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Li D, Ding S, Luo M, Chen J, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Li A, Zhong S, Ding J. Differential diagnosis of acute and chronic colitis in mice by optical coherence tomography. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2022; 12:3193-3203. [PMID: 35655833 PMCID: PMC9131336 DOI: 10.21037/qims-21-1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differential diagnosis of acute and chronic colitis remains a common clinical problem. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive, high-resolution imaging technique that can be used to measure morphological changes in the intestinal wall and estimate intestinal inflammation. We aimed to conduct an ex vivo experiment on a mouse model investigate the value of OCT as a tool for the differential diagnosis of acute and chronic colitis. METHODS Mice were administered dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) to construct acute and chronic colitis models. Acutely- and chronically-affected intestinal walls were scanned by OCT, and then the scanned colonic tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Structural and morphological changes indicating inflammation in the intestinal wall were evaluated in the HE sections and OCT images using different parameters. The parameters were used in one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to screen for a differential diagnosis of acute or chronic colitis. RESULTS For the HE sections, the angle of the mucosal folds, length of the basilar part, and submucosal height and area were statistically significant parameters in the comparisons between the mice with acute colitis and the control-group mice (P<0.05). In the comparisons between chronic colitis mice and control-group mice, the angle of the mucosal folds, length of the basilar part, submucosal height and area, muscularis thickness, submucosal height + muscularis thickness, and mucosal thickness were statistically significant parameters (P<0.05). Finally, in the comparisons between acute colitis mice and those with chronic colitis, the angle of the mucosal folds, submucosal height and area, muscularis thickness, submucosal height + muscularis thickness, and mucosal thickness were statistically significant parameters (P<0.05). For the OCT images, only the length of the basilar part and submucosal height + muscularis thickness were statistically significant parameters between the acute colitis mice and control-group mice (P<0.05). The length of the basilar part and submucosal height + muscularis thickness were statistically significant between chronic colitis mice and control-group mice (P<0.05). In the comparisons between acute colitis mice and those with chronic colitis, only submucosal height + muscularis thickness was a statistically significant parameter (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Certain intestinal wall parameters in OCT can be used to make a differential diagnosis between acute and chronic colitis possible. This study contributes to constructing a potential diagnostic system for evaluating colorectal inflammation using OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Digestive Department, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shijie Ding
- Digestive Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Manting Luo
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Jinguo Chen
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Qiukun Zhang
- Laboratory of Optics, Terahertz and Non-Destructive Testing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yijuan Liu
- Digestive Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Anlan Li
- Digestive Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuncong Zhong
- Laboratory of Optics, Terahertz and Non-Destructive Testing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Digestive Department, Minnan Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Tong Y, Liu X, Xia D, Peng E, Yang X, Liu H, Ye T, Wang X, He Y, Xu H, Ye Z, Chen Z, Tang K. Biological Roles and Clinical Significance of Exosome-Derived Noncoding RNAs in Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:704703. [PMID: 34692482 PMCID: PMC8530185 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.704703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common heterogeneous urinary system tumor with high malignancy and limited advancement in treatment. Limited understanding of BCa has not contributed to any significant progress in diagnosis or treatment, exploring the mechanisms underlying BCa has become an urgent research focus. Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle (EV), have drawn substantial interest for their important roles in mediating intracellular communication. Exosomes shuttle numerous bioactive molecules, and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are among the most numerous. ncRNAs including microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA are sorted and packaged into exosomes selectively and transferred into recipient cells to regulate their function. Exosomal ncRNAs are associated with hallmarks of BCa, such as proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell cycle arrest, lymphangiogenesis, and chemotherapy resistance. Exosomal ncRNAs can also be detected in urine and serum, making them encouraging biomarkers for BCa diagnosis and prognosis. More importantly, exosomes exhibit excellent biocompatibility and potential for diversified applications. The delivery of bioactive substances and drugs into specific cells has become a promising approach for precision therapy for BCa patients. In addition, cancer vaccines have also received increasing attention. In this review, we summarize the current research on the regulatory roles of exosomal ncRNAs in BCa tumorigenesis and progression, as well as their potential clinical value in accelerating the diagnosis and therapy of BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Tong
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Xia
