Predicting lymph node status in patients with early gastric carcinoma using double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography

Diagnostic Accuracy of Double Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in Clarifying Tumor Depth (T Stage) of Gastric Cancer: Meta-analysis

This study aimed to quantitatively analyze published data regarding the ability of double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCEUS) to clarify tumor depth (T stage) in primary gastric carcinoma patients. We obtained six studies, including 926 gastric cancer (GC) patients who were diagnosed by DCEUS from the Cochrane Library "Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)," OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, PUBMED and EBSCOhost, to 2019. Sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), forest plot analysis and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve analysis were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of DCEUS. In our study, all the patients were examined by DCEUS. The quality of all included studies was good. The meta-analysis of six studies (n = 926) revealed that the summary sensitivity and specificity of DCEUS in discriminating T1-T2 versus T3-T4 gastric carcinomas were 0.94 and 0.91, respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of DCEUS were 0.67 and 0.98 for T1 stage, 0.81 and 0.95 for T2 stage, 0.89 and 0.86 for T3 stage and 0.87 and 0.96 for T4 stage, respectively. The SROC curve revealed that the areas under the curve (AUC) of T1-T2 were 0.97 for each stage and 0.82 (T1), 0.84 (T2), 0.91 (T3) and 0.97 (T4). These results indicate that the accuracy of DCEUS in discriminating T1-T2 is higher than that in discriminating T3-T4, and the diagnostic value of DCEUS in discriminating the T3 stage requires further consideration. Finally, our analysis suggested that the diagnostic accuracy of DCEUS is available to guide surgeons in the pre-operative diagnosis of GC patients for more precise treatment.

Improvement to ultrasonographical differential diagnosis of gastric lesions: The value of contrast enhanced sonography with gastric distention

Objective

The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of contrast enhanced sonography plus gastric distention sonography, the Double Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound (DCUS) in gastric lesions.

Methods

107 cases with pathology confirmed gastric lesions were retrospectively reviewed, DCUS and oral contrast agent ultrasound (US) were performed in all cases prior to operation. Perfusion parameters including arrival time (AT), peak intensity (PI), time to peak (TTP), and area under the curve (AUC) of the lesion and surrounding normal tissue were analyzed. A reader blinded to pathology results were asked to rate and compare each case with surgical or resection biopsy pathology results.

Results

From the 107 gastric lesions, 75 were malignant gastric lesions (33 gastric cancers,42 gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs)) and 32 were benign gastric lesions (11 inflammatory masses and 21 polypoid adenomas). Compared with US, DCUS achieved higher value in sensitivity (90.6% vs. 70.6%), specificity (75% vs. 62.5%), positive predictive value (89.5% vs. 81.5%), negative predictive value (77.4% vs. 47.6%), and overall accuracy (85.9% vs. 68.2%). When US was tested against DCUS, the increase in correct diagnoses value was significant (P = .01). Furthermore, gastric cancer had faster AT, higher PI and AUC than normal tissue (P<0.05); GIST and Inflammatory mass had higher PI than normal tissue (P<0.05); gastric cancer and GIST had faster AT than polypoid adenoma (P<0.05), Inflammatory mass showed higher PI than other 3 lesions and gastric cancer had higher PI than polypoid adenoma and GIST (P<0.05); gastric cancer and inflammatory mass had larger AUC than polypoid adenoma and GIST (P<0.05). Conclusion DCUS improved diagnostic performance compared with US. The combination of different CEUS enhancement characteristics with quantitative perfusion parameters may provide a promising tool to help differentiate gastric cancer and GIST from benign lesions.

The Value of Computed Tomography in Preoperative N Staging of Early Gastric Cancer Meeting the Endoscopic Resection Criteria

Background/Aims

This study evaluated the value of abdominal computed tomography (CT) in preoperative N staging of early gastric cancers (EGCs) within standard and expanded indications of endoscopic resection (ER) and investigated the factors affecting accuracy.

Methods

Between March 2009 and March 2016, a total of 268 patients with EGC within the standard and expanded indications of ER underwent preoperative abdominal CT and surgical gastrectomy with lymph node (LN) dissection. Preoperative N staging of CT was compared with the pathologic result.

Results

The accuracy of N staging for EGCs within the standard and expanded indications was 86.1% (235/268). There was no LN metastasis in patients with cN1 in CT staging. LN metastasis was found in 7 patients with EGCs that met the expanded ER indication and cN0 in CT staging. According to the univariate analysis, ulcers, including scars, were associated with the false positive of lymph node metastasis in abdominal CT (odds ratio 3.56; 95% confidence interval 1.56-8.15).

