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Liu X, Ikeda H, Oyama F, Wakisaka K, Takahashi M. Hemodynamic Responses to Simulated Long Working Hours with Short and Long Breaks in Healthy Men. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14556. [PMID: 30267000 PMCID: PMC6162224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine hemodynamic responses and the necessity of breaks under long working hours. Thirty-eight healthy males conducted PC-based work from 9:10 to 22:00. Nine 10-minute short breaks and two long breaks (a 1-hour break and a 50-minute break) were provided, and hemodynamic responses were measured regularly during this period. The results showed that systolic blood pressure increased during the working hours and cardiovascular burden increased under long working hours. Cardiac responses decreased, but vascular responses increased continually during work periods without long breaks. The long breaks, however, benefitted workers by preventing excessive decreases in cardiac responses and increases in vascular responses, but this effect may decrease with the extension of working hours. In conclusion, long working hours increase cardiovascular burden, and taking long breaks is important for reducing these burdens when long working hours cannot be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liu
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, Nagao 6-21-1, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8585, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Ikeda
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, Nagao 6-21-1, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8585, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Oyama
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, Nagao 6-21-1, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8585, Japan.,Department of Design Science Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Keiko Wakisaka
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, Nagao 6-21-1, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8585, Japan
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, Nagao 6-21-1, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8585, Japan
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LIU X, IWAKIRI K, SOTOYAMA M. White-collar workers' hemodynamic responses during working hours. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2017; 55:362-368. [PMID: 28428502 PMCID: PMC5546845 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2016-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, two investigations were conducted at a communication center, to examine white-collar workers' hemodynamic responses during working hours. In investigation I, hemodynamic responses were measured on a working day; and in investigation II, cardiovascular responses were verified on both working and non-working days. In investigation I, blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance were measured in 15 workers during working hours (from 9:00 am to 18:00 pm) on one working day. Another 40 workers from the same workplace participated in investigation II, in which blood pressure and heart rate were measured between the time workers arose in the morning until they went to bed on 5 working days and 2 non-working days. The results showed that blood pressure increased and remained at the same level during working hours. The underlying hemodynamics of maintaining blood pressure, however, changed between the morning and the afternoon on working days. Cardiac responses increased in the afternoon, suggesting that cardiac burdens increase in the afternoon on working days. The present study suggested that taking underlying hemodynamic response into consideration is important for managing the work-related cardiovascular burden of white-collar workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin LIU
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan
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Liu X, Ishimatsu K, Sotoyama M, Iwakiri K. Positive emotion inducement modulates cardiovascular responses caused by mental work. J Physiol Anthropol 2016; 35:27. [PMID: 27852306 PMCID: PMC5112625 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-016-0116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Positive emotion is considered as an important factor related to health-relevant biological processes, including cardiovascular responses. To explore the possibility of using positive emotion as a tool to manage cardiovascular response of white-collar workers, we examined the influence on cardiovascular response of positive emotion inducement before a mental work. Method Seventeen healthy males participated and performed a 10-min, PC-based Stroop color word task as their mental work. Before the task, 60 pleasant pictures chosen from the International Affective Picture System were presented in a random order under a positive emotion inducement condition while a gray screen was presented under a control condition. A 30-min relaxation period after completing the task was provided to examine the aftereffects of positive emotion inducement. Throughout these periods, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were measured continuously. Results Blood pressure and total peripheral resistance were lower during the picture presentation period under the positive emotion inducement period compared to the control condition. All indices did not differ during the color word task period. During the relaxation period after the task, however, blood pressure and total peripheral resistance were lower under the positive emotion inducement condition compared to the control condition. Conclusion Positive emotion inducement before a mental work beneficially modulates cardiovascular responses, suggesting that positive emotion inducement may be a useful tool to manage the cardiovascular response to mental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liu
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8585, Japan.