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ejun Peng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hailang Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinguang Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Reyes RM, Rios E, Barney S, Hugen CM, Michalek JE, Lotan Y, Messing EM, Svatek RS. A Randomized Feasibility Trial Comparing Surveillance Regimens for Patients with Low and Low-Intermediate Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer 2021; 7:285-295. [PMID: 34621937 PMCID: PMC8494135 DOI: 10.3233/blc-201535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance regimens for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) are disparate and controlled trials could inform guidelines. The feasibility of randomizing patients to variable frequency surveillance is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine patient willingness to randomization to high frequency (HF) versus low frequency (LF) surveillance regimen for NMIBC and compare patient comfort and healthcare costs across regimens. METHODS A non-blinded, two-arm, randomized-controlled study of patients with low or low-intermediate risk NMIBC was conducted at two institutions where patients were offered randomization to HF vs. LF surveillance following initial tumor resection. The HF group underwent cystoscopy every three months for 2 years, then every 6 months for 2 years, then annually. The LF group underwent cystoscopy at 9 months following the 3-month cystoscopy, then annually. Assuming 75% of patients approached would agree to enrollment, a sample size of n = 35 patients per arm provided a one-sided 95% exact Clopper-Pearson confidence lower-limit of 60%. RESULTS Of 70 patients approached, 45 (64.3%) agreed to participate and 25 (35.7%) declined enrollment due to preference for HF. Twelve biopsies were performed, including 4 (19%) of 21 patients in the HF group and 8 (33.3%) of 24 patients in the LF group. Disease recurrence (low grade Ta) was observed in 3 (14.3%) and 5 (20.8%) patients in the HF and LF groups, respectively. No patients experienced high grade recurrence or progression. Both groups had similar patient-reported procedure-related discomfort and quality of life measures over time. Patient out-of-pocket cost and healthcare systems costs were $383.80 more per patient annually in the HF group. CONCLUSIONS Randomization to variable frequency surveillance is challenging as over a third of patients declined participation. However, these data provide important preliminary insights into the potential effects of surveillance frequency on oncologic and economic outcomes in patients with low and low-intermediate risk bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Reyes
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Emily Rios
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shane Barney
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Cory M. Hugen
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joel E. Michalek
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Robert S. Svatek
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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4
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Carvalho S, Abreu CM, Ferreira D, Lima L, Ferreira JA, Santos LL, Ribeiro R, Grenha V, Martínez-Fernández M, Duenas M, Suárez-Cabrera C, Paramio JM, Diéguez L, Freitas PP, Oliveira MI. Phenotypic Analysis of Urothelial Exfoliated Cells in Bladder Cancer via Microfluidic Immunoassays: Sialyl-Tn as a Novel Biomarker in Liquid Biopsies. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1774. [PMID: 33042825 PMCID: PMC7526084 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract, having one of the highest recurrence rates and progression from non-muscle to muscle invasive bladder cancer that commonly leads to metastasis. Cystoscopy and urine cytology are the standard procedures for its detection but have limited clinical sensitivity and specificity. Herein, a microfluidic device, the UriChip, was developed for the enrichment of urothelial exfoliated cells from fresh and frozen urine, based on deformability and size, and the cancer-associated glycan Sialyl-Tn explored as a putative bladder cancer urinary biomarker. Spiking experiments with bladder cancer cell lines showed an isolation efficiency of 53%, while clinical sample analyses revealed retention of cells with various morphologies and sizes. in situ immunoassays demonstrated significantly higher number of Sialyl-Tn-positive cells in fresh and frozen voided urine from bladder cancer patients, compared to healthy individuals. Of note, urothelial exfoliated cells from cryopreserved urine sediments were also successfully isolated by the UriChip, and found to express significantly high levels of Sialyl-Tn. Remarkably, Sialyl-Tn expression is correlated with tumor stage and grade. Overall, our findings demonstrate the potential of UriChip and Sialyl-Tn to detect urothelial bladder cancer cells in follow-up and long-term retrospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Carvalho
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Braga, Portugal
| | - Catarina M. Abreu
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Braga, Portugal
| | - Dylan Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Institute of Oncology (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Lima
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Institute of Oncology (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
- School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José A. Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Institute of Oncology (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio L. Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Institute of Oncology (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro
- Tumor & Microenvironment Group, i3S/INEB, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Environmental Health Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departament of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vânia Grenha
