance in the CSC population by nanoformulation appears promising with the potential to pave the way for improved targeted therapy and better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revu V L Narayana
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pritikana Jana
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Neha Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Varsha Prabhu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rohini M Nair
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Radhika Manukonda
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sarah E Coupland
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jodi Alexander
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, Brambell Laboratories, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Kalirai
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anand K Kondapi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Geeta K Vemuganti
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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14
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Lu X, Tu H, Tang D, Huang X, Sun F. miR-130a-3p Enhances the Chemosensitivity of Y79 Retinoblastoma Cells to Vincristine by Targeting PAX6 Expression. Curr Eye Res 2021; 47:418-425. [PMID: 34547965 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1984537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemoresistance remains the primary obstacle threatening the prognosis of retinoblastoma (RB). microRNAs (miRNAs) are acknowledged as critical regulators of drug resistance. This study explored the molecular mechanism of miR-130a-3p affecting the chemosensitivity of RB to vincristine (VCR). METHODS miR-130a-3p expression of human retinal astrocytes and RB cell lines (Y79, WERI-Rb-1, SO-Rb50, and SO-Rb70) was detected using RT-qPCR. VCR-resistant RB cell line Y79/VCR was induced. miR-130a-3p expression of Y79/VCR cell line and its corresponding parental cell line was detected. Y79/VCR cells were subjected to miR-130a-3p overexpression treatment. The cell proliferation was measured using MTT assay, and the IC50 value and drug resistance index were examined using CCK-8 assay. The targeting relationship between miR-130a-3p and PAX6 was predicted through bioinformatics analysis and verified using dual-luciferase assay. Functional rescue experiments were conducted to confirm the role of PAX6 in chemosensitivity of RB cells. The effect of miR-130a-3p on tumorigenesis and VCR sensitivity was observed in vivo. RESULTS miR-130a-3p was downregulated in VCR-resistant RB cells. Overexpression of miR-130a-3p repressed the proliferation of Y79/VCR cells and enhanced chemosensitivity. miR-130a-3p targeted PAX6 expression. Overexpression of PAX6 reversed the effect of miR-130a-3p on chemosensitivity of Y79/VCR cells. Overexpression of miR-130a-3p suppressed tumor growth and reduced VCR resistance in vivo. CONCLUSIONS miR-130a-3p enhanced the chemosensitivity of Y79 RB cells to VCR by targeting PAX6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huifang Tu
- Eyelid and Ocular Disease Department, Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongrun Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengyuan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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15
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Wei R, Li M, Yang W, Xu H, Choi J, Zhou X. Case Report: Phototherapeutic Keratectomy for Band Keratopathy Secondary to Chemo-Laser-Cryotherapy for Retinoblastoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:668762. [PMID: 34513859 PMCID: PMC8423897 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.668762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To report the clinical outcomes of phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) for pediatric band keratopathy after treatment for retinoblastoma. Methods: A 5-year-old boy presented with a 2-year history of poor visual acuity and a horizontal gray-white band across the central cornea in the right eye. He was diagnosed with band keratopathy after chemo-laser-cryotherapy for retinoblastoma. The band keratopathy was treated via PTK using the Mel-90 excimer laser with an optical treatment zone of 7.0 mm and ablation depth of 120 μm. The patient was followed at 1 week and 3 months postoperatively. Results: Surgery and postoperative follow-up were uneventful. At the 3-month follow-up, the uncorrected distant visual acuity of the right eye improved to 20/125, and the corrected distance visual acuity improved to 20/70 with a refraction of +10.00 D/−2.50 DC × 15. The clarity of the ablated area was evidently improved. The central corneal thickness decreases from 612 to 584 μm. The optical coherence tomography showed the thin band of hyperreflectivity in the ablated area disappeared, corneal transparency improved and the corneal surface smoothened. Conclusions: PTK is a safe and effective procedure to treat band keratopathy following treatment of retinoblastoma in children. Early intervention can reduce the risk of developing deprivation amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyan Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haipeng Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Joanne Choi
- Kresge Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
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16