| | - Kazuma Ishimatsu
- Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Jikei Institute, 1-2-8 Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-0003, Japan
| | - Midori Sotoyama
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Iwakiri
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8585, Japan
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Pelfrene E, Leynen F, Mak RP, De Bacquer D, Kornitzer M, De Backer G. Relationship of perceived job stress to total coronary risk in a cohort of working men and women in Belgium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:345-54. [PMID: 14663296 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000095048.46631.f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationships of job strain and iso-strain psychosocial work environment exposures to 'total coronary risk' (TCR) in a cohort of male and female workers in Belgium. METHODS The sample consists of 15,079 men and 4639 women aged 35-59 years employed in a wide range of occupations and free of any self-reported personal history of CHD. Karasek's job strain model was used to define high strain (high demands and low control), low strain, active and passive jobs. Iso-strain was defined as the combination of a high strain job with low worksite social support, and is compared to the other combinations. Total coronary risk is a composite measure based on a Framingham function assessing the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) within the next 10 years; high and low levels of TCR were defined. Logistic regressions in each gender were applied to explore relationships, adjusting for age, level of education, occupational class and sector of employment. RESULTS In male workers, the age-adjusted prevalence of high TCR is highest in (1) in the lowest quartile group of job control and (2) in the 'high strain' group. The multivariate logistic regressions comparing high strain, active and passive work exposures to low strain work did not indicate a significant association with high TCR. Likewise, iso-strain jobs were neither found to be associated with high TCR. CONCLUSION Our cross-sectional analysis provides no support for the hypothesis that the psychosocial work environment is strongly associated with the TCR estimate in healthy workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Pelfrene
- Vakgroep Maatschappelijke Gezondheidkunde, Universiteit Gent, University Hospital, De Pintelaan, Gent, Belgium
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Trudel X, Brisson C, Milot A, Masse B, Vézina M. Adverse psychosocial work factors, blood pressure and hypertension incidence: repeated exposure in a 5-year prospective cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 70:402-8. [PMID: 26530810 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two main theoretical models have been used to assess the impact of psychosocial work factors on blood pressure (BP): the demand-control (DC) model and the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model. Previous studies have mostly used a single time point exposure to examine this association. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of repeated job strain and ERI exposure on (1) ambulatory BP (ABP) evolution over 5 years and (2) hypertension incidence over 5 years. METHOD The design is a prospective cohort study. The study population was composed of 1394 white-collar workers (568 men and 826 women). They were assessed three times during a 5-year period (years 1, 3 and 5). At each time, psychosocial work factors were measured using validated scales and ABP was measured every 15 min during a working day. RESULTS Men who were chronically exposed over 5 years to an active job had a higher cumulative incidence of hypertension (RR=2.05, 95% CI 1.36 to 3.09), compared with never-exposed men. In women, ERI exposure onset was associated with higher increases in systolic ABP (+2.5 mm Hg). No association was found between chronic high-strain exposure and ABP. CONCLUSIONS Chronic exposure to active jobs in men led to a higher risk of hypertension and ERI exposure onset in women led to increases in systolic ABP. Results from the present study highlight the need to consider chronic exposure in order to fully capture the deleterious effect of adverse psychosocial work stressors on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Trudel
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Brisson
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Milot
- Département de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit Masse
- École de Santé Publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada Centre de recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michel Vézina
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Landsbergis PA, Diez-Roux AV, Fujishiro K, Baron S, Kaufman JD, Meyer JD, Koutsouras G, Shimbo D, Shrager S, Stukovsky KH, Szklo M. Job Strain, Occupational Category, Systolic Blood Pressure, and Hypertension Prevalence: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 57:1178-84. [PMID: 26539765 PMCID: PMC4636023 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess associations of occupational categories and job characteristics with prevalent hypertension. METHODS We analyzed 2517 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants, working 20+ hours per week, in 2002 to 2004. RESULTS Higher job decision latitude was associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension, prevalence ratio = 0.78 (95% confidence interval 0.66 to 0.91) for the top versus bottom quartile of job decision latitude. Associations, however, differed by occupation: decision latitude was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension in health care support occupations (interaction P = 0.02). Occupation modified associations of sex with hypertension: a higher prevalence of hypertension in women (vs men) was observed in health care support and in blue-collar occupations (interaction P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Lower job decision latitude is associated with hypertension prevalence in many occupations. Further research is needed to determine reasons for differential impact of decision latitude and sex on hypertension across occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Landsbergis
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (Dr Landsbergis, Mr Koutsouras), State University of New York Downstate School of Public Health, Brooklyn; School of Public Health (Dr Diez-Roux), Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies (Dr Fujishiro), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio; Barry Commoner Center for Health and the Environment (Dr Baron), Queens College, New York; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (Dr Kaufman), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Preventive Medicine (Dr Meyer), Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (Dr Shimbo), Columbia University, New York; Department of Biostatistics (Ms Shrager), University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Epidemiology (Dr Szklo), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Landsbergis PA, Grzywacz JG, LaMontagne AD. Work organization, job insecurity, and occupational health disparities. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:495-515. [PMID: 23074099 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in employment conditions in the global economy over the past 30 years have led to increased job insecurity and other work organization hazards. These hazards may play a role in creating and sustaining occupational health disparities by socioeconomic position, gender, race, ethnicity, and immigration status. METHODS A conceptual model was developed to guide the review of 103 relevant articles or chapters on the role of work organization and occupational health disparities identified through a comprehensive search conducted by NIOSH. A second review was conducted of employment and workplace policies and programs designed to reduce the health and safety risks due to job insecurity and other work organization hazards. RESULTS There is consistent evidence that workers in lower socioeconomic or social class positions are exposed to greater job insecurity and other work organization hazards than workers in higher socioeconomic positions. Likewise, racial and ethnic minorities and immigrants are exposed to greater job insecurity. Limited research examining the effects of interventions targeting work organization hazards on disparities has been conducted; nonetheless, intervention strategies are available and evidence suggests they are effective. CONCLUSIONS Job insecurity and work organization hazards play a role in creating and sustaining occupational health disparities. Employment and workplace policies and programs have the potential to reduce these hazards, and to reduce disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Landsbergis
