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Mizuguchi H, Eguchi N, Ikuta K, Sato S, Uyeno Y, Tan K, Kushibiki S. Effects of pellet starch levels in automatic milking systems on rumen fermentation, plasma metabolites, and milk production in mid-lactation cows. J Vet Med Sci 2024:23-0498. [PMID: 38583986 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the starch levels in pellets fed to cows in automatic milking systems (AMS) affect subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) occurrence and metabolite parameters. Twenty-four lactating cows (124.4 ± 49.9 days in milk) were studied in a crossover design with two periods of 21 days each and two treatment groups-a control group fed AMS pellets containing 30.0% of starch dry matter (DM) and an experimental group fed AMS pellets containing 23.5% of starch DM. All cows received the same partial mixed ration (PMR). The 1-hr mean ruminal pH in both groups decreased over 4 hr after feeding on PMR but recovered by the next morning. The ruminal pH was unaffected by either treatment, and both groups developed SARA. The groups had no significant differences in the concentrations of ruminal volatile fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, plasma acute-phase proteins, other metabolites, and hormones. The milk yield and composition were not different in both groups. Feeding low-starch pellets in the AMS did not contribute to the risk of SARA occurrence in cows and had no additive effects on rumen fermentation, plasma metabolites, or milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Mizuguchi
- DKK-Toa Yamagata Corporation
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Degree Program in Agricultural Sciences, Subprogram in Advanced Agricultural Technology and Science cooperated with NARO, Tsukuba University
| | | | - Kentarou Ikuta
- Awaji Agricultural Technology Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | | | - Kei Tan
- Yamagata Prefectural Syonai Livestock Hygiene Division
| | - Shiro Kushibiki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Degree Program in Agricultural Sciences, Subprogram in Advanced Agricultural Technology and Science cooperated with NARO, Tsukuba University
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
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Pirkkalainen H, Riihimäki A, Lienemann T, Anttila M, Kujala-Wirth M, Rajala-Schultz P, Simojoki H, Soveri T, Orro T. Local and Systemic Inflammation in Finnish Dairy Cows with Digital Dermatitis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:461. [PMID: 38338104 PMCID: PMC10854651 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Digital dermatitis is a disease of the digital skin and causes lameness and welfare problems in dairy cattle. This study assessed the local and systemic inflammatory responses of cows with different digital dermatitis lesions and compared macroscopical and histological findings. Cow feet (n = 104) were evaluated macroscopically and skin biopsies histologically. Serum samples were analyzed for acute phase proteins (serum amyloid A and haptoglobin) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). Cows with macroscopically graded active lesions (p = 0.028) and non-active lesions (p = 0.008) had higher interleukin-1 beta levels in their serum compared to healthy cows. Interleukin-1 beta serum concentrations were also higher (p = 0.042) when comparing lesions with necrosis to lesions without necrosis. There was no difference when other cytokine or acute phase protein concentrations in healthy cows were compared to those in cows with different digital dermatitis lesions. A novel histopathological grading was developed based on the chronicity of the lesions and presence of necrosis and ulceration. The presence and number of spirochetes were graded separately. In the most severe chronic lesions, there was marked epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis with necrosis, deep ulceration, and suppurative inflammation. Spirochetes were found only in samples from necrotic lesions. This study established that digital dermatitis activates proinflammatory cytokines. However, this did not initiate the release of acute phase proteins from the liver. A histopathological grading that takes into account the age and severity of the lesions and presence of spirochetes was developed to better understand the progression of the disease. It is proposed that necrosis of the skin is a result of ischemic necrosis following reduced blood flow in the dermal papillae due to pressure and shear stress caused by thickened epidermis, and that the spirochetes are secondary invaders following tissue necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hertta Pirkkalainen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland; (A.R.); (M.K.-W.); (P.R.-S.); (H.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Aino Riihimäki
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland; (A.R.); (M.K.-W.); (P.R.-S.); (H.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Taru Lienemann
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; (T.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Marjukka Anttila
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; (T.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Minna Kujala-Wirth
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland; (A.R.); (M.K.-W.); (P.R.-S.); (H.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Päivi Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland; (A.R.); (M.K.-W.); (P.R.-S.); (H.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Heli Simojoki
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland; (A.R.); (M.K.-W.); (P.R.-S.); (H.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Timo Soveri
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland; (A.R.); (M.K.-W.); (P.R.-S.); (H.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Toomas Orro
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
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Bhattacharya S, Munshi C. Biological significance of C-reactive protein, the ancient acute phase functionary. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238411. [PMID: 37860004 PMCID: PMC10582692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the major members of the family of acute phase proteins (APP). Interest in this CRP was the result of a seminal discovery of its pattern of response to pneumococcal infection in humans. CRP has the unique property of reacting with phosphocholine-containing substances, such as pneumococcal C-polysaccharide, in the presence of Ca2+. The attention regarding the origin of CRP and its multifunctionality has gripped researchers for several decades. The reason can be traced to the integrated evolution of CRP in the animal kingdom. CRP has been unequivocally listed as a key indicator of infectious and inflammatory diseases including autoimmune diseases. The first occurrence of CRP in the evolutionary ladder appeared in arthropods followed by molluscs and much later in the chordates. The biological significance of CRP has been established in the animal kingdom starting from invertebrates. Interestingly, the site of synthesis of CRP is mainly the liver in vertebrates, while in invertebrates it is located in diverse tissues. CRP is a multifunctional player in the scenario of innate immunity. CRP acts as an opsonin in the area of complement activation and phagocytosis. Interestingly, CRP upregulates and downregulates both cytokine production and chemotaxis. Considering various studies of CRP in humans and non-human animals, it has been logically proposed that CRP plays a common role in animals. CRP also interacts with Fcγ receptors and triggers the inflammatory response of macrophages. CRP in other animals such as primates, fish, echinoderms, arthropods, and molluscs has also been studied in some detail which establishes the evolutionary significance of CRP. In mammals, the increase in CRP levels is an induced response to inflammation or trauma; interestingly, in arthropods and molluscs, CRP is constitutively expressed and represents a major component of their hemolymph. Investigations into the primary structure of CRP from various species revealed the overall relatedness between vertebrate and invertebrate CRP. Invertebrates lack an acquired immune response; they are therefore dependent on the multifunctional role of CRP leading to the evolutionary success of the invertebrate phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chayan Munshi
- Ethophilia (An Autonomous Research Group), Santiniketan, India
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Osorio S, Soto J, Schmitt D, Kiso W, Cray C. Preliminary assessment of serum capillary zone electrophoresis in the Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1204880. [PMID: 37745210 PMCID: PMC10512825 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1204880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum protein electrophoresis has been demonstrated to have utility in diagnostic workup, wellness exams, and prognosis. Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) has previously been described for use with serum from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). As the newer method of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is becoming more commonplace in veterinary diagnostic laboratories, serum samples from Asian elephants were examined using this method. CZE allowed for a reproducible definition of two beta fractions and, overall, showed a low coefficient of variation for fraction quantitation. Preliminary reference intervals were generated using samples primarily from an older population of 22 female elephants. Albumin levels determined by CZE were also compared with those determined by the bromocresol green method on a chemistry analyzer. It was found that the latter method overestimated the level of albumin with a mean positive bias of 11.6% or 0.38 g/dL, thus method-specific reference intervals should be used. Significant negative correlations were observed between A/G ratio determined by CZE and serum amyloid A levels (r = -0.47, p < 0.0001) and haptoglobin (r = -0.52, p < 0.0001); both APP were significantly correlated with the alpha 2 globulin fraction (p < 0.0001). CZE reflects an overall picture of changes in acute phase proteins and immunoglobulins and accurate quantitation of albumin and thus should be considered as an adjunct tool to the use of other measures of the acute phase response in patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Osorio
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jeny Soto
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dennis Schmitt
- White Oak Conservation, Yulee, FL, United States
- Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States
| | - Wendy Kiso
- White Oak Conservation, Yulee, FL, United States
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Shinya U, Yamato O, Iwamura Y, Kato T, Hamada Y, Widodo OS, Taniguchi M, Takagi M. Usefulness of Measuring Serum Amyloid A Concentration in Japanese Black Cattle in Clinical Practice. Vet Sci 2023; 10:528. [PMID: 37624315 PMCID: PMC10459075 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA), an acute phase protein, in Japanese Black cattle. Four practical trials were performed to evaluate the transition of SAA and sialic acid before and after dehorning, the relationship between the SAA concentration and other blood test parameters, the SAA dynamics in the diseased cattle, and the blood test results, including the SAA concentrations, of the two cases with a follow-up. The SAA concentration increased with dehorning but decreased 7 days after dehorning. The SAA concentration is positively correlated with the α-globulin, sialic acid, and fibrinogen concentrations and negatively correlated with the serum iron concentration. The SAA concentration in the deceased herd was significantly higher than that in the cured outcome herd. In addition, the SAA concentration in the cured group decreased significantly from the first test to retesting but increased significantly in the disuse group. Thus, SAA is a sensitive index of inflammation and a monitoring tool in Japanese Black cattle, and its measurement is considered useful in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urara Shinya
- Soo Veterinary Clinic, Kagoshima A.M.A.A., Soo 899-8212, Japan; (U.S.); (Y.I.); (T.K.); (Y.H.)
- Clinical Laboratory Training Center Eastern Laboratory, Kagoshima A.M.A.A., Soo 899-8212, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
| | - Yuka Iwamura
- Soo Veterinary Clinic, Kagoshima A.M.A.A., Soo 899-8212, Japan; (U.S.); (Y.I.); (T.K.); (Y.H.)