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Clarissa A, Sutandi N, Fath AA. Stem-Cell Therapy Following High-Dose Chemotherapy in Advanced Retinoblastoma: A Systematic Review. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2021; 10:397-407. [PMID: 33481395 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the risk and benefit of high-dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplantation (HDCT-SCT) treatment in patients with advanced retinoblastoma. DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS A comprehensive literature search from 4 online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, and Cochrane was done for original studies evaluating the use of HDCT followed by SCT in the treatment of patients with advanced retinoblastoma. The last search was performed on April 15, 2020. RESULTS A total of 35 studies consisting of 160 patients were considered suitable for inclusion. After HDCT-SCT treatment, 108/160 (67.5%) patients were alive with no evidence of disease at the last follow-up. The incidence of secondary malignancy in our data was also relatively low, which was 16/160 (10%) patients. The side effects were mainly hematological and gastrointestinal toxicities. The prognosis for metastatic cases especially the one to the central nervous system (CNS) remains poor, as shown in our data that 22 of 44 (50%) patients died due to the evidence of disease, and 12 of 44 (27%) patients acquired CNS relapse and died. CONCLUSIONS HDCT-SCT is a promising treatment option in patients with advanced retinoblastoma. The use of HDCT-SCT in CNS metastases needs to be carefully considered, possibly by adding thiotepa or topotecan to improve tumor control. Further randomized clinical trials are needed to draw firm conclusion regarding its safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Clarissa
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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17
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Gupta AK, Meena JP, Seth R. Reasons for missed chemotherapy appointments in retinoblastoma patients undergoing chemotherapy: A report from a Tertiary Care Hospital from India. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 3:e1279. [PMID: 32881413 PMCID: PMC7941559 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delays in chemotherapy due to missed‐appointments can lead to sub‐optimal outcomes in any cancer. Missed appointments or delayed follow up are an important concern in the treatment of pediatric cancers as it compromises the patient's health and overall outcomes. Aim This study was conducted to understand the reasons responsible for missed‐appointments in Retinoblastoma (RB) patients scheduled for daycare based chemotherapy. Methods We prospectively recorded the causes for missed‐appointments in RB patients from February 2018 to September 2018. A delay of more than 48‐hours from the pre‐scheduled date of chemotherapy was categorized as a “missed‐appointment.” Results Out of 870 scheduled visits of patients with RB for chemotherapy to our center, there were 122 (14%) instances of missed‐appointments during the study period. There were 40 instances (4.6%) where the patient had missed‐appointments (possibly avoidable reasons). These 40 instances occurred in 33 patients who had a median age of 29 months (IQR 22.5‐51.5 m) with 22 males. Six patients lived within 100 km of the treating center, 12 lived between 100 and 500 km, and 15 patients lived beyond 500 km. The median length of delay was 13.75 days (IQR‐7‐20.75 days). Twenty‐seven patients used a train as a means of transport, and 10 used the state‐bus. The main cause of delay was the illness of other family members (52.5%) followed by financial issues (27.5%), transport‐related problems (10%), and absence of an adult to accompany (10%). Conclusion Causes for missed‐appointments for chemotherapy in RB patients were multifactorial and included the illness of other family members, financial issues, distance/transport‐related problems, and no caregiver to accompany. The future study with a large sample size with a multicenter design is needed to confirm the results of the current study and to know the deficiency in the improvement of the follow‐up RB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of PediatricsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiDelhiIndia
| | - Jagdish Prasad Meena
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of PediatricsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiDelhiIndia
| | - Rachna Seth
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of PediatricsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiDelhiIndia
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18
