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Wang Y, Xiao D, Wu M, Qing L, Yang T, Xiao P, Deng D. Epidemiological Characteristics and Factors Associated with Cure of Leprosy in Chongqing, China, from 1949 to 2019. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:165-173. [PMID: 36410327 PMCID: PMC9833069 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chongqing is one of the focuses of leprosy control in China. Although leprosy control in Chongqing has achieved remarkable results over the years, there are also some problems, such as recurrent epidemics and insufficient early detection in some areas. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in Chongqing, from 1949 to 2019 and explore the potential factors sociated with cure of leprosy to provide a basis for improving leprosy prevention and treatment strategies in Chongqing. Epidemiological indicators such as incidence and prevalence rates were used to evaluate the prevalence of leprosy. The epidemiological characteristics and control situation of leprosy in patients were analyzed using demographic characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. Survival analysis was conducted to explore factors associated with the cure of leprosy. From 1949 to 2019, 3,703 cases of leprosy were registered in Chongqing. The incidence of leprosy in the city peaked at 0.853/105 in 1960 and remained below 0.100/105 after 2003. The number of high incidence areas decreased significantly, but they were mainly concentrated in the northeast and southeast regions. The early detection rate increased yearly from 1949 to 2019, and the rate of grade 2 disability ranged from 38.2% to 21.7%, with a fluctuating downward trend after 1960. Male, young age, employment as a farmer, delayed diagnosis, and multibacillary leprosy were risk factors for leprosy cure. Chongqing should continue to strengthen leprosy monitoring to improve the early detection of leprosy and focus on sociated risk factors to carry out multiple strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunna Wang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing City, China
| | - Dayong Xiao
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing City, China
| | - Mingyue Wu
- Information Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyuan Qing
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing City, China
| | - Tong Yang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing City, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing City, China
| | - Dan Deng
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing City, China
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Taal AT, Garg A, Lisam S, Agarwal A, Barreto JG, van Brakel WH, Richardus JH, Blok DJ. Identifying clusters of leprosy patients in India: A comparison of methods. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010972. [PMID: 36525390 PMCID: PMC9757546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventive interventions with post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) are needed in leprosy high-endemic areas to interrupt the transmission of Mycobacterium leprae. Program managers intend to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to target preventive interventions considering efficient use of public health resources. Statistical GIS analyses are commonly used to identify clusters of disease without accounting for the local context. Therefore, we propose a contextualized spatial approach that includes expert consultation to identify clusters and compare it with a standard statistical approach. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We included all leprosy patients registered from 2014 to 2020 at the Health Centers in Fatehpur and Chandauli districts, Uttar Pradesh State, India (n = 3,855). Our contextualized spatial approach included expert consultation determining criteria and definition for the identification of clusters using Density Based Spatial Clustering Algorithm with Noise, followed by creating cluster maps considering natural boundaries and the local context. We compared this approach with the commonly used Anselin Local Moran's I statistic to identify high-risk villages. In the contextualized approach, 374 clusters were identified in Chandauli and 512 in Fatehpur. In total, 75% and 57% of all cases were captured by the identified clusters in Chandauli and Fatehpur, respectively. If 100 individuals per case were targeted for PEP, 33% and 11% of the total cluster population would receive PEP, respectively. In the statistical approach, more clusters in Chandauli and fewer clusters in Fatehpur (508 and 193) and lower proportions of cases in clusters (66% and 43%) were identified, and lower proportions of population targeted for PEP was calculated compared to the contextualized approach (11% and 11%). CONCLUSION A contextualized spatial approach could identify clusters in high-endemic districts more precisely than a standard statistical approach. Therefore, it can be a useful alternative to detect preventive intervention targets in high-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke T. Taal
- NLR, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David J. Blok