- Clinical Laboratory Training Center Eastern Laboratory, Kagoshima A.M.A.A., Soo 899-8212, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kato
- Soo Veterinary Clinic, Kagoshima A.M.A.A., Soo 899-8212, Japan; (U.S.); (Y.I.); (T.K.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuhei Hamada
- Soo Veterinary Clinic, Kagoshima A.M.A.A., Soo 899-8212, Japan; (U.S.); (Y.I.); (T.K.); (Y.H.)
| | - Oky Setyo Widodo
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan;
| | - Masayasu Taniguchi
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan;
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Takagi
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan;
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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6
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Krogstad KC, Bradford BJ. The effects of feeding α-amylase-enhanced corn silage with different dietary starch concentrations to lactating dairy cows on milk production, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:4666-4681. [PMID: 37268561 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Corn silage is one of the most common ingredients fed to dairy cattle. Advancement of corn silage genetics has improved nutrient digestibility and dairy cow lactation performance in the past. A corn silage hybrid with enhanced endogenous α-amylase activity (Enogen, Syngenta Seeds LLC) may improve milk production efficiency and nutrient digestibility when fed to lactating dairy cows. Furthermore, evaluating how Enogen silage interacts with different dietary starch content is important because the ruminal environment is influenced by the amount of rumen fermentable organic matter consumed. To evaluate the effects of Enogen corn silage and dietary starch content, we conducted an 8-wk randomized complete block experiment (2-wk covariate period, 6-wk experimental period) with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement using 44 cows (n = 11/treatment; 28 multiparous, 16 primiparous; 151 ± 42 d in milk; 668 ± 63.6 kg of body weight). Treatment factors were Enogen corn silage (ENO) or control (CON) corn silage included at 40% of diet dry matter and 25% (LO) or 30% (HI) dietary starch. Corn silage used in CON treatment was a similar hybrid as in ENO but without enhanced α-amylase activity. The experimental period began 41 d after silage harvest. Feed intake and milk yield data were collected daily, plasma metabolites and fecal pH were measured weekly, and digestibility was measured during the first and final weeks of the experimental period. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model approach with repeated measures for all variables except for body condition score change and body weight change. Corn silage, starch, week, and their interactions were included as fixed effects; baseline covariates and their interactions with corn silage and starch were also tested. Block and cow served as the random effects. Plasma glucose, insulin, haptoglobin, and serum amyloid A concentrations were unaffected by treatment. Fecal pH was greater for cows fed ENO versus CON. Dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and starch digestibility were all greater for ENO than CON during wk 1, but differences were less by wk 6. The HI treatments depressed neutral detergent fiber digestibility compared with LO. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected by corn silage but was affected by the interaction of starch and week; in wk 1, DMI was similar but by wk 6, cows fed HI had 1.8 ± 0.93 kg/d less DMI than LO cows. Milk, energy-corrected milk, and milk protein yields were 1.7 ± 0.94 kg/d, 1.3 ± 0.70 kg/d, and 65 ± 27 g/d greater for HI than LO, respectively. In conclusion, ENO increased digestibility but it did not affect milk yield, component yields, or DMI. Increasing dietary starch content improved milk production and feed efficiency without affecting markers of inflammation or metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Krogstad
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
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Palmisano M, Javsicas L, McNaughten J, Gamsjäger L, Renaud DL, Gomez DE. Effect of plasma transfusion on serum amyloid A concentration in healthy neonatal foals and foals with failure of transfer of passive immunity. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:697-702. [PMID: 36825688 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anecdotal evidence suggests plasma transfusions increase serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations in healthy neonatal foals making this marker of inflammation inappropriate for therapeutic decision making in such animals. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Administration of hyperimmune fresh frozen plasma (FFP) increases SAA concentration in healthy foals and in foals with failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). ANIMALS Eighty-six healthy foals. METHODS Prospective cohort study. Foals <24 hours of age receiving plasma transfusion for treatment of FTPI (serum immunoglobulin G [IgG] concentrations <8 g/L; n = 17) or as a preventative measure for Rhodococcus equi infection (IgG >8 g/L; n = 33) were enrolled. A healthy nontransfused group of foals (IgG >8 g/L; n = 21) also was included. Serum amyloid A concentration was determined before (t0h) and after (t24h) administration of FFP. Changes in blood SAA concentration were assessed using linear regression models. RESULTS No statistical differences were found in SAA concentration at t0h or t24h among the 3 groups (P > .05, for all comparisons). The variation in SAA concentration before (t0h) and after (t24h) plasma transfusion showed that administration of FFP was not associated with the changes in SAA concentration (P > .05). An association between SAA concentration at t0h and at 24 hours (P < .05) was identified, where foals with higher SAA concentration at t0h also had higher SAA concentration at t24h. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Administration of FFP to newborn foals was not associated with changes in SAA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Palmisano
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Gamsjäger
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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Ludwig EK, Hobbs KJ, McKinney-Aguirre CA, Gonzalez LM. Biomarkers of Intestinal Injury in Colic. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:227. [PMID: 36670767 PMCID: PMC9854801 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are typically proteins, enzymes, or other molecular changes that are elevated or decreased in body fluids during the course of inflammation or disease. Biomarkers pose an extremely attractive tool for establishing diagnoses and prognoses of equine gastrointestinal colic, one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality in horses. This topic has received increasing attention because early diagnosis of some forms of severe colic, such as intestinal ischemia, would create opportunities for rapid interventions that would likely improve case outcomes. This review explores biomarkers currently used in equine medicine for colic, including acute phase proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, markers of endotoxemia, and tissue injury metabolites. To date, no single biomarker has been identified that is perfectly sensitive and specific for intestinal ischemia; however, L-lactate has been proven to be a very functional and highly utilized diagnostic tool. However, further exploration of other biomarkers discussed in this review may provide the key to accelerated identification, intervention, and better outcomes for horses suffering from severe colic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liara M. Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Pereira MCS, Beauchemin KA, McAllister TA, Yang WZ, Wood KM, Penner GB. Effect of physically effective neutral detergent fiber and undigested neutral detergent fiber on eating behavior, ruminal fermentation and motility, barrier function, blood metabolites, and total tract digestibility in finishing cattle. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad023. [PMID: 36638278 PMCID: PMC9910395 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) and undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) on eating behavior, ruminal fermentation and motility, barrier function, blood metabolites, and total tract nutrient digestibility for finishing cattle. Six Simmental heifers (668 ± 28.4 kg BW) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square (21 d periods) balanced for carry-over effects. Treatments included a control (CON; Table 1) with no forage peNDF and minimal uNDF (peNDF: 0.0%, and uNDF: 4.88 ± 0.01; 95.15% barley grain, 4.51% vitamin and mineral supplement, and 0.34% urea on a DM basis). Pelleted wheat straw (PELL) was included at 10% of dietary DM by replacing barley grain to provide added uNDF but no forage peNDF (peNDF: 0.00%, and uNDF: 6.78 ± 0.02%). Finally, chopped wheat straw (STR) was included as a replacement for pelleted wheat straw to provide forage peNDF and uNDF (peNDF: 1.74 ± 0.06%, and uNDF: 6.86 ± 0.03%). Dry matter intake was not affected (P = 0.93) by treatments. Cattle fed CON spent less time ruminating (P = 0.010) and had less meals/d (P = 0.035) when compared with cattle fed STR, with those fed PELL being intermediate but not different from other treatments. Cattle fed CON had lesser ruminal pH (P = 0.020), and a greater duration that pH was < 5.5 (P = 0.020) as compared to cattle fed STR, with those fed PELL being intermediate but not different. Cattle fed CON and PELL had greater total short-chain fatty acid concentration (P = 0.003) and molar proportion of propionate (P < 0.001) when compared with cattle fed STR. Cattle fed STR had greater (P = 0.010) total ruminal pool size when compared with cattle fed CON and PELL. Cattle fed CON had greater (P = 0.043) duration between ruminal contractions when compared with cattle fed STR, with those fed PELL being intermediate. Cattle fed CON had greater serum amyloid A (P = 0.003) and haptoglobin (P < 0.001) concentration when compared with the other treatments. Cattle fed CON had greater dry matter (P < 0.001) digestibility when compared with the other treatments. In conclusion, inclusion of PELL and STR impacted eating behavior, but only STR affected ruminal fermentation, ruminal motility, systemic inflammation, and total tract nutrient digestibility in finishing cattle. These results are interpreted to suggest that the combination of peNDF and uNDF may be better than uNDF alone to adequately capture biological effects of NDF in high-concentrate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Wenzhu Z Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Katharine M Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gregory Brent Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Bulgarelli C, Ciuffoli E, Troia R, Goggs R, Dondi F, Giunti M. Apolipoprotein A1 and serum amyloid A in dogs with sepsis and septic shock. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1098322. [PMID: 36937011 PMCID: PMC10019819 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1098322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Apolipoprotein-A1 (Apo-A1) acts as a negative acute phase protein (APP) during inflammatory states, and has a potential prognostic value in people and dogs with sepsis. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the association of serum Apo-A1 concentration with disease severity, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and outcome in a population of dogs with sepsis, and to assess its correlation with major canine APPs. Methods Ninety-nine dogs with uncomplicated sepsis (n = 78) or septic shock (n = 21) were included. The serum concentration of Apo-A1, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were recorded, alongside the canine acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation fast (APPLEfast) score and the presence of MODS. Results Dogs with septic shock had significantly lower serum Apo-A1 concentrations (106.3 ± 22.7 mg/dl; reference interval: 123.0-142.3 mg/dl), higher APPLEfast score (30, 13-38) and greater frequency of MODS (67%) compared to those with uncomplicated sepsis (117.9 ± 19.3 mg/dl; 25, 6-33 and 8%, respectively) (P = 0.0201; P = 0.0005; P < 0.0001, respectively). Similarly, dogs with MODS had significantly lower serum Apo-A1 concentrations (104.1 ± 4.6 mg/dl) and higher APPLEfast score values (31, 13-38) compared to those without MODS (118.32 ± 2.1 mg/dl and 26, 6-33, respectively) (P = 0.0050 and P = 0.0038, respectively). Conversely, neither CRP nor SAA were different between these groups. No difference in serum APPs concentrations was detected between survivors and non-survivors. Significant negative correlations were detected between serum Apo-A1 and SAA (P = 0.0056, r = -0.277), and between serum Apo-A1 and the APPLEfast score (P = 0.0027, r = -0.3). In this population, higher values of the APPLEfast score and the presence of MODS were independently associated with a higher risk of death. Discussion Our study shows that Apo-A1 is a useful biomarker of sepsis severity in dogs, since it is decreased in those with septic shock and MODS. Further prospective investigations are deemed to evaluate the applicability of Apo-A1 to predict sepsis course and response to treatment in septic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bulgarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Ciuffoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Troia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Giunti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimo Giunti
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11
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Tuna GE, Ulutas B. Investigation of acute-phase protein concentrations in healthy and various diseased cats. Pol J Vet Sci 2022; 25:589-597. [PMID: 36649105 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2022.143545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid-A (SAA) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) in healthy and various diseased cats and establish reference intervals (RIs) for these acute phase proteins (APPs) in healthy cats. The animal material of the study consisted of 40 healthy cats and 152 cats with various diseases. The serum APPs in the diseased group were higher than those in the healthy group, and age affected Cp concentration in healthy cats. Also, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) positive (+) group had significantly higher AGP concentrations than the SIRS negative (-) group. In conclusion, this study contributes to the limited number of studies on RIs in serum APPs concentrations in healthy cats. The results of this study suggest that APPs are valuable diagnostic tools for identifying the inflammatory processes of various diseases, and AGP concentration could help determine the severity of the inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Tuna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı St. No: 805, 09020 Efeler/AYDIN09100 Aydın, Turkey
| | - B Ulutas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı St. No: 805, 09020 Efeler/AYDIN09100 Aydın, Turkey
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12
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Naidenko SV, Alekseeva GS, Klyuchnikova PS, Erofeeva MN. Changes in Serum Amyloid A Level in Domestic Cats during Pregnancy. Dokl Biol Sci 2022; 507:269-271. [PMID: 36781523 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496622060138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction of endangered species in captivity is an urgent problem for the conservation and restoration of biodiversity. For mammals, including felids, assessing and monitoring of pregnancy progression is fundamental for successful breeding. For the first time, changes in the concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), the main protein of the acute phase of inflammation in felines, were assessed during pregnancy in a domestic cat. It was found that changes in SAA concentrations in pregnant females are consistent: an increase to the middle of pregnancy (day 30) and a decrease to day 60. After parturition, the SAA concentrations in the blood of domestic cats increase. The litter size significantly affected the dynamic of SAA concentrations during the experiment, in particular, after parturition, the increase in its level was significantly higher in the females that gave birth to larger litters (from four to seven kittens).