- State University of New York-Downstate School of Public Health; Brooklyn New York
| | | | - Anthony D. LaMontagne
- Melbourne School of Population Health; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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James GD. Ambulatory blood pressure variation: Allostasis and adaptation. Auton Neurosci 2013; 177:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Trudel X, Brisson C, Milot A, Masse B, Vézina M. Psychosocial work environment and ambulatory blood pressure: independent and combined effect of demand-control and effort-reward imbalance models. Occup Environ Med 2013; 70:815-22. [PMID: 24143020 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two main theoretical models have been used to assess the impact of psychosocial work factors on blood pressure (BP): the demand-control model (DC) and the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model. Little is known about their independent and combined effect. OBJECTIVE To examine the independent and combined effect of the DC and ERI models on ambulatory BP (ABP). METHOD Data were collected three times over 7 years from 3395 white-collar women and men using a repeated cross-sectional design. On each occasion, psychosocial work factors were measured using validated scales. ABP was measured every 15 min during a working day. Systolic and diastolic ABP means were examined in relation to contemporaneous and past exposure. Both models were mutually adjusted. A combined exposure variable was computed. RESULTS In men, high strain, and active, passive and ERI exposure were associated with ABP using contemporaneous exposure. However, the high strain/ABP association was not significant after adjustment for ERI. In women, no association was found with the DC model, while women exposed to ERI had higher ABP. Use of past exposure showed a stronger association between ABP and active exposure in men, while ERI associations were attenuated. Combined exposure to active jobs and to ERI was associated with ABP in both genders. CONCLUSIONS In men, associations with the DC model were mixed. Associations between high job strain and ABP were not independent of ERI exposure while both DC intermediate groups were independently associated with ABP. In women, no association was found with the DC model. ERI exposure was independently associated with ABP using contemporaneous exposure, but not using past exposure. Combined active and ERI exposure was also associated with ABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Trudel
- Santé des populations: URESP, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Nyberg ST, Fransson EI, Heikkilä K, Alfredsson L, Casini A, Clays E, De Bacquer D, Dragano N, Erbel R, Ferrie JE, Hamer M, Jöckel KH, Kittel F, Knutsson A, Ladwig KH, Lunau T, Marmot MG, Nordin M, Rugulies R, Siegrist J, Steptoe A, Westerholm PJM, Westerlund H, Theorell T, Brunner EJ, Singh-Manoux A, Batty GD, Kivimäki M. Job strain and cardiovascular disease risk factors: meta-analysis of individual-participant data from 47,000 men and women. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67323. [PMID: 23840664 PMCID: PMC3688665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Job strain is associated with an increased coronary heart disease risk, but few large-scale studies have examined the relationship of this psychosocial characteristic with the biological risk factors that potentially mediate the job strain - heart disease association. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We pooled cross-sectional, individual-level data from eight studies comprising 47,045 participants to investigate the association between job strain and the following cardiovascular disease risk factors: diabetes, blood pressure, pulse pressure, lipid fractions, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, obesity, and overall cardiovascular disease risk as indexed by the Framingham Risk Score. In age-, sex-, and socioeconomic status-adjusted analyses, compared to those without job strain, people with job strain were more likely to have diabetes (odds ratio 1.29; 95% CI: 1.11-1.51), to smoke (1.14; 1.08-1.20), to be physically inactive (1.34; 1.26-1.41), and to be obese (1.12; 1.04-1.20). The association between job strain and elevated Framingham risk score (1.13; 1.03-1.25) was attributable to the higher prevalence of diabetes, smoking and physical inactivity among those reporting job strain. CONCLUSIONS In this meta-analysis of work-related stress and cardiovascular disease risk factors, job strain was linked to adverse lifestyle and diabetes. No association was observed between job strain, clinic blood pressure or blood lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solja T Nyberg
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki and Tampere, Finland.
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Tsai HH, Yeh CY, Su CT, Chen CJ, Peng SM, Chen RY. The effects of exercise program on burnout and metabolic syndrome components in banking and insurance workers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2013; 51:336-346. [PMID: 23518604 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2012-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effectiveness of exercise program for banking and insurance workers and clarify the association between exercise, burnout, and metabolic syndrome components. In the process of the study, a practicable worksite exercise program was developed for bank and insurance enterprises. A three-month (12-wk) exercise course was conducted, and its benefits evaluated. Levels of burnout and metabolic syndrome components were analyzed after exercise intervention. After intervention, the indicators of burnout and metabolic syndrome components were significantly improved in both low and high intensity groups, and the improvement were expressed in reduction of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, person burnout and work-related burnout. A dose-response of burnouts and metabolic syndrome components with exercise intensity are shown (p<0.05). Metabolic syndrome components were independently associated with burnout and exercise intensity in the crude model. After adjustment for potential confounders, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure differences showed significant associations with exercise intensity (p<0.05). This study demonstrated an effective approach to worksite exercise intervention and exercise intensity played an important role to alleviate damage between burnouts and metabolic syndrome components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hui Tsai
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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Liu X, Iwakiri K, Sotoyama M. [Cardiovascular responses and effects of an inserted break in mental work]. SANGYŌ EISEIGAKU ZASSHI = JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2013; 55:103-6. [PMID: 23428958 DOI: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.c12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liu
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Japan.