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Bulstra CA, Blok DJ, Alam K, Butlin CR, Roy JC, Bowers B, Nicholls P, de Vlas SJ, Richardus JH. Geospatial epidemiology of leprosy in northwest Bangladesh: a 20-year retrospective observational study. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:36. [PMID: 33752751 PMCID: PMC7986508 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leprosy is known to be unevenly distributed between and within countries. High risk areas or ‘hotspots’ are potential targets for preventive interventions, but the underlying epidemiologic mechanisms that enable hotspots to emerge, are not yet fully understood. In this study, we identified and characterized leprosy hotspots in Bangladesh, a country with one of the highest leprosy endemicity levels globally. Methods We used data from four high-endemic districts in northwest Bangladesh including 20 623 registered cases between January 2000 and April 2019 (among ~ 7 million population). Incidences per union (smallest administrative unit) were calculated using geospatial population density estimates. A geospatial Poisson model was used to detect incidence hotspots over three (overlapping) 10-year timeframes: 2000–2009, 2005–2014 and 2010–2019. Ordinal regression models were used to assess whether patient characteristics were significantly different for cases outside hotspots, as compared to cases within weak (i.e., relative risk (RR) of one to two), medium (i.e., RR of two to three), and strong (i.e., RR higher than three) hotspots. Results New case detection rates dropped from 44/100 000 in 2000 to 10/100 000 in 2019. Statistically significant hotspots were identified during all timeframes and were often located at areas with high population densities. The RR for leprosy was up to 12 times higher for inhabitants of hotspots than for people living outside hotspots. Within strong hotspots (1930 cases among less than 1% of the population), significantly more child cases (i.e., below 15 years of age) were detected, indicating recent transmission. Cases in hotspots were not significantly more likely to be detected actively. Conclusions Leprosy showed a heterogeneous distribution with clear hotspots in northwest Bangladesh throughout a 20-year period of decreasing incidence. Findings confirm that leprosy hotspots represent areas of higher transmission activity and are not solely the result of active case finding strategies.![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-021-00817-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Bulstra
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - David J Blok
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Khorshed Alam
- Rural Health Programme, The Leprosy Mission International Bangladesh, Nilphamari, Bangladesh
| | - C Ruth Butlin
- The Leprosy Mission England and Wales, Goldhay Way, Orton Goldhay, Peterborough, England
| | - Johan Chandra Roy
- Rural Health Programme, The Leprosy Mission International Bangladesh, Nilphamari, Bangladesh
| | - Bob Bowers
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Sake J de Vlas
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hendrik Richardus
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Grantz KH, Chabaari W, Samuel RK, Gershom B, Blum L, Worden L, Ackley S, Liu F, Lietman TM, Galvani AP, Prajna L, Porco TC. Spatial distribution of leprosy in India: an ecological study. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:20. [PMID: 29580296 PMCID: PMC5870368 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As leprosy elimination becomes an increasingly realistic goal, it is essential to determine the factors that contribute to its persistence. We evaluate social and economic factors as predictors of leprosy annual new case detection rates within India, where the majority of leprosy cases occur. Methods We used correlation and linear mixed effect regressions to assess whether poverty, illiteracy, nighttime satellite radiance (an index of development), and other covariates can explain district-wise annual new case detection rate and Grade 2 disability diagnoses. Results We find only weak evidence of an association between poverty and annual new case detection rates at the district level, though illiteracy and satellite radiance are statistically significant predictors of leprosy at the district level. We find no evidence of rapid decline over the period 2008–2015 in either new case detection or new Grade 2 disability. Conclusions Our findings suggest a somewhat higher rate of leprosy detection, on average, in poorer districts; the overall effect is weak. The divide between leprosy case detection and true incidence of clinical leprosy complicates these results, particularly given that the detection rate is likely disproportionately lower in impoverished settings. Additional information is needed to distinguish the determinants of leprosy case detection and transmission during the elimination epoch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra H Grantz
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Winnie Chabaari
- DST/NRF Center for Excellence in Epidemiological Modeling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ramolotja Kagiso Samuel
- DST/NRF Center for Excellence in Epidemiological Modeling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Buri Gershom
- African Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg, South Africa
| | - Laura Blum
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lee Worden
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ackley
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fengchen Liu
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Travis C Porco
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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