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Ancona-Lezama D, Dalvin LA, Shields CL. Modern treatment of retinoblastoma: A 2020 review. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68:2356-2365. [PMID: 33120616 PMCID: PMC7774148 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_721_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma management remains complex, requiring individualized treatment based on International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) staging, germline mutation status, family psychosocial factors and cultural beliefs, and available institutional resources. For this 2020 retinoblastoma review, PubMed was searched for articles dated as early as 1931, with an emphasis on articles from 1990 to the present day, using keywords of retinoblastoma, chemotherapy, intravenous chemotherapy, chemoreduction, intra-arterial chemotherapy, ophthalmic artery chemosurgery, intravitreal chemotherapy, intracameral chemotherapy, cryotherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, laser, radiation, external beam radiotherapy, plaque radiotherapy, brachytherapy, and enucleation. We discuss current treatment modalities as used in the year 2020, including intravenous chemotherapy (IVC), intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC), intravitreal chemotherapy (IvitC), intracameral chemotherapy (IcamC), consolidation therapies (cryotherapy and transpupillary thermotherapy [TTT]), radiation-based therapies (external beam radiotherapy [EBRT] and plaque radiotherapy), and enucleation. Additionally, we present a consensus treatment algorithm based on the agreement of three North American retinoblastoma treatment centers, and encourage further collaboration amongst the world's most expert retinoblastoma treatment centers in order to develop consensus management plans and continue advancement in the identification and treatment of this childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ancona-Lezama
- Ocular Oncology Service, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Lauren A Dalvin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carol L Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Lee C, Kim JK. Chromatin regulators in retinoblastoma: Biological roles and therapeutic applications. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2318-2332. [PMID: 32840881 PMCID: PMC7891620 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a pediatric ocular tumor mostly occurring due to the biallelic loss of RB1 gene in the developing retina. Early studies of genomic aberrations in RB have provided a valuable insight into how RB can progress following the tumor-initiating RB1 mutations and have established a notion that inactivation of RB1 gene is critical to initiate RB but this causative genetic lesion alone is not sufficient for malignant progression. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, we now have access to the comprehensive genomic and epigenetic landscape of RB and have come to appreciate that RB tumorigenesis requires both genetic and epigenetic alterations that might be directly or indirectly driven by RB1 loss. This integrative perspective on RB tumorigenesis has inspired research efforts to better understand the types and functions of epigenetic mechanisms contributing to RB development, leading to the identification of multiple epigenetic regulators misregulated in RB in recent years. A complete understanding of the intricate network of genetic and epigenetic factors in modulation of gene expression during RB tumorigenesis remains a major challenge but would be crucial to translate these findings into therapeutic interventions. In this review, we will provide an overview of chromatin regulators identified to be misregulated in human RB among the numerous epigenetic factors implicated in RB development. For a subset of these chromatin regulators, recent findings on their functions in RB development and potential therapeutic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jong Kyong Kim
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Rokohl AC, Skoetz N, Mor JM, Loreck N, Koch KR, Heindl LM. Intravenous chemotherapy versus intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Joel M Mor
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Niklas Loreck
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Konrad R Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
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21
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Zhou Z, Jiang H, Xia J, Zhang J. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of lobaplatin and carboplatin on retinoblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:697-706. [PMID: 32582992 PMCID: PMC7384850 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is one of the most aggressive malignancies affecting infants and children. Platinum drugs are commonly used in the treatment of RB; however, their efficacy is often compromised by drug resistance and severe toxicity. The present study aimed to investigate and compare the toxicity and antitumor activity of the third-generation platinum drugs, carboplatin and lobaplatin, in vitro and in vivo. The Y79 RB cell line was treated with carboplatin or lobaplatin in vitro and then used to establish xenografts in immunodeficient nude mice in vivo; the effects of pharmacological doses of these drugs were then assessed. High concentrations of carboplatin and lobaplatin markedly inhibited Y79 RB cell proliferation in vitro. In addition, the lobaplatin group exhibited higher proportions of early-stage apoptotic cells than the carboplatin group, while no significant differences in the proportions of cells in the S phase were observed between the 2 groups, as shown by flow cytometry. Significant changes in the E2F1/Cdc25a/Cdk2 pathway in the RB cells were detected by RNA-seq following carboplatin or lobaplatin intervention. RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analyses in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that the trends of drug-induced inhibition of tumor pathological changes may have been regulated through the E2F1/Cdc25a/Cdk2 pathway, and that lobaplatin was more effective than carboplatin in controlling tumors in vivo. On the whole, the findings of the present study demonstrate that lobaplatin is associated with lower cytotoxicity and exerts more prominent therapeutic effects than carboplatin on Y79 RB cells in vitro and in mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510627, P.R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510627, P.R. China
