1
|
Mahon EK, Williams TL, Alves L. Serum C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with structural and idiopathic epilepsy. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3211. [PMID: 37503700 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver during systemic inflammation. In humans, some epilepsies are associated with increased serum CRP (sCRP) concentrations, but this has yet to be proven in veterinary studies. Dogs with structural epilepsy (SE) and normal interictal neurological examination are hard to distinguish from dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) without the use of advanced imaging. METHODS The study included eight dogs with SE and 12 dogs with IE from a referral hospital population. This was a retrospective observational cohort study. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the sCRP concentrations within 24 hours of the last epileptic seizure between dogs with SE or IE. RESULTS Dogs with SE had higher sCRP concentrations than dogs with IE (8.9 [range <2.2-53.2] mg/L vs. <2.2 [range <2.2-6.9] mg/L; p = 0.043). Five of the eight (62%) dogs with SE had an sCRP concentration above the reference interval, compared with none of the 12 dogs with IE. LIMITATIONS The small sample size was the major limitation of this study. Other inflammatory causes were also not exclusively ruled out, although further clinical investigations were not indicated. CONCLUSIONS This study found that sCRP concentrations were higher in this cohort of dogs with SE than in those with IE. Further studies with larger cohorts of dogs are warranted to validate if sCRP can be used as an additional biomarker for SE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim L Williams
- The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Alves
- The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Demeli A, Meyer JC. The assessment of haematologic and serum chemistry parameters in canine pyometra: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:543-551. [PMID: 37691297 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pyometra is common in non-spayed adult female dogs requiring early diagnosis and treatment to increase the survival rate. The diagnosis of pyometra is mainly based on clinical examination and anamnesis. Radiography, ultrasonography and laboratory analyses are recommended to support a diagnosis. The aim of this study was to assess blood parameters associated with pyometra by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A search of three databases (PubMed, Google Scholar and CAB abstracts) was performed in July 2022. Studies providing information about laboratory parameters for both the pyometra group and healthy control group dogs were eligible for inclusion. Data extraction included the first author's name, publication year, country, number of participants in both groups, mean values of selected studies, standard deviation values, and blood parameters. The risk of bias for each study was evaluated, and a random-effects meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS We included 44 studies which investigated 12 blood parameters. High heterogeneity was detected in all parameters in these meta-analyses. The following blood parameters were increased in dogs with pyometra: white blood cell (mean=27.75×109 L-1 , mean difference (MD)=17.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 14.85 to 19.47), monocytes (mean=2.06×1012 /L, MD=1.37, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.74), blood urea nitrogen (mean=41.42 mg/dL MD=18.06, 95% CI 12.26 to 23.85), alkaline phosphatase (mean=212.78 IU/L, MD=137.51, 95% CI 81.81 to 88.62), and aspartate aminotransferase (mean=48.31 IU/L, MD=16.96, 95% CI 10.61 to 23.30). The following parameters were reduced: red blood cell (mean=5.42 1012 /L, MD=-1.37, 95% CI -1.68 to -1.05), haemoglobin (mean=121.20 g/L, MD=-30.57, 95% CI -39.70 to 21.45), albumin (mean=23.71 g/L, MD = -8.16, 95% CI -11.46 to -4.86). Lymphocyte, creatinine, urea, and alanine transaminase parameters were increased in some studies and decreased in others. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In canine pyometra, some blood parameters are consistently increased, some consistently decreased, and some increased or decreased depending on the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Demeli
- Genreal Directorate of Food and Control, Ankara, Turkey
| | - J C Meyer
- Equine Sport Science, East Hampton, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hagman R. Pyometra in Small Animals 3.0. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00071-2. [PMID: 37270345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyometra is a common disease in intact bitches and queens and occurs, although less frequently, in most other female pets. In bitches and queens, the illness is generally diagnosed within 4 months after estrus, in middle-aged to older individuals. Complications such as peritonitis, endotoxemia, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome are not uncommon and associated with more severe illness. Ovary-sparing surgical options such as hysterectomy could be considered in individuals with high-risk for detrimental side effects of spaying or without infection of the uterus but has not yet been evaluated for safety in pyometra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park SW, Kim K, Kim OK, Ro WB, Lee CM. Evaluation of plasma prealbumin as a novel inflammatory biomarker in dogs: a pilot study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1142535. [PMID: 37292428 PMCID: PMC10244746 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1142535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prealbumin (PAB) is a plasma protein synthesized in the hepatic parenchymal cells. PAB has a short half-life (~2 days), and its concentration is affected by changes in transcapillary escape. Measurement of PAB is widely used in hospitalized patients in human medicine due to its decreasing concentration in states of inflammation and malnutrition. However, only a few studies are available in dogs. The aim of this study is to determine whether the plasma PAB concentration decreases in dogs with inflammation and to evaluate the relationship between the plasma PAB concentration and inflammation-related parameters in dogs. Methods A total of 94 dogs were divided into healthy (n = 33) and diseased (n = 61) groups. These were further divided into group A (n = 24) and group B (n = 37) according to plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Group A included dogs with a plasma CRP < 10 mg/L, and group B consisted of dogs with a plasma CRP ≥ 10 mg/L. Patient signalment, history, physical examination findings, hematologic and biochemical parameters, various inflammatory markers, and plasma PAB levels were investigated and compared between groups. Results The plasma PAB concentration was found to be lower in group B than in the other groups (p < 0.001), but no statistical difference was found when comparing the control group and group A (p > 0.05). A plasma PAB < 6.3 mg/dL predicted an increased CRP level (10 mg/L or greater) with a sensitivity of 89.5% and a specificity of 86.5%. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve for PAB was higher than that for the white blood cell count, neutrophil count, albumin level, lactate level, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio. In addition, the PAB concentration was significantly negatively correlated with the CRP concentration (r = -0.670, p < 0.001). Conclusion In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate the clinical usefulness of the plasma PAB concentration as an inflammatory marker in dogs. These findings suggest that measuring the plasma PAB concentration along with the CRP concentration may be more useful for evaluating inflammation than measuring CRP alone in canine patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Wook Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ock-Kyu Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Bin Ro
- Cat Vet Animal Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Turkki OM, Sunesson KW, den Hertog E, Varjonen K. Postoperative complications and antibiotic use in dogs with pyometra: a retrospective review of 140 cases (2019). Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:11. [PMID: 36879277 PMCID: PMC9987112 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyometra is commonly seen in intact bitches and is usually treated by ovariohysterectomy. Few studies have reported the frequency of postoperative complications, particularly beyond the immediate postoperative period. Swedish national antibiotic prescription guideline provides suggestions about which antibiotics should be used and when in individuals undergoing surgery. Studies on how well clinicians adhere to these guidelines, and on the outcome for these patients, have not been evaluated for cases of canine pyometra. This retrospective study conducted at a private Swedish companion animal hospital assessed complications that developed within 30 days of pyometra surgery, and whether clinicians followed the current national guidelines in regard to antibiotic use. We also assessed whether antibiotic use affected the rate of postoperative complications seen in this cohort of dogs, where antibiotics were predominantly used in cases presenting with a more severely depressed general demeanour. RESULTS The final analysis included 140 cases, 27 of which developed complications. In total, 50 dogs were treated with antibiotics before or during surgery and in 90 cases, antibiotics were either not given at all or treatment was initiated postoperatively (9/90) due to a perceived risk of infection developing. Superficial surgical site infection was the most common complication, followed by an adverse reaction to the suture material. Three dogs died or were euthanised during the immediate postoperative period. Clinicians adhered to national antibiotic prescription guidelines on when antibiotics should be given in 90% of cases. SSI only developed in dogs that were not given pre- or intra-operative antibiotics, while suture reactions did not appear to be affected by antibiotic use. Ampicillin/ amoxicillin was used in 44/50 cases given antibiotics before or during surgery, including most cases showing signs of concurrent peritonitis. CONCLUSION Serious complications following the surgical treatment of pyometra were uncommon. Excellent adherence to national prescription guidelines was observed (90% of cases). SSI was relatively common and only seen in dogs that were not given antibiotics before or during surgery (10/90). Ampicillin/ amoxicillin was an effective first choice antimicrobial in cases requiring antibiotic treatment. Further studies are needed to identify cases benefiting from antibiotic treatment, as well as the duration of treatment needed to reduce the infection rate while also avoiding unnecessary preventive treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Outi Marita Turkki
- AniCura Small Animal Hospital Bagarmossen, Ljusnevägen 17, 12848, Bagarmossen, Sweden.
