The MTT assay application to measure the viability of spermatozoa: A variety of the assay protocols

Erianin Protects Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells From Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Through Activation of Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2 Signaling

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced endothelial cell damage plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). This study aimed to investigate the ability of Erianin to protect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) against ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress and its underlying mechanisms. HUVECs were treated with Erianin (0, 5, 10, and 20 μM) for 2 h and then stimulated with ox-LDL (100 μg/mL) for 24 h. Flow cytometry and MTT assay determined cell apoptosis and viability, respectively. The protein levels of caspase-9, caspase-3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), histone H3, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), cytochrome c, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX IV) were evaluated by Western blot. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) membrane potential was measured. The impact of Erianin on ox-LDL-induced injury in HUVECs was confirmed by using small interfering RNA si-Nrf-2. Erianin pretreatment notably rescued the impaired ox-LDL-treated HUVEC viability and apoptosis and inhibited ox-LDL-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in HUVECs. Furthermore, Erianin reduced ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress by enhancing Nrf2 signaling activation, and Nrf2 knockdown by siRNAs diminished the anti-oxidative role of Erianin in HUVECs. These suggest that Erianin suppresses ox-LDL-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress by regulating Nrf2 signaling in HUVECs.

ABT-263, a BCL-2 inhibitor, selectively eliminates latently HIV-1-infected cells without viral reactivation

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a hazardous pathogen responsible for causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 provirus survives in latently infected cells for a long time, despite treatment with combinational anti-retroviral therapy (cART); therefore, it is considered as a major obstacle in HIV-1 treatment. Several strategies have been developed to selectively eliminate latently HIV-1-infected cells; however, clinical success has not yet been reported. Here, we identified several key factors associated with cell apoptosis, which were upregulated in latently infected cells. Subsequently, we screened compounds targeting these factors to selectively kill latently HIV-1-infected cells. Among these, ABT-263 (Navitoclax), a BCL-2 inhibitor, exhibited a potent and selective killing effect on latently HIV-1-infected cells and exerted synergistic effects with combinations of other compounds targeting myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and BAX. In an ex vivo model, latently HIV-1-infected memory CD4+ T cells were efficiently eliminated via treatment with ABT-263 alone and its combinations with other modulatory compounds. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors is crucial for the survival of latently HIV-1-infected cells. Thus, disrupting this balance using ABT-263 or combinations having ABT-263 without proviral reactivation may be useful for developing a novel strategy to eliminate latently infected cells in individuals infected with HIV-1.

Microneedle Delivery of Heterologous Microparticulate COVID-19 Vaccine Induces Cross Strain Specific Antibody Levels in Mice

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global health, largely driven by the emergence of various genetic mutations within the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Although the pandemic phase has passed, the full extent of the virus's evolutionary trajectory remains uncertain, highlighting the need for continued research in vaccine development to establish a cross-reactive approach that can effectively address different variants. This proof-of-concept study aimed to assess the effectiveness of microparticulate vaccine delivery through the minimally invasive microneedle route of administration, using a heterologous prime-booster strategy against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

METHOD

This strategy uses the whole inactivated virus of the Delta variant for the prime dose and the whole inactivated virus of the Omicron variant for the booster dose, with alum as an adjuvant. The formulation of microparticles involves encapsulating the antigens in poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymer, which provides sustained release and enhances immunogenicity while protecting the antigen. Microparticles were tested for in vitro assays, and characterization included particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficacy. Furthermore, serum was collected post-administration of the vaccine in mice and was tested for antibody levels.

RESULT

In vitro assays confirmed the non-cytotoxicity and the ability of microparticles to activate the immune response of the vaccine particles. Administering this microparticulate vaccine via microneedles has proven effective for delivering vaccines through the skin. We also observed significantly higher antigen-specific antibody levels and cross-reactivity in the strains.

CONCLUSIONS

Our adjuvanted microparticulate-based heterologous prime-booster vaccine strategy showed cross-reactivity among the strains and was successfully delivered using microneedles.

Structural, microstructural, dielectric, mechanical properties of PVDF/HAP nanocomposite films for bone regeneration applications

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanocomposite films, incorporating HAP nanoparticles as filler within a PVDF matrix, were successfully synthesized by solution casting method. Increasing the HAP concentration in the nanocomposite significantly enhances its electroactive properties, with synergistic effects on surface, electrical and biological characteristics are investigated comprehensively. Improvements in topographical and mechanical parameters reveal the nanocomposite films for biomimetic suitability. Notably, the impact of dielectric and ferroelectric properties on biological studies is well established. With increasing the HAP concentration, we observed significant improvements in remnant polarization from 0.28 to 1.87 µC cm-2, saturation polarization from 1.1 to 2.10 µC cm-2, and coercive field from 88.55 to 243.65 kV cm-1. Inin-vitroexperiments with osteosarcoma cells, the nanocomposite films with 40% HAP showed higher cell proliferation and viability. Present finding indicated 60PVDF/40HAP nanocomposite films as a biomimicry candidate for bone regeneration applications.

Cirsii Herba glycoprotein promotes macrophage M1 polarization through MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways via interaction with TLR4

The present study aimed to extract and purify the glycoprotein from Cirsii Herba (CHPs), and investigate its immunomodulatory activity and molecular mechanism in RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that CHPs contained 14.8% carbohydrates and 80.4% proteins. CHPs were identified as glycoprotein around 70 kDa and contained 17 different amino acids, in which the Glu and Asp were predominant. The carbohydrate chain in CHPs was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose with the molecular ratio of 6.387: 24.358: 5.766: 8.877: 12.098: 20.427: 7.090: 14.997. CHPs significantly boosted pinocytic and phagocytic activities, increased the secretions of inflammatory factors (NO, TNF-α and IL-6) and chemokines (CXCL2 and CXCL10), and promoted the expressions of accessory and costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC I and MHC II). RNA-seq analysis identified 721 DEGs, 1575 GO terms and 69 KEGG pathways. The pathway inhibition assay presented that MAPK and NF-κB pathways were essential to macrophage activation by CHPs. TLR4 was revealed as a functional receptor and involved in the early recognition of CHPs. These results indicated that CHPs as a glycoprotein promoted macrophage polarization to M1 phenotype mainly via TLR4-dependent MAPK and NF-κB pathways.

Pharmacological Inhibition of N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase (NAAA) Mitigates Intestinal Fibrosis Through Modulation of Macrophage Activity

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Intestinal fibrosis, a frequent complication of inflammatory bowel disease, is characterized by stricture formation with no pharmacological treatment to date. N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is responsible for the hydrolysis of acylethanolamides (AEs, eg, palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide). Here, we investigated NAAA and AE signaling in gut fibrosis.