| | - Jiejun Xia
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510627, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510627, P.R. China
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22
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Sun J, Feng D, Xi H, Luo J, Zhou Z, Liu Q, Chen Y, Shao Q. CD24 blunts the sensitivity of retinoblastoma to vincristine by modulating autophagy. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1740-1759. [PMID: 32394616 PMCID: PMC7400807 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common childhood malignant intraocular tumor. The clinical efficacy of vincristine (VCR) in the treatment of RB is severely limited by drug resistance. Here, we found that CD24, a GPI-anchored protein, was overexpressed in human RB tissues and RB cell lines, and was associated with the sensitivity of RB cells in response to VCR therapy. We demonstrated that CD24 plays a critical role in impairing RB sensitivity to VCR via regulating autophagy. Mechanistically, CD24 recruits PTEN to the lipid raft domain and regulates the PTEN/AKT/mTORC1 pathway to activate autophagy. Lipid raft localization was essential for CD24 recruitment function. Collectively, our findings revealed a novel role of CD24 in regulating RB sensitivity to VCR and showed that CD24 is a potential target for improving chemotherapeutic sensitivity and RB patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongju Feng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyu Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xuzhou First People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Eye Research Institute, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Luo
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zewei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Song WP, Zheng S, Yao HJ, Zhou XF, Li R, Zhang CY, Zhao JY, Wang LW, Shao RG, Li L. Different transcriptome profiles between human retinoblastoma Y79 cells and an etoposide-resistant subline reveal a chemoresistance mechanism. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:92. [PMID: 32143590 PMCID: PMC7060629 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most frequent pediatric retinal tumor. In the present study, to elucidate chemoresistance mechanisms and identify potential biomarkers in RB, we utilized RNA sequencing (RNAseq) technological platforms to reveal transcriptome profiles and identify any differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between an etoposide drug-resistant subline (Y79/EDR) and parental Y79 cells. Methods To test whether Y79/EDR cells showed resistance to antineoplastic agents for RB, we treated the cells with etoposide, carboplatin and vincristine and analyzed them with a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Y79/EDR and parental Y79 cells were used for RNAseq and bioinformatics analysis to enable a genome-wide review of DEGs between the two lines using the DESeq R package (1.10.1). Then, DEG enrichment in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways was analyzed with KOBAS software. Next, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real time QRT-PCR) and cytotoxicity assays were performed to experimentally and functionally validate the identified candidate biomarkers. Results Y79/EDR cells showed resistance to etoposide, carboplatin and vincristine at different concentrations. In total, 524 transcripts were differentially expressed in Y79/EDR cells based on analysis of fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped (FPKM); among these, 57 genes were downregulated and 467 genes were upregulated in Y79/EDR cells compared to parental Y79 cells. We selected candidate DEGs, including ARHGAP9, HIST1H4H, RELN, DDIT4, HK2, STC1 and PFKFB4, for mRNA expression validation with real time QRT-PCR assays and found that the expression levels determined by real time QRT-PCR were consistent with the RNAseq data. Further studies involving downregulation of ARHGAP9 with a specific siRNA showed that ARHGAP9 altered the cellular sensitivity of Y79 cells to etoposide and carboplatin. Conclusion Our initial findings provided a genomic view of the transcription profiles of etoposide-induced acquired resistance in RB. Follow-up studies indicated that ARHGAP9 might be a chemoresistance biomarker in RB, providing insight into potential therapeutic targets for overcoming acquired chemoresistance in RB. These findings can aid in understanding and overcoming chemoresistance during treatment of RB in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ping Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Si Zheng
- Institute of Medical Information (IMI) & Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.3 Yabao Road, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Hong-Juan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Cheng-Yue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jun-Yang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Lie-Wei Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmocology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Rong-Guang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.