| | | | - Erik den Hertog
- Hertog Veterinary Research Support, Achterweteringseweg 30, 3738 MA, Maartensdijk, the Netherlands
| | - Katarina Varjonen
- AniCura Small Animal Hospital Albano, Rinkebyvägen 21B, 18236, Danderyd, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Janković D, Norrman J, Aronsson M, Vojvodić D, Mirilović M, Vejnović B, Stanišić L, Nedić S, Maletić M, Đurić M, Magaš V, Vakanjac S. Analysis of the concentrations of some haematological parameters, C-reactive protein and anti-Müllerian hormone in bitches affected by pyometra. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:1156-1164. [PMID: 35702938 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The work was aimed to research into the vital signs, haematological and biochemical parameters, acute-phase protein concentrations (CRP, albumin), progesterone (PG) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations in bitches with pyometra and their comparison with those in healthy bitches. In addition, the goal of this work was to assess if some of the tested parameters may be used as a biomarker in the diagnostics of pyometra and the monitoring of the postoperative recovery. Forty 3-6-year-old bitches of various breeds were included in the research and allotted to two groups: the control (C, n = 20) and the diseased - bitches diagnosed with pyometra (P, n = 20). Blood samples for the analyses were taken immediately before surgery (0 h), and 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after, excepting for AMH and PG concentrations, which were determined only at 0 h. Clinical examination detected significantly higher respiration rates in bitches with pyometra in comparison to healthy ones at all time points, higher heart rates before and 12 h after surgery, and higher body temperature before and 12 h, 48 h and 72 h post operation (p < .01). Significantly higher concentrations of CRP (p < .01) and lower concentrations of albumin were detected in bitches with pyometra in comparison to their healthy counterparts at all time points. Progesterone and AMH concentration analysis immediately before surgery detected significantly higher levels of the hormone in bitches with pyometra than in the control (p < .01). The inflammatory reaction of the endometrium resulted in a significant AMH concentration increase, whilst increased CRP concentrations and lower albumin concentrations throughout the research may be used as biomarkers of proinflammatory activities, that is of the acute-phase response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Milorad Mirilović
- Department for Statistics and Economics, University of Belgrade Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Vejnović
- Department for Statistics and Economics, University of Belgrade Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubodrag Stanišić
- Department of Reproduction, Fertility and Artificial Insemination, University of Belgrade Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Nedić
- Department of Reproduction, Fertility and Artificial Insemination, University of Belgrade Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Maletić
- Department of Reproduction, Fertility and Artificial Insemination, University of Belgrade Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloje Đurić
- Department of Reproduction, Fertility and Artificial Insemination, University of Belgrade Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Magaš
- Department of Reproduction, Fertility and Artificial Insemination, University of Belgrade Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodanka Vakanjac
- Department of Reproduction, Fertility and Artificial Insemination, University of Belgrade Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Asakawa M, Fukuzawa M, Asakawa MG, Flanders JA. Preoperative serum C-reactive protein concentration can be used to detect gallbladder rupture in dogs with gallbladder mucocele. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:23-32. [PMID: 34757924 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.09.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration could be used to detect gallbladder rupture (GBR) prior to surgery in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for treatment of gallbladder mucocele (GBM). ANIMALS 45 dogs that underwent cholecystectomy because of GBM at a companion animal referral hospital from 2017 to 2020. PROCEDURES Electronic medical records were reviewed, and dogs were included if serum CRP concentration had been measured within 24 hours prior to cholecystectomy. Dogs were grouped as to whether the gallbladder was found to be ruptured or intact during surgery. Accuracy of using preoperative CRP concentration to predict GBR was compared with accuracy of abdominal ultrasonography and other preoperative blood tests. RESULTS GBR was present in 15 dogs at the time of surgery. Median preoperative CRP concentration was significantly higher in dogs with GBR (15.1 mg/dL; interquartile range, 7.4 to 16.8 mg/dL) than in dogs with an intact gallbladder (2.65 mg/dL; interquartile range, 0.97 to 13.4 mg/dL). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of using preoperative CRP concentration to predict GBR were 100%, 67%, and 78%, respectively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Measurement of preoperative CRP concentration provided excellent sensitivity and moderate specificity for detection of GBR in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy because of GBM. Accuracy of using preoperative CRP concentration for detection of GBR was not superior to the accuracy of preoperative abdominal ultrasonography. However, when CRP concentration was combined with results of ultrasonography, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detection of GBR were 100%, 93%, and 96%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Asakawa
- 1Veterinary Specialists Emergency Center, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Mayuko Fukuzawa
- 1Veterinary Specialists Emergency Center, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
| | | | - James A Flanders
- 2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gander Soares D, Hughes J, Radke H. Partial rupture of the biceps tendon with concurrent septic arthritis of the shoulder joint in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gander Soares
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Queen's Veterinary School Hospital University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Jonathan Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Queen's Veterinary School Hospital University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Heidi Radke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Queen's Veterinary School Hospital University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Keany KM, Fosgate GT, Perry SM, Stroup ST, Steiner JM. Serum concentrations of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity and C-reactive protein for monitoring disease progression in dogs with acute pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2187-2195. [PMID: 34250650 PMCID: PMC8478023 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable biomarkers for monitoring disease progression and management in dogs with acute pancreatitis have not been described. Objective To determine if serum concentrations of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) can be used as biomarkers for disease progression in hospitalized dogs with acute pancreatitis. Animals Thirteen hospitalized dogs with acute pancreatitis diagnosed based on clinical signs, serum cPLI concentrations, and imaging findings were enrolled. Methods Serum cPLI and CRP concentrations were determined before and then daily during hospital management and 1 week after hospital discharge. Modified canine activity index (MCAI) and canine acute pancreatitis clinical severity index (CAPCSI) scores were calculated daily for each patient while hospitalized. Results The MCAI scores (P = .03) but not CAPCSI scores (P = .31) were significantly different between dogs that survived to discharge (n = 11) and those that did not (n = 2). Serum cPLI concentration was positively correlated with MCAI (rho = 0.42; P = .01). Serum CRP concentration also was positively correlated with the MCAI (rho = 0.42, P = .01). Conclusions Serum cPLI and possibly CRP could be used as objective biomarkers for clinical changes in hospitalized dogs with acute pancreatitis. Additional studies involving larger numbers of dogs would be warranted to evaluate the broader impact of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin M Keany
- MedVet New Orleans, Louisiana and MedVet Mandeville, Louisiana, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Sean M Perry
- Department of Veterinary Services, Mississippi Aquarium, Gulfport, Mississippi, USA
| | - Shannon T Stroup
- MedVet New Orleans, Louisiana and MedVet Mandeville, Louisiana, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ruggerone B, Scavone D, Troìa R, Giunti M, Dondi F, Paltrinieri S. Comparison of Protein Carbonyl (PCO), Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Septic Inflammation in Dogs. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8060093. [PMID: 34072427 PMCID: PMC8228102 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8060093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable diagnostic and prognostic markers of sepsis are lacking, but essential in veterinary medicine. We aimed to assess the accuracy of C-Reactive Protein (CRP), protein carbonyls (PCO) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) in differentiating dogs with sepsis from those with sterile inflammation and healthy ones, and predict the outcome in septic dogs. These analytes were retrospectively evaluated at admission in 92 dogs classified into healthy, septic and polytraumatized. Groups were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by a Mann–Whitney U test to assess differences between survivors and non-survivors. Correlation between analytes was assessed using the Spearman’s test, and their discriminating power was assessed through a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. PON1 and CRP were, respectively, significantly lower and higher in dogs with sepsis compared with polytraumatized and clinically healthy dogs (p < 0.001 for both the analytes), and also in dogs with trauma compared with healthy dogs (p = 0.011 and p = 0.017, respectively). PCO were significantly increased in septic (p < 0.001) and polytraumatized (p < 0.005) as compared with healthy dogs. PON1 and CRP were, respectively, significantly lower and higher in dogs that died compared with survivors (p < 0.001 for both analytes). Ultimately, evaluation of CRP and PON1 at admission seems a reliable support to diagnose sepsis and predict outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ruggerone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.R.); (D.S.); (S.P.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Via Roma, 57/a, Zola Predosa, 40069 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Scavone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.R.); (D.S.); (S.P.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Roberta Troìa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emila (BO), 40064 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Massimo Giunti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emila (BO), 40064 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (F.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emila (BO), 40064 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.R.); (D.S.); (S.P.