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Hervé RC, Bryant C, Sutton L, Cox C, Gião MS, Keevil CW, Wilks SA. Impact of different hand-drying methods on surrounding environment: aerosolization of virus and bacteria, and transfer to surfaces. J Hosp Infect 2024; 147:197-205. [PMID: 38521417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, hand drying has been highlighted as a key step in appropriate hand hygiene, as moisture on hands can increase the transfer of micro-organisms from hands to surfaces and vice versa. AIM To understand bacterial and viral aerosolization following hand drying, and study the transfer of micro-organisms from hands to surfaces after drying using different methods. METHODS Groups of five volunteers had their hands pre-washed with soap, rinsed and dried, then inoculated with a concentrated mixture of Pseudomonas fluorescens and MS2 bacteriophage. Volunteers entered an empty washroom, one at a time, and rinsed their hands with water or washed their hands with soap prior to drying with a jet dryer or paper towels. Each volunteer applied one hand successively to various surfaces, while their other hand was sampled using the glove juice method. Both residual bacteria and viruses were quantified from the washroom air, surface swabs and hand samples. FINDINGS P. fluorescens and MS2 bacteriophages were rarely aerosolized while drying hands for any of the drying methods studied. Results also showed limited, and similar, transfer of both micro-organisms studied on to surfaces for all drying methods. CONCLUSION The use of jet dryers or paper towels produces low levels of aerosolization when drying hands in a washroom. Similarly, all drying methods result in low transfer to surfaces. While the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic raised concerns regarding public washrooms, this study shows that all methods tested are hygienic solutions for dry washed hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Hervé
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - C Bryant
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - L Sutton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C Cox
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M S Gião
- Dyson Technology Ltd, Malmesbury, UK
| | - C W Keevil
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - S A Wilks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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2
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Bolzon V, Bulfoni M, Pesando M, Nencioni A, Nencioni E. Verification of a Rapid Analytical Method for the Qualitative Detection of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes by a Real-Time PCR Assay according to EN UNI ISO 16140-3:2021. Pathogens 2024; 13:141. [PMID: 38392879 PMCID: PMC10892580 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial contamination and foodborne infections are a significant global public health concern. For this reason, the detection, monitoring, and characterization of pathogens represent a significant challenge in quality control settings. Standard approaches, such as culture methods and biochemical tests, are known to be very time-consuming and intensive. Conversely, molecular technologies based on the genomic identification of bacteria are quick and low-cost. Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic pathogen and a major concern especially in food industries. It is important to understand and implement multiple quality control measures to control Listeria infection risk and prevent the contamination of products. Standardized detection and confirmation tests such as the API Listeria test, MALDI-TOF MS, and PCR analysis are available. The aim of our work is to provide a specific molecular method, designed according to the EN UNI ISO 16140-3:2021, for the specific detection, monitoring, and characterization of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes contamination. The verification of this new rapid approach by real-time PCR (qPCR) overcomes the limitations of culture-based techniques, meeting all the verification criteria required by ISO guidelines, including implementation and item confirmation. This system offers a powerful approach to the real-time assessment of food safety, useful for industry self-monitoring and regulatory inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Bolzon
- Biofarma Group Srl, Via Castelliere 2, 33036 Udine, Italy; (V.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Michela Bulfoni
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Massimo Pesando
- Biofarma Group Srl, Via Castelliere 2, 33036 Udine, Italy; (V.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandro Nencioni
- IBSA Institut Biochimique SA, Via del Piano 29, CH-6915 Lugano, Switzerland;
| | - Emanuele Nencioni
- Biofarma Group Srl, Via Castelliere 2, 33036 Udine, Italy; (V.B.); (M.P.)