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24
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Singh L, Singh MK, Rizvi MA, Bakhshi S, Meel R, Lomi N, Sen S, Kashyap S. Clinical relevance of the comparative expression of immune checkpoint markers with the clinicopathological findings in patients with primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1087-1099. [PMID: 32100078 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study is to identify the pathological findings and expression of immune checkpoint marker (PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4) in the tumor microenvironment of both primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma and correlate them with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome. METHODS Total of 262 prospective cases was included prospectively in which 144 cases underwent primary enucleation and 118 cases received chemotherapy/radiotherapy before enucleation (chemoreduced retinoblastoma). Immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and western blotting were performed to evaluate the expression pattern of immune checkpoint markers in primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma. RESULTS Tumor microenvironment were different for both primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma. Expression of PD-1 was found in 29/144 (20.13%) and 48/118 (40.67%) in primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma, respectively, whereas PD-L1 was expressed in 46/144 (31.94%) and 22/118 (18.64%) in cases of primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma, respectively. Expression pattern of CTLA-4 protein was similar in both groups of retinoblastoma. On multivariate analysis, massive choroidal invasion, bilaterality and PD-L1 expression (p = 0.034) were found to be statistically significant factors in primary retinoblastoma, whereas PD-1 expression (p = 0.015) and foamy macrophages were significant factors in chemoreduced retinoblastoma. Overall survival was reduced in cases of PD-L1 (80.76%) expressed primary retinoblastoma, and PD-1 (63.28%) expressed chemoreduced retinoblastoma. CONCLUSIONS This is the first of its kind study predicting a relevant role of the immune checkpoint markers in both groups of primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma with prognostic significance. Differential expression of these markers in both group of retinoblastoma is a novel finding and might be an interesting and beneficial target for chemoresistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Singh
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mithalesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | | | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Meel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. R. P. Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neiwete Lomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. R. P. Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sen
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Lemaître S, Poyer F, Fréneaux P, Leboucher S, Doz F, Cassoux N, Thomas CD. Low retinal toxicity of intravitreal carboplatin associated with good retinal tumour control in transgenic murine retinoblastoma. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:500-511. [PMID: 31872542 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma is a rare intraocular malignancy in children. Current treatments have many adverse effects. New therapeutic approaches like intravitreal injections of chemotherapies are currently being developed but their toxicities need to be evaluated on animal models. This study compares the efficacy and toxicity of intravitreal melphalan, topotecan and carboplatin, alone or in combination (sequential administration), in the LHBetaTag retinoblastoma mice. METHODS Mice were divided into nine groups: control, carboplatin 1.5 and 4 μg, melphalan 0.1 and 1 μg, topotecan 0.1 and 1 μg, carboplatin 4 μg/topotecan 0.1 μg and melphalan 1 μg/topotecan 0.1 μg. The follow-up was performed using fundus imaging and optical coherence tomography combined with histopathological analysis. Absence of tumour and presence of calcified tumours were the criteria for therapeutic response assessment. Ocular complications were assessed after four weekly injections. Retinal toxicity was defined by the decrease of retinal thickness and of the number of retinal layers. RESULTS Topotecan was inactive on retinal tumours. Melphalan (1 μg) led to a complete tumour control in 91.7% of eyes. Carboplatin strongly decreased the tumour burden (85.7-93.8% of eyes without retinal tumour). The intravitreal injection itself led to ocular complications (25% of media opacities and 45.7% of retinal detachment). Only melphalan at 1 μg showed a strong retinal toxicity. The two combinations showed a good efficacy in reducing the number of eyes with retinal tumours with a reduced retinal toxicity. CONCLUSIONS This preclinical study suggests that intravitreal injection of carboplatin has a low toxicity and could be evaluated in clinical practice to treat patients suffering from retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Lemaître
- Institut Curie, Research Center, PSL Research University, Chemistry, Modeling and Imaging for Biology (CMIB), University Centre, Orsay, France.,INSERM U 1196, CNRS UMR 9187, Paris-Saclay University, Paris-Sud University, University Centre, Orsay, France.,Surgical Oncology Department, Ophthalmology Unit, Institut Curie, Hospital Group, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Florent Poyer
- Institut Curie, Research Center, PSL Research University, Chemistry, Modeling and Imaging for Biology (CMIB), University Centre, Orsay, France.,INSERM U 1196, CNRS UMR 9187, Paris-Saclay University, Paris-Sud University, University Centre, Orsay, France
| | - Paul Fréneaux
- Biopathology Department, Institut Curie, Hospital Group, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Leboucher
- Histology Platform, Institut Curie, Research Center, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
| | - François Doz
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,SIREDO Center (Care, Research and Innovation in Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Hospital Group, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Cassoux