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Woźna-Wysocka M, Rybska M, Błaszak B, Jaśkowski BM, Kulus M, Jaśkowski JM. Morphological changes in bitches endometrium affected by cystic endometrial hyperplasia - pyometra complex - the value of histopathological examination. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:174. [PMID: 33902588 PMCID: PMC8077759 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex (CEH-P) is one of the most common uteropathies in bitches. In diseases with mild or obscure clinical signs and normal uterine size, a diagnosis based on a clinical assessment might be incorrect. The main aim of the research was to determine the morphological variables accompanying uterine diseases in bitches in microscopic evaluation. Consequently, the obtained results can be used to create a new classification system for uterine pathological changes during the development of the CEH-P, diagnosed by microscopic examination in bitches. Material for the study consisted of the uteri of 120 female dogs, aged 1-16 years, obtained during routine ovariohysterectomies. Macroscopic observation after a longitudinal incision of the uterine horns, allowed a preliminary classification of the uteri into research groups: control group (physiological uteri), and groups GI-III uteri collected form bitches with varying degrees of endometrial pathology. These preliminary classifications were then verified by histological analysis (H&E stain). RESULTS The obtained results made it possible to determine and describe the prevalence (%) of pathological changes characteristic of the analyzed uterine diseases in the examined bitches. Histopathological analyses that were conducted have confirmed preliminary macroscopic evaluation for the control group, group GII (CEH), and group GIII (pyometra). In the uteri of the GI group, a severe congestion of the endometrium has been observed - this is typical of inflammation - which was not confirmed during histopathological examinations. However, these examinations revealed acute endometrial haemorrhage of varying severity. CONCLUSIONS Early reproduction disorders in bitches are, in general, not confirmed by clinical signs in the examined animals. The results show that during classification of typical morphological changes in the endometrium over the development of the CEH-P complex in bitches microscopic examinations are required. The obtained results indicate a frequent lack of consistency in the macroscopic assessment and histological analysis of the endometrium, observed in the analyzed uterine diseases, which in most cases is not followed by clinical symptoms. The presented classification of uterine diseases may be useful as a diagnostic tool in reproductive disorders in bitches and in examination in the field of basic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Woźna-Wysocka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St, 61-704, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marta Rybska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Błaszak
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Grater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej M Jaśkowski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jędrzej M Jaśkowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The plasma proteome and the acute phase protein response in canine pyometra. J Proteomics 2020; 223:103817. [PMID: 32416315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Canine pyometra is a common inflammatory disease of uterus in sexually mature bitches caused by secondary bacterial infection, leading to change in plasma proteins associated with the innate immune system. Proteomic investigation is increasingly being applied to canine diseases in order to identify and quantify significant changes in the plasma proteome. The aim of the study was to assess and quantify changes in plasma proteome profiles of healthy dogs and pyometra affected bitches using a TMT-based high-resolution quantitative proteomic approach. As a result, 22 proteins were significantly down-regulated including transthyretin, antithrombin, retinol-binding protein, vitamin D binding protein, paraoxonase 1, and kallikrein, while 16 were significantly up-regulated including haptoglobin light chain, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, C-reactive protein precursor, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in dogs with pyometra. Pathway analysis indicated that acute inflammatory response, regulation of body fluid levels, protein activation cascade, the humoral immune response, and phagocytosis were affected in pyometra. Validation of biological relevance of the proteomic study was evident with significant increases in the concentrations of haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and ceruloplasmin by immunoassay. Pyometra in bitches was shown to stimulate an increase in host defence system proteins in response to inflammatory disease including the acute phase proteins. SIGNIFICANCE: The label-based high-resolution quantitative proteomics analysis and bioinformatic approach used in this study provide insight into the complex pathophysiology of inflammation associated with pyometra revealing proteins with biomarker potential. Early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention may prevent severe complications associated with advancing sepsis in dogs with pyometra. Therefore the identification of diagnostic biomarkers that, after clinical validation may be used in veterinary practice and protein relevant to pathways responding to disease are important findings of the study. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD015951.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jones ARE, Ragle CA, Huggons NA, Tibary AA. Bilateral ovariectomy as a treatment for chronic pyometra in four horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. E. Jones
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WashingtonUSA
| | - C. A. Ragle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WashingtonUSA
| | | | - A. A. Tibary
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WashingtonUSA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Praderio RG, García Mitacek MC, Núñez Favre R, Rearte R, de la Sota RL, Stornelli MA. Uterine endometrial cytology, biopsy, bacteriology, and serum C-reactive protein in clinically healthy diestrus bitches. Theriogenology 2019; 131:153-161. [PMID: 30974392 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the agreement between endometrial cytology and uterine biopsy for the diagnosis of endometritis (END), the bacterial populations isolated from the vagina and uterus of bitches having END, and the measurement of C- reactive protein as a diagnostic tool for diagnosis of END in clinically healthy bitches. Fifty privately-owned intact, clinically healthy bitches, in diestrus, without a history of progestin administration, aged between 8 months and 6 years old and weighing between 5 and 28 kg were used in this study. Bitches were included in a program for breeding control at a municipal pet public shelter. Before ovariohysterectomy (OVX) samples for vaginal cytology and bacteriology, and blood samples were taken. After OVX endometrial cytology, bacteriological samples and biopsy were collected. Histologic examination was performed to confirm the uterine condition. Blood samples were centrifuged and stored at -20 °C until progesterone (P4) and C-reactive protein was measured. Samples for bacteriological culture were collected, and swabs were placed into Stuart's transport medium and transported to the laboratory. On histopathologic examination, the most common observation was END (27/50), followed by normal endometrium (NE; 18/50), cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH; 2/50), atrophy (2/50) and fibrosis with degeneration of the endometrial glands (1/50). Low degree of agreement was observed between results obtained by endometrial cytology samples and results obtained by biopsy in endometrial diagnosis (Kappa Coefficient: -0.19). In vaginal samples, β-hemolytic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the bacteria most often found. In uterine samples, only four samples from END showed bacterial grow. C-reactive protein frequency was higher in END (6/23, 23%) vs NE (0/16, 0%; Van der Waerden P-value = 0,0302). Our results support the hypothesis that END is a frequent finding in uterine biopsy and could be associated with subfertility and infertility in the bitch. A low degree of agreement was observed between the diagnostic results from the uterine biopsy and endometrial cytology. Bacteriology would not be recommended as a diagnostic tool because no bacteria highly associated with uterine diseases were isolated from bitches with END. Finally, the usefulness of C-reactive protein concentration as a marker for END in bitches could not be conclusively demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Praderio
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - M C García Mitacek
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - R Núñez Favre
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - R Rearte
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - R L de la Sota
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, CABA, Argentina
| | - M A Stornelli
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rautela R, Katiyar R. Review on canine pyometra, oxidative stress and current trends in diagnostics. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
17
|
Singh LK, Patra MK, Mishra GK, Singh V, Upmanyu V, Saxena AC, Singh SK, Das GK, Kumar H, Krishnaswamy N. Endometrial transcripts of proinflammatory cytokine and enzymes in prostaglandin synthesis are upregulated in the bitches with atrophic pyometra. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:65-71. [PMID: 30459003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory markers of endometrial origin are valuable in order to differentiate the pyometra from cystic endometrial hyperplasia in the bitch. In the present study, we hypothesized that histological categorization would distinguish the differential regulation of the proinflammatory genes in the endometrium of bitches with pyometra. Ovariohysterectomy was done on bitches with confirmatory diagnosis of pyometra (n = 18). Using endometrium to myometrium ratio of 0.79 as threshold, the uteri (n = 8/group) were categorized into hyperplastic pyometra (HP) and atrophic pyometra (AP). Two samples were excluded as the diagnosis was inconclusive. In parallel, endometrial tissue was collected for total RNA extraction to study the differential expression of TLR4, IL-6, IL-8, COX-2 and PGFS through real time PCR. Diestrus uterus of non-pyometra bitches (n = 6) served as control. The mean fold change (2-ΔΔCt) for the target genes was determined using β-actin as endogenous control and non-pyometra uterus as calibrator group. Except TLR4, other inflammatory genes were upregulated significantly by 1.82 to 3.74 times in the AP as compared to HP with maximum upregulation of COX-2 and PGFS. Further, correlation matrix with Spearman's rho revealed that IL-8 had strong positive correlation with COX-2 and PGFS in the AP group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that histological grading of pyometra into HP and AP revealed differential regulation of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes in the PG synthetic pathway in the canine endometrium that has diagnostic potential under clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laishram Kipjen Singh
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Manas Kumar Patra
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India.