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Naidenko
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - G S Alekseeva
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - P S Klyuchnikova
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M N Erofeeva
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Bazzano M, Bonfili L, Eleuteri AM, Serri E, Scollo C, Yaosen Y, Tesei B, Laus F. Assessment of serum amyloid A concentrations and biochemical profiles in lactating jennies and newborn Ragusano donkey foals around parturition and one month after foaling in Sicily. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 57:262-268. [PMID: 34816505 PMCID: PMC9300177 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A proper knowledge of biochemical parameters and inflammatory markers like serum amyloid A (SAA) is crucial in the monitoring of the first post‐partum period in equids. Since no information is available on SAA for donkeys at this stage, 50 animals including jennies (n.10) and newborn foals (n.10) within 48 hr from foaling, and jennies (n.10) and foals (n.20) after 30 days from parturition were enrolled in the study to assess routine biochemical profile including SAA. Jennies showed higher alkaline phosphatase and lower bilirubins and cholesterol at 30 days of lactation compared to post‐partum. Neonatal donkey foals showed significant higher concentrations of sodium, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and albumin within 48 hr of age, whilst higher values of phosphate and triglycerides were observed in older foals of 30 days of age. Significant higher SAA concentrations were recorded during the peripartum period in both jennies (25.95 ± 14.98 μg/ml) and newborn donkey foals (37.44 ± 19.75 μg/ml) compared to SAA values recorded in lactating jennies (2.38 ± 1.78 μg/ml) and in donkey foals (16.04 ± 18.14 μg/ml) at 30 days after parturition. The assessment of SAA in jennies and donkey foals around parturition and one month after foaling represents a valuable tool for the monitoring of health status during this stage when animals have to face with new challenges like the peak of lactation and extrauterine life adaptation respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Evelina Serri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | | | - Yang Yaosen
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Beniamino Tesei
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
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14
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Barr B, Nieman NM. Serum amyloid A as an aid in diagnosing sepsis in equine neonates. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:922-926. [PMID: 34773677 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals, especially during the first 7 days of life. Diagnosing sepsis in neonatal foals can be challenging because initial clinical signs are often ambiguous and non-specific. OBJECTIVES To determine if the major acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) as measured by a point-of-care SAA testing device can be used as an evidence-based biomarker of sepsis. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort. METHODS Clinical diagnosis of sepsis based on positive bacterial blood culture or a positive sepsis score was obtained and compared to SAA values in a population of neonatal foals on a breeding farm and referral hospital during four consecutive foaling seasons. A rapid, point-of-care blood test was used to measure SAA concentrations in neonatal foals <36 hours old that were clinically diagnosed as healthy, sick non-septic or septic. RESULTS The septic foals (n = 35) had a median SAA concentration (114 µg/mL) that was significantly greater (P < .05) than that for foals in the sick non-septic (n = 117, 1.5 µg/mL) and healthy (n = 245, 0 µg/mL) groups. At a diagnostic threshold of 100 µg/mL, the SAA test had a sensitivity of 52.9% (95% CI 36.5-68.9), specificity of 97.5% (95% CI 95.0-99.0), positive predictive value of 75.0% (95% CI 56.2-87.5), negative predictive value of 93.7% (95% CI 91.2-95.5), and a test accuracy of 92.1% (95% CI 88.2-95.0). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that SAA is a useful aid in the diagnosis of sepsis in the neonatal foal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Barr
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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15
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Wirestam L, Pihl S, Saleh M, Wetterö J, Sjöwall C. Plasma C-Reactive Protein and Pentraxin-3 Reference Intervals During Normal Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722118. [PMID: 34408755 PMCID: PMC8366313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several biomarkers are available to monitor the acute phase response, the short pentraxin C-reactive protein (CRP) is dominating in clinical practice. The long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is structurally and functionally related to CRP, but not liver-derived. In addition, increased levels of PTX3 have been linked to preeclampsia. Reference intervals are usually based on healthy blood donors. Several physiological and immunological alterations occur during normal pregnancy with subsequent potential effects on blood analytes. Hence, this study aims to determine pregnancy-specific reference intervals for CRP and PTX3. Longitudinal clinical data and blood plasma samples from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester of 100 healthy, non-medicating, females aged 18–40 at the time-point of conception were available to us. High‐sensitivity CRP measurements were performed by turbidimetry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify PTX3. CRP and PTX3 levels followed each other during the first two trimesters and both increased during the third trimester. CRP showed a median of 4.12 mg/L in the third trimester, and were significantly higher compared to the first (median 2.39 mg/L, p<0.0001) and the second (median 2.44 mg/L, p=0.0006) trimesters. In the third trimester PTX3 levels reached a median of 7.70 µg/L, and were significantly higher compared to the first (median 3.33 µg/L, p<0.0001) and the second (median 3.70 µg/L, p<0.0001) trimesters. Plasma albumin was inversely correlated with CRP (rho=-0.27, p<0.0001), but not with PTX3. In conclusion, it is important to consider pregnancy-specific reference values as elevations of CRP and PTX3 during the later phase may occur in absence of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wirestam
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection/Rheumatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Pihl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Muna Saleh
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection/Rheumatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonas Wetterö
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection/Rheumatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sjöwall
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection/Rheumatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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16
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Ruggerone B, Scavone D, Troìa R, Giunti M, Dondi F, Paltrinieri S. Comparison of Protein Carbonyl (PCO), Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Septic Inflammation in Dogs. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8060093. [PMID: 34072427 PMCID: PMC8228102 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8060093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable diagnostic and prognostic markers of sepsis are lacking, but essential in veterinary medicine. We aimed to assess the accuracy of C-Reactive Protein (CRP), protein carbonyls (PCO) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) in differentiating dogs with sepsis from those with sterile inflammation and healthy ones, and predict the outcome in septic dogs. These analytes were retrospectively evaluated at admission in 92 dogs classified into healthy, septic and polytraumatized. Groups were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by a Mann–Whitney U test to assess differences between survivors and non-survivors. Correlation between analytes was assessed using the Spearman’s test, and their discriminating power was assessed through a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. PON1 and CRP were, respectively, significantly lower and higher in dogs with sepsis compared with polytraumatized and clinically healthy dogs (p < 0.001 for both the analytes), and also in dogs with trauma compared with healthy dogs (p = 0.011 and p = 0.017, respectively). PCO were significantly increased in septic (p < 0.001) and polytraumatized (p < 0.005) as compared with healthy dogs. PON1 and CRP were, respectively, significantly lower and higher in dogs that died compared with survivors (p < 0.001 for both analytes). Ultimately, evaluation of CRP and PON1 at admission seems a reliable support to diagnose sepsis and predict outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ruggerone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.R.); (D.S.); (S.P.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Via Roma, 57/a, Zola Predosa, 40069 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Scavone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.R.); (D.S.); (S.P.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Roberta Troìa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emila (BO), 40064 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Massimo Giunti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emila (BO), 40064 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (F.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emila (BO), 40064 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.R.); (D.S.); (S.P.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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17
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Bartlett SL, Lamberski N, Arheart KL, Cray C. Protein Electrophoresis and Haptoglobin Values for Captive Bongo ( Tragelaphus eurycerus). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:646500. [PMID: 33996975 PMCID: PMC8113405 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.646500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum samples collected from 37 clinically normal bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) and 13 abnormal bongo were tested using assays for acute-phase proteins (APPs) and by protein electrophoresis. Abnormal bongo samples (n = 27) had significantly higher levels of fibrinogen (FIB) (p < 0.001) and trending but not significantly increased haptoglobin (HP) (p = 0.07) vs. samples from normal bongo (n = 37). There were no significant differences in values for total white blood cell counts or for any of the fractions determined by protein electrophoresis. Clinically normal female bongo (n = 19) had significantly lower levels of FIB than normal males (n = 18) (p = 0.014), and this observation was also made with samples from the clinically abnormal group (p = 0.004). Many weak to moderate significant correlations were observed with increasing age, including increased globulins, FIB, and HP and decreased albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratio and albumin. In clinical cases reviewed in this study, mild HP changes categorized this reactant as a minor APP, which contrasts with the major APP classification of HP in the related species of the cow. The preliminary data indicate that the quantitation of these APPs may offer value in assessing inflammation in this species, but additional studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Bartlett
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, NY, United States
| | | | - Kristopher L Arheart
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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18
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Sylte MJ, Sivasankaran SK, Trachsel J, Sato Y, Wu Z, Johnson TA, Chandra LC, Zhang Q, Looft T. The Acute Host-Response of Turkeys Colonized With Campylobacter coli. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:613203. [PMID: 33889603 PMCID: PMC8057350 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.613203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of contaminated poultry products is one of the main sources of human campylobacteriosis, of which Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni (C. jejuni) and C. coli are responsible for ~98% of the cases. In turkeys, the ceca are an important anatomical site where Campylobacter asymptomatically colonizes. We previously demonstrated that commercial turkey poults colonized by C. jejuni showed acute changes in cytokine gene expression profiles, and histological intestinal lesions at 2 days post-inoculation (dpi). Cecal tonsils (CT) are an important part of the gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue that surveil material passing in and out of the ceca, and generate immune responses against intestinal pathogens. The CT immune response toward Campylobacter remains unknown. In this study, we generated a kanamycin-resistant C. coli construct (CcK) to facilitate its enumeration from cecal contents after experimental challenge. In vitro analysis of CcK demonstrated no changes in motility when compared to the parent isolate. Poults were inoculated by oral gavage with CcK (5 × 107 colony forming units) or sterile-media (mock-colonized), and euthanized at 1 and 3 dpi. At both time points, CcK was recovered from cecal contents, but not from the mock-colonized group. As a marker of acute inflammation, serum alpha-1 acid glycoprotein was significantly elevated at 3 dpi in CcK inoculated poults compared to mock-infected samples. Significant histological lesions were detected in cecal and CT tissues of CcK colonized poults at 1 and 3 dpi, respectively. RNAseq analysis identified 250 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in CT from CcK colonized poults at 3 dpi, of which 194 were upregulated and 56 were downregulated. From the DEG, 9 significantly enriched biological pathways were identified, including platelet aggregation, response to oxidative stress and negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. These data suggest that C. coli induced an acute inflammatory response in the intestinal tract of poults, and that platelet aggregation and oxidative stress in the CT may affect the turkey's ability to resist Campylobacter colonization. These findings will help to develop and test Campylobacter mitigation strategies to promote food safety in commercial turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sylte
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sathesh K Sivasankaran
