1
|
Bondavalli F, Schleicherová D, Pastorino P, Mugetti D, Pedron C, Prearo M. Detection of Acipenser European Iridovirus (AcIV-E) in Sturgeon Farms in Northern Italy between 2021-2023. Viruses 2024; 16:465. [PMID: 38543830 PMCID: PMC10975281 DOI: 10.3390/v16030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sturgeon farming is rapidly expanding in Europe, where Italy ranks first in farmed caviar production. A major threat to sturgeon health in captivity is infection with Acipenser European Iridovirus (AcIV-E), a viral disease definitively identified in 2016. Here we present data on the occurrence of AcIV-E in 482 sturgeons (age ≤ 12 months, species of the genus Acipenser and the species Huso huso) collected from sturgeon farms in northern Italy between January 2021 and December 2023. The health status of each specimen was determined by necroscopy and virological assay. Virological analysis was performed on gill samples and real-time PCR specific to the MCP gene of the iridovirus viral capsid. Molecular analysis revealed positivity to the virus in 204 samples (42.68% of the total), while anatomopathological examination of nearly all fish with positive real-time PCR disclosed swollen abdomen, hepatic steatosis, splenomegaly, and increased gill volume. Two challenges to timely diagnosis are the absence of pathognomonic symptoms and the inability to isolate the virus on cell monolayers. Continuous and widespread health monitoring is therefore crucial for disease management and to effectively control spread of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bondavalli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.B.); (D.S.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Dáša Schleicherová
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.B.); (D.S.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.B.); (D.S.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Davide Mugetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.B.); (D.S.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
- ASL VCO, Department of Public Health, Omegna Health District, Via G. Mazzini, 96, 28887 Omegna, Italy
| | | | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.B.); (D.S.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Volpe E, Errani F, Mandrioli L, Ciulli S. Advances in Viral Aquatic Animal Disease Knowledge: The Molecular Methods' Contribution. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030466. [PMID: 36979158 PMCID: PMC10045235 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food-producing sector, with a global production of 122.6 million tonnes in 2020. Nonetheless, aquatic animal production can be hampered by the occurrence of viral diseases. Furthermore, intensive farming conditions and an increasing number of reared fish species have boosted the number of aquatic animals' pathogens that researchers have to deal with, requiring the quick development of new detection and study methods for novel unknown pathogens. In this respect, the molecular tools have significantly contributed to investigating thoroughly the structural constituents of fish viruses and providing efficient detection methods. For instance, next-generation sequencing has been crucial in reassignment to the correct taxonomic family, the sturgeon nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses, a group of viruses historically known, but mistakenly considered as iridoviruses. Further methods such as in situ hybridisation allowed objectifying the role played by the pathogen in the determinism of disease, as the cyprinid herpesvirus 2, ostreid herpesvirus 1 and betanodaviruses. Often, a combination of molecular techniques is crucial to understanding the viral role, especially when the virus is detected in a new aquatic animal species. With this paper, the authors would critically revise the scientific literature, dealing with the molecular techniques employed hitherto to study the most relevant finfish and shellfish viral pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Volpe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Francesca Errani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Luciana Mandrioli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim SW, Han SJ, Giri SS, Kim SG, Kwon J, Lee SB, Park SC. Candida Manassasensis Infection in Mass Mortality Case of Siberian Sturgeon Acipenser Baerii Fingerlings in the Republic of Korea: A Case Report. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2022; 34:167-173. [PMID: 36208041 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the growing demand for caviar products, sturgeon (family Acipenseridae) have become some of the most popular species in the aquaculture industry. Since sturgeon need more than 10 years to become sexually mature, protection against fatal diseases becomes particularly important in the industry. In March 2018, approximately 10% of Siberian Sturgeon Acipenser baerii fingerlings in a sturgeon hatchery in Jeolla Province, Republic of Korea, exhibited anorexia, abdominal distension, buoyancy loss, and abnormal behavior and eventually showed a 90% fatality rate. Twenty moribund fish were necropsied, and a distended stomach filled with gas was found in every case. A single colony dominated the intestinal lumen smear and was identified as Candida manassasensis by polymerase chain reaction targeting 18S ribosomal RNA. The same microorganism was also detected in the sturgeons' feed. Antifungal resistance was examined using the VITEK 2 system, and the isolate was susceptible to voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and flucytosine. The environmental stress factor for this case was speculated as decreased water temperature. Since similar cases have been observed for many years, further research to optimize precise treatment and prevention methods is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Han
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Guen Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kwon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bin Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nguyen DT, Marancik D, Soto E. B-glucan immunostilulation against columnaris in a white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) model. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
5
|