| | - Girish Kumar Mishra
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Vidya Singh
- Pathology Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Vikramaditya Upmanyu
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Abhishek C Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Das
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Harendra Kumar
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Narayanan Krishnaswamy
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Moldal ER, Kjelgaard-Hansen MJ, Peeters ME, Nødtvedt A, Kirpensteijn J. C-reactive protein, glucose and iron concentrations are significantly altered in dogs undergoing open ovariohysterectomy or ovariectomy. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:32. [PMID: 29843742 PMCID: PMC5975580 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are relatively few studies about the canine surgical stress response, a sequence of events orchestrated by the body in response to a surgical trauma which is sometimes, as shown in human surgery, deleterious to the patient. There is a need to identify objective markers to quantify this response in order to estimate tissue trauma and use the markers as potential early indicators of surgical complications. The study objective was to investigate the surgical stress response, measured by C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose and iron serum concentrations, to gonadectomy in female dogs, and to compare the response to ovariohysterectomy (OHE) with the response to ovariectomy (OVE). A randomized clinical trial was performed on a sample of 42 female dogs, which were divided into two groups: one group underwent OHE, the other OVE. Results Blood samples were collected immediately before surgery (T0), and at 1 (T1), 6 (T6), and 24 (T24) h after surgery, and serum frozen and stored at − 80 °C for later analysis. Upon thawing, the serum samples were subjected to measurement of CRP, glucose and iron concentration. Seventeen dogs in the OHE group and 19 dogs in the OVE group were included in the statistical analysis. There was a significant increase in glucose concentration at all time points compared with T0, and an increase of CRP at T6 and T24. Iron concentration was significantly decreased at T6 and T24. Differences between the two groups could not be detected for any of the three variables. Conclusions The study showed that both OHE and OVE induce a moderate surgical stress response in female dogs, measured by CRP, glucose and iron. A difference between the surgical techniques could not be detected for any of the variables, and hence; with regards to the parameters studied recommendations of one procedure over the other cannot be made and preferred technique remains the surgeon’s choice.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Uterine diseases are common in dogs, particularly in countries where elective spaying is not usually performed. The associated clinical illnesses may be of varying degree ranging from merely decreased fertility to a critical pyometra requiring intensive care to survive. The diagnosis of some uterine diseases is generally uncomplicated, such as in a classic pyometra presenting with enlarged, fluid-filled uterus, purulent vaginal discharge and characteristic signs of illness or in other disorders associated with uterine enlargement. However, it can be more puzzling in diseases with normal uterine size and very mild or obscure clinical signs. It is important to recognize the uterine diseases early because of the risk of potentially life-threatening complications such as sepsis developing if treatment is delayed in cases where bacterial infection is present. In breeding bitches, an early diagnosis, that is when the disease has not developed extensively, will increase the possibility of non-surgical treatment options without increased risk and thereby also increasing chances of maintained fertility. Early diagnosis and treatment initiation are thus favourable for complete recovery, also in less severe uterine diseases and those without infection. Molecular markers are molecules in biological samples that can be measured for diagnostic purposes, outcome prediction, and for gaining more information about different physiological and pathological conditions. Examples of commonly evaluated markers include laboratory variables analysed in blood, urine, cytological or tissue biopsy samples. Regarding the genetic pre-disposition for different uterine diseases in dogs, information is lacking. Recently, the global gene expression in uterine tissue in dogs has been investigated more closely, and newly developed technologies provide excellent opportunities for identifying molecular markers worth exploring further. The focus of this review article is to highlight findings on markers relevant for diagnosis, prediction of prognosis and treatment outcome in the most common uterine diseases in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gommeren K, Desmas I, Garcia A, Bauer N, Moritz A, Roth J, Peeters D. Inflammatory cytokine and C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 28:9-19. [PMID: 29236338 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) kinetics in dogs with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) presented to an emergency service. We hypothesized serum CRP concentrations would increase and vary during hospitalization, and would correlate with plasma IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations, vary in magnitude according to the underlying disease, and predict survival. DESIGN Prospective, observational, clinical study. SETTING University emergency department. ANIMALS Sixty-nine dogs with SIRS weighing over 5 kg who could tolerate the blood sampling. INTERVENTIONS Serum and plasma were collected (and stored at -80°C) at presentation (T0), after 6 (T6), 12 (T12), 24 (T24), and 72 (T72) hours, and at a follow-up visit at least 1 month after discharge (T1m). Underlying diseases were categorized as infection (I), neoplasia (N), trauma (T), gastric-dilation and volvulus (GDV), other gastrointestinal (GI), renal (R), and miscellaneous (M) disease. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Serum CRP concentration was measured using a canine-specific immunoturbidimetric assay. Biologically active plasma IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were assessed using bioassays. Forty-four dogs survived, 8 died, and 17 were euthanized. Nineteen dogs had follow-up visits. At T0, serum CRP concentration was above the reference interval in 73.1% (49/67), and was within the reference interval (0-141.9 nmol/L) throughout hospitalization in only 6% (4/67). Serum CRP concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) at T0 (882.9 ± 1082.9 nmol/L) and at all time points during hospitalization (P < 0.0001) compared to T1m, with highest concentrations observed at T24 (906. 7 ± 859.0 nmol/L). At T1m, serum CRP concentrations were within the reference interval (22.9 ± 42.9 nmol/L) in 95% (18/19) of dogs. Logarithmic concentrations of serum CRP and plasma IL-6 were significantly correlated (P < 0.001, r = 0.479). None of the measured cytokines were associated with disease category or outcome. CONCLUSIONS Serum CRP concentration is increased in dogs with SIRS, and decreases during treatment and hospitalization. Serum CRP, plasma IL-6, and plasma TNF-α concentrations cannot predict outcome in dogs with SIRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Gommeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Desmas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Natalie Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology, and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology, and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dominique Peeters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- R Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pereira C, Muzzi R, Figueiredo V, Muzzi L, Oberlender G, L. Júnior A, L. Neto M, Oliveira M. Troponina I como biomarcador de lesão cardíaca em cães com sepse. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Avaliou-se a troponina I como biomarcador de lesão cardíaca na sepse, além de outros parâmetros hematológicos, em cadelas com piometra. Os grupos avaliados não diferiram estatisticamente na avaliação da concentração sérica da troponina I cardíaca. A quantidade total de leucócitos (mm3) e a porcentagem de bastonetes foram significativamente maiores no grupo sepse (23.221,74±16.848,80mm3 e 5,91±10,18%) quando comparado ao grupo não sepse (14.492,86±6.828,26mm3 e 1,93±1,64%) e ao grupo controle (10.320,00±3.999,02mm3 e 1,65±2,05%). Houve diferença significativa nas concentrações séricas da proteína C reativa (mg/dL) no grupo sepse (19,57±41,69md/dL) se comparado ao grupo não sepse (10,29±12,02mg/dL) e ao grupo controle (3,60±3,53mg/dL). Na avaliação da concentração sérica do lactato, houve diferença significativa entre cães com piometra e cães saudáveis, porém não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos sepse e não sepse. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a troponina I cardíaca não pôde ser considerada um biomarcador precoce para injúria miocárdica nos casos de cadela com piometra, pois os resultados das mensurações foram semelhantes entre os grupos, o que indica que pode não ter ocorrido lesão dos cardiomiócitos nessa fase. Já a proteína C reativa e o lactato são possíveis marcadores para inflamação sistêmica, uma vez que demonstraram concentrações séricas significativamente maiores em cadelas com piometra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M. L. Neto
- Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lucas V, Barrera R, Duque FJ, Ruiz P, Zaragoza C. Effect of exercise on serum markers of muscle inflammation in Spanish Greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 2016; 76:637-43. [PMID: 26111094 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.7.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of exercise on hematologic and biochemical values (especially markers of inflammation and muscle damage) in Spanish Greyhounds used for hunting without previous training. ANIMALS 32 Spanish Greyhounds and 31 dogs of other breeds. PROCEDURES Hematologic variables and concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and other biochemical markers were compared in samples obtained from Spanish Greyhounds 24 hours after exercise (eg, a hunting race) and 2 months after exercise (ie, at rest) and from non-Spanish Greyhounds at rest. All dogs were healthy. Hematologic and biochemical analyses were performed within 24 hours after samples were obtained, and results were compared by means of a Student t test. RESULTS CRP concentration and muscle enzyme (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase) activities were significantly higher and serum iron concentration was significantly lower for Spanish Greyhounds after exercise than at rest. The WBC and neutrophil counts were significantly higher after exercise then at rest. Plasma alanine transaminase activity and total protein, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations were significantly higher after exercise than at rest. Spanish Greyhounds at rest had higher RBC counts, PCVs, and hemoglobin concentrations and lower WBC, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, compared with values for non-Spanish Greyhounds at rest. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Exercise of Spanish Greyhounds without prior training activated an acute-phase response represented by an increase in serum CRP concentration and decrease in serum albumin and iron concentrations. These changes, along with leukocytosis and neutrophilia, were indicative of a subclinical inflammatory state in Spanish Greyhounds.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hagman R. Diagnostic and prognostic markers for uterine diseases in dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 49 Suppl 2:16-20. [PMID: 24947856 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Common uterine diseases in female dogs include cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH), mucometra, hydrometra and pyometra. It is important in clinical practice to recognize pyometra because it is potentially life-threatening due to the systemic illness induced by bacterial infection of the uterus. In contrast, the uterine content is sterile in CEH and mucometra/hydrometra, and clinical signs are mostly mild or absent. Optimal treatment depends on the type of uterine disease and its severity, but diagnosis and prognosis determination may be challenging and the diseases difficult to separate clinically. Diagnostic findings or biomarkers that may aid in the differentiation of the diseases are valuable, especially when several bitches are admitted with a fluid-filled uterus during night-time, and it has to be decided which patient to operate on first. Additionally, some variables may indicate outcome as measured by mortality or morbidity. If the uterus is not enlarged or fluid-filled, detection of uterine disease can be even more difficult. In this study, clinically useful variables with possible diagnostic or prognostic value for uterine diseases in dogs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jitpean S, Pettersson A, Höglund OV, Holst BS, Olsson U, Hagman R. Increased concentrations of Serum amyloid A in dogs with sepsis caused by pyometra. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:273. [PMID: 25430894 PMCID: PMC4247870 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is crucial for survival. Pyometra is one of the most common diseases in intact female dogs. The disease often leads to sepsis (systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS, caused by infection). Diagnostic markers for detecting sepsis are gaining increasing interest in veterinary medicine. Acute phase proteins (APPs) such as C-reactive protein (CRP) are useful for detecting systemic inflammation in dogs. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is another major APP in dogs that is not yet as widely used. Albumin is regarded as a negative APP and has earlier been evaluated for prediction of prognosis in septic dogs. The aim of the present study was to determine SAA, CRP and albumin concentrations in dogs with sepsis and pyometra and to evaluate whether these inflammatory markers are associated with length of postoperative hospitalization. Results Thirty-one surgically treated bitches with pyometra were included, whereof 23 septic (SIRS-positive) and eight non-septic (SIRS-negative). Albumin concentrations were analyzed by routine automated methods. SAA and CRP analyses were performed with previously validated commercially available assays (ELISA and immunoturbidimetric). Mean (±SE) serum concentrations of SAA were significantly higher in septic (130.8 ± 8.0 mg/L) compared to non-septic bitches (88.5 ± 12.5 mg/L). Using a cut-off value for SAA of 109.07 mg/L (n = 31 bitches), the sensitivity and specificity for detecting sepsis was 74% and 50%, respectively. Serum albumin concentrations were not significantly different in septic compared to non-septic bitches (mean ± SE, 25 ± 1 g/L and 26 ± 1 g/L, respectively). CRP concentrations were also not significantly different in septic (mean ± SE 225.6 ± 16.0 mg/L) compared to non-septic bitches (mean ± SE, 176.0 ± 27.1 mg/L). None of these inflammatory markers were associated with the outcome as measured by length of hospitalization. Conclusions SAA concentrations were increased in dogs with sepsis induced by pyometra and may be useful as an adjunctive diagnostic marker for sepsis. To evaluate the full potential of SAA as a marker for sepsis also in other diseases, further studies are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supranee Jitpean
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Serum insulin-like growth factor-I, iron, C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A for prediction of outcome in dogs with pyometra. Theriogenology 2014; 82:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
28
|
Kuleš J, Mrljak V, Barić Rafaj R, Selanec J, Burchmore R, Eckersall PD. Identification of serum biomarkers in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis canis using a proteomic approach. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:111. [PMID: 24885808 PMCID: PMC4045879 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease that is caused by the haemoprotozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. There are limited data on serum proteomics in dogs, and none of the effect of babesiosis on the serum proteome. The aim of this study was to identify the potential serum biomarkers of babesiosis using proteomic techniques in order to increase our understanding about disease pathogenesis. Results Serum samples were collected from 25 dogs of various breeds and sex with naturally occurring babesiosis caused by B. canis canis. Blood was collected on the day of admission (day 0), and subsequently on the 1st and 6th day of treatment. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) of pooled serum samples of dogs with naturally occurring babesiosis (day 0, day 1 and day 6) and healthy dogs were run in triplicate. 2DE image analysis showed 64 differentially expressed spots with p ≤ 0.05 and 49 spots with fold change ≥2. Six selected spots were excised manually and subjected to trypsin digest prior to identification by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry on an Amazon ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Mass spectrometry data was processed using Data Analysis software and the automated Matrix Science Mascot Daemon server. Protein identifications were assigned using the Mascot search engine to interrogate protein sequences in the NCBI Genbank database. A number of differentially expressed serum proteins involved in inflammation mediated acute phase response, complement and coagulation cascades, apolipoproteins and vitamin D metabolism pathway were identified in dogs with babesiosis. Conclusions Our findings confirmed two dominant pathogenic mechanisms of babesiosis, haemolysis and acute phase response. These results may provide possible serum biomarker candidates for clinical monitoring of babesiosis and this study could serve as the basis for further proteomic investigations in canine babesiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter D Eckersall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liao PY, Chang SC, Chen KS, Wang HC. Decreased postoperative C-reactive protein production in dogs with pyometra through the use of low-dose ketamine. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:286-90. [PMID: 24690118 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of subanesthetic ketamine in dogs with pyometra on C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations following surgery. DESIGN Prospective, nonconcealed, alternating allocation controlled trial. SETTING Veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Sixteen dogs diagnosed with pyometra. INTERVENTIONS The tentative diagnosis of canine pyometra was based on compatible history, physical examination findings, ultrasonographic findings, and hematological evaluation. Two different anesthesia and analgesic protocols with and without low-dose ketamine were used during and following ovariohysterectomy in 16 female dogs (n = 8 per group) that were diagnosed with naturally occurring pyometra. Dogs were sequentially allocated to treatment groups in an alternating fashion without concealment. Serum was collected before, 24, and 48 hours after surgery for CRP measurement. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Perioperative physical parameters in the 2 groups of dogs were similar. The serum concentrations of CRP in both groups were essentially the same before surgery, but significantly increased in the control group and decreased in ketamine group at 48 hours after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose ketamine attenuated the postoperative concentration of serum CRP in dogs with pyometra compared with dogs that did not receive ketamine in the perioperative period. Further studies are warranted to determine the clinical implications of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 40227, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jitpean S, Ström-Holst B, Emanuelson U, Höglund OV, Pettersson A, Alneryd-Bull C, Hagman R. Outcome of pyometra in female dogs and predictors of peritonitis and prolonged postoperative hospitalization in surgically treated cases. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:6. [PMID: 24393406 PMCID: PMC3892096 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most common diseases in intact bitches is pyometra--a potentially life-threatening disease associated with a variety of clinical and laboratory findings. The aims of the present study were to describe complications of the disease and to investigate clinically useful indicators associated with peritonitis and/or prolonged postoperative hospitalization. RESULTS A retrospective study was performed using records from 356 bitches diagnosed with pyometra during the years 2006-2007 at the University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Of the 356 bitches, 315 were surgically treated by ovariohysterectomy, 9 were medically treated and 32 were euthanized without treatment. In the surgically treated bitches, univariable associations between clinical and laboratory data, risk for prolonged hospitalization (≥ 3 days) and/or signs of peritonitis, were analyzed by Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression models were used to assess multivariable associations.The most common complication observed in surgically treated bitches was peritonitis (40 bitches), followed by urinary tract infection (19 bitches), wound infection (8 bitches), uveitis (6 bitches), and cardiac arrhythmia (5 bitches). Leucopenia and fever/hypothermia were associated with increased risk for peritonitis (18-fold and three-fold, respectively). Moderate to severe depression of the general condition, pale mucous membranes and leucopenia were associated with increased risk (seven-fold, three-fold, and over three-point-five-fold, respectively) for prolonged postoperative hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS Several clinically useful indicators were identified. Leucopenia was the most important marker, associated with 18-fold increased risk for peritonitis and an over three-point-five increased risk for prolonged hospitalization. Fever/hypothermia, depression and pale mucous membranes were associated with increased risk for peritonitis and/or prolonged hospitalization. The results of the present study may be valuable for identifying peritonitis and predicting increased morbidity in surgically treated bitches with pyometra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supranee Jitpean