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar Do Alto Ave, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mónica Martínez-Fernández
- Genomes and Disease Lab., Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Duenas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Suárez-Cabrera
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus M. Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Diéguez
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo P. Freitas
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Nanoelectronics Engineering, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta I. Oliveira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Braga, Portugal
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5
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Abbastabar M, Sarfi M, Golestani A, Karimi A, Pourmand G, Khalili E. Tumor-derived urinary exosomal long non-coding RNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for bladder cancer. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:301-310. [PMID: 32231490 PMCID: PMC7104196 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the sixth most common malignancy in men and 17th in women. Exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been defined as a novel biomarker for BC. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical significance of urine exosomal PVT-1, ANRIL and PCAT-1 as a biomarker in BC patients with tumors classified as T1 or T2. Exosomes were isolated from urine of BC patients and healthy donors, then characterized according to their shape, size, and exosome markers by Electron Microscopy, Dynamic light scattering, and Western blotting. Exosomal lncRNAs extraction was done to determine the expression levels of PVT-1, ANRIL and PCAT-1 by qRT-PCR. ANRIL and PCAT-1 expression was significantly higher in BC patients compared to normal subjects. To evaluate the performance of the identified lncRNAs for BC detection, we performed ROC curves analysis. The diagnostic accuracy of ANRIL and PCAT-1, measured by AUC, was 0.7229 (sensitivity = 46.67 % and specificity = 87.5 %) and 0.7292 (sensitivity = 43.33 % and specificity = 87.5 %). Transcript levels of lncRNAs in urinary exosomes are potential diagnostic biomarkers in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abbastabar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sarfi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Golestani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Karimi
- Department of Urology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pourmand
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Urology Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khalili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Guo J, Zhao P, Liu Z, Li Z, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Yu Z, Fang J, Xiao K. MiR-204-3p Inhibited the Proliferation of Bladder Cancer Cells via Modulating Lactate Dehydrogenase-Mediated Glycolysis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1242. [PMID: 31850191 PMCID: PMC6895070 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate the expression of downstream targeted mRNAs. Increasing evidence has suggested that miRNAs act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes to interfere the progression of cancers. Here, we showed that miR-204-3p was decreased in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines. Down-regulation of miR-204-3p was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in bladder cancer patients. Overexpression of miR-204-3p inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, miR-204-3p was found to bind to the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA), which consequently reduced the expression of both mRNA and protein of LDHA. Interestingly, overexpression of miR-204-3p decreased glucose consumption and lactate production of bladder cancer cells. Overexpression of LDHA relieved the growth inhibition and cell apoptosis enhancement by miR-204-3p in bladder cancer cells. These results demonstrated that miR-204-3p negatively modulated the proliferation of bladder cancer cells via targeting LDHA-mediated glycolysis. MiR-204-3p might be a promising candidate for designing anticancer medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Guo
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical School of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zengqin Liu
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical School of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zaishang Li
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yeqing Yuan
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueqi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiequn Fang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kefeng Xiao
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Bourn J, Rathore K, Donnell R, White W, Uddin MJ, Marnett L, Cekanova M. Detection of carcinogen-induced bladder cancer by fluorocoxib A. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1152. [PMID: 31775672 PMCID: PMC6882158 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional cystoscopy can detect advanced stages of bladder cancer; however, it has limitations to detect bladder cancer at the early stages. Fluorocoxib A, a rhodamine-conjugated analog of indomethacin, is a novel fluorescent imaging agent that selectively targets cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-expressing cancers. METHODS In this study, we have used a carcinogen N-butyl-N-4-hydroxybutyl nitrosamine (BBN)-induced bladder cancer immunocompetent mouse B6D2F1 model that resembles human high-grade invasive urothelial carcinoma. We evaluated the ability of fluorocoxib A to detect the progression of carcinogen-induced bladder cancer in mice. Fluorocoxib A uptake by bladder tumors was detected ex vivo using IVIS optical imaging system and Cox-2 expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis. After ex vivo imaging, the progression of bladder carcinogenesis from normal urothelium to hyperplasia, carcinoma-in-situ and carcinoma with increased Ki67 and decreased