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Qin T, Chen Y, Miao X, Shao M, Xu N, Mou C, Chen Z, Yin Y, Chen S, Yin Y, Gao L, Peng D, Liu X. Low-Temperature Adaptive Single-Atom Iron Nanozymes against Viruses in the Cold Chain. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309669. [PMID: 38216154 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Outbreaks of viral infectious diseases, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A virus (IAV), pose a great threat to human health. Viral spread is accelerated worldwide by the development of cold chain logistics; Therefore, an effective antiviral approach is required. In this study, it is aimed to develop a distinct antiviral strategy using nanozymes with low-temperature adaptability, suitable for cold chain logistics. Phosphorus (P) atoms are added to the remote counter position of Fe-N-C center to prepare FeN4P2-single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes), exhibiting lipid oxidase (OXD)-like activity at cold chain temperatures (-20, and 4 °C). This feature enables FeN4P2-SAzymes to disrupt multiple enveloped viruses (human, swine, and avian coronaviruses, and H1-H11 subtypes of IAV) by catalyzing lipid peroxidation of the viral lipid envelope. Under the simulated conditions of cold chain logistics, FeN4P2-SAzymes are successfully applied as antiviral coatings on outer packaging and personal protective equipment; Therefore, FeN4P2-SAzymes with low-temperature adaptability and broad-spectrum antiviral properties may serve as key materials for developing specific antiviral approaches to interrupt viral transmission through the cold chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yulian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Mengjuan Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Nuo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yinyan Yin
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
- Guangling College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Lizeng Gao
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100700, P. R. China
- Nanozyme Laboratory in Zhongyuan, Henan, 451163, P. R. China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
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Arienzo A, Gallo V, Tomassetti F, Pitaro N, Pitaro M, Antonini G. A narrative review of alternative transmission routes of COVID 19: what we know so far. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:681-695. [PMID: 37350182 PMCID: PMC10614718 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2228048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemics, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, represent an unprecedented public health challenge. Beside person-to-person contagion via airborne droplets and aerosol, which is the main SARS-CoV-2's route of transmission, alternative modes, including transmission via fomites, food and food packaging, have been investigated for their potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. In this context, several studies have demonstrated the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and, in some cases, of infectious particles on exposed fomites, food and water samples, confirming their possible role as sources of contamination and transmission. Indeed, fomite-to-human transmission has been demonstrated in a few cases where person-to-person transmission had been excluded. In addition, recent studies supported the possibility of acquiring COVID-19 through the fecal-oro route; the occurrence of COVID-19 gastrointestinal infections, in the absence of respiratory symptoms, also opens the intriguing possibility that these cases could be directly related to the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Overall, most of the studies considered these alternative routes of transmission of low epidemiological relevance; however, it should be considered that they could play an important role, or even be prevalent, in settings characterized by different environmental and socio-economic conditions. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings regarding SARS-CoV-2 alternative transmission routes, with the aim to disclose what is known about their impact on COVID-19 spread and to stimulate research in this field, which could potentially have a great impact, especially in low-resource contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michele Pitaro
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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Chen Z, Li X, Zhou J, Zhou T, Lin T, Xu C, Yu J, Li K, Zhang Z, Zhao W. Cold-Chain-Food-Related COVID-19 Surveillance in Guangzhou between July 2020 and December 2022. Foods 2023; 12:2701. [PMID: 37509793 PMCID: PMC10379576 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA contamination in samples linked to imported cold-chain food and assess the situation from the implementation of a centralized supervision warehouse system in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. METHODS Swabs of workers and frozen-food-related samples were collected between July 2020 and December 2023 in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was extracted and analyzed by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction using the commercially available SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test kit. The risk level and food source were monitored simultaneously. RESULTS A total of 283 positive cold-chain events were found in Guangzhou since the first cold-chain-related event of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic was identified in July 2020. Most positive samples were a low-to-medium risk, and the cycle threshold value was >30. No live virus was detected, and no staff came into direct contact with a live virus. In total, 87.63% of positive events were identified through sampling and testing at the centralized food warehouse. CONCLUSION Cold-chain food has a relatively low risk of transmitting SARS-CoV-2. Centralized food storage can be used as an effective method to control this risk, and this measure can also be used for other food-related, contact-transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongqiu Chen