METHODS

NAAA and AE signaling were evaluated in human intestinal specimens from patients with stenotic Crohn's disease (CD). Gut fibrosis was induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, monitored by colonoscopy, and assessed by qRT-PCR, histological analyses, and confocal microscopy. Immune cells in mesenteric lymph nodes were analyzed by FACS. Colonic fibroblasts were cultured in conditioned media derived from polarized or non-polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). IL-23 signaling was evaluated by qRT-PCR, ELISA, FACS, and western blot in BMDMs and in lamina propria CX3CR1+ cells.

RESULTS

In ileocolonic human CD strictures, increased transcript expression of NAAA was observed with a decrease in its substrates oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide. NAAA inhibition reduced intestinal fibrosis in vivo, as indicated by a decrease in inflammatory parameters, collagen deposition, and fibrosis-related genes, including those involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. More in-depth studies revealed modulation of the immune response related to IL-23 following NAAA inhibition. The antifibrotic actions of NAAA inhibition are mediated by Mφ and M2 macrophages that indirectly affect fibroblast collagenogenesis. NAAA inhibitor AM9053 normalized IL-23 signaling in BMDMs and in lamina propria CX3CR1+ cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of intestinal fibrosis and identify NAAA as a promising target for the development of therapeutic treatments to alleviate CD-related fibrosis.

Syk/Src/NF-κB axis is essentially targeted in anti-inflammatory and anti-gastritis effects of Bletilla striata ethanol extract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Traditional herbal medicine books "Shin Rhong Bon Cho Kyung" and "Hyang Yak Jip Sung Bang" mentioned that Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae) was often used as a medicinal plant and is used in oriental medicine to treat wounds, inflammatory symptoms, and ulcers in stomach, lung, and skin. However, systematic studies on its value as a promising anti-inflammatory remedy were not fully elucidated yet.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The eventual goal of this paper was to explore anti-inflammatory and anti-gastritis effects of Bletilla striata and its inhibitory mechanism with an ethanol extract of this plant (Bs-EE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vitro study includes nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory test by was Griess assay, cell viability check by MTT assay, mRNA level analysis of inflammatory genes by PCR and RT-PCR, and protein level analysis by Western blotting and CESTA. In vivo analysis was done with a mouse gastritis model triggered by HCl/EtOH. Phytochemical finger printing result was observed by GC/MS-MS.

RESULTS

Our in vitro trials showed that Bs-EE dose-dependently reduced NO production in lipopolysaccharide-, Poly(I:C)-, and Pam3CSK-treated RAW264.7 cells without causing cytotoxicity, as shown by an MTT assay. The levels of inflammation-related genes (iNOS, IL-6, IL-1β) showed meaningful reductions in RT-PCR and real-time PCR. The NF-κB activity enhanced in MyD88-overexpressing HEK293T cells was strongly reduced by Bs-EE. Western blotting results indicated that the Bs-EE suppressed the phosphorylation of IκBα, IKKα/β, AKT, p65, p50, Syk, and Src, which produced anti-inflammatory effects. Both Syk and Src were found to be direct targets of Bs-EE. This extract attenuated the inflammatory effect in a murine acute gastritis model induced by HCl/EtOH.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that an ethanol extract of Bletilla striata could be developed as a promising natural anti-inflammatory drug or health functional food with NF-κB pathway inhibitory activity.

Toxicity and Dermatokinetic Analysis of Ibrutinib in Human Skin Models

Background/Objectives: Ibrutinib (IBR) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor under investigation in preclinical and clinical settings as an alternative treatment for melanoma. Nevertheless, the limited oral bioavailability of IBR and the need for high doses of the drug to kill melanoma cells are major drawbacks for this purpose. Considering that melanoma is restricted to the skin at early stages, the topical application of IBR might constitute an effective and safer administration route. In this study, we determined IBR's toxicity and dermatokinetics using human primary cells and human organotypic skin explant cultures (hOSECs). Methods: After demonstrating that human primary fibroblasts and keratinocytes present IBR target genes, the cytotoxicity of the drug was determined using the MTT and annexin V/PI staining assays. IBR toxicity in the skin was assessed using the TTC assay, and the irritation potential was established using histological assessment. Finally, IBR cutaneous permeation was assessed ex vivo to determine the drug dermatokinetics. Results: Our findings reveal that IBR exerts dose-dependent toxicity towards skin cells, presenting an IC50 in the same range as melanoma cells. The topical application of the drug successfully reduced irritation and toxicity in the skin, and the drug was shown to successfully permeate the stratum corneum and reach the viable skin layers in therapeutic concentrations. Conclusions: Overall, our data encourage the topical application of IBR to treat melanoma, paving the way for future studies in this theme.

Biological effect of U(VI) exposure on lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells

In this study, the biological effects of U(VI) exposure on lung epithelial cells were investigated by MTT assay, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. U(VI)-induced stress triggers oxidative stress in cells, activates MAPK signaling pathways, and promotes inflammation. Additionally, U(VI) causes damage to the cell membrane structure and severe DNA injury, impacting the accuracy of transcription and translation. The results demonstrate that U(VI) exposure significantly inhibits cell proliferation and migration. This is attributed to the disruption of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway and the reduction in CyclinD1 expression, leading to a delayed cell cycle, decreased growth rate, mitochondrial damage, and reduced energy metabolism. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying uranium-induced cellular toxicity in lung epithelial cells.

Development of an in-situ forming collagen-based hydrogel as a regenerative bioadhesive for corneal perforations

Corneal injuries play a significant role in global visual impairment, underscoring the demand for innovative biomaterials with specific attributes such as adhesion, cohesion, and regenerative potential. In this study, we have developed a biocompatible bioadhesive for corneal reconstruction. Derived from Collagen type I, naturally present in human corneal stromal tissue, the bioadhesive was cross-linked with modified polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA-DOPA), rendering it curable through visible light exposure and exhibiting superior adhesion to biological tissues even in wet conditions. The physicochemical characteristics of the proposed bioadhesive were customized by manipulating the concentration of its precursor polymers and adjusting the duration of photocrosslinking. To identify the optimal sample with maximum adhesion, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility, characterization tests were conducted. The optimal specimen, consisting of 30 % (w/v) PEGDA-DOPA and cured with visible light for 5 min, exhibited commendable adhesive strength of 783.6 kPa and shear strength of 53.7 kPa, surpassing that of commercialized eye adhesives.Additionally, biocompatibility test results indicated a notably high survival rate (>100 %) of keratocytes seeded on the hydrogel adhesive after 7 days of incubation. Consequently, this designed bioadhesive, characterized by high adhesion strength, robust mechanical strength, and excellent biocompatibility, is anticipated to enhance the spontaneous repair process of damaged corneal stromal tissue.

