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Carvajal A, Kramer M, Argüello H. Salmonella Control in Swine: A Thoughtful Discussion of the Pre- and Post-Harvest Control Approaches in Industrialized Countries. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1035. [PMID: 38612274 PMCID: PMC11010990 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pork is among the major sources of human salmonellosis in developed countries. Since the 1990s, different surveys and cross-sectional studies, both national and international (i.e., the baseline studies performed in the European Union), have revealed and confirmed the widespread non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes in pigs. A number of countries have implemented control programs with different approaches and degrees of success. The efforts could be implemented either at farms, in post-harvest stages, or both. The current review revises the current state of the art in Salmonella in swine, the control programs ongoing or conducted in the past, and their strengths and failures, with particular attention to the weight of pre- and post-harvest control and the implications that both have for the success of interventions or mitigation after outbreaks. This review provides a novel perspective on Salmonella control in swine, a matter that still includes uncertainties and room for improvement as a question of public health and One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Vegazana, 2007 Leon, Spain;
| | - Melvin Kramer
- EHA Consulting Group, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33306, USA;
| | - Héctor Argüello
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Vegazana, 2007 Leon, Spain;
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Velasco V, Vergara JL, Bonilla AM, Muñoz J, Mallea A, Vallejos D, Quezada-Aguiluz M, Campos J, Rojas-García P. Prevalence and Characterization ofStaphylococcus aureusStrains in the Pork Chain Supply in Chile. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:262-268. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Velasco
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - José L. Vergara
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Ana M. Bonilla
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra Mallea
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Diego Vallejos
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Mario Quezada-Aguiluz
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents Research, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Campos
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Pedro Rojas-García
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
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Bjustrom-Kraft J, Woodard K, Giménez-Lirola L, Rotolo M, Wang C, Sun Y, Lasley P, Zhang J, Baum D, Gauger P, Main R, Zimmerman J. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) detection and antibody response in commercial growing pigs. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:99. [PMID: 27287624 PMCID: PMC4902975 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Longitudinal samples from two production sites were used to (1) describe the pattern of PEDV shedding (rRT-PCR) in individual rectal swabs, pen fecal samples, and pen oral fluids (OF); (2) describe the kinetics of PEDV antibody by ELISA (IgA, IgG) testing of pig serum and pen oral fluid samples; and (3) establish cutoffs and performance estimates for PEDV WV ELISAs (IgA, IgG). Site One was PEDV positive; Site Two was PEDV negative. On Site One, pen samples (feces and oral fluids) and pig samples (rectal swabs and sera) were collected both before and after the population was exposed to PEDV. Results On Site Two, pen oral fluid samples and individual pig serum samples were negative for both PEDV antibody and nucleic acid. On Site One, PEDV was detected by rRT-PCR at 6 days post exposure (DPE) in all sample types. The last rRT-PCR positives were detected in rectal swabs and oral fluids on 69 DPE. IgG and IgA were detected in oral fluids and serum samples by 13 DPE. Analysis of the PEDV serum IgG WV ELISA data showed that a sample-to-positive (S/P) cutoff of ≥ 0.80 provided a diagnostic sensitivity of 0.87 (95 % CI: 0.82, 0.91) and specificity of 0.99 (95 % CI: 0.98, 1.00). Serum IgG results declined slowly over the monitoring period, with 60 % of serum samples positive (S/P ≥ 0.80) at the final sampling on 111 DPE. Analysis of the PEDV oral fluid IgA WV ELISA found that a cutoff of S/P ≥ 0.80 provided a diagnostic sensitivity of 1.00 (95 % CI: 0.92, 1.00) and a diagnostic specificity of 1.00 (95 % CI: 0.99, 1.00). The oral fluid IgA response increased through 96 DPE and began to decline at the last sampling on 111 DPE. Conclusions This study showed that oral fluid-based testing could provide an easy and “animal-friendly” approach to sample collection for nucleic acid and/or antibody-based surveillance of PEDV in swine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Bjustrom-Kraft
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA
| | - Katie Woodard
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA
| | - Luis Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA
| | - Marisa Rotolo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Osborn Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Yaxuan Sun
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Osborn Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Peter Lasley
- Smithfield Hog Production Missouri, 17999 US Highway 65, Princeton, MO, 64673, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA
| | - David Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA
| | - Rodger Main
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA.
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Pires AF, Funk JA, Lim A, Bolin SR. Enumeration ofSalmonellain Feces of Naturally Infected Pigs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:933-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alda F.A. Pires
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Julie A. Funk
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ailam Lim
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Steven R. Bolin
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Boughton C, Egan J, Kelly G, Markey B, Leonard N. Quantitative examination of Salmonella spp. in the lairage environment of a pig abattoir. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2007; 4:26-32. [PMID: 17378705 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2006.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the initial sources of Salmonella spp. and other bacterial pathogens at the abattoir is the carrier pig. In the absence of effective cleaning and disinfection measures, such animals may contaminate the lairage environment, which may act as a significant source of infection for incoming non-infected animals. The objectives of this study were to quantify the levels of Salmonella spp. in the lairage of a large pig abattoir and to compare the effect on environmental contamination levels with Salmonella spp. of the cleaning procedures carried out daily to those undertaken weekly. A total of 359 swabs were collected from lairage pen floors at three timepoints throughout the course of two slaughter days. All samples were analyzed quantitatively. On day 1, Monday, following weekly cleaning and disinfection, 6% of the 179 floor swabs taken were positive for Salmonella spp. On day 2, Thursday, at the end of the slaughter week, when lairage pens were subjected to high-pressure cold water washing between batches of pigs, 44% of the 180 floor swabs taken were positive for Salmonella spp. Quantitative analysis revealed that the median numbers of salmonellae detected following weekly cleaning and disinfection were approximately 1.8 organisms/100 cm(2). The numbers of salmonellae detected on day 2 were approximately 8 organisms/100 cm(2). The most prevalent serotype isolated in this study was S. Typhimurium (42%). Phage types DT12, DT104b, and U302 comprised the majority of phage types identified. These results highlight the need to develop effective intervention measures to control the spread of Salmonella spp. in the preslaughter environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Boughton
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science, and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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