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Landsbergis PA, Dobson M, Koutsouras G, Schnall P. Job strain and ambulatory blood pressure: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:e61-71. [PMID: 23327240 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.301153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed evidence of the relationship between job strain and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in 29 studies (1985-2012). We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis on 22 cross-sectional studies of a single exposure to job strain. We systematically reviewed 1 case-control study, 3 studies of cumulative exposure to job strain, and 3 longitudinal studies. Single exposure to job strain in cross-sectional studies was associated with higher work systolic and diastolic ABP. Associations were stronger in men than women and in studies of broad-based populations than those with limited occupational variance. Biases toward the null were common, suggesting that our summary results underestimated the true association. Job strain is a risk factor for blood pressure elevation. Workplace surveillance programs are needed to assess the prevalence of job strain and high ABP and to facilitate workplace cardiovascular risk reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Landsbergis
- School of Public Health, State University of New York-Downstate, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Comparing the risk associated with psychosocial work conditions and health behaviours on incident hypertension over a nine-year period in Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2013. [PMID: 23618123 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypertension is an increasingly important health concern in Canada. This paper examines the risks associated with psychosocial working conditions compared to health behaviours on the risk of hypertension over a 9-year period in Ontario, Canada. METHODS We used data from Ontario respondents to the 2000-01 Canadian Community Health Survey linked to the Ontario Health Information Plan database covering physician services and the Canadian Institute for Health Information database for hospital admissions. We focused on labour market participants aged 35 to 60, who had not been previously diagnosed with hypertension, were not self-employed, and were working more than 10 hours per week, more than 20 weeks in the previous 12 months (N = 6,611). Subjects were followed for a nine-year period to ascertain incidence of hypertension. RESULTS Low job control was associated with an increased risk of hypertension among men, but not among women. The population attributable fraction associated with low job control among males was 11.8% in our fully adjusted model. There was no consistent pattern of increased risk of hypertension across different levels of health behaviours. CONCLUSION Primary prevention efforts to reduce the incidence of hypertension predominantly target modifiable health behaviours. Evidence from this longitudinal cohort suggests that modifiable characteristics of the work environment should also be considered in the design of cardiovascular disease prevention programs, in particular for male labour market participants.
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Liu X, Iwakiri K, Sotoyama M, Iwanaga K. Differences in cardiovascular and central nervous system responses to periods of mental work with a break. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2012; 51:223-227. [PMID: 23268833 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.ms1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine how an inserted break influences the cardiovascular and central nervous system responses during periods of mental work. Twelve males conducted two 20-min periods of mental work with a 3-min break between them. Cardiovascular and central nervous system responses were measured continuously. In comparison to the baseline, cardiovascular responses increased continuously even after the inserted break, while, on the contrary, central nervous system activity did not significantly increase during the work periods but relaxed during the break. The work performance increased during the second work period. These results suggest that the inserted break proposed by VDT guidelines in Japan was effective in relaxing the central nervous system but was insufficient to prevent the increase in cardiovascular load. The results also imply that taking rests frequently is important not only to maintaining performance but also to preventing cumulative physiological workloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liu
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether psychosocial work characteristics are associated with the prevalence of masked hypertension in a population of white collar workers. METHODS White-collar workers were recruited from three public organizations. Blood pressure (BP) was measured at the workplace for manual measurements (mean of the first three readings taken by a trained assistant) followed by ambulatory measurements (mean of all subsequent readings taken during the working day). Masked hypertension (MH) was defined as manual BP <140/90 mm Hg, and ambulatory BP ≥135/85 mm Hg. Job strain was evaluated, using the quadrant method for exposure assessment, as well as alternative formulations. RESULTS BP measurements were obtained from 2,357 workers (80% participation, 61% women; mean age, 44 years). For men, being in the active group (high psychological demands and high decision latitude) was associated with MH (adjusted odds ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-3.31). No significant association with a higher prevalence of MH was observed in women. CONCLUSION MH is associated with job strain in men. Workers in "active" job situations may be more likely to have the condition.
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Job strain, effort-reward imbalance and ambulatory blood pressure: results of a cross-sectional study in call handler operators. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2010; 84:383-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-010-0576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Tom Pickering had a profound influence on the study of biobehavioral factors in the development, diagnosis, and misdiagnosis of hypertension. His contributions influenced several avenues of research, including ecological momentary assessments of the sources and causes of diurnal blood pressure variation, the evaluation and impact of job strain on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, and the role of blood pressure reactivity and recovery to acute stress in hypertension development. This overview approaches these topics by examining the seminal role of the work by Tom et al. in the current understanding of how biobehavioral factors contribute to hypertension.