Zhuang-Gu-Fang promotes osteoblast differentiation via myoblasts and myoblast-derived exosomal miRNAs:miR-5100, miR-126a-3p, miR-450b-5p, and miR-669a-5p

BACKGROUND

Senile osteoporosis (SOP) is an age-related systemic metabolic bone disorder. Previous studies have proved that Zhuang-Gu-Fang (ZGF) modulates myokines, stimulates osteogenic differentiation, and mitigates osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE

To elucidate the mechanism by which ZGF promotes osteogenic differentiation via myoblast and myoblast exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) and investigate its potential implications in senile osteoporosis.

METHODS

Characterization of ZGF and ZGF serum using UHPLC-MS/MS. An alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay and staining techniques were employed to corroborate the impacts of ZGF on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) via myoblasts. Subsequently, exosomes derived from myoblasts were isolated through ultracentrifugation. The effects of ZGF on the BMSCs' osteogenic differentiation were substantiated through ALP activity, alizarin red staining, and a quantitative real-time polymerase reaction system (qRT-PCR). Selected miRNAs were identified via high-throughput sequencing and subjected to differential expression analysis, and subsequently validated through qRT-PCR. The senescence-accelerated (SAMP6) mice were selected as the SOP models. qRT-PCR analyses were further conducted to confirm the expression levels of these selected miRNAs in the muscle and bone tissues of the SAMP6 mice, and the protein expression of osteogenesis-related transcription factors OCN and Osterix in its bone tissue was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining analysis (IF).

RESULTS

ZGF may enhance the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs through myoblasts and myoblast-derived exosomes. High-throughput sequencing, differential expression analysis, and subsequent qRT-PCR validation identified four miRNAs that stood out due to their significant differential expression: miR-5100, miR-142a-3p, miR-126a-3p, miR-450b-5p and miR-669a-5p. Moreover, the mice experiment corroborated these findings, which revealed that ZGF not only up-regulated the expression of miR-5100, miR-450b-5p and miR-126a-3p in muscle and bone tissues but also concurrently down-regulated the expression of miR-669a-5p in these tissues. IF staining analysis indicated that ZGF can significantly increase the protein expression of the osteogenic transcription factors OCN and Osterix in the bone tissue of mice with SOP.

CONCLUSIONS

ZGF can promote osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts, regulate bone metabolism, and thereby delay the process of SOP. Perhaps, its mechanism is to upregulate myoblast-derived exosomes miR-5100, miR-126a-3p, and miR-450b-5p or downregulate miR-669a-5p. This study reports for the first time that myoblast exosomes miR-669a-5p and miR-450b-5p are novel targets for the regulation of osteoblastic differentiation and the treatment of SOP.

The impact of phospholipids with high transition temperature to enhance redox-sensitive liposomal doxorubicin efficacy in colon carcinoma model

In this study, we have developed a redox-sensitive (RS) liposomal doxorubicin formulation by incorporating 10,10'-diselanediylbis decanoic acid (DDA) organoselenium compound as the RS moiety. Hence, several RS liposomal formulations were prepared by using DOPE, HSPC, DDA, mPEG2000-DSPE, and cholesterol. In situ drug loading using a pH gradient and citrate complex yielded high drug to lipid ratio and encapsulation efficiency (100%) for RS liposomes. Liposomal formulations were characterized in terms of size, surface charge and morphology, drug loading, release properties, cell uptake and cytotoxicity, as well as therapeutic efficacy in BALB/c mice bearing C26 tumor cells. The formulations showed an average particle size of 200 nm with narrow size distributions (PDI < 0.3), and negative surface charges varying from -6 mV to -18.6 mV. Our study confirms that the presence of the DDA compound in liposomes is highly sensitive to hydrogen peroxide at 0.1% w/v, resulting in a significant burst release of up to 40%. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy study in BALB/c mice bearing C26 colon carcinoma confirmed the promising function of RS liposomes in the tumor microenvironment which led to a prolonged median survival time (MST). The addition of hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) with a high transition temperature (Tm: 52-53.5°C) extended the MST of our 3-component formulation of F14 (DOPE/HSPC/DDA) to 60 days in comparison to Caelyx (PEGylated liposomal Dox), which is not RS-sensitive (39 days). Overall, HSPC liposomes bearing RS-sensitive moiety enhanced therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer in vitro and in vivo. This achievement unequivocally underscores the criticality of high-TM phospholipids, particularly HSPC, in significantly enhancing liposome stability within the bloodstream. In addition, RS liposomes enable the on-demand release of drugs, leveraging the redox environment of tumor cells, thereby augmenting the efficacy of the formulation.

Decellularized tissues as platforms for digestive system cancer models

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a multifunctional network of macromolecules that regulate various cellular functions and physically support the tissues. Besides physiological conditions, the ECM also changes during pathological conditions such as cancer. As tumor cells proliferate, notable changes occur in the quantity and makeup of the surrounding ECM. Therefore, the role of this noncellular component of tissues in studies of tumor microenvironments should be considered. So far, many attempts have been made to create 2-dimensional (2D) or 3-dimensional (3D) models that can replicate the intricate connections within the tumor microenvironment. Decellularized tissues are proper scaffolds that imitate the complex nature of native ECM. This review aims to summarize 3D models of digestive system cancers based on decellularized ECMs. These ECM-based scaffolds will enable us to study the interactive communication between cells and their surrounding environment which brings new potential for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of cancer.

Investigating the Anticancer and Antioxidant Potentials of a Polymer-Grafted Sodium Alginate Composite Embedded with CuO and TiO2 Nanoparticles

In this study, we conducted the synthesis of a composite material by grafting an acrylonitrile-co-styrene (AN-co-St) polymer into sodium alginate and incorporating CuO (copper oxide) and TiO2 (titanium dioxide) nanoparticles. The primary objective was to investigate the potential anticancer and antioxidant activities of the composite material. First, CuO and TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized for their size, morphology, and surface properties. Subsequently, these nanoparticles were integrated into the sodium alginate matrix, which had been grafted with the AN-co-St polymer, resulting in the formation of the composite material. To confirm successful nanoparticle incorporation and assess the structural integrity of the composite, various techniques such as X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed. The composite material’s anticancer and antioxidant activities were then evaluated. In vitro cell viability assays using the HepG-2 cell line were performed to assess potential cytotoxic effects, while antioxidant (DPPH) assays were conducted to determine the composite’s ability to scavenge free radicals and protect against oxidative stress. Preliminary results indicate that the composite material demonstrated promising anticancer and antioxidant activities. The presence of CuO and TiO2 nanoparticles within the composite contributed to these effects, as these nanoparticles are known to possess anticancer and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the grafting of the AN-co-St polymer into sodium alginate enhanced the overall performance and stability of the composite material.