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3
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Jones SL, Gibson KE. Temperature, Time, and Type, Oh My! Key Environmental Factors Impacting the Recovery of Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Tulane Virus from Surfaces. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1157-1165. [PMID: 35588461 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Environmental monitoring (EM) programs are designed to detect the presence of pathogens in food manufacturing environments, with the goal of preventing microbial contamination of food. Nevertheless, limited knowledge exists regarding the influence of environmental conditions on microbial recovery during EM. This study uses a commercially available polyurethane foam EM tool to determine the influence of environmental factors on the recovery of foodborne pathogens. The specific objectives of this study were to determine if environmental conditions and surface composition impact the recovery of sought-after microorganisms found in food processing environments. These data are compared across (i) microorganism type, (ii) surface type, (iii) environmental temperature and relative humidity (RH), and (iv) exposure time. Two bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium) and one human norovirus surrogate (Tulane virus) were inoculated onto three nonporous surfaces (polypropylene, stainless steel, and neoprene). Surfaces were held in an environmental chamber for 24 or 72 h at 30°C with 30% RH, 6°C with 85% RH, and 30°C with 85% RH. Data indicate that microbial recovery from environmental surfaces significantly (P ≤ 0.05) varies by microorganism type, environmental conditions, and exposure time. For instance, all microorganisms were significantly different from each other, with the greatest mean log reduction being Tulane virus and the lesser reduction being L. monocytogenes at 4.94 ± 1.75 log PFU per surface and 2.54 ± 0.91 log CFU per surface, respectively. Overall, these data can be used to improve the effectiveness of EM programs and underscores the need to better comprehend how EM test results are impacted by food manufacturing environmental conditions. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Jones
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA
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4
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Novel Approaches to Environmental Monitoring and Control of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Production Facilities. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121760. [PMID: 35741961 PMCID: PMC9222551 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a serious public health hazard responsible for the foodborne illness listeriosis. L. monocytogenes is ubiquitous in nature and can become established in food production facilities, resulting in the contamination of a variety of food products, especially ready-to-eat foods. Effective and risk-based environmental monitoring programs and control strategies are essential to eliminate L. monocytogenes in food production environments. Key elements of the environmental monitoring program include (i) identifying the sources and prevalence of L. monocytogenes in the production environment, (ii) verifying the effectiveness of control measures to eliminate L. monocytogenes, and (iii) identifying the areas and activities to improve control. The design and implementation of the environmental monitoring program are complex, and several different approaches have emerged for sampling and detecting Listeria monocytogenes in food facilities. Traditional detection methods involve culture methods, followed by confirmation methods based on phenotypic, biochemical, and immunological characterization. These methods are laborious and time-consuming as they require at least 2 to 3 days to obtain results. Consequently, several novel detection approaches are gaining importance due to their rapidness, sensitivity, specificity, and high throughput. This paper comprehensively reviews environmental monitoring programs and novel approaches for detection based on molecular methods, immunological methods, biosensors, spectroscopic methods, microfluidic systems, and phage-based methods. Consumers have now become more interested in buying food products that are minimally processed, free of additives, shelf-stable, and have a better nutritional and sensory value. As a result, several novel control strategies have received much attention for their less adverse impact on the organoleptic properties of food and improved consumer acceptability. This paper reviews recent developments in control strategies by categorizing them into thermal, non-thermal, biocontrol, natural, and chemical methods, emphasizing the hurdle concept that involves a combination of different strategies to show synergistic impact to control L. monocytogenes in food production environments.
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5
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Broten CJ, Wydallis JB, Reilly TH, Bisha B. Development and Evaluation of a Paper-Based Microfluidic Device for Detection of Listeria monocytogenes on Food Contact and Non-Food Contact Surfaces. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070947. [PMID: 35407034 PMCID: PMC8997480 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is the third most deadly foodborne pathogen in the United States. The bacterium is found in soil and water, contaminating raw food products and the processing environment, where it can persist for an extended period. Currently, testing of food contact and non-food contact surfaces is performed using an array of sampling devices and endpoint technologies, offering various levels of sensitivity, cost, user skill, and time to detection. Paper-based microfluidic devices (µPADs) are a rapid detection platform amenable to low-cost, user-friendly, and portable diagnostics. In this study, we developed and evaluated a µPAD platform specific for the colorimetric detection of the Listeria genus following recovery from food contact and non-food contact surfaces. For detection, four colorimetric substrates specific for the detection of β-glucosidase, two broths selective for the detection of Listeria spp., and a nonselective broth were evaluated to facilitate detection of Listeria spp. The limit of detection and time to detection were determined by using pure bacterial cultures. After 8 h enrichment, L. monocytogenes (102 Colony Forming Units (CFU)/coupon) was detected on every surface. After 18 h enrichment, L. monocytogenes (102 CFU/coupon) was detected on all surfaces with all swabbing devices. This study demonstrated the ability of the µPAD-based method to detect potentially stressed cells at low levels of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codi Jo Broten