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Tengfei Zhou
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Tianji Lin
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Conghui Xu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Jianhai Yu
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kuibiao Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Zhoubin Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Li G, Wang Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Qi Y, Bai L, Liu Z, Li N. Contamination and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Cold-Chain Food and Food Packaging. China CDC Wkly 2023; 5:485-491. [PMID: 37408615 PMCID: PMC10318554 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2023.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yeru Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yibaina Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Qi
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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Li F, Xu K, Pan Y, Liu P, Zhang J, Yang M, Lei W, Feng Z, Liang Z, Zhang D, Wu G, Wang Q. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 and persistence of viral nucleic acids on common foods and widely used packaging material surfaces. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28871. [PMID: 37314009 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is still spreading globally. Studies have reported the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols and on surfaces under different conditions. However, studies on the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and viral nucleic acids on common food and packaging material surfaces are insufficient. The study evaluated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 using TCID50 assays and the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction on various food and packaging material surfaces. Viral nucleic acids were stable on food and material surfaces under different conditions. The viability of SARS-CoV-2 varied among different surfaces. SARS-CoV-2 was inactivated on most food and packaging material surfaces within 1 day at room temperature but was more stable at lower temperatures. Viruses survived for at least 1 week on pork and plastic at 4°C, while no viable viruses were detected on hairtail, orange, or carton after 3 days. There were viable viruses and a slight titer decrease after 8 weeks on pork and plastic, but titers decreased rapidly on hairtail and carton at -20°C. These results highlight the need for targeted preventive and disinfection measures based on different types of foods, packaging materials, and environmental conditions, particularly in the cold-chain food trade, to combat the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Li
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaomin Feng
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Liang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Daitao Zhang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
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Wang B, Li X, Xiao W, Zhang J, Ding H. Comprehensive analysis of clinical indications and viral strain variants among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Inner Mongolia, China. Virus Genes 2023; 59:391-398. [PMID: 36905534 PMCID: PMC10006559 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the first appearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019, the virus is still evolving and mutating until now. In this study, we collected 6 throat swabs from patients who diagnosed with COVID-19 in Inner Mongolia, China, to understand the entry of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants into Inner Mongolia and analyze the relationships between variants and clinical features observed in infected patients. In addition, we performed a combined analysis of clinical parameters associated with SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest, pedigree analysis, and detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Our results showed that the clinical symptoms were generally mild although some patients demonstrated some degree of liver function abnormalities, and the SARS-CoV-2 strain was related to the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), AY.122 lineage. The epidemiological investigations and clinical manifestations confirmed that the variant exhibits strong transmission, a high viral load, and moderate clinical symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 has undergone extensive mutations in various hosts and countries. Timely monitoring of virus mutation can help to monitor the spread of infection and characterize the diversity of genomic variants, thus limiting future waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Xiaocong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Weili Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Jiangying Zhang
- Department of ICU, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Haitao Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010000, China.