Designing of a new transdermal antibiotic delivery polymeric membrane modified by functionalized SBA-15 mesoporous filler

A new drug delivery system using an asymmetric polyethersulfone (PES) membrane modified by SBA-15 and glutamine-modified SBA-15 (SBA-Q) was prepared in this study by the aim of azithromycin delivery enhancement in both in vitro and ex vivo experiments. The research focused on optimizing membrane performance by adjusting critical parameters including drug concentration, membrane thickness, modifier percentage, polymer percentage, and pore maker percentage. To characterize the fabricated membranes, various techniques were employed, including scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle, and tensile strength assessments. Following optimization, membrane composition of 17% PES, 2% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 1% SBA-15, and 0.5% SBA-Q emerged as the most effective. The optimized membranes demonstrated a substantial increase in drug release (906 mg/L) compared to the unmodified membrane (440 mg/L). The unique membrane structure, with a dense top layer facilitating sustained drug release and a porous sub-layer acting as a drug reservoir, contributed to this improvement. Biocompatibility assessments, antibacterial activity analysis, blood compatibility tests, and post-diffusion tissue integrity evaluations confirmed the promising biocompatibility of the optimized membranes. Moreover, long-term performance evaluations involving ten repeated usages underscored the reusability of the optimized membrane, highlighting its potential for sustained and reliable drug delivery applications.

Exploring the viability of Zeatin as a prospective therapeutic candidate for investigating the complex interplay between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Alzheimer's disease

The present research aims to explore the intricate link between SARS-CoV infection and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease, focusing on the role of APOE4, a genetic factor associated with both conditions. Our research aims to uncover shared molecular pathways, considering APOE4's impact on lipid metabolism, immune responses, and neuroinflammation relevant to COVID-19 and AD. The Chyawanprash phytocompounds were subjected to in-silico ADMET profiling and Zeatin a neuroprotective cytokinin emerged as a promising regulator of the ACE2-SPIKE complex as it exhibits favourable pharmacological attributes, presenting as a non-substrate for Permeability glycoprotein, low Protein Binding Percentage, and distinctive toxicity endpoints. Therapeutic candidate. Zeatin's robust binding disrupts the intricate APOE4-ACE2-SPIKE interplay (AAS), offering a potential therapeutic avenue that is further corroborated by Molecular dynamic simulation as the system remained stable without any major fluctuation throughout the 100ns simulation. The AAS binding free energy, determined as -124.849 +/- 15.513 KJ/mol using MMPBSA assay, reveals significant contributions to complex stability from amino acids including, GLN41: 1.211 kcal/mol, GLU340: 1.188 kcal/mol, ALA344: 1.198 kcal/mol, while ARG38: 2.011 kcal/mol establishes pivotal strong bonds integral to the interaction between AAS and Zeatin. Rigorous cytotoxicity assessments reveal Zeatin's safety profile, highlighting its inhibitory effect on LN18 cell viability that sharply decreases to 32.47% at 200 µg/ml, underscoring its modulatory impact on cellular metabolism. These findings enhance our understanding of the convergent mechanisms linking SARS-CoV and AD, providing valuable insights for potential therapeutic interventions. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific pathways and molecular mechanisms through which zeatin exerts its protective effects.

SIRT1 activation attenuates palmitate induced apoptosis in C2C12 muscle cells

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, which manifests mainly in skeletal muscles. SIRT1 has been found to play a role in the insulin signaling pathway. However, the molecular underpinnings of SIRT1's function in palmitate fatty acid-induced apoptosis still need to be better understood.

METHODS

In this research, skeletal muscle cells are treated with palmitate to be insulin resistant. It is approached that SIRT1 is downregulated in C2C12 muscle cells during palmitate-induced apoptosis and that activating SIRT1 mitigates this effect.

RESULTS

Based on these findings, palmitate-induced apoptosis suppressed mitochondrial biogenesis by lowering PGC-1 expression, while SIRT1 overexpression boosted. The SIRT1 inhibitor sirtinol, on the other hand, decreased mitochondrial biogenesis under the same conditions. This research also shows that ROS levels rise in the conditions necessary for apoptosis induction by palmitate, and ROS inhibitors can mitigate this effect. This work demonstrated that lowering ROS levels by boosting SIRT1 expression inhibited apoptotic induction in skeletal muscle cells.

CONCLUSION

This study's findings suggested that SIRT1 can improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes by slowing the rate of lipo-apoptosis and boosting mitochondrial biogenesis, among other benefits.

Time and Cost-Effective Genome Editing Protocol for Simultaneous Caspase 8 Associated Protein 2 Gene Knock in/out in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Using CRISPR-Cas9 System

Background

CHO cells are preferred for producing biopharmaceuticals, and genome editing technologies offer opportunities to enhance recombinant protein production. Targeting apoptosis-related genes, such as Caspases 8-Associated Protein 2 (CASP8AP2), improves CHO cell viability and productivity. Integrating robust strategies with the CRISPR-Cas9 system enables its application in CHO cell engineering.

Objectives

This study was performed to develop a cost-effective protocol using the CRISPR-Cas9 system combined with the HITI strategy for simultaneous CASP8AP2 gene deletion/insertion in CHO cells and to assess its impact on cell viability and protein expression.

Materials and Methods

We developed an efficient protocol for CHO cell engineering by combining CRISPR/Cas9 with the HITI strategy. Two distinct sgRNA sequences were designed to target the 3' UTR region of the CASP8AP2 gene using CHOPCHOP software. The gRNAs were cloned into PX459 and PX460-1 vectors and transfected into CHO cells using the cost-effective PEI reagent. A manual selection system was employed to streamline the process of single-cell cloning. MTT assays assessed gene silencing and cell viability at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Flow cytometry evaluated protein expression in CASP8AP2-silenced CHO cells.

Results

The study confirmed the robustness of combining CRISPR-Cas9 with the HITI strategy, achieving a high 60% efficiency in generating knockout clones. PEI transfection successfully delivered the constructs to nearly 65% of the clones, with the majority being homozygous. The protocol proved feasible for resource-limited labs, requiring only an inverted fluorescent microscope. CASP8AP2 knockout (CHO-KO) cells exhibited significantly extended cell viability compared to CHO-K1 cells when treated with NaBu, with IC50 values of 7.28 mM and 14.25 mM at 48 hours, respectively (P-value 24 hours ≤ 0.0001, 48 hours ≤ 0.0001, P-value 72 hours = 0.0007). CHO CASP8AP2-silenced cells showed a 1.3-fold increase in JRed expression compared to native cells.

Conclusions

CRISPR-Cas9 and HITI strategy was used to efficiently engineer CHO cells for simultaneous CASP8AP2 gene deletion/insertion, which improved cell viability and protein expression.

Baicalein alleviates palmitic acid-induced endothelial cell dysfunction via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress

OBJECTIVE

Endothelial cells play a critical role in maintaining vascular function and kinetic homeostasis, but excessive accumulation of palmitic acid (PA) may lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress and trigger endothelial cell dysfunction. Baicalin (BCL), a natural plant extract, has received widespread attention for its biological activities in anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress. However, the mechanism of BCL on PA-induced endothelial cell dysfunction is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether BCL could inhibit PA-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and thus attenuate endothelial cell dysfunction.