- Surgical Oncology Department, Ophthalmology Unit, Institut Curie, Hospital Group, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Carole D Thomas
- Institut Curie, Research Center, PSL Research University, Chemistry, Modeling and Imaging for Biology (CMIB), University Centre, Orsay, France.,INSERM U 1196, CNRS UMR 9187, Paris-Saclay University, Paris-Sud University, University Centre, Orsay, France
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Dandu K, Kallamadi PR, Thakur SS, Rao CM. Drug Repurposing for Retinoblastoma: Recent Advances. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1535-1544. [PMID: 30659544 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190119152706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the intraocular malignancy that occurs during early childhood. The current standard of care includes chemotherapy followed by focal consolidative therapies, and enucleation. Unfortunately, these are associated with many side and late effects. New drugs and/or drug combinations need to be developed for safe and effective treatment. This compelling need stimulated efforts to explore drug repurposing for retinoblastoma. While conventional drug development is a lengthy and expensive process, drug repurposing is a faster, alternate approach, where an existing drug, not meant for treating cancer, can be repurposed to treat retinoblastoma. The present article reviews various attempts to test drugs approved for different purposes such as calcium channels blockers, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, cardenolides, antidiabetic, antibiotics and antimalarial for treating retinoblastoma. It also discusses other promising candidates that could be explored for repurposing for retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamakshi Dandu
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Habsiguda, Hyderabad 500 007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - Prathap R Kallamadi
- School of Life Sciences. University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Suman S Thakur
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Habsiguda, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Ch Mohan Rao
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Habsiguda, Hyderabad 500 007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
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Asnaghi L, White DT, Yoon L, Price A, Lee GY, Sahoo A, Mumm JS, Eberhart CG. Downregulation of Nodal inhibits metastatic progression in retinoblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:137. [PMID: 31451106 PMCID: PMC6709548 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. We previously found that the ACVR1C/SMAD2 pathway is significantly upregulated in invasive retinoblastoma samples from patients. Here we studied the role of an ACVR1C ligand, Nodal, in regulating growth and metastatic dissemination in retinoblastoma. Inhibition of Nodal using multiple short hairpin (shRNAs) in WERI Rb1 and Y79 retinoblastoma cell cultures reduced growth by more than 90%, as determined by CCK-8 growth assay. Proliferation was also significantly inhibited, as found by Ki67 assay. These effects were paralleled by inhibition in the phosphorylation of the downstream effector SMAD2, as well as induction of apoptosis, as we observed more than three-fold increase in the percentage of cells positive for cleaved-caspase-3 or expressing cleaved-PARP1. Importantly, we found that downregulation of Nodal potently suppressed invasion in vitro, by 50 to 80%, as determined by transwell invasion assay (p = 0.02). Using an orthotopic model of retinoblastoma in zebrafish, we found 34% reduction in the ability of the cells to disseminate outside the eye, when Nodal was knocked down by shRNA (p = 0.0003). These data suggest that Nodal plays an important role in promoting growth, proliferation and invasion in retinoblastoma, and can be considered a new therapeutic target for both primary tumor growth and metastatic progression.
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Cui Y, Su Y, Deng L, Wang W. Ginsenoside-Rg5 Inhibits Retinoblastoma Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis through Suppressing BCL2 Expression. Chemotherapy 2019; 63:293-300. [PMID: 30731458 DOI: 10.1159/000495575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although the cure rate for retinoblastoma is high, surviving patients are at risk for developing secondary cancers and require life-long follow-up. It is imperative to discover and develop novel therapeutic agents with better efficiency and fewer adverse effects. Ginsenoside-Rg5 is an active derivate from ginseng and exerts anti-cancer activity in breast cancer cells. However, it is still unclear whether ginsenoside-Rg5 has similar anti-cancer functions in retinoblastoma. METHODS Retinoblastoma cells were treated with ginsenoside-Rg5, followed by MTT assay analysis of the cell viability, cell number assay and colony formation assay analyses of cell proliferation, and flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis. Gene mRNA levels and protein levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Ginsenoside-Rg5 inhibited retinoblastoma cell viability in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner via preventing cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis. BCL2 expression was downregulated by ginsenoside-Rg5 treatment via inactivating the AKT signaling pathway. BCL2 overexpression completely eliminated the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside-Rg5 on cancer cell viability. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside-Rg5 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in retinoblastoma cells by inactivating the AKT signaling pathway, thereby downregulating BCL2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cui
- Department of TCM Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of TCM Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Liya Deng
- Department of TCM Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Record Room, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan, China,