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Julian Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yuko Sato
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Zuowei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Timothy A Johnson
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lawrance C Chandra
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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Abstract
Serum proteins are involved in the regulation of inflammation, and therefore, serum protein profiling provides important insights in diverse inflammatory reactions. Accordingly, concentrations of single APPs, such as the C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and haptoglobin (Hp), have been described as indicators of inflammatory response in canine pyometra. However, there is little information regarding the overall serum protein profile obtained by SPE in canine pyometra. The present study was thus aimed to identify changes in the serum protein profile to monitor inflammation in dogs with pyometra using serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), in addition to the analysis of the concentration of single acute phase proteins (APPs). By SPE analysis, decreased levels of albumin and elevated levels of α2-globulin and β-globulin were noted in dogs with pyometra. In addition, the concentration of APPs, including the C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and haptoglobin (Hp), were also elevated in dogs with pyometra. The present study provides fundamental data for inflammatory indicators of canine pyometra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seon Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - DoHyeon Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
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Otsuka M, Sugiyama M, Ito T, Tsukano K, Oikawa S, Suzuki K. Diagnostic utility of measuring serum amyloid A with a latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay in bovine mastitis: Comparison with haptoglobin and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:329-332. [PMID: 33390361 PMCID: PMC7972874 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study established the precision and accuracy of a modified latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay (LATIA) reagent, and evaluated the ability of the measurement of serum amyloid A (SAA) compared to haptoglobin and α1-acid glycoprotein, which are acute phase proteins (APPs), for diagnosis of clinical mastitis. Concentrations of APPs in cows with mastitis were significantly higher than those in healthy cow. Only the plasma SAA concentration in cows with clinical mastitis (44.90 mg/l; n=15) was significantly higher than that in those with subclinical mastitis (10.70 mg/l; n=16), enabling their diagnosis in contrast to other APPs. Thus, the SAA assay using a LATIA reagent is useful in assessing mastitis severity due to its higher sensitivity and specificity than other APP assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Otsuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Mieko Sugiyama
- Ehime Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 4-4-2 Nibancho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0002, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Aichi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 2-1-11 Marunouchi, Nakaku, Nagoya 460-0002, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukano
- Minami-Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 74-2 Higashimae, Hokuto, Hokkaido 041-1214, Japan
| | - Shin Oikawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Paltrinieri S, Ibba F, Barbè F, Rossi G. Influence of domperidone supplementation on short-term changes in C-reactive protein and paraoxonase-1 in dogs with leishmaniasis undergoing meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol therapy. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:618-623. [PMID: 33341970 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) might increase and decrease in canine leishmaniasis (CanL), , and both can rapidly normalize after therapy. Recently, supplementation of domperidone with conventional therapy , increasing the activity of cells involved in acute phase responses in vitro. This combined therapy has been recommended to treat mild forms of CanL; however, no studies have investigated the effects of domperidone supplementation on early CRP or PON1 changes in dogs with CanL. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate whether domperidone, added to conventional treatments, modifies CRP concentration and PON1 activity kinetics in CanL dogs responsive to conventional therapy. METHODS Serum CRP concentrations and PON1 activities were measured in dogs with mild CanL before (t-0) and 3 (t-1), 7 (t-2), 14 (t-3), and 21 (t-4) days after treatment with N-methylglucamine antimoniate and allopurinol alone (n = 18) or combined with domperidone (n = 18). RESULTS C-reactive protein concentrations increased at t-1 in the domperidone group, especially when the CRP concentration at t-0 was normal. However, the concentrations normalized at t-4 in 18/18 dogs compared with 14/18 dogs not receiving domperidone. The median PON1 activity decreased at t-1 in the domperidone group, and this decrease was more significant in dogs with normal PON1 activity at t-0. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, transient increases in CRP concentrations or decreases in PON1 activities after domperidone administration should not be erroneously interpreted as signs of a worsening disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ibba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Barbè
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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22
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Trub SA, Bush WW, Paek M, Cuff DE. Use of C-reactive protein concentration in evaluation of diskospondylitis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:209-216. [PMID: 33319417 PMCID: PMC7848344 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C‐reactive protein (CRP) is a positive acute phase protein that increases in many inflammatory conditions of dogs. Serum CRP concentration has important diagnostic and prognostic utility in humans with vertebral osteomyelitis. Hypothesis/objectives To determine if a correlation exists between serum CRP concentration and clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in dogs with diskospondylitis, and if CRP predicts prognosis. Animals Eighteen client‐owned dogs with MRI diagnosis of diskospondylitis. Methods Retrospective study evaluating signalment, clinical signs, neurologic examination findings, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, serum globulin concentration, serum CRP concentration, radiographic findings, MRI findings, bacterial culture results, and outcome in dogs with diskospondylitis. Results Serum CRP concentration was significantly more sensitive than were fever and leukocytosis for predicting the presence of diskospondylitis. Serum CRP concentration was more sensitive than neutrophilia and hyperglobulinemia. No difference in serum CRP concentration was found between dogs with single or multiple lesions, nor between dogs with or without empyema, muscular involvement or spinal cord compression. No association was found between serum CRP concentration and positive bacterial culture. Conclusions and Clinical Importance C‐reactive protein is a sensitive, but nonspecific biomarker for diskospondylitis which may prove useful as an adjunctive diagnostic test in patients with suspicious clinical signs and may help predict prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Trub
- Bush Veterinary Neurology Service, Leesburg, Virginia, USA.,Synergy Veterinary Imaging Partners, Columbia, Maryland, USA.,Bush Veterinary Neurology Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - William W Bush
- Bush Veterinary Neurology Service, Leesburg, Virginia, USA.,Synergy Veterinary Imaging Partners, Columbia, Maryland, USA.,Bush Veterinary Neurology Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Paek
- Bush Veterinary Neurology Service, Leesburg, Virginia, USA.,Synergy Veterinary Imaging Partners, Columbia, Maryland, USA.,Bush Veterinary Neurology Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel E Cuff
- Bush Veterinary Neurology Service, Leesburg, Virginia, USA.,Synergy Veterinary Imaging Partners, Columbia, Maryland, USA.,Bush Veterinary Neurology Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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23
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Otsuka M, Nishi Y, Tsukano K, Tsuchiya M, Lakritz J, Suzuki K. Sequential changes in hepatic mRNA abundance and serum concentration of serum amyloid A in cattle with acute inflammation caused by endotoxin. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1006-1011. [PMID: 32493888 PMCID: PMC7399330 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to elucidate sequential changes in mRNA abundance of serum amyloid A (SAA) isotypes in endotoxin (ETX) challenge model cattle. Ten healthy cattle were separated to 2 groups: control and ETX groups. Cattle in the ETX group were challenged by 2.5 µg/kg of O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide in 4 ml of autologous serum. Blood samples were withdrawn at pre, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr after ETX challenge. Plasma ETX activity, serum SAA concentrations, mRNA abundance of interleukin (IL)-6, SAA2 and SAA4 in the liver and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were measured. The plasma ETX activity in the ETX group increased at 0.5 hr after the ETX challenge. The serum SAA value remained higher between 12 and 72 hr after the ETX challenge than that of the control group. Hepatic IL-6 mRNA abundance in the ETX group increased at 2 hr after the ETX challenge. Hepatic SAA2 and SAA4 mRNA abundance significantly increased from 4 hr after administration, and remained significantly higher than those pre-values up to 12 and 24 hr, respectively. The abundance ratio of hepatic SAA2 was much higher than that of SAA4. The major isotype was SAA2 in liver tissue, and it is indicating systemic inflammation in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Otsuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Nishi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tsuchiya
- Microbial Solutions, Charles River, 1023 Wappoo Road, Suite 43B, Charleston, SC 29407, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lakritz
- College of Veterinary Medical Science, Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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24
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Jang JC, Kim KH, Jang YD, Kim YY. Effects of Dietary β-Mannanase Supplementation on Growth Performance, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility, Intestinal Integrity, and Immune Responses in Weaning Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E703. [PMID: 32316523 PMCID: PMC7222840 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, intestinal integrity, and the immunological and oxidative stress parameters in weaning pigs. A total of 64 newly weaning pigs (initial body weight: 6.96 ± 0.70 kg) were allotted to two dietary treatments in eight replicates per treatment with four pigs per pen based on body weight and sex. Dietary treatments were 1.) CON (control: corn-soybean meal based basal diet) and 2.) β-mannanase (basal diet +0.06% β-mannanase). The β-mannanase supplementation did not affect growth performance, concentrations of acute phase protein, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. However, the pigs fed the β-mannanase-supplemented diet had greater ATTD of ether extract, jejunum villus height, and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and lower crypt depth compared with those fed the CON diet (p < 0.05). The pigs fed the β-mannanase-supplemented diet tended to have the lower count of E. coli in cecum than those fed the CON diet (p = 0.08). In conclusion, dietary β-mannanase supplementation did not affect growth performance, immune response and oxidative stress of weaning pigs, whereas it increased fat digestibility and had positive effects on intestinal integrity and cecum microflora by reducing the count of E.coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Cheol Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-C.J.); (K.H.K.); (Y.D.J.)
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-C.J.); (K.H.K.); (Y.D.J.)
| | - Young Dal Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-C.J.); (K.H.K.); (Y.D.J.)
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-C.J.); (K.H.K.); (Y.D.J.)
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25
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Yuki M, Aoyama R, Nakagawa M, Hirano T, Naitoh E, Kainuma D. A Clinical Investigation on Serum Amyloid A Concentration in Client-Owned Healthy and Diseased Cats in a Primary Care Animal Hospital. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E45. [PMID: 32326517 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although measurement of serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration in client-owned cats has already been shown to be clinically useful, limited data are available on common diseases at primary care hospitals. In this study, we measured the SAA concentration in cats with various diseases and investigated their clinical significance using a primary care hospital as a population. We measured the SAA concentrations in healthy cats (n = 98) and those with various clinical signs (n = 444). The SAA concentrations in healthy cats did not differ significantly by age, breed, sex, and presence/absence of neutering/spaying. The SAA concentrations were significantly higher in the diseased cat group than in the healthy cat group (p < 0.001). We observed significant increases in SAA concentrations in cats with confirmed diagnosis of inflammatory disease such as upper respiratory tract infections (p < 0.001), pneumonia (p < 0.001), pyometra (p = 0.001), and feline infectious peritonitis (p < 0.001), compared with those observed in healthy cats. Conversely, no increase was observed in cardiomyopathy, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes mellitus without systemic inflammation. In univariate analysis, survival at 30 days (p = 0.03) differed significantly between the low and high SAA concentration groups, but not at 180 days. In multivariate analysis, survival at 30 days did not significantly affect SAA concentration. Measurement of SAA concentration is a useful biomarker for detecting the presence or absence of inflammation in diseased cats. However, it may not be useful as a biomarker for determining the prognosis of the disease.