METHODS

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were divided into Control, PA, PA + BCL-10 μM, PA + BCL-20 μM, and PA + BCL-50 μM groups. The PA group was treated with PA (200 μM), while the PA + BCL groups were co-treated with different concentrations of BCL (10 μM, 20 μM, 50 μM) for 24 hours. Cell viability was detected by MTT. Cell migration ability was determined by Transwell assay, apoptosis level by flow cytometry, and tube formation ability by tube formation assay. Finally, the levels of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3) and angiogenesis-related proteins (VEGFA and FGF2) were detected by western blot, MMP-9, as well as the protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress biomarkers (GRP78, CHOP, PERK, and ATF4).

RESULTS

The results at the cellular level showed that cell viability, migration ability and tube formation ability of PA-induced HUVECs were significantly reduced, while apoptosis level was significantly increased. However, administration of different concentrations of BCL significantly enhanced PA-induced cell viability, migration ability and tube formation ability of HUVECs while inhibiting apoptosis. The results of protein levels showed that the protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were observably up-regulated in the cells of the PA group, while the protein level of Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated; compared with the PA group, the protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were much lower and the Bcl-2 protein level was much higher in the PA + BCL group. Additionally, the protein levels of VEGFA, FGF2 and MMP-9 were raised and those of GRP78, CHOP, PERK and ATF4 were lowered in the PA + BCL group of cells in a concentration-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

BCL significantly attenuates PA-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress.

The effects of green synthesized anionic cupric oxide nanoparticles on Zaraibi goat spermatozoa during cryopreservation with and without removal of seminal plasma

Sperm motility, normal morphology, viability, spermatozoa DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation are all affected by semen cryopreservation. The goal of this study was to see how effective cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are as a cryo-extender additive on post-thawed sperm parameters. An artificial vagina was used to collect semen samples from five mature Zaraibi bucks (2-3 years). Ejaculates were pooled and separated into two fractions (A&B), a fraction (A) was left without being centrifuged and a fraction (B) was centrifuged to remove seminal plasma. Both fractions were diluted with tris egg yolk citrate extender (TECE) and then divided into five equal aliquots, each supplemented with (0, 10, 20, 40, and 60 ppm/ml) CuONPs. The findings revealed that removing seminal plasma before cryopreservation harms sperm parameters. Sperm motility, viability index, membrane integrity, biochemical antioxidant marker, DNA integrity, and MDA level improved after supplementation with CuONPs up to 60 ppm/ml, the most prominent significant positive effect was obtained with the highest dose (60 ppm/ml) without removal of the seminal plasm compared to control group. In conclusion: The presence of seminal plasma with a high concentration of CuONPs (up to 60 ppm/ml) may help to mitigate the negative effects of cryo-preservation.

Nanoparticles Based on Silver Chloride and Bambusuril[6] for the Fine-Tuning of Biological Activity

The prevalence of numerous infectious diseases has emerged as a grave concern within the realm of healthcare. Currently, the issue of antibiotic resistance is compelling scientists to explore novel treatment approaches. To combat these infectious diseases, various treatment methods have been developed, harnessing cutting-edge disinfecting nanomaterials. Among the range of metallic nanoparticles employed in medicine, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stand out as both highly popular and well-suited for the task. They find extensive utility in cancer diagnosis and therapies and as effective antibacterial agents. The interaction between silver and bacterial cells induces significant structural and morphological alterations, ultimately leading to cell demise. In this study, nanoparticles based on silver and bambusuril[6] (BU[6]) were developed for the first time. These NPs can be used for different biomedical purposes. A simple, single-step, and effective synthesis method was employed to produce bambusuril[6]-protected silver chloride nanoparticles (BU[6]-Ag/AgCl NPs) through the complexation of BU[6] with silver nitrate. The NPs were characterized using X-ray phase analysis (XPS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). When the SEM images were examined, it was seen that the synthesized BU[6]-Ag/AgCl NPs were distributed with homogeneous sizes, and the synthesized NPs were mostly spherical and cubic. The EDS spectra of BU[6]-Ag/AgCl NPs demonstrated the presence of Ag, Cl, and all expected elements. BU[6]-Ag/AgCl NPs showed high antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.

Cytotoxic Indole Diterpenoids from a Sphagneticola trilobata-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. PQJ-1

Two new indole diterpene derivatives, 5S-hydroxy-β-aflatrem (1) and 14R-hydroxy-β-aflatrem (2), along with one known analogue, 14-(N,N-dimethl-L-valyloxy)paspalinine (3), were isolated from the fermentation broth of the fungus Aspergillus sp. PQJ-1 derived from Sphagneticola trilobata. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated from spectroscopic data and ECD spectroscopic analyses. All the compounds (1-3) were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against A549, Hela, Hep G2, and MCF-7 cell lines. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited selective inhibition against Hela cells. Further studies showed that 1 significantly induced apoptosis and suppressed migration and invasion in Hela cells. Moreover, 1 could up-regulate pro-apoptotic genes BAX and Caspase-3 and down-regulate anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL and XIXP.

Pomegranate polyphenol punicalagin improves learning memory deficits, redox homeostasis, and neuroinflammation in aging mice

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder characterized by loss of memory and cognitive dysfunction in the aged. Despite remarkable advances in drug therapy, effective pharmacological interventions are rare. Punicalagin (PU) is an active antioxidant polyphenol found in pomegranates, raspberries, blueberries, and chestnuts that has attracted considerable attention owing to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The current study focused on the neuroprotective effect of PU on aging mice and its potential mechanisms. In this study, we first evaluated the protective effect of PU on neuro-2a (N2a) cell damage mediated by BV2 microglia-induced neuroinflammation. The in vivo D-galactose (D-gal)-induced brain aging model demonstrated that PU ameliorated deficits in learning and memory and prevented neuroinflammation, which was evident from the decrease in microglial activation and astrocytosis. Furthermore, PU reduced the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in both accelerated aging and naturally senescent mouse models. PU effectively improved neuroinflammation, learning and memory deficits, and redox homeostasis in aging mice, and it could be a potential therapeutic agent for AD.