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Song YK, Lee KK, Kim HR, Koo JW. Job demand and cardiovascular disease risk factor in white-collar workers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2010; 48:12-17. [PMID: 20160403 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.48.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether job demand played a role as a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases by comparing changes of blood pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product (RPP) showing myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) according to levels of job demand. This cross-sectional study divided 177 male white-collar workers without a cardiovascular or metabolic disease according to their job demand and analyzed their body composition and results of graded exercise testing. There was no significant difference in height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and body fat percentage according to job demand. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and anaerobic threshold (AT) also did not show a significant difference. However, systolic blood pressures at the seventh and eighth stages over AT during exercise were significantly different and RPP was found to have a significant difference overall according to the job demand (p<0.05). These results meant that job demand affected systolic pressure in physical activities or at exercise intensity over AT and reduced energy efficiency of myocardium during physical activities. The results suggest that high job demand may be a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyu Song
- Department of Occupational Ergonomics and Rehabilitation Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Fornari C, Ferrario M, Menni C, Sega R, Facchetti R, Cesana GC. Biological consequences of stress: conflicting findings on the association between job strain and blood pressure. ERGONOMICS 2007; 50:1717-1726. [PMID: 17972198 DOI: 10.1080/00140130701674208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective is to verify the relation between job strain and clinic blood pressure in a working population from the Milan municipality (1,909 men, 3,786 women) enrolled from 1992 to 1996. Job strain was investigated through the Karasek model. Clinic blood pressure was evaluated using standard procedures from the MONICA project. The association between the two was calculated controlling for age, education, smoking, body mass index, total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Significantly, associations were found for systolic blood pressure in men and for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in women. However, these results do not reflect biological plausibility. The relationship between job strain and blood pressure is an unfinished business: sample characteristics and measurement methods should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fornari
- Research Centre on Chronic Degenerative Diseases, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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Clays E, Leynen F, De Bacquer D, Kornitzer M, Kittel F, Karasek R, De Backer G. High Job Strain and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Middle-Aged Men and Women From the Belgian Job Stress Study. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 49:360-7. [PMID: 17426519 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31803b94e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether job strain is associated with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements within a subsample of the Belgian Job Stress Project (BELSTRESS) population. METHODS A group of 89 middle-aged male and female workers perceiving high job strain and an equally large group of workers perceiving no high job strain wore an ambulatory blood pressure monitor for 24 hours on a regular working day. RESULTS Mean ambulatory blood pressure at work, at home, and while asleep was significantly higher in workers with job strain as compared with others. The associations between job strain and ambulatory blood pressure were independent from the covariates. CONCLUSIONS Within this study, high job strain was an important independent risk factor for higher ambulatory blood pressure at work, at home, and during sleep in a group of men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Clays
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Guimont C, Brisson C, Dagenais GR, Milot A, Vézina M, Mâsse B, Moisan J, Laflamme N, Blanchette C. Effects of job strain on blood pressure: a prospective study of male and female white-collar workers. Am J Public Health 2006; 96:1436-43. [PMID: 16809603 PMCID: PMC1522116 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2004.057679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether cumulative exposure to job strain increases blood pressure. METHODS A prospective study of 8395 white-collar workers was initiated during 1991 to 1993. At follow-up, 7.5 years later, 84% of the participants were reassessed to estimate cumulative exposure to job strain. RESULTS Compared with men who had never been exposed, men with cumulative exposure and those who became exposed during follow-up showed significant systolic blood pressure increments of 1.8 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.1, 3.5) and 1.5 mm Hg (95% CI=0.2, 2.8), respectively, and relative risks of blood pressure increases in the highest quintile group of 1.33 (95% CI = 1.01, 1.76) and 1.40 (95% CI = 1.14, 1.73). Effect magnitudes were smaller among women. Effects tended to be more pronounced among men and women with low levels of social support at work. CONCLUSIONS Among these white-collar workers, exposure to cumulative job strain had a modest but significant effect on systolic blood pressure among men. The risk was of comparable magnitude to that observed for age and sedentary behavior. Men and women with low levels of social support at work appeared to be at higher risk for increases in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Guimont
- Unité de recherche en santé des populations, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Brown DE, James GD, Mills PS. Occupational differences in job strain and physiological stress: female nurses and school teachers in Hawaii. Psychosom Med 2006; 68:524-30. [PMID: 16868260 DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000222356.71315.8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The two objectives are to test the hypothesis that women in a profession with low decision latitude will have greater catecholamine excretion and higher blood pressure than women in a profession with greater decision latitude, and to assess the influence of ethnicity on the occupational comparison. METHODS Premenopausal women who were either full-time teachers in public schools (teachers; N = 92) or nurses or nurse's aides (nurses; N = 55) in East Hawaii who were not currently taking antihypertensive medication had ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and urinary catecholamine excretion measured over an approximate 4-hour period at work and home and over an approximate 8-hour period overnight. The women also filled out the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). RESULTS The nurses had significantly lower scores on the "decision latitude" subscale of the JCQ. After controlling for the effects of ethnicity, age, body mass index, JCQ subscale scores, smoking habits, and menopausal status in regression analyses, the nurses also had significantly higher mean systolic and diastolic BP both in work and home settings and higher mean rates of both norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion in all daily settings (p < .05). There were no significant ethnic differences in scores on the JCQ subscales, but Asian-Americans had significantly higher systolic BP in all daily settings and higher diastolic BP overnight (p < .05) than Euro-Americans. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that among professional women, physiological stress responses are significantly greater when occupation-related decision latitude is low (nurses) than when it is high (teachers). The physiological response to stress is carried over into the home and overnight settings when occupation-related decision latitude is low (nurses). Individual scores on the JCQ were not significantly related to physiological measures in this study, however. Inclusion of contrasting occupations may be necessary to properly evaluate the relationships between individually reported job strain and heightened physiological stress responses in studies of working women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Brown
- Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720-4091, USA.