uroplakin-1A expression was confirmed by histology and immunohistochemistry analysis. RESULTS The specific uptake of fluorocoxib A correlated with increased Cox-2 expression in progressing bladder cancer. In conclusion, fluorocoxib A detected the progression of bladder carcinogenesis in a mouse model with selective uptake in Cox-2-expressing bladder hyperplasia, CIS and carcinoma by 4- and 8-fold, respectively, as compared to normal bladder urothelium, where no fluorocoxib A was detected. CONCLUSIONS Fluorocoxib A is a targeted optical imaging agent that could be applied for the detection of Cox-2 expressing human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bourn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Present address: Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Kusum Rathore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Present address: The University of Tennessee Research Foundation, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Robert Donnell
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Wesley White
- Department of Urology, The University of Tennessee, Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN, 37920, USA
| | - Md Jashim Uddin
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Lawrence Marnett
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Maria Cekanova
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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8
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Rolevich A, Minich A, Vasilevich V, Zhegalik A, Mokhort A, Nabebina T, Krasny S, Polyakov S, Sukonko O. Efficacy of fluorescent cystoscopy-assisted transurethral resection in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and quality of surgery: post-hoc analysis of а prospective randomized study. Cent European J Urol 2019; 72:351-356. [PMID: 32015903 PMCID: PMC6979560 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2019.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This paper aims to evaluate the influence of quality of transurethral resection in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer on the benefit of fluorescent cystoscopy-assisted transurethral resection in the post hoc analysis of the single-center randomized controlled trial. Material and methods We retrospectively analyzed the results of the prospective randomized study assessing the efficacy of fluorescent cystoscopy-assisted transurethral resection. The quality of transurethral resection was defined on the basis of a separate retrospective study estimating the variability in recurrence risk for the individual surgeon. The subgroup analysis of fluorescent cystoscopy-assisted transurethral resection efficacy depending on surgical experience was performed. Results Of 377 eligible patients, transurethral resection was performed in 365 (97%) by surgeons with available grading information. Two ‘experienced’ surgeons performed 238 (63%) of all transurethral resections and three ‘less experienced’ surgeons completed 127 (34%) surgeries. The two surgical groups were comparable with respect to basic prognostic factors and subsequent therapy. The median follow-up was 56 months. In the total cohort of patients, fluorescent cystoscopy significantly decreased the risk of recurrence with hazard ratio 0.58 (p = 0.004). In the ‘experienced surgeons' subgroup the benefit of fluorescent cystoscopy was not significant (hazard ratio 0.81, p = 0.34), whereas the ‘less experienced’ subgroup showed a marked difference in favor of fluorescent cystoscopy-assisted transurethral resection (hazard ratio 0.31, p = 0.001), with a P-value for interaction of 0.021. Conclusions Baseline quality of surgery may be a significant interacting factor affecting the magnitude of the benefit of fluorescent cystoscopy-assisted transurethral resection in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rolevich
- Department of Urology and Pathology, N.N. Alexandrov National Research Cancer Center, Minsk, Belarus.,Department of Radiation Molecular Epidemiology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Alexander Minich
- Department of Urology and Pathology, N.N. Alexandrov National Research Cancer Center, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir Vasilevich
- Department of Urology and Pathology, N.N. Alexandrov National Research Cancer Center, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Alexander Zhegalik
- Department of Urology and Pathology, N.N. Alexandrov National Research Cancer Center, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Andrey Mokhort
- Department of Urology and Pathology, N.N. Alexandrov National Research Cancer Center, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Nabebina
- Department of Pathology, N.N. Alexandrov National Research Cancer Center, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey Krasny
- Department of Urology and Pathology, N.N. Alexandrov National Research Cancer Center, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey Polyakov
- Department of Urology and Pathology, N.N. Alexandrov National Research Cancer Center, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Oleg Sukonko
- Department of Urology and Pathology, N.N. Alexandrov National Research Cancer Center, Minsk, Belarus
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9
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Abstract
White light cystoscopy (WL) is the gold standard for the detection of bladder cancer. It can be performed using a rigid or flexible urethrocystoscope. With the more recent introduction of high definition (HD) techniques, WL cystoscopy has been decisively improved. Supplementary optical techniques are also used to improve the detection of bladder cancer. Among these are photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), narrow-band imaging (NBI), S‑technologies of IMAGE1 S, optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), and Raman spectroscopy. The aim of the present work is to introduce the techniques and to discuss their current role and future potential in the detection of bladder cancer.