Brevé NWP, Leuven RSEW, Buijse AD, Murk AJ, Venema J, Nagelkerke LAJ. The conservation paradox of critically endangered fish species: Trading alien sturgeons versus native sturgeon reintroduction in the Rhine-Meuse river delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157641. [PMID: 35908701 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sturgeons rank among the most endangered vertebrates in the world. Yet, the dwindling of wild sturgeon populations stands in stark contrast to their thriving status in aquaculture. Moreover, through the exotic pet trade, sturgeons are introduced outside their natural ranges where they may compete and hybridize with native species and transmit parasites and diseases. Here, we present an in-depth inventory of alien sturgeons in the delta of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, because several countries consider reintroduction of the native, critically endangered European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio). Our study is based on (a) an inventory of the industry of sturgeon cultivation; (b) reports on spread of alien sturgeons; (c) an analysis of pathways for introduction and spread; and (d) a risk assessment using the Harmonia+ protocol. In total, 11 alien Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) were traded across an intricate network of >1000 distribution points in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. Circa 2500 alien sturgeons were reported from 53 angling ponds and 64 other lakes and ponds, whereas circa 500 alien sturgeons were reported widespread across hydrologically connected waters. Species that posed the highest risk of introduction, establishment and spread are Siberian sturgeon (A. baerii), Russian sturgeon (A. gueldenstaedtii) and Sterlet (A. ruthenus). We recommend to implement stringent trade regulations and practical solutions to prevent spread of alien sturgeons. Measures must preferably be taken at the spatial scale of river basins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels W P Brevé
- Wageningen University, Aquaculture & Fisheries Group, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen University, Marine Animal Ecology Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Sportvisserij Nederland, Royal Dutch Angling Alliance, Leijenseweg 115, 3721 BC Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Rob S E W Leuven
- Radboud University, Research Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Netherlands Centre of Expertise on Exotic Species (NEC-E), Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anthonie D Buijse
- Wageningen University, Aquaculture & Fisheries Group, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands; DELTARES, Department of Freshwater Ecology & Water Quality, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, the Netherlands
| | - AlberTinka J Murk
- Wageningen University, Marine Animal Ecology Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jorrit Venema
- VAART software B.V., Berkelstraat 76, 3522 ER Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leopold A J Nagelkerke
- Wageningen University, Aquaculture & Fisheries Group, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brocca G, Zamparo S, Pretto T, Calore A, Marsella A, Xiccato RL, Cornaggia M, Cortinovis L, Bano L, Toffan A, Quaglio F, Verin R. Severe gastroenteropathy associated with Clostridium perfringens isolation in starving juvenile sturgeons. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:471-477. [PMID: 35007367 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In November 2020 a mortality episode (30%) in juvenile Siberian and Russian sturgeons (Acipenser baerii, Brandt, and A. gueldenstaedtii, Brandt & Ratzeburg) and GUBA hybrid sturgeons (A. gueldenstaedtii × A. baerii) occurred in a hatchery in Northern Italy, associated with severe coelomic distension and abnormal reverse surface swimming. The fish were reared in concrete tanks supplied by well water, fed at 0.4% of body weight (b.w.) per day. Thirty sturgeon specimens were collected for necropsy, histological, bacteriological and virological examination. Macroscopic findings included diffuse and severe bloating of gastrointestinal tracts due to foamy contents with thinning and stretching of the gastrointestinal walls. Histological analysis revealed variable degrees of sloughing and necrosis of the intestinal epithelium, and the presence of bacterial aggregates. Anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria were investigated, and Clostridium perfringens was isolated from the gut. Specific PCRs identified the toxinotype A and the β2 toxin gene. The daily feed administration was increased to 1.5% b.w. and after 5 days, the mortality ceased. A new animal cohort from the same groups was examined after 12 weeks, showing neither gut alterations nor isolation of C. perfringens. The imbalance of intestinal microbiota, presumably caused by underfeeding, favoured C. perfringens overgrowth and severe gas formation. The diet increase possibly restored the normal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Samuele Zamparo
- Azienda Agricola Troticoltura Erede Rossi Silvio, Sefro (MC), Italy
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Alessandro Calore
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Marsella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Romy Lucon Xiccato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Matteo Cornaggia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Luana Cortinovis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Luca Bano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Francesco Quaglio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Groff JM, Mok MY, Kubiski SV, Michel AO, Cortés-Hinojosa GA, Byrne BA, Wickes BL, Scott Weber E, Campbell LA, Waltzek TB. Phaeohyphomycosis due to Veronaea botryosa in cultured white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) from California USA during 2006 to 2015. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:793-801. [PMID: 33332625 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Veronaea botryosa can result in rare cutaneous or disseminated, granulomatous to pyogranulomatous phaeohyphomycosis in humans, although disease due to the fungus has also been reported in non-mammalian vertebrates. This report documents disease due to V. botryosa in captive, juvenile to subadult or young adult white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) from California USA and complements a previous report of the disease in captive Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) from Florida USA. Pathological examinations revealed granulomatous to pyogranulomatous inflammation of multiple organs. Isolates of the fungal agent were phenotypically consistent with V. botryosa, and molecular analyses of the D1/D2 region of the fungal 28S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region located between the fungal 18S and 28S rRNA genes confirmed the aetiologic agent as V. botryosa. The disease in captive sturgeon results in a considerable economic encumbrance to the producer due to the loss of the cumulative financial resources invested in the production of older subadult to young adult sturgeon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Groff