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Grądzki Z, Jarosz Ł, Stępień-Pyśniak D, Marek A. The effect of feed supplementation with Transcarpathian zeolite (clinoptilolite) on the concentrations of acute phase proteins and cytokines in the serum and hepatic tissue of chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2424-2437. [PMID: 32359577 PMCID: PMC7597453 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the this study was to determine the effect of different levels of Transcarpathian zeolite (clinoptilolite) on selected indicators of the immune response in chickens by assessing the concentrations of the acute phase proteins haptoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A, transferrin, and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-2, and IL-10 in the serum and hepatic tissues of chickens. The study was conducted on 450 one-day-old male Ross 308 chickens. The total rearing period was 42 D. The samples of blood and liver were collected before the start of the study (day 0) and on day 42, after rearing was completed. ELISA kits specific for chicken CRP, haptoglobin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, serum amyloid A, transferrin, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-10 were used to determine the levels of acute phase proteins and cytokines in the serum and liver homogenates. The results of immunological tests suggest that for long-term maintenance of homeostasis in chickens, the addition of 2% zeolite as a feed additive is most beneficial. The results indicate that 3% clinoptilolite induce production of Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines, increasing the synthesis of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. The high concentration of IL-10 after the use of zeolite in conjunction with the high concentration of IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ indicates a reduction in the intensity of inflammatory processes, the enhancement of the humoral immune response, and the simultaneous inhibition of the production of Th1-type cytokines. The increase of CRP concentration in conjunction with high concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the birds from the group receiving 3% clinoptilolite demonstrates indicates that it can influence the development of local inflammatory processes and enhance immune regulation in birds. Our research has shown that clinoptilolite influences on an increase in birds' resistance to infection, as confirmed by clinical observations and anatomopathological examination and by the increase in the synthesis of acute phase proteins with immunoregulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Grądzki
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-612, Poland
| | - Łukasz Jarosz
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-612, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Stępień-Pyśniak
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-612, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Marek
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-612, Poland
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27
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Ruggerone B, Paltrinieri S, Giordano A, Scavone D, Nocera I, Rinnovati R, Spadari A, Scacco L, Pratelli P, Sgorbini M. Paraoxonase-1 activity evaluation as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in horses and foals. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:949-954. [PMID: 32154619 PMCID: PMC7096640 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In several species, paraoxonase‐1 (PON‐1) decreases during inflammation, because of the presence of oxidative stress; its measurement recently has been validated in horses, but its role as a clinical biomarker is unknown. Objectives To evaluate sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio of PON‐1 activity to identify systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)‐positive horses or horses with a poor prognosis. Animals One hundred seventy‐two blood samples from 58 sick horses from 3 different veterinary hospitals. Methods In a cross‐sectional study, PON‐1 activity was measured upon admission and at 24‐hour intervals until discharge or death, and results were analyzed based on SIRS status and outcome. Results No statistically significant difference was found in median PON‐1 activity between SIRS and non‐SIRS cases or between survivors and non‐survivors except for mares, in which PON‐1 activity was significantly lower in SIRS‐positive horses (P = .05). The sensitivity of PON‐1 activity in identifying horses with SIRS or negative outcome was low (0.0%‐46.2% depending on the examined group) but its specificity was high (87.0%‐100.0%). However, when PON‐1 is low, the likelihood of death is 2.40‐3.89 times higher than the likelihood of survival. Repeated measurement of PON‐1 after treatment does not predict outcome. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Evaluation of PON‐1 activity in horses with inflammation might be advisable in the future, but only low activity at admission may be relevant in predicting SIRS or negative outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ruggerone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Donatella Scavone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Irene Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rinnovati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Licia Scacco
- Equivet Roma Hospital, Equine Veterinary Clinic, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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28
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Cai X, Ahmad G, Hossain F, Liu Y, Wang X, Dennis J, Freedman B, Witting PK. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Inhibits Serum Amyloid A (SAA)-Induced Vascular and Renal Dysfunctions in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1316. [PMID: 32075280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) promotes endothelial inflammation and dysfunction that is associated with cardiovascular disease and renal pathologies. SAA is an apoprotein for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and its sequestration to HDL diminishes SAA bioactivity. Herein we investigated the effect of co-supplementing HDL on SAA-mediated changes to vascular and renal function in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice in the absence of a high-fat diet. Male ApoE-/- mice received recombinant human SAA or vehicle (control) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection every three days for two weeks with or without freshly isolated human HDL supplemented by intravenous (i.v.) injection in the two weeks preceding SAA stimulation. Aorta and kidney were harvested 4 or 18 weeks after commencement of treatment. At 4 weeks after commencement of treatment, SAA increased aortic vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression and F2-isoprostane level and decreased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), consistent with SAA stimulating endothelial dysfunction and promoting atherosclerosis. SAA also stimulated renal injury and inflammation that manifested as increased urinary protein, kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1, and renal tissue cytokine/chemokine levels as well as increased protein tyrosine chlorination and P38 MAPkinase activation and decreased in Bowman's space, confirming that SAA elicited a pro-inflammatory phenotype in the kidney. At 18 weeks, vascular lesions increased significantly in the cohort of ApoE-/- mice treated with SAA alone. By contrast, pretreatment of mice with HDL decreased SAA pro-inflammatory activity, inhibited SAA enhancement of aortic lesion size and renal function, and prevented changes to glomerular Bowman's space. Taken together, these data indicate that supplemented HDL reduces SAA-mediated endothelial and renal dysfunction in an atherosclerosis-prone mouse model.
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29
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Bottazzi B, Garlanda C, Teixeira MM. Editorial: The Role of Pentraxins: From Inflammation, Tissue Repair and Immunity to Biomarkers. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2817. [PMID: 31849985 PMCID: PMC6901624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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30
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Heini AD, Hugo R, Berger MD, Novak U, Bacher U, Pabst T. Simple acute phase protein score to predict long-term survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Hematol Oncol 2019; 38:74-81. [PMID: 31755141 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High levels of acute phase reactants can be associated with adverse outcome in patients with various solid tumor types. For patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), this correlation is unknown. We retrospectively investigated the prognostic value of pretreatment acute phase protein levels in 282 consecutive newly diagnosed AML patients undergoing at least one cycle of intensive induction chemotherapy. We applied a new score integrating pre-treatment C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and albumin levels termed the CFA ratio, and we stratified patients into two groups: Patients with a CFA ratio below 3.06 had decisively better progression-free (26.2 vs 7.7 months; P < .001), disease-free (56.4 vs 8.7 months; P < .001), and overall survival (61.2 vs 13.8 months; P < .001). Results remained significant when adjusting for confounders including European Leukemia Network risk group. Early mortality also tended to be lower in the low CFA ratio group. Finally, patients with lower modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) similarly had better outcome. In conclusion, our data suggest that an elevated CFA ratio as well as a high mGPS are associated with adverse outcome in patients with newly diagnosed AML undergoing intensive induction. These parameters should undergo prospective evaluation for their contribution to risk profiling in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Heini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Hugo
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Martin D Berger
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Urban Novak
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Bacher
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital and University of Berne
- , Berne, Switzerland.,Center of Laboratory Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pabst
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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31
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Zhou Y, Qin S, Sun M, Tang L, Yan X, Kim TK, Caballero J, Glusman G, Brunkow ME, Soloski MJ, Rebman AW, Scavarda C, Cooper D, Omenn GS, Moritz RL, Wormser GP, Price ND, Aucott JN, Hood L. Measurement of Organ-Specific and Acute-Phase Blood Protein Levels in Early Lyme Disease. J Proteome Res 2019; 19:346-359. [PMID: 31618575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease results from infection of humans with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. The first and most common clinical manifestation is the circular, inflamed skin lesion referred to as erythema migrans; later manifestations result from infections of other body sites. Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease can be challenging in patients with erythema migrans because of the time delay in the development of specific diagnostic antibodies against Borrelia. Reliable blood biomarkers for the early diagnosis of Lyme disease in patients with erythema migrans are needed. Here, we performed selected reaction monitoring, a targeted mass spectrometry-based approach, to measure selected proteins that (1) are known to be predominantly expressed in one organ (i.e., organ-specific blood proteins) and whose blood concentrations may change as a result of Lyme disease, or (2) are involved in acute immune responses. In a longitudinal cohort of 40 Lyme disease patients and 20 healthy controls, we identified 10 proteins with significantly altered serum levels in patients at the time of diagnosis, and we also developed a 10-protein panel identified through multivariate analysis. In an independent cohort of patients with erythema migrans, six of these proteins, APOA4, C9, CRP, CST6, PGLYRP2, and S100A9, were confirmed to show significantly altered serum levels in patients at time of presentation. Nine of the 10 proteins from the multivariate panel were also verified in the second cohort. These proteins, primarily innate immune response proteins or proteins specific to liver, skin, or white blood cells, may serve as candidate blood biomarkers requiring further validation to aid in the laboratory diagnosis of early Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Shizhen Qin
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Mingjuan Sun
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States.,Second Military Medical University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Li Tang
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Xiaowei Yan
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Taek-Kyun Kim
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Juan Caballero
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Lab , Langebio-Cinvestav , Irapuato , Guanajuato 36821 , Mexico
| | - Gustavo Glusman
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Mary E Brunkow
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Mark J Soloski
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21093 , United States
| | - Alison W Rebman
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21093 , United States
| | - Carol Scavarda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , New York Medical College , Valhalla , New York 10595 , United States
| | - Denise Cooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , New York Medical College , Valhalla , New York 10595 , United States
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States.,Center for Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Gary P Wormser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , New York Medical College , Valhalla , New York 10595 , United States
| | - Nathan D Price
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - John N Aucott
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21093 , United States
| | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States.,Providence St. Joseph Health , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