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
| | - John B. Wydallis
- Access Sensor Technologies, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA; (J.B.W.); (T.H.R.III)
| | - Thomas H. Reilly
- Access Sensor Technologies, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA; (J.B.W.); (T.H.R.III)
| | - Bledar Bisha
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Brauge T, Barre L, Leleu G, André S, Denis C, Hanin A, Frémaux B, Guilbaud M, Herry JM, Oulahal N, Anger B, Soumet C, Midelet G. European survey and evaluation of sampling methods recommended by the standard EN ISO 18593 for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens on industrial surfaces. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5817843. [PMID: 32267937 PMCID: PMC7195815 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ready-to-eat products can be contaminated during processing by pathogen or spoilage bacteria, which persist in the industrial environment. Some bacterial species are able to form biofilms which protect them from environmental conditions. To check the bacterial contamination of the surfaces in the food industries, the professionals must regularly use surface sampling methods to detect the pathogen such as Listeria monocytogenes or the spoilage such as Pseudomonas fluorescens. In 2010, we designed and carried out a European survey to collect surface sampling information to detect or enumerate L. monocytogenes in food processing plants. A total of 137 questionnaires from 14 European Union Member States were returned. The outcome of this survey showed that the professionals preferred friction sampling methods with gauze pad, swab and sponges versus contact sampling methods. After this survey, we compared the effectiveness of these three friction sampling methods and the contact plates, as recommended in the standard EN ISO 18593 that was revised in 2018, on the recovery of L. monocytogenes and of P. fluorescens in mono-specie biofilms. This study showed no significant difference between the effectiveness of the four sampling methods to detach the viable and culturable bacterial population of theses mono-specie biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and parasitology of fishery and aquaculture products unit, Boulevard Bassin Napoléon 62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Lena Barre
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella - E. coli - Listeria unit, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Guylaine Leleu
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and parasitology of fishery and aquaculture products unit, Boulevard Bassin Napoléon 62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Stéphane André
- CTCPA, Technical Centre for the Conservation of Agricultural Products, EMaiRIT'S Unit, 449 Avenue Clément Ader 84911 Avignon, France
| | - Catherine Denis
- ACTALIA, Food Safety, 310 Rue du Père Popiełujko 50000 Saint-Lô, France
| | - Aurélie Hanin
- ACTALIA, Food Safety, 310 Rue du Père Popiełujko 50000 Saint-Lô, France
| | - Bastien Frémaux
- IFIP, The French Research Institute for Pig and Pork Industry, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Morgan Guilbaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood 91300 Massy, France
| | - Jean-Marie Herry
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood 91300 Massy, France
| | - Nadia Oulahal
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Isara Lyon, BioDyMIA, Research Unit 3733, IUT Lyon 1, rue Henri de Boissieu 01000 Bourg en Bresse, France
| | - Béatrice Anger
- Anses, Fougeres Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Bâtiment Bioagopolis, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené - CS 40608 - 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Christophe Soumet
- Anses, Fougeres Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Bâtiment Bioagopolis, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené - CS 40608 - 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Graziella Midelet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and parasitology of fishery and aquaculture products unit, Boulevard Bassin Napoléon 62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
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7
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Boom FA, Le Brun PPH, Boehringer S, Kosterink JGW, Touw D. Improving the aseptic transfer procedures in hospital pharmacies part A: methods for the determination of the surface bioburden on ampoules and vials. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2021; 28:38-41. [PMID: 33355282 PMCID: PMC7788213 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2018-001672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop methods for surface bioburden determination of ampoules and vials to be used in the validation of the disinfection procedures and in routine monitoring of ampoules and vials. METHODS The surface bioburdens of ampoules and vials are determined before and after disinfection by contact plates and total immersion. RESULTS The mean surface bioburdens of non-disinfected ampoules and vials taken straight from the original boxes are 2.4 and 5.01 cfu (total immersion; n = 20), and 0.97 and 0.94 cfu (contact plates; n = 60). The mean surface bioburdens of ampules and vials after disinfection by wiping are 1.15 and 7.50 cfu (total immersion; n = 20), and 0.12 and 0.10 cfu (contact plates; n = 60). The high number of cfu on vials (total immersion) indicate hidden cfu around the neck not removable by wiping and not detected by contact plates. Total immersion needs special laboratory facilities and is expensive (about €50 a sample). Therefore, it is less appropriate for use in routine monitoring. However, because of the high recovery, it is the method of choice for the validation of the disinfection procedure. Surface bioburden determination by contact plates is relatively simple. Non-flat surfaces cannot be reached, but the recovery from the touched flat part of the surface is high (around 50%). The recovery from swabs is low (around 10%). Another disadvantage of swabs is the laboratory work after sampling. We therefore advise contact plates for routine monitoring. To get a reliable value of the mean surface bioburden at least 30 samples need to be examined. CONCLUSION Total immersion is the method of choice for the determination of the effectiveness of a disinfection procedure for ampoules and vials. Contact plate is the method of choice for routine monitoring of the surfaces of ampoules and vials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul P H Le Brun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Boehringer
- Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos G W Kosterink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Touw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Application of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification with Lateral Flow for a Naked-Eye Detection of Listeria monocytogenes on Food Processing Surfaces. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091249. [PMID: 32906705 PMCID: PMC7555525 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous contamination of foods with L. monocytogenes, highlights the need for additional controls in the food industry. The verification of food processing plants is key to avoid cross-contaminations, and to assure the safety of the food products. In this study, a new methodology for the detection of L. monocytogenes on food contact surfaces was developed and evaluated. It combines Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) with the lateral flow (LF) naked-eye detection. Different approaches for the recovery of the bacteria from the surface, the enrichment step and downstream analysis by RPA-LF were tested and optimized. The results were compared with a standard culture-based technique and qPCR analysis. Sampling procedure with sponges was more efficient for the recovery of the bacteria than a regular swab. A 24 h enrichment in ONE broth was needed for the most sensitive detection of the pathogen. By RPA-LF, it was possible to detect 1.1 pg/µL of pure L. monocytogenes DNA, and the complete methodology reached a LoD50 of 4.2 CFU/cm2 and LoD95 of 18.2 CFU/cm2. These results are comparable with the culture-based methodology and qPCR. The developed approach allows for a next-day detection without complex equipment and a naked-eye visualization of the results.
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9
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Jansson L, Akel Y, Eriksson R, Lavander M, Hedman J. Impact of swab material on microbial surface sampling. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 176:106006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Comparative recovery of Listeria spp. From dairy environmental surfaces using 3M™ and World Bioproducts© environmental swabs with standard enrichment and enumeration methods. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Zhao P, Li Y. New sequential‐touch method to determine bacterial contact transfer rate from finger to surface. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:605-615. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Y. Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
- School of Public Health The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
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12
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Rodríguez-López P, Bernárdez M, Rodríguez-Herrera JJ, Comesaña ÁS, Cabo ML. Identification and metagenetic characterisation of Listeria monocytogenes-harbouring communities present in food-related industrial environments. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Jones SL, Ricke SC, Keith Roper D, Gibson KE. Swabbing the surface: critical factors in environmental monitoring and a path towards standardization and improvement. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:225-243. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1521369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Jones
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - D. Keith Roper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kristen E. Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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14
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Daneau G, Nduwamahoro E, Fissette K, Rüdelsheim P, van Soolingen D, de Jong BC, Rigouts L. Use of RODAC plates to measure containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Class IIB biosafety cabinet during routine operations. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:148-54. [PMID: 27242225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Guidelines for the manipulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cultures require a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) infrastructure and accompanying code of conduct. In this study, we aimed to validate and apply detection methods for viable mycobacteria from surfaces in a BSL-3 MTB laboratory. METHODS We evaluated phenotypic (Replicate Organism Detection and Counting [RODAC] plates) and molecular (propidium monoazide [PMA]-based polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) approaches for the detection of viable mycobacteria, as well as the effect of 70% ethanol applied for 5min for disinfection against mycobacteria. For validation of the method, recovery of serial dilutions of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin from glass slides was measured. Subsequently, we stamped surfaces in and around the biosafety cabinet (BSC) after different technicians had manipulated high bacterial load suspensions for routine drug-susceptibility testing in a Class II BSC. RESULTS RODAC stamping could detect as few as three bacteria on slides stamped either 5min or 60min after inoculation. PMA-based PCR, tested in parallel, did not pass validation. Mycobacteria were still detected after 5-min disinfection with ethanol 70%. In the BSL-3, from 201 RODAC-stamped surfaces, MTB was detected in four: three inside a BSC-on a tube cap and on an operator's gloves-and one outside, on an operator's gown. CONCLUSION RODAC plates detect mycobacteria at low numbers of microorganisms. In addition, this method allowed us to show that 70% ethanol does not reliably kill mycobacteria when applied for 5min to a dried surface, and that MTB bacilli may arrive outside a Class II BSC during routine practice, although the route could not be documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Daneau