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Soliman SE, D'Silva CN, Dimaras H, Dzneladze I, Chan H, Gallie BL. Clinical and genetic associations for carboplatin-related ototoxicity in children treated for retinoblastoma: A retrospective noncomparative single-institute experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e26931. [PMID: 29350448 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with retinoblastoma treated with carboplatin chemotherapy risk moderate to severe, irreversible hearing loss. Based on published evidence, we hypothesized that ototoxicity risk is associated with clinical parameters and variants in candidate genes in drug metabolism pathways (methyltransferases [thiopurine S-methyltransferase, TPMT] and [catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT], and drug transporter ABCC3). PROCEDURE We retrospectively reviewed clinical records of patients with retinoblastoma treated with carboplatin chemotherapy regarding age (at diagnosis and chemotherapy initiation), chemotherapy sessions (cycles number, drug doses, and cumulative carboplatin dose), and hearing loss (defined as ototoxicity ≥grade 2 by at least one classification system). Blood samples were genotyped for genetic variants in TPMT (rs12201199, rs1800460), COMT (rs4646316, rs9332377), and ABCC3 (rs1051640) by quantitative PCR and confirmed by allele-specific PCR. Univariate statistical tests, receiver-operating characteristic analysis, and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to examine the association between hearing loss, clinical factors, and variants in candidate genes. RESULTS Audiometric data and stored DNA were available for 71 patients with retinoblastoma (88% carried an RB1 pathogenic variant allele). Median carboplatin cumulative dose was 1,400 mg/m2 (260-5,148 mg/m2 ). Ototoxicity occurred in 18 patients (25%), strongly associated with age at diagnosis (P = 0.01) and age at chemotherapy initiation (OR = 4.99, P = 0.008). The highest likelihood ratio of hearing loss was associated with chemotherapy initiation <4.25 months of age. Ototoxicity was not associated with any tested genetic variants. CONCLUSIONS We observed a 25% prevalence of ototoxicity in patients with retinoblastoma treated with carboplatin, higher than previously published. Age at chemotherapy initiation was associated with carboplatin-induced ototoxicity, with children <4.25 months of age at highest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh E Soliman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Crystal N D'Silva
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen Dimaras
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Clinical Public Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Irakli Dzneladze
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen Chan
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brenda L Gallie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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30
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Chen Q, Zhang B, Dong Y, Mo X, Zhang L, Huang W, Jiang H, Xia J, Zhang S. Comparison between intravenous chemotherapy and intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:486. [PMID: 29703164 PMCID: PMC5924469 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) and intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) have become the primary treatments for retinoblastoma; however, some controversy remains over which method is more effective. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the clinical efficacy of IVC and IAC. Methods We systematically searched literature published on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to May 2017. Studies containing either IAC or IVC that reported on efficacy were included. The effects estimate was expressed as a pooled rate with 95% confidence interval (CI), using a fixed-effects or random-effects model. Results Twenty-six studies were identified which included 1541 eyes (IAC: 11 trials, 445 eyes; IVC: 16 trials, 1096 eyes). The mean follow-up times were 49.4 months (range, 13.0–105.3 months) for IVC and 21.7 months (range, 8.8–38.7 months) for IAC. For the International Classification of Intraocular Retinoblastoma (ICRB) grading, the overall success rate was higher with IAC than with IVC (75.7% [95%CI: 65.7%–83.6%] vs. 69.5% [95%CI: 51.9%–82.8%], P < 0.001). The globe salvage with IAC was higher than with IVC in group D eyes (79.5% [95%CI: 71.8%–85.4%] vs. 55.1% [95%CI: 45.6%–64.2%], P < 0.001), but not in groups B (95.8% [95%CI: 57.5%–99.7%] vs. 82.5% [95%CI: 58.9%–94.0%], P = 0.163), C (91.3% [95%CI: 65.9%–98.3%] vs. 89.0% [95%CI: 69.0%–96.7%], P = 0.212), and E eyes (51.2% [95%CI: 37.0%–65.2%] vs. 43.2% [95%CI: 18.3%–72.1%], P = 0.578). IAC and IVC were not significantly different regarding the recurrence and metastasis rates (15.0% vs. 15.4%, P = 0.148 and 2.7% vs. 0.6%, P = 0.194, respectively). For Reese-Ellsworth (RE) grading, IAC had a higher globe salvage in groups IV (90.9% [95%CI: 56.0%–98.7%] vs. 66.3% [95%CI: 32.4%–89.0%], P = 0.047) and V eyes (83.2% [95%CI: 72.0%–90.5%] vs. 59.9% [95%CI: 43.1%–74.6%], P = 0.003), but not in group I-III eyes (88.6% [95%CI: 58.3%–97.7%] vs. 88.1% [95%CI: 76.6%–94.4%], P = 0.244). The overall success rate was higher in IAC than in IVC (87.1% [95%CI: 78.1%–92.7%] vs. 77.3% [95%CI: 68.1%–84.4%], P = 0.033). Conclusions IAC may be superior to IVC for the treatment of retinoblastoma, with a higher overall success rate and higher globe salvage in group D or groups IV and V eyes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4406-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Chen
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510627, People's Republic of China.,Graduate College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510627, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Dong
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Mo
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,School of medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Women's and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiejun Xia
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Women's and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuixing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510627, People's Republic of China.