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Knoblock CE, Shi W, Yoon I, Oba M. Effects of supplementing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product during the periparturient period on the immune response of dairy cows fed fresh diets differing in starch content. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6199-6209. [PMID: 31030931 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; NutriTek, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) during the periparturient period (d -28 ± 3 to 44 ± 3 relative to calving) on mRNA abundance of genes in the rumen epithelium, inflammation indicators, oxidative status, and adaptive immunity of dairy cows fed diets with different starch content after calving. From d 28 ± 3 (± standard deviation) before the expected calving date to calving, Holstein cows (n = 38) received a common basal controlled-energy close-up diet (1.43 Mcal/kg, net energy for lactation; 13.8% starch) with (SCFP; n = 19) or without (CON; n = 19) SCFP, and cows within each treatment (CON or SCFP) were fed either a low- (LS; 22.1% starch) or high-starch (HS; 28.3% starch) diet from d 1 to 23 ± 3 after calving (fresh period). There were 4 treatment groups: LS + CON (n = 9), LS + SCFP (n = 10), HS + CON (n = 10), and HS + SCFP (n = 9). From d 24 ± 3 to 44 ± 3 after calving, all cows were fed the HS diets (post-fresh period). Animal assignment to treatments was balanced for parity, body condition score, and expected calving date. An interaction was observed between dietary starch content and SCFP on indices of oxidative stress; plasma concentrations of total antioxidant capacity tended to be reduced on d 21 after calving for SCFP compared with CON cows when a LS fresh diet was fed, but did not differ for cows fed HS fresh diets. Regardless of starch content, SCFP supplementation increased plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde at d 21 after calving compared with CON. Supplementing with SCFP reduced serum concentrations of haptoglobin on d 7 after calving, indicating reduced inflammation, and feeding LS fresh diets reduced mRNA abundance of IL receptor associated kinase-1 in rumen tissue at d 21 after calving, suggesting reduced immune activation in rumen tissue. Other than the anti-inflammatory effects indicated by lower serum haptoglobin concentration, no other effects of treatment on adaptive immunity were detectable. These results indicate that supplementing SCFP through the transition period and feeding low-starch diets during the fresh period may reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Knoblock
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - W Shi
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - I Yoon
- Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404
| | - M Oba
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
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Conceição MEBAMD, Uscategui RAR, Bertolo PHL, de Souza DC, Rolemberg DDS, de Moraes PC, Teixeira PPM, Dias LGGG. Assessment of postoperative inflammatory markers and pain in cats after laparoscopy and miniceliotomy ovariectomy. Vet Rec 2018; 183:656. [PMID: 30254131 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Videosurgery is increasingly used in veterinary medicine. Compared with open surgery, it has been shown to cause minimal pain and promote a more rapid recovery. There are various methods of assessing pain and postoperative inflammation in cats, although their particular behaviours may make these assessments difficult. The aim of this study was to compare levels of postoperative pain and inflammation after laparoscopic ovariectomy with an open minimally invasive technique. Twenty queens were randomly divided into two groups based on the method of haemostasis and surgical technique: (1) laparoscopic ovariectomy using a miniloop (miniloop group (MG)); and (2) minilaparotomy using a Snook hook (control group (CG)). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end tidal CO2 (EtCO2) and body temperature were assessed using a multiparametric monitor during anaesthesia and surgery at defined surgical time points (preincision, left ovary manipulation, right ovary manipulation and skin suture). Blood samples (2 mL each) were collected from the jugular vein before surgery and 1, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours, and 10 days, after endotracheal extubation for blood count analysis and to assess total protein and acute phase proteins (APP). EtCO2 and RR were significantly higher in MG patients (P<0.001). HR was higher in the CG group for the duration of surgery (P=0.01). Temperature was significantly lower in MG patients (P<0.001). Pain assessment by dynamic interactive visual analogue scale showed no difference between groups or at specific moments of time within groups. Segmented neutrophil counts increased at 24 hours postoperatively and peaked at 48 and 72 hours in MG (P=0.01). The most important result among APPs was haptoglobin, which peaked at 72 hours in MG patients (P=0.001). Patients undergoing minilaparotomy and laparoscopy showed comparable postoperative pain. However, inflammatory changes such as APPs and neutrophil counts were increased in the laparoscopic group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Andres Ramirez Uscategui
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Leal Bertolo
- Department of Animal Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Damazio Campos de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Daniele Dos Santos Rolemberg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Paola Castro de Moraes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Gustavo Gosuen Gonçalves Dias
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Reczyńska D, Zalewska M, Czopowicz M, Kaba J, Zwierzchowski L, Bagnicka E. Acute Phase Protein Levels as An Auxiliary Tool in Diagnosing Viral Diseases in Ruminants-A Review. Viruses 2018; 10:E502. [PMID: 30223561 PMCID: PMC6165172 DOI: 10.3390/v10090502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined acute phase protein (APP) concentrations in viral infections of dairy ruminants and assessed the potential role of characteristic patterns of APP changes in auxiliary diagnosing viral diseases. All viruses reviewed are common causes of farm animal diseases. APPs are among the first agents of immunity, and their concentrations could be diagnostically relevant. In the most common ruminant viral diseases, elevated serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) levels in blood serum have been observed. However, since these proteins are the main APPs in many viral infections, it is impossible to use their levels for diagnosing particular infections. Decreased Cp and albumin expression could help differentiate the bluetongue virus infection from other diseases. Lastly, analysis of SAA levels in blood serum and milk could be helpful in diagnosing small ruminant lentivirus infection. While promising, APP levels can only be considered as an auxiliary tool in diagnosing viral diseases in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Reczyńska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Zalewska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland.
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska str. 159c., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska str. 159c., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Lech Zwierzchowski
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland.
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland.
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Mittelman NS, Stefanovski D, Johnson AL. Utility of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A in the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1726-1730. [PMID: 30216559 PMCID: PMC6189384 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate antemortem EPM diagnosis requires evidence of intrathecal antibody production. Some advocate the use of acute phase proteins in addition to serology, which alone results in substantial false positives. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine if serum C-reactive protein (CRP) or serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations were elevated in cases of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) compared to other neurological diseases. ANIMALS 25 clinical cases of equine neurological disease: EPM (10), cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM) (10), neuroborreliosis (2), equine motor neuron disease (1), degenerative myelopathy (1), and leukoencephalomalacia (1). METHODS Serum and CSF CRP and SAA were measured. Selection criteria included neurologic disease, antemortem diagnosis of EPM or CVSM, or postmortem diagnosis of EPM, CVSM, or other neurologic disease, and availability of serological results and archived samples for testing. RESULTS Serum SAA and serum CRP levels were generally undetectable or low in horses with EPM (median CRP ≤0.1 mg/L, ≤0.1-14.4 mg/L; median SAA ≤0.1 mg/L, ≤0.1-6.11 mg/L) and CVSM (median CRP ≤0.1, ≤0.1-2.41 mg/L; median SAA ≤0.1mg/L, ≤0.1-13.88 mg/L). CSF CRP and SAA for horses with EPM (median CRP 3.35 mg/l, 0.19-13.43 mg/l; median SAA ≤0.1 mg/L, ≤0.1-2.4 mg/L) and CVSM (median CRP 4.015 mg/L, 0.16-9.62 mg/L; median SAA 0.62 mg/L, ≤0.1-2.91 mg/L) were also undetectable or low. Kruskal-Wallis test showed no statistically significant differences between serum CRP (P = .14), serum SAA (P = .79), spinal fluid CRP (P = .65), or spinal fluid SAA between horses with EPM and CVSM (P = .52). CONCLUSION Neither SAA nor CRP in serum or CSF aid diagnosis of EPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Mittelman
- From the Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Mittelman, Stefanovski, Johnson)
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- From the Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Mittelman, Stefanovski, Johnson)
| | - Amy L Johnson
- From the Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Mittelman, Stefanovski, Johnson)
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Bozukluhan K, Merhan O, Ogun M, Kurt B, Cihan M, Erkilic EE, Gokce G, Aydin U, Ozcan A. Investigation of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and some biochemical parameters in calves with omphalitis. Vet World 2018; 11:1055-1058. [PMID: 30250363 PMCID: PMC6141279 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1055-1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, it was aimed to determine the concentration of some important acute phase proteins (APPs) and some biochemical parameters pre-operative and post-operative in calves with omphalitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 calves were used in the study and they consist of 10 clinically healthy calves that were used as a control and 10 calves with omphalitis were used as the treatment group. Blood samples were collected from Vena jugularis of animals to tubes with anticoagulant (sodium citrate) and without anticoagulants, pre-operative (day 0), and post-operative (day 7). Samples were used to determine the concentration of haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), ceruloplasmin (Cp), fibrinogen, glucose, total protein, albumin, urea, total bilirubin, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentrations. Results: While the Hp, SAA, Cp, fibrinogen, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, ALP, and GGT concentrations were statistically and significantly increasing rather than the control group during the pre-operative period for calves with omphalitis, they decreased to the post-operative period. Moreover, an insignificant increase in the glucose, total protein, and AST concentrations and an insignificant decrease in the albumin, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations were statistically determined. Conclusion: We have the opinion that the assessment of biochemical parameters and especially APP levels in calves with the omphalitis together with the clinical findings may be important in terms of the treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bozukluhan
- Kars School of Higher Vocational Education, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - O Merhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - M Ogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - B Kurt
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - M Cihan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - E E Erkilic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - G Gokce
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - U Aydin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - A Ozcan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
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Janciauskiene S, Wrenger S, Immenschuh S, Olejnicka B, Greulich T, Welte T, Chorostowska-Wynimko J. The Multifaceted Effects of Alpha1-Antitrypsin on Neutrophil Functions. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:341. [PMID: 29719508 PMCID: PMC5914301 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the predominant immune cells in human blood possessing heterogeneity, plasticity and functional diversity. The activation and recruitment of neutrophils into inflamed tissue in response to stimuli are tightly regulated processes. Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT), an acute phase protein, is one of the potent regulators of neutrophil activation via both -protease inhibitory and non-inhibitory functions. This review summarizes our current understanding of the effects of AAT on neutrophils, illustrating the interplay between AAT and the key effector functions of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sabine Wrenger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Immenschuh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beata Olejnicka
- Department of Medicine, Trelleborg Hospital, Trelleborg, Sweden
| | - Timm Greulich
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joanna Chorostowska-Wynimko
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
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Wang C, Jiang H, Duan J, Chen J, Wang Q, Liu X, Wang C. Exploration of Acute Phase Proteins and Inflammatory Cytokines in Early Stage Diagnosis of Acute Mountain Sickness. High Alt Med Biol 2018; 19:170-177. [PMID: 29608374 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2017.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wang, Chi, Hui Jiang, Jinyan Duan, Jingwen Chen, Qi Wang, Xiaoting Liu, and Chengbin Wang. Exploration of acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines in early stage diagnosis of acute mountain sickness. High Alt Med Biol. 19:170-177, 2018. BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of acute mountain sickness (AMS) is currently based on personal appreciation of the severity of symptoms. A more objective method to diagnose AMS is required. Inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins have been reported to be different at high altitude. METHODS A total of 104 male soldiers rapidly ascending from Beijing (20-60 m) to Germu, Qinghai (3200 m), were divided into AMS group and non-AMS group according to the Lake Louis Score system. Blood pressure, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation were measured. Forty-nine blood samples were collected before and on the 3rd day after ascending to the high altitude. Serum haptoglobin (Hp), transferrin (Tf), and complement C3 were detected by immune scattered nephelometry, whereas serum interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by chemical luminescence immunity analyzer. The sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curve were evaluated. Youden index with the maximum value was used to determine cutoff values of each parameter. Logistic regression was performed to determine the diagnostic efficiency of combination of three cytokines. RESULTS Differences of physical indexes between AMS group and non-AMS group were of no statistical significance. In AMS group, serum Tf significantly increased while Hp decreased when compared with non-AMS group. Serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were higher in the AMS group than in the non-AMS group. The cutoff values for Tf, Hp, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were 263.5 mg/dL, 119.35 mg/dL, 6.2 pg/mL, 15.05 pg/mL, and 18.35 pg/mL, respectively. Area under the curve (AUC) of combining three cytokines together was higher than AUC of each cytokine separately. CONCLUSIONS Acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) show significant changes between the AMS group and the non-AMS group. Combination of inflammatory cytokines or acute phase proteins improves the specificity for diagnosis of AMS. This might provide objective indexes for scanning and screening individuals susceptible to AMS in the early stage of rapid ascending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Liberation Army General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- 2 Department of Hyperbaric Chamber, People's Liberation Army General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Jinyan Duan