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Runlian H, Xinjie D, Ahmed O, Cho E, Chung S. Application of Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 to Measure the Anxiety Response of Cold Chain Practitioners During the COVID-19 Post-Pandemic Era in China. Psychiatry Investig 2023; 20:75-83. [PMID: 36891591 PMCID: PMC9996138 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 Items (SAVE-6) scale for cold chain practitioners exposed to moderate-to-high risk of infection. METHODS A total of 233 cold chain practitioners participated in an anonymous online survey, conducted from October to November 2021. The questionnaire comprised participant demographic characteristics, the Chinese version of SAVE-6, the Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7 (GAD-7), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scales. RESULTS Based on the results of the parallel analysis, the single-structure model of the Chinese version of SAVE-6 was adopted. The scale showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.930) and good convergent validity based on Spearman's correlation coefficient with the GAD-7 (rho=0.616, p<0.001) and PHQ-9 (rho=0.540, p<0.001) scale scores. The optimal cutoff score for Chinese Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9 Items was identified as ≥12 (area under the curve=0.797, Sensitivity=0.76, Specificity=0.66) for cold chain practitioners. CONCLUSION The Chinese version of the SAVE-6 scale has good psychometric properties and can be applied as a reliable and valid rating scale to assess the anxiety response of cold chain practitioners in the post-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Runlian
- Department of Nursing, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Du Xinjie
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Oli Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh.,National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Eulah Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seockhoon Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Peng S, Li G, Lin Y, Guo X, Xu H, Qiu W, Zhu H, Zheng J, Sun W, Hu X, Zhang G, Li B, Pathak JL, Bi X, Dai J. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in cold-chain transportation environments and the efficacy of disinfection measures. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1170505. [PMID: 37153150 PMCID: PMC10154586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1170505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low temperature is conducive to the survival of COVID-19. Some studies suggest that cold-chain environment may prolong the survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and increase the risk of transmission. However, the effect of cold-chain environmental factors and packaging materials on SARS-CoV-2 stability remains unclear. Methods This study aimed to reveal cold-chain environmental factors that preserve the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and further explore effective disinfection measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the cold-chain environment. The decay rate of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in the cold-chain environment, on various types of packaging material surfaces, i.e., polyethylene plastic, stainless steel, Teflon and cardboard, and in frozen seawater was investigated. The influence of visible light (wavelength 450 nm-780 nm) and airflow on the stability of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus at -18°C was subsequently assessed. Results Experimental data show that SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus decayed more rapidly on porous cardboard surfaces than on nonporous surfaces, including polyethylene (PE) plastic, stainless steel, and Teflon. Compared with that at 25°C, the decay rate of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus was significantly lower at low temperatures. Seawater preserved viral stability both at -18°C and with repeated freeze-thaw cycles compared with that in deionized water. Visible light from light-emitting diode (LED) illumination and airflow at -18°C reduced SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus stability. Conclusion Our studies indicate that temperature and seawater in the cold chain are risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and LED visible light irradiation and increased airflow may be used as disinfection measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the cold-chain environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Peng
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojie Li
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyin Lin
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxi Qiu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Janak L. Pathak
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Dai, ; Xinhui Bi, ; Janak L. Pathak,
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Dai, ; Xinhui Bi, ; Janak L. Pathak,
| | - Jianwei Dai
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Dai, ; Xinhui Bi, ; Janak L. Pathak,
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Li Y, Qiao J, Han X, Zhao Z, Kou J, Zhang W, Man S, Ma L. Needs, Challenges and Countermeasures of SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance in Cold-Chain Foods and Packaging to Prevent Possible COVID-19 Resurgence: A Perspective from Advanced Detections. Viruses 2022; 15:120. [PMID: 36680157 PMCID: PMC9864631 DOI: 10.3390/v15010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has a huge impact on the global economy. SARS-CoV-2 could possibly and potentially be transmitted to humans through cold-chain foods and packaging (namely good-to-human), although it mainly depends on a human-to-human route. It is imperative to develop countermeasures to cope with the spread of viruses and fulfil effective surveillance of cold-chain foods and packaging. This review outlined SARS-CoV-2-related cold-chain food incidents and current methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2. Then the needs, challenges and practicable countermeasures for SARS-CoV-2 detection, specifically for cold-chain foods and packaging, were underlined. In fact, currently established detection methods for SARS-CoV-2 are mostly used for humans; thus, these may not be ideally applied to cold-chain foods directly. Therefore, it creates a need to develop novel methods and low-cost, automatic, mini-sized devices specifically for cold-chain foods and packaging. The review intended to draw people's attention to the possible spread of SARS-CoV-2 with cold-chain foods and proposed perspectives for futuristic cold-chain foods monitoring during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiali Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhiying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jun Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuli Man