Conclusions

The present study suggests that the value of abdominal CT is limited for nodal staging of EGCs that meet the ER indication.

Preoperative Gross Classification of Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Comparison of Double Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Multi-Detector Row CT

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) with double contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCEUS), in which intravenous microbubbles are used alongside oral contrast-enhanced ultrasound, in determining the gross classification of patients with gastric carcinoma (GC). Altogether, 239 patients with GC proved by histology after endoscopic biopsy were included in this study. DCEUS and MDCT were performed pre-operatively. The diagnostic accuracies of DCEUS and MDCT in determining the gross classification were calculated and compared. The overall accuracy of DCEUS in determining the gross appearance of GC was higher than that of MDCT (84.9% vs. 79.9%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in accuracy between DCEUS and MDCT for Borrmann I and IV classifications of advanced gastric cancer (χ(2), p = 0.323 for Borrmann type I, p = 0.141 for Borrmann type IV). The accuracy of DCEUS for early GC and Borrmann II and III classifications of GC was higher than that of MDCT (χ(2), p = 0.000 for all). DCEUS may be regarded as a valuable complementary tool to MDCT in determining the gross appearance of gastric adenocarcinoma pre-operatively.

One-step nucleic acid amplification testing in medullary thyroid cancer lymph nodes: a case series

INTRODUCTION

Locoregional relapse in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) may be caused by nodal micrometastases. Medullary thyroid cancer lymph nodes have not yet been evaluated by one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA). Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect MTC cells by OSNA in cervical lymph nodes and compare the obtained outcomes with conventional histopathology.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty-one randomized, unenlarged lymph nodes from 5 patients with MTC were examined by histopathology and OSNA. Lymph nodes were divided into four representative blocks by a sterile, single use, special cutting device in the same way as in the clinical protocol study performed by Tsujimoto et al. Two blocks were used for histopathology and immunohistochemistry, 2 for OSNA.

RESULTS

Positive results of histopathology and OSNA were revealed in 4 patients. The outcomes of OSNA and histopathology were corresponding in 3 patients. Positive histopathology results of 2 lymph nodes from 2 patients were confirmed by OSNA. In 1 patient there were only negative results of both examinations. One-step nucleic acid amplification failed to detect metastasis in 1 lymph node in 2 patients although it did not change the TNM status in these patients. There were no false positive results in the OSNA test.

CONCLUSIONS

One-step nucleic acid amplification may be an alternative method to histopathology in detecting nodal involvement in MTC. Further studies should evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of OSNA and the impact on staging in MTC.

Enhanced intensity on preoperative double contrast-enhanced sonography as a useful indicator of lymph node metastasis in patients with gastric cancer

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of enhanced intensity on double contrast-enhanced sonography in assessing lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer.

METHODS

A total of 357 patients with gastric cancer were enrolled in this study. Double contrast-enhanced sonography, in which an oral ultrasound contrast agent is combined with an intravenous contrast agent, was performed preoperatively, and the data were analyzed quantitatively. The predictive ability of enhanced intensity, a quantitative double contrast-enhanced sonographic measure, for lymph node metastasis was evaluated retrospectively.

RESULTS

Compared to negative lymph node metastasis cases, the presence of thicker lesions, deeper invasion, poorer differentiation, and higher enhanced intensity were found in positive cases (P< .05). An enhanced intensity cutoff value of 16.91 dB was the best point for balancing the sensitivity and specificity (71.50% and 79.30%, respectively) for prediction of lymph node metastasis, with the highest Youden index of 0.508. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.828 (P < .001; 95% confidence interval, 0.786-0.870). In cases in which the lesions were hyperenhanced (enhanced intensity >16.91 dB), the lesions were significantly thicker and had deeper invasion, poorer differentiation, and more positive metastasis findings compared to non-hyperenhanced cases (enhanced intensity ≤16.91 dB; P < .05). On logistic regression analysis, the enhanced intensity of primary tumors and the invasion depth were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Double contrast-enhanced sonography with quantitative analysis may be considered a novel alternative imaging modality for noninvasive preoperative evaluation of lymph node metastasis with good reliability.

Effects of low-frequency ultrasound combined with microbubbles on benign prostate hyperplasia

INTRODUCTION

Our objective is to assess the effects of low-frequency ultrasound combined with microbubbles on benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH).