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bodil Ström-Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Odd V Höglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Pettersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Viitanen SJ, Laurila HP, Lilja-Maula LI, Melamies MA, Rantala M, Rajamäki MM. Serum C-reactive protein as a diagnostic biomarker in dogs with bacterial respiratory diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:84-91. [PMID: 24351049 PMCID: PMC4895528 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C‐reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute‐phase protein in dogs. Serum concentrations are low in healthy animals, but increase rapidly after inflammatory stimuli. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate CRP concentrations in various respiratory diseases of dogs and to determine if CRP can be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory diseases. Animals A total of 106 privately owned dogs with respiratory diseases (17 with bacterial tracheobronchitis [BTB], 20 with chronic bronchitis [CB], 20 with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy [EBP], 12 with canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [CIPF], 15 with cardiogenic pulmonary edema [CPE], and 22 with bacterial pneumonia [BP]) and 72 healthy controls. Methods The study was conducted as a prospective cross‐sectional observational study. CRP was measured in serum samples. Diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging, and selected diagnostic methods such as cytological and microbiological analysis of respiratory samples, echocardiography, and histopathology. Results Dogs with BP had significantly higher CRP concentrations (median, 121 mg/L; interquartile range, 68–178 mg/L) than dogs with BTB (23, 15–38, P = .0003), CB (13, 8–14, P < .0001), EBP (5, 5–15, P < .0001), CIPF (17, 10–20, P < .0001), or CPE (19, 13–32, P < .0001) and healthy controls (14, 8–20, P < .0001). Dogs with BTB had significantly higher CRP concentrations than dogs with CB (P = .001) or EBP (P < .0001) and healthy controls (P = .029). Conclusion and Clinical Importance These results indicate that CRP has potential for use as an additional biomarker, especially in the diagnostics of BP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Viitanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Seo KW, Lee JB, Ahn JO, Lee HW, Hwang CY, Youn HY, Lee CW. C-reactive protein as an indicator of inflammatory responses to experimentally induced cystitis in dogs. J Vet Sci 2012; 13:179-85. [PMID: 22705740 PMCID: PMC3386343 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate and assess C-reactive protein (CRP) changes in dogs with induced bacterial cystitis with or without antibiotics. We also evaluated availability of CRP levels to serve as an indicator for monitoring or diagnosing bacterial cystitis. Serial CRP concentrations in dogs with induced bacterial cystitis were higher than those of controls (p < 0.001). CRP concentrations peaked on day 7 and gradually decreased thereafter. In the treatment group, CRP concentrations decreased after medication compared to the untreated group (p = 0.032). CRP levels had a linear correlation with urine white blood cell counts among all groups (r = 0.837, p < 0.001, n = 140). Compared to the negative urine culture group, dogs with positive urine culture results had higher CRP concentrations (median 43.8 mg/L vs. 5.9 mg/L; p < 0.001). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.955; when cut-off value was 12.2 mg/L, CRP measurements were found to have a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 86.4%. This result indicates that rapid increases of CRP occurred after inducing bacterial cystitis and CRP may be a useful indicator for monitoring or diagnosing canine bacterial cystitis together with sediment urinalysis and urine bacterial culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-won Seo
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chase D, McLauchlan G, Eckersall PD, Parkin T, Pratschke K, Pratschke J. Acute phase protein levels in dogs with mast cell tumours and sarcomas. Vet Rec 2012; 170:648. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Chase
- Pride Veterinary Centre; Riverside Road Derby Derbyshire DE24 8HX UK
| | - G. McLauchlan
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - P. D. Eckersall
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - T. Parkin
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - K. Pratschke
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - J. Pratschke
- Department of Economics and Statistics; University of Salerno; Via ponte don Melillo Fisciano 84084 SA Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Maddens B, Heiene R, Smets P, Svensson M, Aresu L, van der Lugt J, Daminet S, Meyer E. Evaluation of kidney injury in dogs with pyometra based on proteinuria, renal histomorphology, and urinary biomarkers. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1075-83. [PMID: 21848947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinuria is a feature of pyometra-associated renal dysfunction, but its prevalence and clinical relevance are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES To define which subset of dogs with pyometra has clinically relevant kidney injury by quantification of proteinuria; light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic examination of kidney biopsy specimens; and measurement of urinary biomarkers. ANIMALS Forty-seven dogs with pyometra. Ten clinically healthy intact bitches of comparable age. METHODS Prospective study. Routine clinicopathological variables including urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC) were analyzed. Validated assays were used to quantify urinary biomarkers for glomerular (urinary albumin, urinary immunoglobulin G, urinary C-reactive protein, urinary thromboxane B(2)) and tubular function (urinary retinol-binding protein, urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase). Kidney biopsy specimens from 10 dogs with pyometra and dipstick urine protein concentrations of 2+ or 3+ were collected during ovariohysterectomy. Urinalysis was repeated within 3 weeks after surgery in 9 of the 10 dogs. RESULTS UPC (median, range) was significantly higher in dogs with pyometra (0.48, 0.05-8.69) compared with healthy bitches (0.08, 0.02-0.16) (P < .01). Twenty-two of 47 dogs with pyometra had UPC>0.5, 12 had UPC>1.0, and 7 had UPC>2.0. Glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis were common kidney biopsy findings in proteinuric dogs with pyometra. Dogs with glomerulosclerosis (5/10), either global or focal and segmental, had UPC>1.0 at ovariohysterectomy and afterward. Dogs with structural glomerular and tubular changes mostly had urinary biomarker to creatinine ratios above the 75th percentile. CONCLUSION Dogs with pyometra and UPC>1.0 or high ratios of urinary biomarkers appear likely to have clinically relevant renal histologic lesions and require monitoring after ovariohysterectomy. Future studies should evaluate the role of pyometra-associated pathogenic mechanisms in causing or exacerbating focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Maddens
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Raila J, Schweigert FJ, Kohn B. C-reactive protein concentrations in serum of dogs with naturally occurring renal disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:710-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to investigate the relation between serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and parameters of renal function in dogs with naturally occurring renal disease. Dogs were assigned to groups according to plasma creatinine concentration, urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/UC), and exogenous plasma creatinine clearance (P-ClCr) rates. Group A (healthy control dogs; n = 8): non-azotemic (plasma creatinine <125 µmol/l) and nonproteinuric (UP/UC <0.2), with P-ClCr rates >90 ml/min/m2; group B (n = 11): non-azotemic, nonproteinuric dogs with reduced P-ClCr rates (50–89 ml/min/m2); group C (n = 7): azotemic, borderline proteinuric dogs (P-ClCr rates: 22–67 ml/min/m2); and group D (n = 6): uremic, proteinuric dogs (not tested for P-ClCr). The serum CRP concentrations were measured via commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The CRP concentrations in the clinically healthy dogs (group A) ranged from 2.09 mg/l to 8.60 mg/l (median: 3.21 mg/l). In comparison with dogs of group A, median CRP concentrations were significantly ( P < 0.01) elevated in dogs of group B (17.6 mg/l, range: 17.0–19.2 mg/l), group C (24.8 mg/l, range: 18.0–32.5 mg/l), and group D (59.7 mg/l, range: 17.7–123 mg/l). Serum CRP was significantly related to P-ClCr ( r = –0.83; P < 0.001), plasma creatinine ( r = 0.81; P < 0.001), UP/UC ( r = 0.70; P < 0.001), and leukocytes ( r = 0.49; P < 0.01). The significant relations between serum CRP concentrations and biochemical parameters of kidney function in plasma and urine suggest that a stimulation of the acute phase response is implicated in the pathogenesis of canine renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University Potsdam, Nuthetal, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (Raila, Schweigert)
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Kohn)
| | - Florian J. Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University Potsdam, Nuthetal, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (Raila, Schweigert)
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Kohn)
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University Potsdam, Nuthetal, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (Raila, Schweigert)
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Kohn)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sheahan D, Bell R, Mellanby RJ, Gow AG, Friend E, Heller J, Bence LM, Eckersall PD. Acute phase protein concentrations in dogs with nasal disease. Vet Rec 2011; 167:895-9. [PMID: 21262672 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c5928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A, haptoglobin (Hp) and α(1)-acid glycoprotein were measured in dogs with clinical signs of nasal disease and compared with those of healthy dogs in order to determine the expression of these proteins in cases of canine nasal disease. A significant difference (P<0.001) between the symptomatic group and the control group was found for both CRP and Hp. Among the animals with nasal disease, a significant intergroup difference (P<0.05) was found in the expression of Hp between dogs with aspergillosis and those with chronic rhinitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Sheahan