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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10
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Wang Z, Liang Z, Wei R, Wang H, Cheng F, Liu Y, Meng S. Quantitative determination of the electron beam radiation dose for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation to decontaminate frozen food packaging. Virol Sin 2022; 37:823-830. [PMID: 36309306 PMCID: PMC9605788 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from cold-chain foods to frontline workers poses a serious public health threat during the current global pandemic. There is an urgent need to design concise approaches for effective virus inactivation under different physicochemical conditions to reduce the risk of contagion through viral contaminated surfaces of cold-chain foods. By employing a time course of electron beam exposure to a high titer of SARS-CoV-2 at cold-chain temperatures, a radiation dose of 2 kGy was demonstrated to reduce the viral titer from 104.5 to 0 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/mL. Next, using human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) as a suitable SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, 3 kGy of high-energy electron radiation was defined as the inactivation dose for a titer reduction of more than 4 log units on tested packaging materials. Furthermore, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to test three viral genes, namely, E, N, and ORF1ab. There was a strong correlation between TCID50 and RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection. However, RT-qPCR could not differentiate between the infectivity of the radiation-inactivated and nonirradiated control viruses. As the defined radiation dose for effective viral inactivation fell far below the upper safe dose limit for food processing, our results provide a basis for designing radiation-based approaches for the decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 in frozen food products. We further demonstrate that cell-based virus assays are essential to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 inactivation efficiency for the decontaminating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhentao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongguo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- China Isotope and Radiaton Corporation, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Changchun CNNC CIRC Radiation Technology Co., LTD, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Songdong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,Corresponding author
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11
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Viral Cultures for Assessing Fomite Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Hosp Infect 2022; 130:63-94. [PMID: 36115620 PMCID: PMC9473144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background The role of fomites in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is unclear. Aim To assess whether SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through fomites, using evidence from viral culture studies. Methods Searches were conducted in the World Health Organization COVID-19 Database, PubMed, LitCovid, medRxiv, and Google Scholar to December 31st, 2021. Studies that investigated fomite transmission and performed viral culture to assess the cytopathic effect (CPE) of positive fomite samples and confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 as the cause of the CPE were included. The risk of bias using a checklist modified from the modified Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies – 2 (QUADAS-2) criteria was assessed. Findings Twenty-three studies were included. The overall risk of bias was moderate. Five studies demonstrated replication-competent virus from fomite cultures and three used genome sequencing to match fomite samples with human clinical specimens. The mean cycle threshold (CT) of samples with positive viral culture was significantly lower compared with cultured samples that returned negative results (standardized mean difference: –1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI): –2.00 to –0.90; I2 = 0%; P < 0.00001). The likelihood of isolating replication-competent virus was significantly greater when CT was <30 (relative risk: 3.10; 95% CI: 1.32 to 7.31; I2 = 71%; P = 0.01). Infectious specimens were mostly detected within seven days of symptom onset. One study showed possible transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from fomites to humans. Conclusion The evidence from published studies suggests that replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 is present on fomites. Replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 is significantly more likely when the PCR CT for clinical specimens and fomite samples is <30. Further studies should investigate the duration of infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 and the frequency of transmission from fomites.
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12
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Kong L, Duan M, Shi J, Hong J, Zhou X, Yang X, Zhao Z, Huang J, Chen X, Yin Y, Li K, Liu Y, Liu J, Wang X, Zhang P, Xie X, Li F, Chang Z, Zhang Z. Optimization of COVID-19 prevention and control measures during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics: a model-based study. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:95. [PMID: 36068625 PMCID: PMC9447360 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The continuous mutation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has made the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic complicated to predict and posed a severe challenge to the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Winter Paralympics held in February and March 2022. Methods During the preparations for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics, we established a dynamic model with pulse detection and isolation effect to evaluate the effect of epidemic prevention and control measures such as entry policies, contact reduction, nucleic acid testing, tracking, isolation, and health monitoring in a closed-loop management environment, by simulating the transmission dynamics in assumed scenarios. We also compared the importance of each parameter in the combination of intervention measures through sensitivity analysis. Results At the assumed baseline levels, the peak of the epidemic reached on the 57th day. During the simulation period (100 days), 13,382 people infected COVID-19. The mean and peak values of hospitalized cases were 2650 and 6746, respectively. The simulation and sensitivity analysis showed that: (1) the most important measures to stop COVID-19 transmission during the event were daily nucleic acid testing, reducing contact among people, and daily health monitoring, with cumulative infections at 0.04%, 0.14%, and 14.92% of baseline levels, respectively (2) strictly implementing the entry policy and reducing the number of cases entering the closed-loop system could delay the peak of the epidemic by 9 days and provide time for medical resources to be mobilized; (3) the risk of environmental transmission was low. Conclusions Comprehensive measures under certain scenarios such as reducing contact, nucleic acid testing, health monitoring, and timely tracking and isolation could effectively prevent virus transmission. Our research results provided an important reference for formulating prevention and control measures during the Winter Olympics, and no epidemic spread in the closed-loop during the games indirectly proved the rationality of our research results. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-01019-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingcai Kong
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Mengwei Duan
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Jin Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinggang Liu
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Xiaozhe Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Po Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Xiyang Xie
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Zhaorui Chang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning On Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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13
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Yan X, Hao L, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhang X, Li T, Jia Z, Chang L, Zhang B, Shui T. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the largest COVID-19 outbreak along the China-Myanmar border in Ruili City, Yunnan Province, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:962214. [PMID: 36081478 PMCID: PMC9446244 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.962214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Imported COVID-19 patients posed great challenges to border areas' COVID-19 control. However, research was scarce to reveal epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in border areas. This study aimed to explore the detailed transmission chains, and reveal epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the largest COVID-19 outbreak caused by Delta variant of concern (VOC) occurred in the China-Myanmar border area. Methods During the outbreak from July to September, 2021 in Ruili City, Yunnan Province, China, epidemiological investigation data and clinical-related data pertaining to confirmed COVID-19 patients were collected. Patients' contact history data and viral gene sequencing were used for inference of transmission chains. Sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics, cycle threshold (Ct) value, and antibodies level were compared between patients who were vaccinated against COVID-19 or not. Results A total of 117 COVID-19 patients were confirmed during the outbreak, among which 86 (73.5%) were breakthrough infections. These patients evenly split between Chinese and Myanmar people (50.4% vs. 49.6%). Most of these patients were mild (45.3%) or moderate (48.7%) infections with no death reported. Multi-source of infection led to 16 transmission chains with a maximum of 45 patients in one chain. Patients vaccinated against COVID-19 before infection had relatively higher antibodies (IgM and IgG) levels and more rapid response to infection than non-vaccinated patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion Land border areas have greater risks of imported COVID-19 and more complicated epidemics. It should be cautious in formulating entry and exit requirements for border areas. The immune effect of COVID-19 vaccines and related mechanism should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Yan
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Linhui Hao
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Zekun Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongwei Jia
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China,Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China,Center for Drug Abuse Control and Prevention, National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China,Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Litao Chang
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Bo Zhang
| | - Tiejun Shui
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China,Tiejun Shui
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14
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Feng Y, Zhao X, Chen Z, Nie K, Yin Z, Xia Y, Wang J, Niu P, A R, Li L, Wang D, Tan W, Ma X, Wang S, Wang H, Gao GF, Chen C, Xu W. Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern from Imported COVID-19 Cases - the Mainland of China, 2021. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:680-684. [PMID: 36059791 PMCID: PMC9433767 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction After the epidemic in Wuhan City was brought under control in 2020, local outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the mainland of China were mainly due to imported COVID-19 cases. The ongoing evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has continued to generate new variants. Some have been designated as variants of concern (VOCs) by the World Health Organization (WHO). To better assess the role of imported SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and the prevalence of VOCs in 2021, the genomic surveillance data of SARS-CoV-2 from imported COVID-19 cases of 2021 in the mainland of China were analyzed. Methods The analyses included the number of sequence submissions, time of sequence deposition, and time of detection of the VOCs in order to determine the timeliness and sensitivity of the surveillance. The proportions of VOCs were analyzed and compared with data from the Global Initiative of Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID). Results A total of 3,355 sequences of imported cases were submitted from 29 provincial-level administrative divisions, with differences in the number of sequence submissions and median time of sequence deposition. A total of 2,388 sequences with more than 90% genomic coverage were used for lineage analysis. The epidemic trend from Alpha to Delta to Omicron in imported cases was consistent with that in the GISAID. In addition, VOCs from imported cases were usually identified after WHO designation and before causing local outbreaks. Conclusions The global distribution of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs changed rapidly in 2021. Robust genomic surveillance of the imported SARS-CoV-2 in the mainland of China is of great significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenan Feng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiao Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Nie
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyuan Yin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xia
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Peihua Niu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruhan A
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Ma
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - George F. Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China,Cao Chen,
| | - Wenbo Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China,Wenbo Xu,
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15
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Wang J, Xu W, Ma X. Possible processes and origin-tracing methods of "human-to-item" contamination and "item-to-human" infection with SARS-CoV-2. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022; 4:209-212. [PMID: 35664918 PMCID: PMC9151455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program (CFETP), Beijing 100050, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program (CFETP), Beijing 100050, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuejun Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China,Joint Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan 430071, China,Corresponding author: NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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16
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Ruan F, Zhang X, Xiao S, Ni X, Yin X, Ye Z, Chen G, Zhu T, Chen Z, Yao G, Chen L, Huang S, Huang H, Zhou Y, Wu H, Huang H, Zhu K, Huang S, Tang X, Kang M, Li B, Mei W. An Outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant BA.1 - Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province, China, January 13, 2022. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:669-671. [PMID: 36062072 PMCID: PMC9433764 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ruan
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China,Feng Ruan,
| | - Xuebao Zhang
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Songjian Xiao
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xihe Ni
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiling Yin
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongwen Ye
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zeling Chen
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Yao
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Long Chen
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Sichen Huang
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Huitao Huang
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Heyan Wu
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Kejing Zhu
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanzi Huang
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoou Tang
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Kang
- Guangdong Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bosheng Li
- Guangdong Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhua Mei
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China,Wenhua Mei,
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17
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Comparison of Surface Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta Variants on Stainless Steel at 4°C and 24°C. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0076422. [PMID: 35867558 PMCID: PMC9317854 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00764-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on surface persistence of SARS-CoV-2 have been conducted at temperatures between 20°C and 30°C. There is limited data on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 at low temperatures. In this study, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants on stainless steel was investigated at two temperatures (4°C and 24°C). The results show that both variants decayed more rapidly at 24°C compared with 4°C. At 24°C, Alpha and Delta variants showed reductions of 0.33 log10 and 1.02 log10, respectively, within the first 2.5 h. However, at 4°C, Alpha variant showed a reduction of 0.16 log10 within the first 2.5 h while no reduction was observed with Delta variant. After remaining in situ for 24 h at 24°C, log10 reductions of 2.66 (Alpha) and 3.11 (Delta) were observed. No viable Alpha and Delta variant was recovered after 48 h and 72 h, respectively. After 24 h in a refrigerated environment (4°C) log10 reductions of 1.16 (Alpha) and 0.95 (Delta) were observed. Under these experimental conditions, both viruses survived on stainless steel for at least 1 week. No viable Alpha and Delta variant was recovered after 10 days. These findings support the potential for increased fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during winter months in colder regions worldwide and in some industrial sectors. IMPORTANCE Human transmission is believed to occur primarily through direct transfer of infectious droplets or aerosols. However, fomite transmission through contact with contaminated surfaces may also play an important role. This study provides novel evidence comparing the stability of Alpha and Delta variants on stainless steel surfaces at 4°C and 24°C. At 4°C both variants were found to be still detectable for up to 7 days. At 24°C Delta variant could be recovered over 2 days compared with Alpha variant which could not be recovered after 2 days. This has implications for fomite transmission interventions for people living and working in cold environments.