The in vitro and in vivo effects of Lucilia sericata larval secretions on Leishmania major

The emerging of drug resistant against Leishmania parasites prompts scientists to seek for novel therapeutic strategies against theses infectious protozoan parasites. Among different strategies, the use of larvae secretions could be suggested as a possible therapy with low side effects. Accordingly, the current study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo effects of Lucilia sericata larval secretions on Leishmania major, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). After preparation of L. sericata larval stages (L2 and L3) secretions, the potential effects of secretions were evaluated against L. major promastigotes and amastigotes (in vitro) using MTT assay. The cytotoxicity effects of secretions were also checked on uninfected macrophages. In addition, in vivo experiments were also conducted to investigate the effects of larvae's secretions on the CL lesions induced in the BALB/c mice. Although the increased concentration of larvae secretions exhibited a direct effect on the promastigotes proliferation (viability), contrarily, L2 secretions at a concentration of 96 μg/ml represented the highest inhibitory effect on parasite (amastigotes) burden in infected macrophages. Interestingly, L3 secretions > 60 μg/ml induced inhibitory effects on amastigotes. The results relevant to the cytotoxicity effects of L2 and L3 secretions on uninfected-macrophages showed a dose dependent correlation. In vivo results were also significant, compared to the positive control group. This study suggested the plausible inhibitory effects of L. sericata larvae's secretions on the L. major amastigotes and CL lesions progression. It seems that the characterization of all effective components/proteins in the larvae secretions and their specific targets in parasite structure or in cell (macrophage) responses could further reveal more details regarding the anti-leishmanial properties of these compounds.

Glutathione and selenium nanoparticles have a synergistic protective effect during cryopreservation of bull semen

Introduction

In the present study, the synergistic protective effect of co-supplementation of glutathione (GSH) with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the cryopreservation efficiency of bull semen was analyzed.

Methods

After collection, the ejaculates of Holstein bulls were subsequently diluted with a Tris extender buffer supplemented with different concentrations of SeNPs (0, 1, 2, and 4 μg/ml), followed by semen equilibration at 4°C and assessment of sperm viability and motility. Subsequently, the ejaculates of Holstein bulls were pooled, split into four equal groups, and diluted with a Tris extender buffer supplemented with basic extender (negative control group, NC group), 2 μg/ml SeNPs (SeNPs group), 4 mM GSH (GSH group), and 4 mM GSH plus 2 μg/ml SeNPs (GSH + SeNPs group). After cryopreservation, motility, viability, mitochondrial activity, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), and ability of frozen-thawed sperm cells to support in vitro embryonic development were evaluated.

Results and discussion

No side effect of SeNPs concentrations applied in the current study on the motility and viability of equilibrated bull spermatozoa was found. Meanwhile, supplementation of SeNPs significantly promoted the motility and viability of equilibrated bull spermatozoa. Furthermore, the co-supplementation of GSH with SeNPs effectively protected bull spermatozoa from cryoinjury as expressed by promoting semen motility, viability, mitochondrial activity, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity. Finally, the enhanced antioxidant capacity and embryonic development potential in the frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa cryopreserved by co-supplementation of GSH with SeNPs further confirmed the synergistic protective effect of co-supplementation of GSH with SeNPs on the cryopreservation of bull semen.

2,5-Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl-tethered 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Derivatives: Synthesis, In Silico Studies, and Biological Assessment as Potential Candidates for Anti-Cancer and Anti-Diabetic Agent

In the present work, a series of new 1-{5-[2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3-acetyl-2-aryl-2H/methyl derivatives were synthesized through a multistep reaction sequence. The compounds were synthesized by the condensation of various aldehydes and acetophenones with the laboratory-synthesized acid hydrazide, which afforded the Schiff's bases. Cyclization of the Schiff bases yielded 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. By spectral analysis, the structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated, and further, their anti-cancer and anti-diabetic properties were investigated. To examine the dynamic behavior of the candidates at the binding site of the protein, molecular docking experiments on the synthesized compounds were performed, followed by a molecular dynamic simulation. ADMET (chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) prediction revealed that most of the synthesized compounds follow Lipinski's rule of 5. The results were further correlated with biological studies. Using a cytotoxic assay, the newly synthesized 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles were screened for their in vitro cytotoxic efficacy against the LN229 Glioblastoma cell line. From the cytotoxic assay, the compounds 5b, 5d, and 5m were taken for colony formation assay and tunnel assay have shown significant cell apoptosis by damaging the DNA of cancer cells. The in vivo studies using a genetically modified diabetic model, Drosophila melanogaster, indicated that compounds 5d and 5f have better anti-diabetic activity among the different synthesized compounds. These compounds lowered the glucose levels significantly in the tested model.

Optimizing component formula suppresses lung cancer by blocking DTL-mediated PDCD4 ubiquitination to regulate the MAPK/JNK pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer have special curative effect on cancer treatment. The optimizing component formula (OCF) extracted from those two herbs was in line with the anti-lung cancer treatment principle of activating blood and supplementing 'Qi'. However, the study on the mechanism of component formula has always been an insurmountable challenge. Nowadays, the application of network pharmacology and artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of TCM provides new ideas for the study of new targets and mechanisms of TCM, which promotes the modernization of TCM.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to further explore the anti-lung cancer mechanism of OCF by using an integrated strategy of network pharmacology and AI technology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Bioinformatic analysis was used to analyze the expression levels, prognosis and survival of DTL and PDCD4 in cancer patients. The binding strength of OCF and DTL was simulated by molecular docking, and the affinity between them was detected by Bio-layer interferometry. Network pharmacology was used to predict the active components, potential targets and pathways of OCF. The association between key targets and their corresponding components and DTL was analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). MTT assay, colony formation assay, wound-healing assay and transwell assay were used to verify the inhibitory effects of OCF on lung cancer cells in vitro. qRT-PCR and Western blot assay were used to detect the effects of OCF on mRNA and protein expression of DTL, PDCD4 and key genes in MAPK/JNK pathways.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics analysis showed that DTL was significantly up-regulated in lung cancer, which was associated with high malignancy rate, high metastasis rate and poor prognosis of primary tumor. PDCD4 was down-regulated in lung cancer, and associated with high metastasis rate and poor prognosis. The good affinity between OCF and DTL was predicted and verified by molecular docking and Bio-layer interferometry. Based on the network pharmacological databases, 40 active components and 220 corresponding targets of OCF were screened out. KEGG analysis showed that OCF component targets were mainly enriched in MAPK signaling pathway. IPA results showed the interrelationship between DTL, PDCD4, MAPK pathway genes and their corresponding OCF components. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated anti-lung cancer activity of OCF, as validated, via impairing cell viability and cell proliferation, as well as inhibiting migration and invasion abilities in lung cancer cells. qRT-PCR showed that OCF down-regulated the mRNA expression of DTL, MAP4K1, JNK, c-Jun and c-Myc, and up-regulated the mRNA expression of PDCD4 and P53 genes in A549 lung cancer cells. Western blot suggested that OCF suppressed the protein level of DTL and blocked the ubiquitination of PDCD4 in A549 lung cancer cells, and down-regulated the protein levels of MAP4K1, p-JNK and p-c-Jun while up-regulated the proteins expression level of P53.