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Brown DE, James GD, Nordloh L, Jones AA. Job strain and physiological stress responses in nurses and nurse's aides: predictors of daily blood pressure variability. Blood Press Monit 2004; 8:237-42. [PMID: 14688553 DOI: 10.1097/00126097-200312000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Job strain has been implicated in risk of cardiovascular disease, and there is evidence for increased blood pressure among men with job strain. It is unclear, however, to what degree job strain affects blood pressure in women. This study examined the relationships between job strain, norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion in the workplace, and ambulatory blood pressure variability during waking hours in women working as nurses or nurse's aides in Hilo, Hawaii. METHODS Women from two ethnic groups, Filipino-Americans (n = 36) and Euro-Americans (n = 23), were measured on a workday, urinary catecholamine excretion and ambulatory blood pressure being measured over a 4-h period at work and home, and overnight over an 8-h period. The rates of catecholamine excretion were measured in timed urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, and ambulatory blood pressure was measured at 15-min intervals using a SpaceLabs 90207 monitor. The women filled out the Job Content Questionnaire prior to the physiological measurements. RESULTS Scores on the Job Content Questionnaire were not significantly associated with the physiological measures, although correlations were higher for Euro-American participants than Filipino-Americans. Catecholamine excretion rates in the workplace were significantly related to blood pressure variability throughout the day and to systolic blood pressure means, but catecholamine excretion rates in other daily settings were not significantly related to blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS These results support the idea that stress in the workplace has special significance for the prediction of cardiovascular health risk, and that catecholamine excretion at work is significantly associated with increased blood pressure variability during the day. Job strain, as measured by subscales from the Job Content Questionnaire, was not associated with any of the physiological measures. This lack of association may be the result of ethnic and circumstantial bias in the questionnaire, suggesting that job strain should be evaluated in a more critical manner in populations differing from the ones in which the concept was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Brown
- Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4091, USA.
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Thomas KS, Nelesen RA, Ziegler MG, Bardwell WA, Dimsdale JE. Job strain, ethnicity, and sympathetic nervous system activity. Hypertension 2004; 44:891-6. [PMID: 15534076 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000148499.54730.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that blacks have heightened pressor sensitivity in response to the alpha-agonist, phenylephrine. However, studies examining whether psychosocial factors contribute to this difference are scarce. We examined the effects of job strain on pressor sensitivity in 76 whites and 46 blacks who were enrolled in a study of stress, sleep, and blood pressure. Responses to phenylephrine were examined at an inpatient clinical research center. After a 3-minute baseline period, a 100-microgram phenylephrine bolus was administered to participants intravenously. To measure catecholamines, 24-hour urine samples were also collected from participants. There was a significant relationship between job strain and pressor sensitivity, such that individuals with low decisional control and high job demands experienced a greater increase in diastolic pressure after receiving phenylephrine. Low decisional control was also associated with decreased baroreflex sensitivity. There was an interaction between ethnicity and job control on blood pressure responses to phenylephrine and on 24-hour urinary norepinephrine levels. Blacks who perceived less control experienced a greater increase in diastolic pressure after receiving phenylephrine and had elevated norepinephrine levels. These findings suggest possible mechanisms by which job strain may be associated with cardiovascular disease.