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Elie Nduwamahoro
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristina Fissette
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Dick van Soolingen
- Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bouke C de Jong
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Vaccination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Leen Rigouts
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Gómez D, Iguácel LP, Rota MC, Carramiñana JJ, Ariño A, Yangüela J. Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Meat Products and Meat Processing Plants in Spain. Foods 2015; 4:271-282. [PMID: 28231204 PMCID: PMC5224534 DOI: 10.3390/foods4030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in several types of ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products and in the environment of meat processing plants. A total of 129 samples of RTE meat products and 110 samples from work surfaces and equipment were analyzed. L. monocytogenes was detected in 6 out of 35 cooked products (17.14%), 21 out of 57 raw-cured products (36.84%), and 9 out of 37 dry-cured, salted products (24.32%). The number of sample units that exceeded the food safety limit of 100 cfu/g decreased from the manufacture date to half shelf life, and then it was further reduced at the end of shelf life. L. monocytogenes was detected in 25 out of 110 (22.72%) food contact surfaces. The number of positive and negative results from both food and environmental samples were cross-tabulated and the calculated Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) was 0.3233, indicating a fair agreement in terms of Listeria contamination. L.monocytogenes was recovered after cleaning and disinfection procedures in four plants, highlighting the importance of thorough cleaning and disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gómez
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, c/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
| | - Laura Pilar Iguácel
- Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain.
| | - Mª Carmen Rota
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, c/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
| | - Juan José Carramiñana
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, c/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
| | - Agustín Ariño
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, c/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
| | - Javier Yangüela
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, c/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
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16
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Rodríguez-López P, Saá-Ibusquiza P, Mosquera-Fernández M, López-Cabo M. Listeria monocytogenes-carrying consortia in food industry. Composition, subtyping and numerical characterisation of mono-species biofilm dynamics on stainless steel. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 206:84-95. [PMID: 26001376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to find out how real Listeria monocytogenes-carrying biofilms are in industrial settings, a total of 270 environmental samples belonging to work surfaces from fish (n = 123), meat (n = 75) and dairy industries (n = 72) were analysed in order to detect L. monocytogenes. 12 samples were positive for L. monocytogenes and a total of 18 different species were identified as accompanying microbiota in fish and meat industry. No L. monocytogenes was found in samples from dairy industry. Molecular characterisation combining results of AscI and ApaI macrorestriction PFGE assays yielded 7 different subtypes of L. monocytogenes sharing in 71.43% of cases the same serogroup (1/2a-3a). Results from dynamic numerical characterisation between L. monocytogenes monospecies biofilms on stainless steel (SS) using MATLAB-based tool BIOFILMDIVER demonstrated that except in isolate A1, in which a significant increase in the percentage of covered area (CA), average diffusion distance (ADD) and maximum diffusion distance (MDD) was observed after 120 h of culture, no significant differences were observed in the dynamics of the rest of the L. monocytogenes isolates. Quantitative dual-species biofilm association experiments performed on SS indicated that L. monocytogenes cell counts presented lower values in mixed-species cultures with certain species at 24 and 48 h compared with mono-species culture. However, they remained unaltered after 72 h except when co-cultured with Serratia fonticola which presented differences in all sampling times and was also the dominant species within the dual-species biofilm. When considering frequency of appearance of accompanying species, an ecological distribution was demonstrated as Escherichia coli appeared to be the most abundant in fish industry and Carnobacterium spp. in meat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodríguez-López
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Campus of Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paula Saá-Ibusquiza
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Maruxa Mosquera-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Marta López-Cabo
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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17