CONCLUSIONS

OCF might elicit an anti-lung cancer effect by blocking DTL-mediated PDCD4 ubiquitination and suppression of the MAPK/JNK pathway. Meanwhile, our work revealed that network pharmacology and AI technology strategy are cogent means of studying the active components and mechanism of TCM.

Assessment of Adiponectin and Sperm Function Parameters in Obese and Non-Obese: A Comprehensive Study

OBJECTIVE

The role of adiponectin in sperm function is inconclusive and there is a paucity of evidence. Obesity shows an ambiguous influence on sperm motility, and male subfertility. The aim of this study was to compare the role of adiponectin and sperm functional parameters among obese and non-obese men.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this comprehensive study, 64 male patients were included, and were classified as nonobese [body mass index (BMI)< 24.9 kg/m², n=32] and obese (BMI >25 kg/m², n=32) groups. Sperm analysis, was conducted using World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 standards. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used for the analysis of adiponectin gene expression and protein levels, respectively. Sperm viability was assessed using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT test), Acridine orange (AO) test was utilized to detect DNA denaturation, and sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) technique was used to investigate the fragmentation of DNA.

RESULTS

In obese men, adiponectin gene expression (P<0.0001) and protein levels (P<0.001) were significantly lower compared to the non-obese group. Additionally, sperm motility, was significantly lower in the obese group. The rapid progressive (RP) motility was less in obese men in comparison to the non-obese group (P<0.001). Sperm count and morphology were not significantly different in the two groups. DNA denaturation and DNA fragmentation were significantly more frequent in the obese group than in non-obese men (P<0.05) and (P<0.01), respectively. The obese men showed significantly lower sperm viability compared to the non-obese group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study showed no significant correlation between the evaluated variables (sperm parameter, sperm viability, DNA fragmentation and integrity), and obesity in men. Based on these results, adiponectin may potentially play positive role in sperm function for acquiring fertility.

Ex vivo exposures to arsenite and its methylated trivalent metabolites alter gene transcription in mouse sperm cells

We have previously reported that preconception exposure to iAs may contribute to the development of diabetes in mouse offspring by altering gene expressions in paternal sperm. However, the individual contributions of iAs and its methylated metabolites, monomethylated arsenic (MAs) and dimethylated arsenic (DMAs), to changes in the sperm transcriptome could not be determined because all three As species are present in sperm after in vivo iAs exposure. The goal of the present study was to assess As species-specific effects using an ex vivo model. We exposed freshly isolated mouse sperm to either 0.1 or 1 μM arsenite (iAsIII) or the methylated trivalent arsenicals, MAsIII and DMAsIII, and used RNA-sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes, enriched pathways, and associated protein networks. For all arsenicals tested, the exposures to 0.1 μM concentrations had greater effects on gene expression than 1 μM exposures. Transcription factor AP-1 and B cell receptor complexes were the most significantly enriched pathways in sperm exposed to 0.1 μM iAsIII. The Mre11 complex and Antigen processing were top pathways targeted by exposure to 0.1 μM MAsIII and DMAsIII, respectively. While there was no overlap between gene transcripts altered by ex vivo exposures in the present study and those altered by in vivo exposure in our prior work, several pathways were shared, including PI3K-Akt signaling, Focal adhesion, and Extracellular matrix receptor interaction pathways. Notably, the protein networks associated with these pathways included those with known roles in diabetes. This study is the first to assess the As species-specific effects on sperm transcriptome, linking these effects to the diabetogenic effects of iAs exposure.

Differential Inhibite Effect of Xanthohumol on HepG2 Cells and Primary Hepatocytes

Xanthohumol (XN) is the major prenylated chalcone of the female inflorescences (cone) of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus). It is also a constituent of beer, the major dietary source of prenylated flavonoids. It has shown strong antitumorigenic activity towards various types of cancer cells. In the present study, we show the impact on human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 cell and potential adverse effects on rat primary hepatocytes. Cell growth/viability assay (MTT) demonstrated that HepG2 cells are highly sensitive to XN at a concentration range of 25-100 μM. The primary mode of tumor cell destruction was apoptosis as demonstrated by the binding of Annexin Ⅴ-FITC, we show that XN at a concentration of 25 μM induced apoptosis in HepG2. Further evidence that XN kills HepG2 by inducing apoptosis was provided by the impact of XN on the cleavage of PARP-1 and caspases-3. In contrast, XN concentrations up to 100 μM did not affect viability of primary rat hepatocytes in vitro, meanwhile, XN did not induce the apoptosis of primary rat hepatocytes in vitro. In summary, our data provide a rationale for clinical evaluation of XN for the treatment of liver cancer.

Accumulated oxidative stress risk in HUVECs by chronic exposure to non-observable acute effect levels of PM2.5

Few studies have reported the accumulation of non-observable acute effect (NOAE) of PM2.5, especially exposure to the NOAE doses (NOAEDs) of PM2.5 in chronic way. To address this issue, HUVECs were cultured from the 1st to 30th generations (G1 to G30) and treated by the NOAED PM2.5 once every three passages. The generational changes of oxidative damage markers, inflammatory factors, and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) were monitored in HUVECs at G6, G12, G18, G24, and G30, and proteomes at G18 and G30, respectively. The oxidative damages monotonically accumulated with exposure time elongation and PM2.5 dose increases. Similar to the oxidative trends, VCAM1 and ICAM1 significantly and dose-dependently increased at G30. However, many inflammatory factors altered with complex patterns to respond the NOAEDs' PM2.5. Proteomic results demonstrated most proteins expressed stably, and the generational proteome alterations were more apparent than the NOAEDs' PM2.5 induced ones. The PM2.5-related proteins varied much, but only few can cross the doses and generations. These observations suggested that the proteins changed holistically rather than individually. In summary, SOD1, SUMO2, and H3F3A may initiate HUVECs responses to PM2.5, and then broadcast and accumulate the NOAE via DNA repair, immune response, and glycolysis.

Anticancer Potential of Hesperidin against HEp-2 Laryngeal Carcinoma Cell Line in Comparison to Doxorubicin

BACKGROUND: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a drug that is frequently used to treat a variety of cancers. Unfortunately, in many situations, it is ineffective, and raising the dosage is restricted due to systemic toxicity. An important strategy to minimize the toxic effects of the above cited drug is to use co-adjuvant. A citrus flavonoid hesperidin (Hesp) has emerged as promising anticancer natural product and proved to be potent antioxidant agent. It suppresses cancer cell replicating by triggering apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. AIM: The study’s goal was to investigate anticarcinogenic effects of Hesp in comparison with DOX against HEp-2 laryngeal carcinoma cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five groups of HEp-2 cell line were included, two groups were subjected to Hesp and the other two groups were subjected to DOX, which was used as a reference drug, in addition to a control untreated group. Expression of Bcl-2 and p53 genes was evaluated. Furthermore, the cell cycle arrest and apoptotic induction were assessed. RESULTS: Hesp exerted anti-proliferative effects against HEp-2 cells which increase in time dependent manner. Gene profile analysis revealed highly statistically significant decrease of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression and highly statistically significant increase of tumor suppressor gene p53 expression (p ˂ 0.01 and p ˂ 0.0001, respectively) for both tested drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Hesp proved potential anticancer effects with reducing cancer cell viability in HEp-2 cell line through cell cycle arrest and apoptotic mechanism. It could be used as a prodrug or coadjuvant in treatment of oral cancer.