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Gallo LC, Bogart LM, Vranceanu AM, Walt LC. Job characteristics, occupational status, and ambulatory cardiovascular activity in women. Ann Behav Med 2004; 28:62-73. [PMID: 15249260 DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm2801_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research concerning the effects of occupational status and work stress on ambulatory blood pressure (AmBP) has seldom included women, and available results are equivocal. Moreover, the concurrent effects of occupational status and job characteristics have rarely been investigated. Some research is consistent with the idea that stressful job characteristics are especially detrimental to health in low-status workers, creating a cumulative physiological burden. PURPOSE To examine the independent and joint effects of occupational status and perceived demands, control, and social support at work on AmBP and heart rate (HR) in women. METHODS One hundred eight women (M age = 41.07 years) wore an AmBP monitor for 2 days and completed a self-report assessment of job control, demands, and support (i.e., Karesek et al.'s Job Content Questionnaire). RESULTS After controlling for numerous potential confounds, occupational status and job characteristics accounted for 18% and 22% of the inter-individual variability in ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HR, respectively. Occupational status independently predicted ambulatory cardiovascular activity and interacted with job characteristics, particularly in relation to SBP. CONCLUSIONS Inasmuch as ambulatory SBP and HR predict future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, women with both lower status occupations and stressful job circumstances could be at disproportionately high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Gallo
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, CA 92120, USA.
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Markovitz JH, Matthews KA, Whooley M, Lewis CE, Greenlund KJ. Increases in job strain are associated with incident hypertension in the CARDIA Study. Ann Behav Med 2004; 28:4-9. [PMID: 15249254 DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm2801_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Job strain, defined as high job demands and low decision latitude, has been associated with increased blood pressure levels in some studies, but most of these studies have been cross-sectional. PURPOSE We sought to determine whether changes in job strain during young adulthood were associated with the development of hypertension, using the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults cohort. METHODS A total of 3,200 employed, initially normotensive participants, aged 20 to 32 in 1987-1988, were followed for 8 years; the Job Content Questionnaire was completed twice: initially and 8 years later. Hypertension at follow-up was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 160 or higher and diastolic blood pressure of 95 mmHg or higher, or reporting being on antihypertensive medication. RESULTS Job strain (based on job demands above the median and decision latitude below the median of the sample) was associated with hypertension incidence (ps <.05) for the entire cohort and among White women and men. Adjustment for baseline SBP, education, body mass index (BMI), change in BMI, and age did not alter these relations. The ratio of increasing demands relative to decreasing decision latitude was also associated with greater incidence of hypertension in the entire cohort in the multivariate model (odds ratio = 2.06, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-4.26). CONCLUSIONS An increase in job strain is associated with incident hypertension, particularly among Whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome H Markovitz
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Vézina M, Derriennic F, Monfort C. The impact of job strain on social isolation: a longitudinal analysis of French workers. Soc Sci Med 2004; 59:29-38. [PMID: 15087140 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that work may have an impact on social identity and social functioning in the community. Since work organisation in our society has gone through some profound changes in the last few decades, it is important to study the effect of these new constraints on the social life of people and, thereby, on their health. Using data from a French longitudinal cohort study on work, health and ageing (ESTEV), this paper analyses the impact of job strain on social isolation, in a sample of 16,950 individuals who were working in 1990 and 1995. The results show that low-decision latitude was associated with a significantly higher level of social isolation in both men and women. When compared with low job strain, active work (high-psychological demand and high-decision latitude) and high job strain were associated among men with a significantly higher level of social isolation. This study shows that a change in psychosocial work conditions (demand and control) had an impact on social isolation and that this impact may be more significant in male workers than in female workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Vézina
- Department de Medicine Sociale et Preventive, Cite Universite, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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Fauvel JP, M'Pio I, Quelin P, Rigaud JP, Laville M, Ducher M. Neither Perceived Job Stress Nor Individual Cardiovascular Reactivity Predict High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42:1112-6. [PMID: 14597647 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000102862.93418.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have reported that high job strain was associated with a significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 4.5 mm Hg during the working hours, irrespective of BP reactivity to a stress test. We report the final results of the first 5-year follow-up study, which aimed to assess the respective influences of perception of professional strain and cardiovascular reactivity to a mental stress test on BP. A cohort of 292 healthy subjects (mean±SEM age, 38±1 years) was followed up for progression to hypertension outcome, which was defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) or DBP >7 mm Hg or a DBP >95 mm Hg during follow-up. None of the subjects was lost to follow-up, and 209 subjects completed the study. The high-strain (HS) group, representing 20.9% of the subjects, was compared with the remaining subjects (non-high-strain [NHS]). Similarly, the subjects with the highest BP stress reactivity (HR; 20.9% of subjects) were compared with the remaining subjects (NHR). Progression to hypertension was reached by 93 subjects (31.8%). Kaplan-Meier survival estimates revealed that neither HS nor HR increased the incidence of progression to hypertension. End-of-follow-up 24-hour ambulatory BPs that were similar in HS and NHS (120±2 vs 120±1 mm Hg, respectively) and in HR and NHR (122±2 vs 120±1 mm Hg, respectively) confirmed our findings. Age, alcohol, salt diet, body mass index, and occupation did not interfere with our results. In conclusion, cardiovascular HR and HS do not appear to be major risk markers for future high BP in healthy, young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Fauvel
- Département de Néphrologie et d'Hypertension artérielle, Hôpital E Herriot, 69437 Lyon, France.