METHODS

Sixteen Beagle dogs with BPH were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n = 4): control group (without treatment), G1 group (injection with 2 mL of microbubble contrast agent); G2 group (21 kHz ultrasound); and G3 group (injection with 2 mL of micro-bubble contrast agent +21 kHz ultrasound). The histopathological damage to prostate cells was assessed via transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The protein expressions of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) of vessels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

Histopathologically, the prostate cells exhibited nuclear chromatin contraction, mitochondrial swelling, degranulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, basement membrane rupture and cell apoptosis in the G2 and G3 groups; it was especially obvious in the G3 group, while no changes were observed in the control and G1 groups. Although prostate volume using imaging was not significantly changed in all groups after treatment, PSA was significantly reduced in the G2 and G3 groups, and especially obvious in the G3 group (p < 0.05). The iNOS and SOD, which are important oxidative stress factors, significantly increased after treatment in the G2 and G3 groups, but not in the control and G1 groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Low-frequency ultrasound is effective in treating BPH; low-frequency ultrasound combined with microbubbles improves the treatment efficacy.

Double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in preoperative Borrmann classification of advanced gastric carcinoma: comparison with histopathology

The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCEUS) for assessing the Borrmann classification of advanced gastric carcinoma (AGC) preoperatively. Three hundred twenty nine patients with proved AGC were enrolled. DCEUS (intravenous microbubbles combined with combined with oral contrast-enhanced ultrasound) was performed preoperatively. The diagnostic accuracy of DCEUS in determining Borrmann classification was compared with postoperative pathological findings. The reliability of DCEUS was analyzed. The accuracy of DCEUS in determining the Borrmann classification of AGC was 91.49%. The intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was both almost perfect for assessing the Borrmann classification of AGC by DCEUS. DCEUS could be considered as an accurate, non-invasive, and reliable diagnostic method for preoperative Borrmann classification of advanced gastric carcinoma.

Requirement for a standardised definition of advanced gastric cancer

Each year, ~988,000 new cases of stomach cancer are reported worldwide. Uniformity for the definition of advanced gastric cancer (AGC) is required to ensure the improved management of patients. Various classifications do actually exist for gastric cancer, but the classification determined by lesion depth is extremely important, as it has been shown to correlate with patient prognosis; for example, early gastric cancer (EGC) has a favourable prognosis when compared with AGC. In the literature, the definition of EGC is clear, however, there is heterogeneity in the definition of AGC. In the current study, all parameters of the TNM classification for AGC reported in each previous study were individually analysed. It was necessary to perform a comprehensive systematic literature search of all previous studies that have reported a definition of ACG to guarantee homogeneity in the assessment of surgical outcome. It must be understood that the term ‘advanced gastric cancer’ may implicate a number of stages of disease, and studies must highlight the exact clinical TNM stages used for evaluation of the study.

Enhancement patterns of gastric carcinoma on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography: relationship with clinicopathological features

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the enhancement patterns and clinicopathological features of gastric cancer using intravenous contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). In this Ethics Committee-approved prospective study, five hundred fifty two patients with gastric cancer who gave informed consent were examined preoperatively with CEUS. The enhancement pattern of each tumor was analyzed visually. Gross and histopathological findings on the postoperative specimens were compared with the preoperative CEUS findings. The most common CEUS pattern in differentiated gastric cancer was homogeneous enhancement, whereas heterogeneous enhancement was the most common pattern in undifferentiated gastric cancer. The proportion of heterogeneous enhancement was significantly different between the two histological subtypes (Chi- square = 146.735, P<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of early heterogeneous enhancement on CEUS in diagnosing undifferentiated gastric cancer were 78.84% and 72.59% respectively. Gastric cancers with heterogeneous enhancement were more often Borrmann III and IV macroscopic types than those with homogeneous enhancement (66.56% vs. 30.80%, P<0.001), more commonly T3 and T4 depth of invasion than those with homogeneous enhancement (71.52% vs. 59.60%, P<0.05), more often showed lymphatic invasion than those with homogeneous enhancement (84.44% vs. 76.40%, P<0.05), and were less likely to receive curative gastrectomy than those with homogeneous enhancement (74.83% vs. 86.40%, P<0.005). The intra- and inter-observer reproducibility were both almost perfect for assessing enhancement patterns, with Kappa values of 0.916 (P<0.001) for intra-observer and 0.842 (P<0.001) for inter-observer reproducibility. CEUS provided detailed information about tumor vascularity and contrast enhancement patterns in gastric cancer. CEUS is promising as a new and useful method to predict the histological type of gastric cancer.