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UHRF1 depletion sensitizes retinoblastoma cells to chemotherapeutic drugs via downregulation of XRCC4. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:164. [PMID: 29415984 PMCID: PMC5833858 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UHRF1 (ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 1) is highly expressed in various human cancers including retinoblastoma, and associated with tumor-promoting effects such as inhibition of apoptosis and high proliferation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor-promoting functions of UHRF1 in retinoblastoma still remain elusive. Here, we show that stable knockdown of UHRF1 renders retinoblastoma cells sensitized to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs such as etoposide and camptothecin, resulting in enhanced DNA damage and apoptotic cell death. We found that UHRF1-depleted retinoblastoma cells can recognize DNA damages normally but have markedly low expression of XRCC4 (X-ray repair cross complementing 4) among the components of nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair complex. Conversely, overexpression of UHRF1 increased the XRCC4 expression and stable knockdown of XRCC4 sensitized retinoblastoma cells to etoposide treatment, suggesting that XRCC4 is a key mediator for the drug sensitivity upon UHRF1 depletion in retinoblastoma cells. Consistent with the findings, chromatin association of DNA ligase IV in response to acute DNA damage was found to be significantly reduced in UHRF1-depleted retinoblastoma cells and functional complementation for XRCC4 in UHRF1-depleted cells attenuated the drug sensitivity, demonstrating that XRCC4 downregulation in UHRF1-depleted cells impaired DNA repair and consequently induced robust apoptosis upon genotoxic drug treatment. In human primary retinoblastoma, high expression of UHRF1 and XRCC4 could be detected, and elevated XRCC4 expression correlated with reduced apoptosis markers, implying that UHRF1-mediated XRCC4 upregulation under pathophysiological conditions triggered by RB1 gene inactivation may confer protection against endogenous DNA damages that arise during retinoblastoma development. Taken together, these results present a new mechanistic insight into how UHRF1 mediates its tumor-promoting functions in retinoblastoma, and also provide a basis for UHRF1 targeting to improve the efficacy of current chemotherapy for retinoblastoma treatment.
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Shukla S, Srivastava A, Kumar S, Singh U, Goswami S, Chawla B, Bajaj MS, Kashyap S, Kaur J. Expression of multidrug resistance proteins in retinoblastoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1655-1661. [PMID: 29181307 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.11.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the mechanism of multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma, and to acquire more insights into in vivo drug resistance. METHODS Three anticancer drug resistant Y79 human RB cells were generated against vincristine, etoposide or carboplatin, which are used for conventional chemotherapy in RB. Primary cultures from enucleated eyes after chemotherapy (PCNC) were also prepared. Their chemosensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents (vincristine, etoposide and carboplatin) were measured using MTT assay. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of p53, Bcl-2 and various multidrug resistant proteins in retinoblastoma cells. RESULTS Following exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs, PCNC showed less sensitivity to drugs. No significant changes observed in the p53 expression, whereas Bcl-2 expression was found to be increased in the drug resistant cells as well as in PCNC. Increased expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was observed in drug resistant Y79 cells; however there was no significant change in the expression of P-gp found between primary cultures of primarily enucleated eyes and PCNC. Multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mrp-1) expression was found to be elevated in the drug resistant Y79 cells as well as in PCNC. No significant change in the expression of lung resistance associated protein (Lrp) was observed in the drug resistant Y79 cells as well as in PCNC. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that multidrug resistant proteins are intrinsically present in retinoblastoma which causes treatment failure in managing retinoblastoma with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shukla
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Arpna Srivastava
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Usha Singh
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Bhavna Chawla
- Oculoplasty & Pediatric Opthalmology Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Mandeep Singh Bajaj
- Oculoplasty & Pediatric Opthalmology Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Jasbir Kaur
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Zhu X, Wang K, Yao Y, Zhang K, Zhou F, Zhu L. Triggering p53 activation is essential in ziyuglycoside I-induced human retinoblastoma WERI-Rb-1 cell apoptosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Wuxi 214063 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Wuxi 214063 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology; Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University; Wuxi 214023 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Wuxi 214063 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
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