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18
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Wang H, Zhu D, Li S, Cheke RA, Tang S, Zhou W. Home quarantine or centralized quarantine? A mathematical modelling study on the COVID-19 epidemic in Guangzhou in 2021. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:9060-9078. [PMID: 35942749 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several outbreaks of COVID-19 caused by imported cases have occurred in China following the successful control of the outbreak in early 2020. In order to avoid recurrences of such local outbreaks, it is important to devise an efficient control and prevention strategy. In this paper, we developed a stochastic discrete model of the COVID-19 epidemic in Guangzhou in 2021 to compare the effectiveness of centralized quarantine and compulsory home quarantine measures. The model was calibrated by using the daily reported cases and newly centralized quarantined cases. The estimated results showed that the home quarantine measure increased the accuracy of contact tracing. The estimated basic reproduction number was lower than that in 2020, even with a much more transmissible variant, demonstrating the effectiveness of the vaccines and normalized control interventions. Sensitivity analysis indicated that a sufficiently implemented contact tracing and centralized quarantine strategy in the initial stage would contain the epidemic faster with less infections even with a weakly implemented compulsory home quarantine measure. However, if the accuracy of the contact tracing was insufficient, then early implementation of the compulsory home quarantine with strict contact tracing, screening and testing interventions on the key individuals would shorten the epidemic duration and reduce the total number of infected cases. Particularly, 94 infections would have been avoided if the home quarantine measure had been implemented 3 days earlier and an extra 190 infections would have arisen if the home quarantine measure was implemented 3 days later. The study suggested that more attention should be paid to the precise control strategy during the initial stage of the epidemic, otherwise the key group-based control measure should be implemented strictly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Di Zhu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Robert A Cheke
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4 TB, U.K
| | - Sanyi Tang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Weike Zhou
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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19
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Li F, Wang J, Liu Z, Li N. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Contamination in Frozen Food-Related Samples - China, July 2020 - July 2021. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:465-470. [PMID: 35812777 PMCID: PMC9257695 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Current evidence shows that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is neither a food safety issue nor a foodborne disease. However, the outbreaks of this disease in workers of meat- or poultry-processing plants and food markets have been reported in many countries. Systematic reports on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contamination in food-related samples worldwide are lacking so far. This study aimed to survey and monitor SARS-CoV-2 contamination in samples of foods or their packaging, storage environment, and employees, as well as explore the possible potential for virus transmission via frozen foods. Methods Swabs of frozen food-related samples were collected between July 2020 and July 2021 in 31 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) and Xinjiang Construction Corps in China. The SARS-CoV-2 RNAs were extracted and analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction using the commercially available SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test kit. Results More than 55.83 million samples were analyzed, and 1,455 (0.26 per 10,000) were found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. Among the virus-positive samples, 96.41% (1,398/1,450) and 3.59% (52/1,450) were food/food packaging materials and environment, respectively. As for 1,398 SARS-CoV-2-positive food and food packaging materials, 99.50%, (1,391/1,398) were imported and 7 were domestic. The outer packaging of food was frequently contaminated by the virus 78.75% ( 1,101/1,398). Conclusions Our study supported speculation that cold-chain foods might act as the SARS-CoV-2 carrier, and food handlers/operators were at high risk of exposure to the virus. It is necessary to carry out a comprehensive mass testing for SARS-CoV-2 nuclei acid, along with contact tracing and symptom screening in cold-chain food handlers and processors so as to identify high proportions of asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infections. Meanwhile, research and development of effective self-protection equipment available at a temperature below -18 ℃ is urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China,Ning Li,
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20
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Wang J, Li F, Liu Z, Li N. COVID-19 Outbreaks Linked to Imported Frozen Food in China: Status and Challege. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:483-487. [PMID: 35812776 PMCID: PMC9257696 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA contamination was reported on China’s imported frozen foods and packaging materials. However, there was no evidence of this disease initiated by environment-to-human transmission until the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Beijing in June 2020. This article aimed to analyze and summarize COVID-19 outbreaks related to cold-chain foods to provide a scientific basis for tracing the epidemiological trajectory of the pandemic, providing risk assessments, and mitigation policies. Overall, 37 COVID-19 outbreaks and 5,741 infected cases were reported within the study period. It was found that 7 outbreaks and 689 cases were linked to imported frozen foods. The first index case among the 7 outbreaks was exposed to SARS-CoV-2-contaminated outer packaging of frozen food, triggering the subsequent community transmission. This study supported the speculation that cold-chain foods act as a pathway for SARS-CoV-2 and might present a risk for virus transmission between countries and regions. Handlers and processors exposed to the imported frozen foods should be effectively self-protected, daily monitored for clinical manifestations of COVID-19, and tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid at regular intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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21