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Gião MS, Blanc S, Porta S, Belenguer J, Keevil CW. Improved recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from stainless steel and polytetrafluoroethylene surfaces using air/water ablation. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:253-62. [PMID: 25943582 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a gentle ablation technique to recover Listeria monocytogenes biofilms from stainless steel (SS) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surfaces by using compressed air and water injection. METHODS AND RESULTS Biofilms were grown for 4, 24 and 48 h or 7 days and a compressed air and water flow at 2, 3 and 4 bars was applied for cell removal. Collected cells were quantified for total/dead by staining with SYTO 9/PI double staining and cultivable populations were determined by plating onto brain heart infusion (BHI) agar, while coupon surfaces also were stained with DAPI to quantify in situ the remaining cells. The recovery efficiency was compared to that of conventional swabbing. Results showed that the air/water ablation is able to collect up to 98·6% of cells from SS surfaces while swabbing only recovered 11·2% of biofilm. Moreover, air/water ablation recovered 99·9% of cells from PTFE surfaces. CONCLUSIONS The high recovery rate achieved by this technique, along with the fact that cells were able to retain membrane integrity and cultivability, indicate that this device is suitable for the gentle recovery of viable L. monocytogenes biofilm cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work presents a highly efficient technique to remove, collect and quantify L. monocytogenes from surfaces commonly used in the food industry, which can thus serve as an important aid in verifying cleaning and sanitation as well as in reducing the likelihood of cross-contamination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Gião
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - S Blanc
- 40-30, Parc Technologique des Fontaines, Chemin des Franques, Bernin, France
| | - S Porta
- Ainia, Parque Tecnólogico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Belenguer
- Ainia, Parque Tecnólogico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - C W Keevil
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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18
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Whitehead K, Benson P, Verran J. Developing application and detection methods for Listeria monocytogenes and fish extract on open surfaces in order to optimize cleaning protocols. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Bruno JG, Phillips T, Montez T, Garcia A, Sivils JC, Mayo MW, Greis A. Development of a fluorescent enzyme-linked DNA aptamer-magnetic bead sandwich assay and portable fluorometer for sensitive and rapid listeria detection. J Fluoresc 2014; 25:173-83. [PMID: 25511112 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent DNA aptamer-magnetic bead sandwich assay was developed to detect listeriolysin O (LLO) protein from pathogenic Listeria bacteria using a peroxidase-linked system, Amplex Ultra Red (AUR; derivatized resazurin) substrate, and a custom-designed handheld fluorometer. The assay is highly sensitive with demonstrated limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 4 to 61 L. monocytogenes cells or the equivalent LLO produced by 4 to 61 cells on average in separate titration trials. Total assay processing and analysis time was approximately 30 mins. The assay has demonstrated the ability to detect 6 species of Listeria as desired by the USDA's Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS). The portable system was designed to be used primarily with surface swab samples from fomites, but it can also be used to assess enrichment cultures. The minimal time to detect a positive enrichment culture in our hands from an initial 10 cell inoculum in 200 ml of broth has been 8 h post-incubation at 37 °C in shaker flask cultures. An optional automated magnetic bead assay processing and wash device capable of simultaneously processing 6 samples with low and consistent fluorescence background for higher volume central laboratories is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Bruno
- Pronucleotein Biotechnologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 110, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA,
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20
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Lahou E, Uyttendaele M. Evaluation of three swabbing devices for detection of Listeria monocytogenes on different types of food contact surfaces. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:804-14. [PMID: 24406663 PMCID: PMC3924475 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes can adhere to different types of food contact surfaces within a food processing environment. Therefore, environmental sampling devices should be capable of detecting unacceptable contamination. In this study, a sponge-stick, foam spatula and an environmental swab were evaluated on their ability to detect low concentrations of L. monocytogenes on different types of food contact surfaces. A cocktail of four L. monocytogenes serotypes was inoculated with a concentration of 100 CFU/250 cm2 onto stainless steel (SS), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and rubber surfaces in a 250 cm2 area. Immediately after inoculation and after 1 h exposure, the surfaces were swabbed with the different swabbing devices. The results of the study show only minor differences in the ability of the swabbing devices to detect L. monocytogenes. All devices were capable to detect the contamination immediately after inoculation. However, when the surfaces were allowed to air-dry for 1 h, L. monocytogenes was undetected in 11.1% of the samples (n = 27) with the sponge stick, in 7.4% of the samples (n = 27) with the foam spatula and in 3.7% of the samples (n = 27) with the environmental swab, especially on SS surfaces. The detection ability of the different devices for L. monocytogenes can be concluded to be rather high on different types of food contact surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Lahou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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21
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Validation of dipslides as a tool for environmental sampling in a real-life hospital setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:809-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-2018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Gómez D, Ariño A, Carramiñana JJ, Rota C, Yangüela J. Sponge versus mini-roller for the surface microbiological control of Listeria monocytogenes, total aerobic mesophiles and Enterobacteriaceae in the meat industry. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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