Different Seasonal Collections of Ficus carica L. Leaves Diversely Modulate Lipid Metabolism and Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Due to the high prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, adipogenesis dysfunction and metabolic disorders are common features in the elderly population. Thus, the identification of novel compounds with anti-adipogenic and lipolytic effects is highly desirable to reduce diabetes complications. Plants represent an important source of bioactive compounds. To date, the antidiabetic potential of several traditional plants has been reported, among which Ficus carica L. is one of the most promising. Considering that plant metabolome changes in response to a number of factors including seasonality, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether Ficus carica leaves extracts collected in autumn (FCa) and spring (FCs) differently modulate lipid metabolism and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The 1H-NMR profile of the extracts showed that FCs have a higher content of caffeic acid derivatives, glucose, and sucrose than FCa. In contrast, FCa showed a higher concentration of malic acid and furanocoumarins, identified as psoralen and bergapten. In vitro testing showed that only FCa treatments were able to significantly decrease the lipid content (Ctrl vs. FCa 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL and 80 μg/mL; p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, FCa treatments were able to downregulate the transcriptional pathway of adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In more detail, FCa 80 μg/mL significantly decreased the gene expression of PPARγ (p < 0.05), C/EBPα (p < 0.05), Leptin (p < 0.0001), adiponectin (p < 0.05) and GLUT4 (p < 0.01). In conclusion, this study further supports an in-depth investigation of F. carica leaves extracts as a promising source of active compounds useful for targeting obesity and diabetes.

The effects of epididymal sperm recovery methods on fresh and frozen-thawed sperm characteristics in dogs

The cauda epididymis holds a collectible source of fertile spermatozoa in cases of obstructive azoospermia, sudden death, and after elective or emergency castration. The current study was conducted to compare three different epidydimal sperm collection methods (Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA), microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA), and retrograde epididymal wash (EW)) in the dog. Fifteen large-breed adult dogs were applied for comparing the PESA (left testicles) with MESA (right testicles) techniques, while five dogs were used for evaluation of MESA (left testicles) versus EW (right testicles). The recovered sperm cells from MESA and EW were subjected to cryopreservation. Total sperm recovery, level of blood contamination, and sperm quality markers (viability, morphology, plasma and acrosome membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation, and metabolic activity) were evaluated for fresh and frozen-thawed spermatozoa. We showed that the collection of epididymal sperm cells through the PESA method resulted in lower total sperm recovery and significantly reduced fresh sperm kinematic and quality measures. While, both MESA and EW procedures resulted in a high number of intact epididymal spermatozoa with appropriate cryo-tolerance potential. In conclusion, EW and MESA methods provide high-quality epidydimal spermatozoa with high cryopreservation potential in domestic dogs.

Short cytoplasmic isoform of IL1R1/CD121a mediates IL1β induced proliferation of synovium-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells through ERK1/2 pathway

Objectives

IL1β enhances proliferation of synovial mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (synMSCs) although they don't express its receptor, IL1R1/CD121a, on the cell surface. This study was aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of IL1β-mediated growth promotion.

Methods

Human synMSCs were isolated from the suprapatellar synovial membrane. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT. Flowcytometric analyses were performed for surface antigen expression. Intracellular signaling pathway was analyzed by western blotting, immunocytochemistry and Q-PCR.

Results

IL1β enhanced proliferation through IL1R1/CD121a because IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra) completely inhibited it. Expression analyses indicated that a short isoform of IL1R1/CD121a is expressed in synMSCs. Immunocytochemistry indicated that IL1R1/CD121a was majorly localized to the cytoplasm. Western blotting indicated that IL1β induced delayed timing of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation and IκBα degradation in synMSCs. Q-PCR analyses for IL1β-target genes indicated that cyclin D was specifically downregulated by a MAPK/ERK inhibitor, U0126, but not by a NFκB inhibitor, TPCA-1. In contrast, the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL1α and IL6 are significantly decreased by TPCA-1 but less effectively decreased by U0126.

Conclusion

Our data indicated that the cytoplasmic IL1R1/CD121a transduced IL1β signal in synMSCs. And the growth-promoting effect of IL1β can be separated from its inflammatory cytokine-inducing function in synMSCs.

Supplementation of melatonin to cooling and freezing extenders improves canine spermatozoa quality measures

Background

Sperm freezing and cold storage are the two most common assisted reproductive technologies in the canine breeding industry. The freeze-thawing process causes significant detrimental changes in both sperm cell structure and function. Previous research has confirmed that excessive accumulation of un-scavenged free radicals (oxidative stress) plays an important role in the cryopreservation-induced damage to sperm cells. Also, the gradual accumulation of the free radicals during cold storage leads to a decline in the sperm quality markers. Melatonin is an endogenous neurohormone synthesized from tryptophan amino acid by pineal glands. Besides its several well-known physiologic roles, melatonin has a significant antioxidant potential through direct free radical scavenging properties. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate the potential in vitro protective properties of melatonin (0.5, 1, and 2 mM) on canine sperm cells after freezing or during long-term cold storage (9 days, 5 °C) on most important sperm in vitro fertility markers.

Results

Melatonin at 0.5, 1- or 2-mM concentrations could preserve significantly higher sperm total motility after 4 days of cold storage. However, only the 1- and 2 mM melatonin concentrations could result in better TM and PM values after 7 days of cold storage. Furthermore, melatonin supplementation could preserve higher sperm viability and acrosome integrity after 7 days of storage. Also, it could have significant protective effects on the cooled sperm DNA integrity. In the freezing section of the current research, melatonin at either 1- or 2-mM concentrations could not improve the sperm post-thaw TM and PM, whereas they improved sperm DNA integrity. Also, the post-thaw plasma membrane functional integrity and sperm velocity parameters were not affected by the treatment. Although DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) as the melatonin solvent could reduce the level of sperm lipid peroxidation and even improve the post-thaw sperm DNA integrity compared to the negative control, it reduced the post-thaw sperm progressive motility. However, the negative effects were reversed by concurrent melatonin supplementation at 1- and 2-mM concentrations.

Conclusion

The addition of 1- or 2-mM melatonin to the canine sperm freezing and cooling media could improve sperm motility, viability, acrosome, and DNA integrity.