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Liberation Army General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- 2 Department of Hyperbaric Chamber, People's Liberation Army General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- 3 Outpatient Department of Chinese People's Liberation Army Aviation School , Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Liberation Army General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Chengbin Wang
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Liberation Army General Hospital , Beijing, China
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Schwartz D, Pusterla N, Jacobsen S, Christopher MM. Analytical validation of a new point-of-care assay for serum amyloid A in horses. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:678-683. [PMID: 29344980 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein in horses. A new point-of-care (POC) test for SAA (Stablelab) is available, but studies evaluating its analytical accuracy are lacking. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the analytical performance of the SAA POC test by 1) determining linearity and precision, 2) comparing results in whole blood with those in serum or plasma, and 3) comparing POC results with those obtained using a previously validated turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA). STUDY DESIGN Assay validation. METHODS Analytical validation of the POC test was done in accordance with American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines using residual equine serum/plasma and whole blood samples from the Clinical Pathology Laboratory at the University of California-Davis. A TIA was used as the reference method. We also evaluated the effect of haematocrit (HCT). RESULTS The POC test was linear for SAA concentrations of up to at least 1000 μg/mL (r = 0.991). Intra-assay CVs were 13, 18 and 15% at high (782 μg/mL), intermediate (116 μg/mL) and low (64 μg/mL) concentrations. Inter-assay (inter-batch) CVs were 45, 14 and 15% at high (1372 μg/mL), intermediate (140 μg/mL) and low (56 μg/mL) concentrations. SAA results in whole blood were significantly lower than those in serum/plasma (P = 0.0002), but were positively correlated (r = 0.908) and not affected by HCT (P = 0.261); proportional negative bias was observed in samples with SAA>500 μg/mL. The difference between methods exceeded the 95% confidence interval of the combined imprecision of both methods (15%). MAIN LIMITATIONS Analytical validation could not be performed in whole blood, the sample most likely to be used stall side. CONCLUSION The POC test has acceptable accuracy and precision in equine serum/plasma with SAA concentrations of up to at least 1000 μg/mL. Low inter-batch precision at high concentrations may affect serial measurements, and the use of the same test batch and sample type (serum/plasma or whole blood) is recommended. Comparison of results between the POC test and the TIA is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - S Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - M M Christopher
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Heilmann RM, Grützner N, Thames BE, Steiner JM, Barr JW. Serum alpha 1 -proteinase inhibitor concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:674-683. [PMID: 29068553 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the concentration of serum canine alpha1 -proteinase inhibitor (cα1 -PI) has diagnostic or prognostic utility in dogs with sepsis or noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). DESIGN Prospective, observational study from May to December 2010. SETTING University teaching hospital ICU. ANIMALS Sixty-nine client-owned dogs: 19 dogs with SIRS or sepsis and 50 healthy control dogs. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Serum and plasma samples were collected from dogs with SIRS or sepsis on the day of hospital admission and once on the following 2 days, and on a single day in healthy controls. Patients were assessed using the 10-parameter Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLEfull ) and 5-parameter (APPLEfast ) score. Serum cα1 -PI concentrations were measured, compared among groups of dogs, and evaluated for a correlation with the concentration of serum C-reactive protein, plasma interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, the APPLE scores, and survival to discharge. Serum cα1 -PI concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with SIRS/sepsis (P < 0.001) than in healthy controls. While day 1 serum cα1 -PI concentrations did not differ between dogs with SIRS and those with sepsis (P = 0.592), septic dogs had significantly lower serum cα1 -PI concentrations on days 2 (P = 0.017) and 3 (P = 0.036) than dogs with SIRS. Serum cα1 -PI concentrations did not differ between survivors and nonsurvivors (P = 1.000), but were inversely correlated with the APPLEfull score (ρ = -0.48; P = 0.040) and plasma interleukin-6 concentrations (ρ = -0.50; P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a role of cα1 -PI as a negative acute phase protein in dogs. The concentration of serum cα1 -PI at the time of hospital admission does not have utility to identify dogs with sepsis from those with noninfectious SIRS, but may be a useful surrogate marker for early stratification of illness severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College Station, TX.,the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College Station, TX
| | - Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College Station, TX.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,the Farm Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse, Switzerland
| | - Brittany E Thames
- the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College Station, TX.,the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College Station, TX.,the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College Station, TX
| | - James W Barr
- the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College Station, TX
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Mahmoudi M, Azarfar A, Khosravinia H. Partial Replacement of Dietary Methionine with Betaine and Choline in Heat-Stressed Broiler Chickens. J Poult Sci 2017; 55:28-37. [PMID: 32055153 PMCID: PMC6756378 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0170087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted two trials to evaluate the methionine-sparing effects of choline (Chol) and betaine (Bet), and their effects on growth performance and blood antioxidative potential in heat-stressed broiler chickens fed methionine (Met)-deficient diets. We used 360 1-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) in a completely randomized study with 5 replicate pens of 12 birds each. After Day 21, we raised the temperature to 35±3°C using an automated air-forced heater for 12 hours/day from 8 am to 8 pm to expose the birds to heat stress. In Trial 1, the treatments comprised a negative control (control-; 1200 mg/kg Met-deficient), a positive control (control+; recommended level of Met), 280Chol (control- plus 280 mg/kg Chol), 560Chol (control- plus 560 mg/kg Chol), 320Bet (control- plus 320 mg/kg Bet), and 640Bet (control- plus 640 mg/kg Bet); and in Trial 2, the treatments comprised a negative control (control-), a positive control (control+), 140Chol+160Bet (control- plus 140 mg/kg Chol and 160 mg/kg Bet), 280Chol+160Bet (controlplus 280 mg/kg Chol and 160 mg/kg Bet), 140Chol+320Bet (control- plus 140 mg/kg Chol and 320 mg/kg Bet), and 280Chol+320Bet (control- plus 280 mg/kg Chol and 320 mg/kg Bet). Compared with the other treatments, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved in the 280Chol and control+ groups in Trials 1 and 2 (P<0.05). In Trial 2, the cost of meat production for the entire experimental period (1-42 days) was higher in the 140Cho+320Bet-fed birds than in the other birds (P<0.05), except the control- birds. Supplementing diets with 280 mg/kg of Chol significantly reduced the serum concentration of uric acid compared with the control+ group (P<0.05). Our results indicate that the Met requirements of heat-stressed broiler chickens can be reduced by 20% (1200 mg/kg) if the diet is supplemented with 280 mg/kg of Chol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahmoudi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Arash Azarfar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
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Skibiel AL, Fabris TF, Corrá FN, Torres YM, McLean DJ, Chapman JD, Kirk DJ, Dahl GE, Laporta J. Effects of feeding an immunomodulatory supplement to heat-stressed or actively cooled cows during late gestation on postnatal immunity, health, and growth of calves. J Dairy Sci 2017. [PMID: 28647328 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress during late gestation negatively affects the physiology, health, and productivity of dairy cows as well as the calves developing in utero. Providing cows with active cooling devices, such as fans and soakers, and supplementing cows with an immunomodulating feed additive, OmniGen-AF (OG; Phibro Animal Health Corporation), improves immune function and milk yield of cows. It is unknown if maternal supplementation of OG combined with active cooling during late gestation might benefit the developing calf as well. Herein we evaluated markers of innate immune function, including immune cell counts, acute phase proteins, and neutrophil function, of calves born to multiparous dams in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Dams were supplemented with OG or a bentonite control (NO) beginning at 60 d before dry off and exposed to heat stress with cooling (CL) or without active cooling (HT) during the dry period (∼46 d). At birth, calves were separated from their dams and fed 6.6 L of their dams' colostrum in 2 meals. Calf body weight and rectal temperature were recorded, and blood samples were collected at birth (before colostrum feeding) and at 10, 28, and 49 d of age. Calves born to either CL dams or OG dams were heavier at birth than calves born to HT or NO dams, respectively. Concentrations of serum amyloid A were higher in the blood of calves born to OG dams relative to NO and for HT calves relative to CL calves. In addition, calves born to cooled OG dams had greater concentrations of plasma haptoglobin than calves born to cooled control dams. Neutrophil function at 10 d of age was enhanced in calves born to cooled OG dams and lymphocyte counts were higher in calves born to OG dams. Together these results suggest that adding OG to maternal feed in combination with active cooling of cows during late gestation is effective in mitigating the negative effects of in utero heat stress on postnatal calf growth and immune competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Skibiel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Thiago F Fabris
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Fabiana N Corrá
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Yazielis M Torres
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Derek J McLean
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ 07666-6712
| | | | - David J Kirk
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ 07666-6712
| | - Geoffrey E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Liu HF, Ren QM, Wang ZB, Li X, Jiang S, Zhang JT, Wang HB. Comparison of acute phase protein and hemodynamic variables in dogs undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic vs. open pneumonectomy. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2391-2398. [PMID: 28565853 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is feasible and safe in humans and animal models. The aim of the present study was to compare the surgical outcome using VATS with that of the standard transthoracic approach for pneumonectomy in dogs, to determine the acute-phase reaction in VATS pneumonectomy, and to analyze the difference between VATS and the standard transthoracic approach. A total of 14 dogs were divided into two groups (n=7); one group underwent VATS and the other group underwent a transthoracic pneumonectomy. Pre-, intra- and post-operative physiologic parameters were monitored, in addition to the blood cell count and serum acute-phase protein (APP) concentrations. The APP and hemodynamic changes between the two approaches were analyzed. Mean surgical time in the VATS group (176.7 min) was significantly longer compared with the open group (132.4 min). All APP concentrations were significantly increased at day 1 postoperation and gradually decreased to preoperative concentrations. The serum concentration of C-reactive protein on day 3 and the white blood cell count on day 1 were significantly higher following surgery in the open group compared with the VATS group (P<0.05). No differences were observed in the physiological parameters between the two groups. Although VATS took longer, animals experienced smaller incision and less stress. Therefore, the VATS approach was satisfactory for total pneumonectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Ming Ren
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Bo Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Tao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
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Jacob T, Subramani G, Sivaprakasam P, Xavier AP, Mukhopadhyay HK. Immuno-Detection of C3a, a C3 Complement Activated Product in Mastitis Milk, a Potential Diagnostic Marker. Vet Sci 2017; 4:E13. [PMID: 29056672 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sub-clinical form of mastitis is difficult to detect and causes huge economic loss to the dairy industry. It has become a threat to public health at large, thus there is a need for definite diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, this study was undertaken to identify the novel diagnostic marker for the detection of the sub-clinical form of mastitis. Two-dimensional gel analysis of the whey protein fraction of normal and mastitis milk samples revealed the presence of proteose peptone component 3 precursor, Trypsin precursor, complement component-C3, Ig heavy chain precursors and a C-type lectin domain as differentially expressed protein during the early stage of mastitis. Of these proteins identified, complement component-C3 was tested for its diagnostic potential. Western blot analysis of the milk whey of sub-clinical mastitis cases (M+, M++ & M+++) identified the accumulation of C3a, an activated product of complement component-C3. Further, the hemolytic activity of the above milk whey samples positively correlated with the somatic cell count. As C3a is already reported as an anaphylotoxic agent, it chemo tactically attracts lymphocytes at the site of inflammation, the detection of which in the milk whey can be of diagnostic importance for sub-clinical mastitis.