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Hilmert CJ, Christenfeld N, Kulik JA. Audience status moderates the effects of social support and self-efficacy on cardiovascular reactivity during public speaking. Ann Behav Med 2002; 24:122-31. [PMID: 12054317 DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm2402_09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated blood pressure responses to stress are implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, and an effort has been made to identify factors associated with such responses. One situational factor that impacts cardiovascular responses to stress is the presence of other people and their behavior. Here, we manipulated the status of the audience during a stressful public speaking task to explore its impact on reactivity and its possible role in moderating the effects of the speaker's confidence and the audience's response during the speech. Sixty-four normotensive female undergraduates, classified as having high or low self-efficacy for public speaking, gave a 5-min speech to an audience that responded positively or negatively. Half of the audiences were presented as public speaking experts and half as novices. Cardiovascular reactivity was greater for low-efficacy speakers and for those receiving positive feedback. Reactivity was also greater facing an expert audience. Furthermore, the effects of both self-efficacy and audience feedback were intensified before an expert audience. To understand social support effects, we must attend not only to characteristics of the recipient but also to those of the provider.
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Knox SS. Psychosocial factors in cardiovascular disease: implications for therapeutic outcomes. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2002; 2:147-59. [DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fauvel JP, Quelin P, Ducher M, Rakotomalala H, Laville M. Perceived job stress but not individual cardiovascular reactivity to stress is related to higher blood pressure at work. Hypertension 2001; 38:71-5. [PMID: 11463762 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.38.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress has been reported to be related to higher blood pressure (BP) and unfavorable cardiovascular profile. However, because of the complexity of personal stress management, a multilevel stress measurement strategy is needed. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to analyze the respective influences of the subjective perception of professional strain (high demand and low latitude) and cardiovascular reactivity to a stress test (Stroop stress test) on BP. Worksite BP was measured in 303 healthy normotensive subjects, 18 to 55 years of age, who worked in the same chemical company. In a subset of 70 randomly selected subjects, 24-hour ambulatory BP was performed to assess BP during working hours. The 20% of subjects who reported the highest job strain (high-strain group) or the highest BP stress reactivity (high-responder group) were compared with the remaining subjects (80%) (non-high-strain or low-responder groups). Subjects who submitted to the highest job strain had significantly higher ambulatory diastolic BP (4.5 mm Hg, P=0.015) during only working hours, whereas BP was similar during the remaining hours. Worksite BP and stress cardiovascular reactivity were similar between job strain groups. BP stress reactivity did not influence worksite and ambulatory BP. Spontaneous BP variability assessed by standard deviation and spectral analysis was equivalent between complementary groups. Prevalence of microalbuminuria was significantly higher in the high-responder group (8.2% versus 2.5% in low responders) and only slightly higher in the high-strain group (6.2% versus 3.2% in non-high strain). Potential confounding factors, such as age, gender, alcohol consumption, salt intake, body mass index, and occupation, which were equivalent between groups, did not interfere with our results. Our study quantifies high-professional strain effects on BP levels that appear to be higher only during the working period and to be independent from spontaneous BP variability and stress BP reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Fauvel
- Département de Néphrologie et d'Hypertension artérielle, Hôpital E. Herriot, Lyon, France.
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Rau R, Georgiades A, Fredrikson M, Lemne C, de Faire U. Psychosocial work characteristics and perceived control in relation to cardiovascular rewind at night. J Occup Health Psychol 2001. [DOI: 10.1037/1076-8998.6.3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Brisson C, Laflamme N, Moisan J, Milot A, Mâsse B, Vézina M. Effect of family responsibilities and job strain on ambulatory blood pressure among white-collar women. Psychosom Med 1999; 61:205-13. [PMID: 10204974 DOI: 10.1097/00006842-199903000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to determine whether large family responsibilities and their combination with high job strain were associated with an increase in ambulatory blood pressure (BP) among white-collar women. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in a stratified random sample of 199 white-collar women with or without children who were employed full time in jobs involving high or low strain. These women were selected from a population of 3183 women of all ages, employed in eight organizations in Quebec City, Canada. Subjects wore an ambulatory BP monitor for 24 hours during a working day. Mean BPs were calculated. Different measures of family responsibilities were used, based on the number of children and their ages, and domestic work. Job strain was measured using the Job Content Questionnaire recommended by Karasek. RESULTS Family responsibility measures were significantly related to diurnal BP among women holding a university degree (N=69). Indeed, women having large family responsibilities had increases in systolic and diastolic BPs of 2.7 to 5.7/1.8 to 4.0 mm Hg (p< or =.05). Among women holding a university degree, increases in diurnal systolic and diastolic BPs reached 8.1 to 10.9/5.5 to 7.1 mm Hg (p< or =.01) among women having both large family responsibilities and high job strain. These results were independent of confounders. There was no significant association among women without a university degree (N=130). CONCLUSIONS Large family responsibilities were associated with significant increases in diurnal systolic and diastolic BPs among white-collar women holding a university degree. In these women, the combined exposure of large family responsibilities and high job strain tended to have a greater effect on BP than the exposure to only one of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brisson
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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