- Division of Companion Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Galezowski AM, Snead ECR, Kidney BA, Jackson ML. C-reactive protein as a prognostic indicator in dogs with acute abdomen syndrome. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:395-401. [PMID: 20453213 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to measure serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in 32 dogs with acute abdomen syndrome at presentation and after 48-72 hr. Data were evaluated to determine if there was an association between CRP concentration and outcome, and if CRP concentration correlated with the white blood cell (WBC) count at both time points. An immunoturbidimetric assay for human CRP, previously validated for use in dogs, was used for serum CRP analysis. Increased serum CRP concentrations were found in 21 dogs at presentation. Fifteen of these dogs had declining serum CRP concentrations by 48-72 hr, but 3 of the 15 dogs were later euthanized. Serum CRP concentrations increased by 48-72 hr in 4 dogs. Of the 32 dogs, 4 were dead or were euthanized prior to the 48-72 hr time point. No significant difference between initial CRP concentration and outcome was found (P = 0.054). Initial and 48-72 hr CRP values taken together were significantly different between outcome groups (P < 0.001). Serum CRP concentrations that were elevated at both time points were associated with a poor prognosis. No correlation was found between CRP concentrations and WBC counts at presentation (P = 0.83); however, a significant correlation was noted at 48-72 hr (P = 0.03). Evaluation of sequential CRP concentrations in dogs with acute abdomen syndrome may be helpful in assessing clinical response to treatment and predicting outcome. Also, serum CRP may be better in detecting tissue injury and/or inflammation at presentation than WBC counts in select cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Galezowski
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Elwood C, Devauchelle P, Elliott J, Freiche V, German AJ, Gualtieri M, Hall E, den Hertog E, Neiger R, Peeters D, Roura X, Savary-Bataille K. Emesis in dogs: a review. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51:4-22. [PMID: 20137004 PMCID: PMC7167204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emesis is a common presenting sign in small animal practice. It requires a rational approach to management that is based upon a sound understanding of pathophysiology combined with logical decision making. This review, which assesses the weight of available evidence, outlines the physiology of the vomiting reflex, causes of emesis, the consequences of emesis and the approach to clinical management of the vomiting dog. The applicability of diagnostic testing modalities and the merit of traditional approaches to management, such as dietary changes, are discussed. The role and usefulness of both traditional and novel anti-emetic drugs is examined, including in specific circumstances such as following cytotoxic drug treatment. The review also examines areas in which common clinical practice is not necessarily supported by objective evidence and, as such, highlights questions worthy of further clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Elwood
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin, Hertfordshire SG5 3HR
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Griebsch C, Arndt G, Raila J, Schweigert FJ, Kohn B. C-reactive protein concentration in dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 38:421-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Gebhardt C, Hirschberger J, Rau S, Arndt G, Krainer K, Schweigert FJ, Brunnberg L, Kaspers B, Kohn B. Use of C-reactive protein to predict outcome in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:450-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
41
|
Mitchell K, Kruth S, Wood R, Jefferson B. Serum Acute Phase Protein Concentrations in Dogs with Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:585-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
42
|
Hagman R, Reezigt BJ, Bergström Ledin H, Karlstam E. Blood lactate levels in 31 female dogs with pyometra. Acta Vet Scand 2009; 51:2. [PMID: 19134167 PMCID: PMC2630309 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-51-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine pyometra is a life-threatening disease common in countries where spaying of dogs is not routinely performed. The disease is associated with endotoxemia, sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and a 3–4% mortality rate. Blood lactate analysis is clinically valuable in predicting prognosis and survival, evaluating tissue perfusion and treatment response in human and veterinary critical care settings. The aims of the present study were to investigate 1) the blood lactate levels of female dogs with pyometra by a hand-held analyser and 2) if these levels are related with the clinical status or other biochemical or hematological disorders. Methods In total 31 female dogs with pyometra admitted for surgical ovariohysterectomy and 16 healthy female control dogs were included in the present study. A complete physical examination including SIRS-status determination was performed. Blood samples for lactate concentrations, hematological and biochemical parameters, acid-base and blood gas analysis and other laboratory parameters were collected and subsequently analysed. The diagnosis pyometra was verified with histopathological examination of the uterus and ovaries. Increased hospitalisation length and presence of SIRS were used as indicators of outcome. Results In the pyometra group the median blood lactate level was 1,6 mmol l-1 (range <0.8–2.7 mmol l-1). In the control group the median lactate level was 1,2 mmol l-1 (range <0.8–2.1 mmol l-1). Of the 31 bitches 19 (61%) fulfilled 2 or more criteria for SIRS at inclusion, 10 bitches (32%) fulfilled 3 of the SIRS criteria whereas none accomplished more than 3 criteria. Lactate levels did not differ significantly between the pyometra and control group, or between the SIRS positive and SIRS negative dogs with pyometra. Increased lactate concentration (>2.5 mmol l-1) was demonstrated in one female dog with pyometra (3%), and was not associated with longer hospitalisation or presence of SIRS. Lactate measurement was not indicative of peritonitis. None of the bitches died during or within two months of the hospital stay. The measurements of temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, percentage bandforms of neutrophilic granulocytes, α2-globulins, creatinin, pvCO2, TCO2 and base excess showed significant differences between the SIRS positive and the SIRS negative pyometra cases. Conclusion Increased blood lactate concentrations were demonstrated in 3% (1/31), and SIRS was present in 61% (19/31) of the female dogs with pyometra. Preoperative lactate levels were not related with presence of SIRS or prolonged hospitalisation. Lactate measurement was not indicative of peritonitis. The value of a single and repeated lactate analysis in more severely affected cases remains to be determined.
Collapse
|
43
|
Pelander L, Hagman R, Häggström J. Concentrations of cardiac Troponin I before and after ovariohysterectomy in 46 female dogs with pyometra. Acta Vet Scand 2008; 50:35. [PMID: 18786242 PMCID: PMC2546406 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine pyometra is a common disease in countries where routine spaying of young dogs is not common practice. This disease is known to lead to systemic inflammation potentially affecting multiple organs in the body, including the heart. Cardiac-specific Troponin I (cTnI) is a sensitive marker of myocardial cell damage, which can result from ischemia, trauma, toxins or inflammation. Dogs with pyometra are also exposed to anaesthesia which can potentially result in myocardial cell damage. The aims of the study were 1) to evaluate the occurrence of myocardial cell damage as indicated by increased serum concentrations of cTnI in dogs with pyometra and relate these to presence of systemic inflammation and 2) to evaluate the change in cTnI-concentrations after anaesthesia and surgery. METHODS Serum cTnI concentration was measured preoperatively and one day after surgery in 46 female dogs with pyometra and 15 female dogs that underwent surgery for other reasons (ovariohysterectomy and mammary tumours). RESULTS Forty-six female dogs of different breeds diagnosed with pyometra were included. The dogs had a median age of 8.5 years (IQR 7.5-10) and a median weight of 29 kg (IQR 9-32). Of the 46 dogs, 37 (80%) fulfilled the chosen criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) at inclusion. Thirteen (28%) of the dogs had increased cTnI concentrations (> 0.2 microg/l) before surgery and 18 (39%) had increased cTnI-concentrations the day after surgery. The cTnI concentrations in the 13 dogs with increased preoperative cTnI concentrations decreased in 8 dogs, increased in 4 dogs, and was unchanged in one dog. Seven dogs with nondetectable preoperative cTnI concentrations had increased postoperative concentrations. The only significant association between the studied laboratory or clinical variables (including SIRS) and cTnI concentration was preoperative percentage band neutrophils (PBN) and postoperative cTnI concentration (P = 0.016). In total, 20 dogs (43%) had increased pre- or postoperative cTnI concentrations. Seven dogs (15%) had pre-or postoperative concentrations of cTnI of 1.0 microg/l or higher. CONCLUSION Mild to moderate increases in cTnI appears to be common in dogs with pyometra before and after surgery, but the clinical importance of this finding is uncertain. None of the studied clinical variables were found to reliably predict increased preoperative cTnI concentrations. Because of the pre- and postoperative variation in cTnI concentrations, it was not possible to identify a negative effect of anaesthesia and surgery on myocardial cell integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Pelander
- University Teaching Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Schlafer DH, Gifford AT. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia, and other cystic conditions of the canine and feline uterus. Theriogenology 2008; 70:349-58. [PMID: 18550158 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystic lesions in the uteri of bitches and queens arise from the uterine serosa, myometrium, or endometrium and include: serosal inclusion cysts, adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, cystic remnants of mesonephric ducts, and cysts associated with endometrial hyperplasia (both cystic glands and "pseudo-placentational" hyperplasia). Of these, "cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)" is the most common and is frequently associated with pyometra. A second form of endometrial hyperplasia occurs in the bitch; although it was first described over 100 y ago, it is not widely recognized by clinicians or diagnostic pathologists. In this form, the endometrium proliferates in a highly organized manner, remodeling the uterine lining to closely resemble the histology of the endometrium at placentation sites in normal pregnancy. Although this lesion is very different from CEH, it is quite easy to induce in dogs during the luteal phase of their cycles and has been perhaps inappropriately proposed as modeling CEH. This lesion has been referred variously as "deciduoma", endometrial hyperplasia in pseudocyesis, and "maternal placental-like endometrial hyperplasia". An alternative name is suggested that is descriptive and draws attention to the difference between this lesion and CEH; the term pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia (PEH) is proposed. The histopathology and pathogenesis of CEH and PEH are discussed. The objectives of this paper are to review the pathophysiology of cystic lesions of canine uterus, to demonstrate these using subgross photomicrographs taken from natural cases, and to present key diagnostic features of each.