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Zulkifli I, Shakeri M, Soleimani AF. Dietary supplementation of L-glutamine and L-glutamate in broiler chicks subjected to delayed placement. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2757-2763. [PMID: 27587729 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary glutamine (Gln) + glutamic acid (Glu) supplementation on growth performance and physiological stress response in broiler chickens subjected to 24 h delay in placement. Equal number of day-old broiler chicks were assigned to either immediate placement or with 24 h delay in placement with no access to feed and water. Chicks from each placement group were fed either standard starter diet (control) or standard starter diet +1% AminoGut (AG; mixture of 10% Gln and 10% Glu) from 1 to 21 d. Blood and duodenal samples were collected at 21 d for analysis of serum levels of ceruloplasmin (CER), ovotransferin (OVT) and α-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), duodenal heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression, and villi length and crypt depth. Results showed that delayed placement for 24 h was detrimental to weight gain during the starter phase (1 to 21 d) but not thereafter. AG supplementation was not able to eliminate that reduction in weight gain and feed intake during the starter stage. However, the observed enhancement in villi length and crypt depth at d 21 resulted in improvement of FCR and weight gain during the finisher stage (22 to 42 d) and consequently the overall period (1 to 42 d). Broiler chickens supplemented with AG also showed lower mortality rate, and higher AGP, OVT, CER, and HSP 70 expression compared to their control counterparts. Based on AGP, OVT, CER, and HSP 70 expression, there is no indication that delayed placement was physiologically stressful to the broiler chickens at 21 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zulkifli
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture .,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kim MH, de Beer MC, Wroblewski JM, Charnigo RJ, Ji A, Webb NR, de Beer FC, van der Westhuyzen DR. Impact of individual acute phase serum amyloid A isoforms on HDL metabolism in mice. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:969-79. [PMID: 27018443 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m062174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The acute phase (AP) reactant serum amyloid A (SAA), an HDL apolipoprotein, exhibits pro-inflammatory activities, but its physiological function(s) are poorly understood. Functional differences between SAA1.1 and SAA2.1, the two major SAA isoforms, are unclear. Mice deficient in either isoform were used to investigate plasma isoform effects on HDL structure, composition, and apolipoprotein catabolism. Lack of either isoform did not affect the size of HDL, normally enlarged in the AP, and did not significantly change HDL composition. Plasma clearance rates of HDL apolipoproteins were determined using native HDL particles. The fractional clearance rates (FCRs) of apoA-I, apoA-II, and SAA were distinct, indicating that HDL is not cleared as intact particles. The FCRs of SAA1.1 and SAA2.1 in AP mice were similar, suggesting that the selective deposition of SAA1.1 in amyloid plaques is not associated with a difference in the rates of plasma clearance of the isoforms. Although the clearance rate of SAA was reduced in the absence of the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), it remained significantly faster compared with that of apoA-I and apoA-II, indicating a relatively minor role of SR-BI in SAA's rapid clearance. These studies enhance our understanding of SAA metabolism and SAA's effects on AP-HDL composition and catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hee Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Maria C de Beer
- Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Joanne M Wroblewski
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Richard J Charnigo
- Departments of Statistics and Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Ailing Ji
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Nancy R Webb
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Frederick C de Beer
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Deneys R van der Westhuyzen
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
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Krueger LA, Reinhardt TA, Beitz DC, Stuart RL, Stabel JR. Effects of fractionated colostrum replacer and vitamins A, D, and E on haptoglobin and clinical health in neonatal Holstein calves challenged with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2884-2895. [PMID: 26805975 PMCID: PMC7094477 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thirty Holstein calves were obtained from 2 dairy farms in central Iowa at birth and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatment groups: (1) colostrum deprived (CD), no vitamins; (2) colostrum replacer (CR), no vitamins; (3) CR, vitamin A; (4) CR, vitamin D3; (5) CR, vitamin E; and (6) CR, vitamins A, D3, E, with 5 calves per treatment in a 14-d study. Calves were fed pasteurized whole milk (CD) or fractionated colostrum replacer (CR) at birth (d 0) and injected with vitamins according to treatment group. From d 1 through d 14 of the study, all calves were fed pasteurized whole milk (PWM) supplemented with vitamins as assigned. All calves were inoculated with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis on d 1 and 3 of age. Calves fed CR acquired IgG1 and haptoglobin in serum within 24 h of birth, whereas CD calves did not. The CR-fed calves were 2.5 times less likely to develop scours, and CR calves supplemented with vitamins D3 and E also demonstrated a decreased incidence of scours. Serum vitamin levels of A, D, and E increased within treatment group by d 7 and 14 of the study. Interestingly, synergistic effects of supplemental vitamins A, D3, and E on serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D were observed at d 7, resulting in higher levels than in calves administered vitamin D only. Further, vitamin D3 deficiency was observed in CD and CR calves fed a basal diet of pasteurized whole milk and no supplemental vitamins. Colonization of tissues with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis was negligible and was not affected by colostrum feeding or vitamin supplementation. Results demonstrated passive transfer of haptoglobin to neonatal calves, and potential health benefits of supplemental vitamins D3 and E to calves fed pasteurized whole milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Krueger
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010
| | - T A Reinhardt
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010
| | - D C Beitz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | - J R Stabel
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010.
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Arthington JD, Moriel P, Martins PGMA, Lamb GC, Havenga LJ. Effects of trace mineral injections on measures of performance and trace mineral status of pre- and postweaned beef calves. J Anim Sci 2015; 92:2630-40. [PMID: 24867937 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) on measures of trace mineral status and performance in pre- and postweaned Brangus-crossbred beef calves. In Exp. 1, calves were assigned to treatments in alternating birth order (n = 150; 75/treatment), consisting of a 1-mL subcutaneous injection of ITM (MultiMin 90; MultiMin USA, Inc., Fort Collins, CO) or sterile saline. The ITM formulation consisted of 60, 10, 15, and 5 mg/mL of Zn, Mn, Cu, and Se. Treatments were readministered at 100 and 200 d of age. Calf BW was recorded at birth and on d 100, 150, 200, and 250 (weaning). Trace mineral status was assessed in liver biopsy samples (n = 12/treatment) collected on d 150, 200, and 250. Administration of ITM had no impact on BW gain (P ≥ 0.55) but did result in greater (P ≤ 0.02) concentrations of liver Cu and Se and lesser (P = 0.05) liver Fe concentrations compared to saline-injected calves. In Exp. 2, 24 heifers were selected from the weaned calves of Exp. 1 (n = 12/treatment) and transported 1,600 km. Remaining on their original treatments, heifers were administered 5 mL of ITM or saline following transport (d 0). Blood samples, for acute phase protein (APP) analysis, were collected on d 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 13 and liver biopsy samples for assessment of trace mineral status on d 13. Plasma APP concentrations increased in all calves following weaning and transport but concentrations were greatest (P < 0.05) in ITM- vs. saline-injected heifers on d 6 and 9. Liver concentrations of Cu, Se, and Zn were greater (P ≤ 0.04) but ADG lesser (P = 0.05) for heifers receiving ITM vs. saline. In Exp. 3, 34 heifers, without previous exposure to ITM, were enrolled in a 177-d development study (n = 17/treatment). Treatments consisted of 2.5-mL injections of ITM or sterile saline on d 0, 51, and 127. Humoral immune response to an injection of porcine red blood cells (PRBC) was evaluated on d 51. Trace mineral status was evaluated in liver biopsy samples collected on d 177. Overall heifer ADG, PRBC antibody titers, and liver Se concentrations were greatest (P ≤ 0.06) for ITM vs. control heifers. Collectively, these studies demonstrate an increased trace mineral status, a greater humoral response to novel antigen, and a heightened APP response to weaning and transport stress in pre- and postweaned beef calves administered ITM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Moriel
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona 33865
| | | | - G C Lamb
- North Florida Research and Education Center Marianna 32446, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
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Daniel AJ, Leise BS, Burgess BA, Morley PS, Cloninger M, Hassel DM. Concentrations of serum amyloid A and plasma fibrinogen in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 26:344-51. [PMID: 26274017 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the perioperative response of serum amyloid A (SAA) to fibrinogen in horses requiring exploratory celiotomy for colic and to determine if SAA could be used to predict complications and outcome. DESIGN Prospective observational clinical study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Eighteen horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for colic. Inclusion criteria for the study included survival and anesthetic recovery from exploratory celiotomy, no history of surgery within the past year. INTERVENTIONS Blood was obtained via jugular venipuncture before surgery (time 0) and at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after recovery from anesthesia. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Quantitative and semiquantitative fibrinogen, SAA, total nucleated cell counts, and total protein were evaluated at each time point. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess differences at each time point and after grouping horses according to duration of colic prior to surgery, strangulating surgical lesion or not, presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) on admission, and postsurgical complications. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in SAA concentrations occurred in all cases after surgery compared to fibrinogen concentration, which only demonstrated a mild, clinically insignificant increase postsurgery. SAA concentrations were also significantly increased (P < 0.05) in cases identified with SIRS prior to surgery and postoperatively at 48 (P = 0.05) and 72 hours (P = 0.02) in horses that developed complications. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of SAA is a more sensitive indicator of inflammation than fibrinogen in the perioperative period of horses requiring exploratory celiotomy for colic. Serial measurement of SAA at 48, 72, and 96 hours after surgery may be helpful to determine risk of complications and guide postoperative management. Measurement of SAA on admission also allows for quantification of SIRS when it is detected clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Daniel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
| | - Britta S Leise
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
| | - Brandy A Burgess
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
| | - Paul S Morley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
| | - Madison Cloninger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
| | - Diana M Hassel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
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Gutiérrez AM, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ. Diagnostic accuracy of porcine acute phase proteins in meat juice for detecting disease at abattoir. Vet Rec 2015; 177:15. [PMID: 26101294 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate whether acute phase protein (APP) determinations could assist Official Veterinarians carrying out work in slaughterhouses. To test this hypothesis, the diagnostic accuracy of APP determinations in meat juice of pigs was analysed to differentiate between healthy and diseased pigs. One hundred and one pigs of two different origins were classified into two groups according to their health status (healthy and diseased pigs), which was determined by a veterinary clinical examination on the farm. To assess the pigs' immune status, against the main porcine diseases, serological analyses were monitored. A general idea of the degree of disease coverage was analysed by examining organ lesions postmortem. Haptoglobin (Hp) and C reactive protein (CRP) were measured in meat juice samples. 72.13 per cent of pigs appeared to be seropositive for the porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, and almost 86.2 per cent of them had concomitant infections with other pathogens, such as Porcine circovirus type 2 or Swine influenza virus. Median Hp and CRP concentrations were significantly higher in diseased animals at different stages of the production chain, when compared with levels found in healthy finishing pigs (P<0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed the highest sensitivity-specificity pairs, nearly 80-90 per cent, at cut-off levels of 83 and 10 µg/ml for Hp and CRP determinations, respectively, with high AUCs 0.9. This cut-off could be useful for veterinary inspections at the time of slaughter, to differentiate between the carcase of a healthy animal and the carcase of an animal suffering from a systemic disease, which should be completely condemned.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence, "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Subiela
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence, "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J J Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence, "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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