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mai Y Mok
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steven V Kubiski
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Adam O Michel
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Galaxia A Cortés-Hinojosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian L Wickes
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - E Scott Weber
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lori A Campbell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Multifactorial Causes of Chronic Mortality in Juvenile Sturgeon ( Huso huso). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101866. [PMID: 33066257 PMCID: PMC7602020 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation focused on an episode of chronic mortality observed in juvenile Huso huso sturgeons. The examined subjects underwent pathological, microbiological, molecular, and chemical investigations. Grossly severe body shape deformities, epaxial muscle softening, and multifocal ulcerative dermatitis were the main observed findings. The more constant histopathologic findings were moderate to severe rarefaction and disorganization of the lymphohematopoietic lymphoid tissues, myofiber degeneration, atrophy and interstitial edema of skeletal epaxial muscles, and degeneration and atrophy of the gangliar neurons close to the myofibers. Chemical investigations showed a lower selenium concentration in affected animals, suggesting nutritional myopathy. Other manifestations were nephrocalcinosis and splenic vessel wall hyalinosis. Septicemia due to bacteria such as Aeromonas veronii, Shewanella putrefaciens, Citrobacter freundii, Chryseobacterium sp., and pigmented hyphae were found. No major sturgeon viral pathogens were detected by classical methods. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis confirmed the absence of viral pathogens, with the exception of herpesvirus, at the order level; also, the presence of Aeromonas veronii and Shewanella putrefaciens was confirmed at the family level by the metagenomic classification of NGS data. In the absence of a primary yet undetected biological cause, it is supposed that environmental stressors, including nutritional imbalances, may have led to immune system impairment, facilitating the entry of opportunistic bacteria and mycotic hyphae.
Collapse
|
9
|
Nguyen DT, Marancik D, Soto E. Intracoelomic- and Intramuscular-Injection Challenge Model of Piscine Streptococcosis in White Sturgeon Fingerlings. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2020; 32:133-138. [PMID: 32845532 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a zoonotic pathogen and one of the major aetiologic agents of streptococcosis. In White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, S. iniae infection typically presents as a necrotizing and heterophilic myositis, causing 30-50% mortality in infected fish. To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of streptococcosis in White Sturgeon, and to identify the experimental route of infection that most closely mimics the natural disease, fingerlings were challenged with a single dose of 1.3 × 108 cells/fish of S. iniae that was administered via intracoelomic/intraperitoneal (IC) or intramuscular (IM) routes. Acute mortalities were present only in the IM-challenged fish, with first mortality occurring 4 d postchallenge and the mortality rate reaching 18.3% after 9 d. The challenged fish presented erratic swimming, ulcerative skin lesions, and hemorrhages in the liver and swim bladder. Streptococcus iniae was recovered from the kidney and brain tissues of moribund and dead fish. Histopathologic analysis of fish that died acutely revealed massive proliferation of bacteria in the muscle at the injection site and within vascular organs such as the heart and spleen, with variable amounts of tissue necrosis including a necrotizing myositis. Fish that died closer to 9 d postchallenge demonstrated more pronounced multifocal to locally extensive granulomatous inflammation of skeletal muscle at the injection site, liver, kidney, and spleen. No mortality, clinical signs, or gross changes were observed in the control or IC-challenged fish. Postmortem evaluation of 10 survivors in each treatment was performed to determine carrier status in the brain and posterior kidney tissues. The prevalence of S. iniae in survivors was 10% and 0% in the IM- and IC-challenged groups, respectively. The results from this study suggest that IM-injection challenge methods are suitable for inducing streptococcosis in White Sturgeon, and they may be the preferred method for studying the pathogenesis of the naturally occurring disease in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diem Thu Nguyen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, St. George's University School of Veterinary Medicine, Grenada
| | - David Marancik
- Department of Pathobiology, St. George's University School of Veterinary Medicine, Grenada
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mugetti D, Pastorino P, Menconi V, Pedron C, Prearo M. The Old and the New on Viral Diseases in Sturgeon. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020146. [PMID: 32098100 PMCID: PMC7168591 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sturgeon production by aquaculture has increased worldwide, a major factor limiting its expansion are infectious diseases, although few data about viral diseases are available however. This review provides a rapid overview of viral agents detected and described to date. Following a general introduction on viral diseases are four sections arranged by virus classification: sturgeon nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, herpesviruses, white sturgeon adenovirus 1, and other viruses. Molecular diagnosis is currently the best tool to detect viral diseases, since cell culture isolation is not yet applicable for the detection of most sturgeon viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mugetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (P.P.); (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0112686251
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (P.P.); (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Vasco Menconi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (P.P.); (V.M.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (P.P.); (V.M.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|