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Schlafer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T6-020 Veterinary Research Tower, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Stadler M, Jensen AL. Canine serum C-reactive protein detected by means of a near-patient test for human C-reactive protein. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:282-6. [PMID: 18422504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability of a rapid human C-reactive protein near-patient slide reversed passive latex agglutination test (Randox) for the semi-quantitative determination of canine serum C-reactive protein. METHODS The concentration of C-reactive protein was determined in 244 canine serum samples by an established automated immunoturbidimetric method and in various predilutions by a commercially available reversed passive latex agglutination test for human C-reactive protein. The results were compared to assess if the reversed passive latex agglutination test reflected the results of the established method with special emphasis on the reversed passive latex agglutination test's ability to identify samples characterised as positive or negative by the established method. RESULTS The reversed passive latex agglutination test reflected the C-reactive protein concentration in canine serum samples at all the tested predilutions (undiluted, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16). When applying a predilution of 1:8, the positive and negative analytical predictive values for discriminating between positive and negative samples (according to the established quantitative method) were high (0.94 [0.82 to 0.99] and 0.97 [0.93 to 0.99], respectively). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, this near-patient test was able to reflect the serum C-reactive protein concentration in canine samples in a reliable and clinically useful manner and could be applicable for general practice for evaluating C-reactive protein levels in canine serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kjelgaard-Hansen
- Central Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 3 Gronnegaardsvej, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nakamura M, Takahashi M, Ohno K, Koshino A, Nakashima K, Setoguchi A, Fujino Y, Tsujimoto H. C-reactive protein concentration in dogs with various diseases. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:127-31. [PMID: 18319571 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the clinical utility of C-reactive protein (CRP) determination in dogs, its plasma concentration was measured by a laser nephelometric method in 928 dogs with various diseases, and was compared with other inflammatory parameters. CRP concentration was elevated in various inflammatory diseases, this was most frequently observed in cases with neoplastic and immune-mediated diseases. All cases of pyometra, panniculitis, acute pancreatitis, polyarthritis, and hemangiosarcoma showed significantly elevated CRP concentrations. On the other hand, the CRP concentration was elevated only in few cases of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, meningoencephalitis, and hydrocephalus and endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, and diabetes mellitus. Only a weak correlation was observed between the CRP concentration and white blood cell (WBC) counts (r=0.44) but no correlation with band neutrophil counts. There was no correlation between the CRP and albumin concentrations, but a weak negative correlation (r=-0.40) when excluding chronic intestinal diseases and nephrotic syndrome, which can cause protein loss. Thus, CRP can be useful to detect inflammations that cannot be detected by WBC and, or band neutrophil counts, suggesting that the examination of CRP concentration is essential as routine diagnostic test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakamura
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Veiga APM, Price CA, de Oliveira ST, dos Santos AP, Campos R, Barbosa PR, González FHD. Association of canine obesity with reduced serum levels of C-reactive protein. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:224-8. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is increasing in dogs as well as in humans. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an important tool for the detection of inflammation and/or early tissue damage and is linked to obesity in humans. The objective of the present study was to determine if serum CRP levels are altered in obese dogs. Fifteen lean (control group) and 16 overweight (obese group) dogs were examined. Blood samples were collected under fasted conditions for serum determination of CRP, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and fructosamine. Results indicated that obese dogs were insulin resistant because serum insulin and insulin/glucose ratios were higher than in lean dogs ( P ≤ 0.05). Serum CRP concentrations were lower in obese dogs than in controls ( P ≤ 0.001). C-reactive protein was negatively correlated with insulin/glucose ratio ( R = −0.42) and cholesterol ( R = −0.39; P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and fructosamine were increased in the obese group compared with the control group. Based on these results, it can be postulated that CRP production is inhibited by obesity and insulin resistance in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela P. M. Veiga
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Veiga, de Oliveira, dos Santos, Barbosa. González)
- University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec. Canada (Veiga, Price),
- National University of Colombia. Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia (Campos)
| | - Christopher A. Price
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Veiga, de Oliveira, dos Santos, Barbosa. González)
- University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec. Canada (Veiga, Price),
- National University of Colombia. Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia (Campos)
| | - Simone T. de Oliveira
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Veiga, de Oliveira, dos Santos, Barbosa. González)
- University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec. Canada (Veiga, Price),
- National University of Colombia. Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia (Campos)
| | - Andréa P. dos Santos
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Veiga, de Oliveira, dos Santos, Barbosa. González)
- University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec. Canada (Veiga, Price),
- National University of Colombia. Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia (Campos)
| | - Rómulo Campos
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Veiga, de Oliveira, dos Santos, Barbosa. González)
- University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec. Canada (Veiga, Price),
- National University of Colombia. Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia (Campos)
| | - Patricia R. Barbosa
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Veiga, de Oliveira, dos Santos, Barbosa. González)
- University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec. Canada (Veiga, Price),
- National University of Colombia. Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia (Campos)
| | - Félix H. D. González
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Veiga, de Oliveira, dos Santos, Barbosa. González)
- University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec. Canada (Veiga, Price),
- National University of Colombia. Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia (Campos)
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fransson BA, Bergström A, Wardrop KJ, Hagman R. Assessment of three automated assays for C-reactive protein determination in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:1281-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.12.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
49
|
Abstract
Paltrinieri, S., 2007. Early biomarkers of inflammation in dogs and cats: the acute phase proteins. Veterinary Research Communications, 31(Suppl. 1), 125–129
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Paltrinieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hagman R, Lagerstedt AS, Fransson BA, Bergström A, Häggström J. Cardiac troponin I levels in canine pyometra. Acta Vet Scand 2007; 49:6. [PMID: 17328800 PMCID: PMC1839102 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-49-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial injury may contribute to unexpected deaths due to pyometra. To detect myocardial damage, measurement of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is currently the most sensitive and specific method. The aims of the present study were to evaluate presence of myocardial damage in canine pyometra by analysis of cTnI, to explore whether myocardial injury was associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and to evaluate whether other clinical or laboratory parameters were associated with cTnI increase. METHODS Preoperative plasma levels of cTnI were investigated in 58 female dogs with pyometra and 9 controls. The value of physical examination findings, haematological, serum biochemical and pro-inflammatory (CRP and TNF-alpha) parameters as possible predictors of increased cTnI levels was also evaluated. RESULTS Seven dogs with pyometra (12%) and one control dog (11%) had increased levels of cTnI. In the pyometra group, the levels ranged between 0.3-0.9 microg l-1 and in the control dog the level was 0.3 microg l-1. The cTnI levels did not differ significantly between the two groups. No cardiac abnormalities were evident on preoperative physical examinations. Four of the pyometra patients died within two weeks of surgery, of which two were examined post mortem. In one of these cases (later diagnosed with myocarditis and disseminated bacterial infection) the cTnI levels increased from 0.9 microg l-1 preoperatively to 180 microg l-1 the following day when also heart arrhythmia was also detected. The other patient had cTnI levels of 0.7 microg l-1 with no detectable heart pathology post mortem. CTnI increase was not associated with presence of SIRS. There was a trend for the association of cTnI increase with increased mortality. No preoperative physical examination findings and few but unspecific laboratory parameters were associated with increased cTnI levels. CONCLUSION Increased cTnI levels were observed in 12% of the dogs with pyometra. The proportions of dogs with cTnI increase did not differ significantly in the pyometra group compared with the control group. CTnI increase was not associated with presence of SIRS. A trend for association of cTnI increase and mortality was observed. Preoperative physical examination findings and included laboratory parameters were poor predictors of increased cTnI levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7037, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sofie Lagerstedt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7037, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Boel A Fransson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7060, USA
| | - Annika Bergström
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7037, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7037, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|