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10
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Pederzoli F, Murati Amador B, Samarska I, Lombardo KA, Kates M, Bivalacqua TJ, Matoso A. Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma in situ using blue light cystoscopy and the utility of immunohistochemistry in blue light-positive lesions diagnosed as atypical. Hum Pathol 2019; 90:1-7. [PMID: 31071342 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is difficult to visualize with white light cystoscopy (WLC), whereas blue light cystoscopy (BLC) using photosensitizing agents improves detection rates. We retrospectively reviewed transurethral biopsies of bladder tumors in which both WLC and BLC evaluations were performed (n = 135 samples from 79 patients). Biopsies were classified based on the presence/absence of fluorescence under BLC and the final pathological report (CIS/benign/atypical). Forty-one (30%) cases were diagnosed as CIS; of those, 38 (93%) were BLC(+), including 23 that were WLC(-). Conversely, 51 (38%) lesions were BLC(+) but classified as non-CIS. Eleven BLC(+) cases were diagnosed as "atypical." These cases were anonymized and reviewed by 7 pathologists for concordance and then immunostained for CK20, p53, and Ki-67. Immunohistochemistry results were interpreted as consistent with CIS if there was full-thickness staining of CK20, more than 50% p53-positive cells, and more than 50% Ki-67-positive cells. Review of BLC(+)/atypical cases showed a mean agreement of 79%, and none of the cases showed staining pattern consistent with CIS. Therefore, all 11 cases of BLC(+)/atypical were considered non-CIS for the final analysis. All patients with BLC(+)/atypical lesions had a history of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and/or mitomycin. Using final pathology as the reference, sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value of BLC were 93% (confidence interval [CI], 80.1%-98.5%), 46% (CI, 35.4%-56.3%), and 94% (CI, 82.5%-97.8%), respectively. The low specificity of BLC leads to BLC(+) lesions with atypical diagnosis. Morphological classification of these lesions is fairly consistent among different pathologists. Immunohistochemistry for p53/CK20/Ki-67 in this setting is only helpful to potentially avoid overcalling CIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Pederzoli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy; Urology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, , Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Belkiss Murati Amador
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Iryna Samarska
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands, 6229 HX
| | - Kara A Lombardo
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Max Kates
- Urology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, , Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- Urology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, , Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Andres Matoso
- Urology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, , Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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11
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Xiang X, Huang J, Mo W, Jiang L, Sun W, Li P. Long non-coding RNA cartilage injury-related promotes malignancy in bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:3049-3055. [PMID: 29435036 PMCID: PMC5778791 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have highlighted the important roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in a number of biological processes, including oncogenesis. However, the function of lncRNA cartilage injury-related (lncRNA-CIR) in bladder cancer progression remains elusive. A novel function for lncRNA-CIR in bladder cancer was identified in the present study. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, viability, invasion assay and in vivo implantation were used to evaluate the role of lncRNA-CIR. It was identified that the expression of lncRNA-CIR was frequently upregulated in 52 cancerous tissues and selected bladder cancer cell lines. Additionally, upregulating lncRNA-CIR was demonstrated to promote viability and invasion in T24 and SW780 cells, whereas siRNA-mediated lncRNA-CIR-knockdown consistently exhibited the opposite effects. High lncRNA-CIR levels also dictated poor overall survival among patients with bladder cancer. Furthermore, in vivo implantation experiments also supported a tumorigenic function for lncRNA-CIR, as decreasing lncRNA-CIR levels markedly attenuated Ki-67 staining and xenograft tumor growth. Overall, the present study identified a novel function of lncRNA-CIR and indicates that lncRNA-CIR may serve as a potential biomarker for bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebao Xiang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Jiefu Huang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Wenfa Mo
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Leiming Jiang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Wenguo Sun
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Department of Urology, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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12