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Kong J, Li W, Hu J, Zhao S, Yue T, Li Z, Xia Y. The Safety of Cold-Chain Food in Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: Precaution and Quarantine. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111540. [PMID: 35681292 PMCID: PMC9180738 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), cold-chain food contamination caused by the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has attracted huge concern. Cold-chain foods provide a congenial environment for SARS-CoV-2 survival, which presents a potential risk for public health. Strengthening the SARS-CoV-2 supervision of cold-chain foods has become the top priority in many countries. Methodologically, the potential safety risks and precaution measures of SARS-CoV-2 contamination on cold-chain food are analyzed. To ensure the safety of cold-chain foods, the advances in SARS-CoV-2 detection strategies are summarized based on technical principles and target biomarkers. In particular, the techniques suitable for SARS-CoV-2 detection in a cold-chain environment are discussed. Although many quarantine techniques are available, the field-based quarantine technique on cold-chain food with characteristics of real-time, sensitive, specific, portable, and large-scale application is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wenxin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jinyao Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Shixuan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhonghong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yinqiang Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-151-2222-5493
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22
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Chen C, Feng Y, Chen Z, Xia Y, Zhao X, Wang J, Nie K, Niu P, Han J, Xu W. SARS-CoV-2 cold-chain transmission: Characteristics, risks and strategies. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3540-3547. [PMID: 35355277 PMCID: PMC9088485 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Low temperature and certain humidity are conducive to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) for long‐time survival and long‐distance spread during logistics and trades. Contaminated cold‐chain or frozen products and outer packaging act as the carrier of SARS‐CoV‐2, that infects the high‐risk population who works in the ports, cold storage or seafood market. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic worldwide, multiple localized outbreaks caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 contaminated imported cold‐chain products have been reported in China, which brought challenges to COVID‐19 prevention and control. Here, we review the evidences of SARS‐CoV‐2 cold‐chain transmission from six confirmed cold‐chain related COVID‐19 outbreaks in China, especially in terms of SARS‐CoV‐2 whole‐genome sequencing and virus isolation. In addition, we summarize the characteristics and mode of SARS‐CoV‐2 cold‐chain transmission from both six COVID‐19 outbreaks in China and the outbreaks suspected cold‐chain transmission in other countries. Finally, we analyze the underlying risks of SARS‐CoV‐2 cold‐chain transmission and propose the preventive countermeasures. SARS‐CoV‐2 contaminated cold‐chain products can infect high‐risk populations and subsequently cause community transmission Specific locations, such as seafood market stalls, can amplify outbreaks Cold‐chain fomites accelerate global spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 and cause “silent transmission” Rational sampling, comprehensive disinfection, protection of high‐risk groups and pollution classification are the main strategies
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yenan Feng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiao Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xia
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Nie
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Peihua Niu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China
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23
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Han S, Liu X. Can imported cold food cause COVID-19 recurrent outbreaks? A review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:119-129. [PMID: 34512224 PMCID: PMC8422046 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still spreading all over the world. Although China quickly brought the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) under control in 2020, sporadic outbreaks have recurred from time to time. Outbreaks since June 2020 have suggested that the imported cold food supply chain is a major cause for the recurrence and spread of COVID-19. Here we review recurrent outbreaks in China from June 2020 to March 2021, and we analyse the main causes for recurrence and transmission by the supply of imported cold food from port to fork. Contaminated cold food or food packaging material can transmit the virus through 'person-to-thing-to-person', by contrast with the classical 'person-to-person' pathway. We decribe safety precautions for the food system, operating environment and people along the cold chain logistics. Surface disinfection and nucleic acid inspection are needed in each stage of the logistics of imported cold food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilian Han
- School of Marketing and Logistics Management, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Xinwang Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189 China
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24
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Li X, Zhang Z, Lyu K, Xu D. Strengthening Community Defenses to Prevent and Control the Spread of COVID-19 in China. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:191-194. [PMID: 35356644 PMCID: PMC8930404 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the severity of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) around the world, it is an arduous task for China to prevent COVID-19 from being imported from abroad and proliferating domestically. The community is the first and most effective line of defense and can effectively cut off the channels of spread of the epidemic. In order to reduce risks of COVID-19 transmission in the community, it is necessary to sort out the loopholes in risk and management, as well as investigate previous epidemic transmission events in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuona Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Keyang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Dongqun Xu,
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25
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Wang Q, Chen H, Shi Y, Hughes AC, Liu WJ, Jiang J, Gao GF, Xue Y, Tong Y. Tracing the origins of SARS-CoV-2: lessons learned from the past. Cell Res 2021; 31:1139-1141. [PMID: 34588626 PMCID: PMC8480455 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
| | - Hua Chen
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Centre for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Center of Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - William J Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yongbiao Xue
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Centre for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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