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Liu CP, Zhang X, Tan QL, Xu WX, Zhou CY, Luo M, Li X, Huang RY, Zeng X. NF-κB pathways are involved in M1 polarization of RAW 264.7 macrophage by polyporus polysaccharide in the tumor microenvironment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188317. [PMID: 29155869 PMCID: PMC5695768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most malignant tumors closely associated with macrophages. Polyporus polysaccharide (PPS) has shown excellent efficacy in treating bladder cancer with minimal side effects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of PPS in inhibiting bladder cancer remain unclear. In this study, we used macrophages cultured alone or with T24 human bladder cancer cell culture supernatant as study models. We found that PPS enhanced the activities of IFN-γ-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, as shown by the release of inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, phagocytosis activity, as well as expression of M1 phenotype indicators, such as CD40, CD284 and CD86. PPS acted upstream in activation cascade of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways by interfering with IκB phosphorylation. In addition, PPS regulated NF-κB (P65) signaling by interfering with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, INOS and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Our results indicate that PPS activates macrophages through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Liu
- Department of Integrated Chinese medicine immunization and Section Rheumatology Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
- Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine in Guangzhou University of Chinese medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese medicine immunization and Section Rheumatology Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Long Tan
- Department of Integrated Chinese medicine immunization and Section Rheumatology Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Xing Xu
- Department of Integrated Chinese medicine immunization and Section Rheumatology Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Integrated Chinese medicine immunization and Section Rheumatology Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Integrated Chinese medicine immunization and Section Rheumatology Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese medicine immunization and Section Rheumatology Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Yue Huang
- Department of Integrated Chinese medicine immunization and Section Rheumatology Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
- Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine in Guangzhou University of Chinese medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (RYH)
| | - Xing Zeng
- Department of Integrated Chinese medicine immunization and Section Rheumatology Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
- Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine in Guangzhou University of Chinese medicine, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (RYH)
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13
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Zainfeld D, Daneshmand S. Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors: Improving Quality Through New Techniques and Technologies. Curr Urol Rep 2017; 18:34. [PMID: 28283914 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-017-0680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cystoscopy with transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) is essential in the diagnosis of bladder cancer as well as the management of non-muscle-invasive disease yet remains a comparatively imprecise procedure secondary to variability among patients, tumors, and surgeons alike. We will review evolving technologies and techniques used to enhance safety and efficacy of TURBT performance and education in the management of bladder cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Though a generally safe procedure, efficacy of TURBT in terms of complete tumor excision, appropriate pathologic diagnosis, and absence of complications can vary significantly with direct impact on patient outcomes. Application of new techniques including bipolar electrocautery and photodynamic enhancement continues to shape endoscopic management of bladder cancer and improve safety, tumor excision rates, and downstream outcomes. High-quality bladder tumor resection is essential for effective bladder cancer management. Technologies such as bipolar electrocautery and photodynamic visualization improve safety and tumor eradication. Improved education and surgical technique will further standardize high-level outcomes for patients undergoing TURBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zainfeld
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 7416, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Siamak Daneshmand
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 7416, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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14
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Poletajew S, Radziszewski P. Endoscopic appearance of a tumor can predict the stage of bladder cancer. Cent European J Urol 2017; 70:27-28. [PMID: 28466880 PMCID: PMC5407343 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2017.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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15
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Grzegółkowski P, Kaczmarek K, Lemiński A, Słojewski M. AUTHOR'S REPLY. Cent European J Urol 2017; 70:29. [PMID: 28461984 PMCID: PMC5407346 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2017.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Grzegółkowski
- Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krystian Kaczmarek
- Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Artur Lemiński
- Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marcin Słojewski
- Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Szczecin, Poland
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