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Cao X, Xie B, Xu M, Li J, Dai X, Tian Y, Zhang J, Chen Y, Yan L, Zhang B, Shi W, Ren L. Toxicity study of silica nanoparticles following 94-day repeated oral administration in Sprague Dawley rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2025; 398:5661-5676. [PMID: 39601819 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the toxic response of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats following oral administration of different doses of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) for 94 consecutive days, as well as the recovery after 30 days of withdrawal. Rats were orally administered SiNPs at dosages of 0, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg /day once a day for 94 continuous days. By the end of the study, there were no fatalities in any of the experimental animals that received SiNPs orally. Under the tested doses, no adverse effects related to SiNPs treatment were observed in a comprehensive assessment of several dimensions, including clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption, hematological parameters, blood biochemical indices, urinalysis, organ weights and coefficients, and gross and histopathology. Based on the current study results, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for repeated oral administration of SiNPs in rats for 94 consecutive days was designated as 500 mg/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqian Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316004, China
| | - Bin Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Mingxiao Xu
- Department of Infection Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, No. 800, Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dai
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, No. 800, Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yijun Tian
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, No. 800, Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiqianzhu Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, No. 800, Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, No. 800, Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lang Yan
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, No. 800, Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, No. 800, Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, No. 800, Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lijun Ren
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, No. 800, Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Bailly C. Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Targets of Alisol Triterpenoids from Alismatis Rhizoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081945. [PMID: 36009492 PMCID: PMC9406200 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 100 protostane triterpenoids have been isolated from the dried rhizomes of Alisma species, designated Alismatis rhizoma (AR), commonly used in Asian traditional medicine to treat inflammatory and vascular diseases. The main products are the alisols, with the lead compounds alisol-A/-B and their acetate derivatives being the most abundant products in the plant and the best-known bioactive products. The pharmacological effects of Ali-A, Ali-A 24-acetate, Ali-B, Ali-B 23-acetate, and derivatives have been analyzed to provide an overview of the medicinal properties, signaling pathways, and molecular targets at the origin of those activities. Diverse protein targets have been proposed for these natural products, including the farnesoid X receptor, soluble epoxide hydrolase, and other enzymes (AMPK, HCE-2) and functional proteins (YAP, LXR) at the origin of the anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fibrotic, and anti-proliferative activities. Activities were classified in two groups. The lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerosis effects benefit from robust in vitro and in vivo data (group 1). The anticancer effects of alisols have been largely reported, but, essentially, studies using tumor cell lines and solid in vivo data are lacking (group 2). The survey shed light on the pharmacological properties of alisol triterpenoids frequently found in traditional phytomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, 59290 Lille (Wasquehal), France
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Park SH, Lim CY, Moon JM, Gwag JE, Lee JY, Yang SA. Toxicological assessment of enzyme-treated Zizania latifolia extract: Oral toxicology and genotoxicity in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105220. [PMID: 35792245 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Zizania latifolia Turcz. has long been used as a food source in Southeast Asia. The grains, stems, and leaves of Z. latifolia and its major component, tricin, have also been studied to determine their biological activities. Previously, we hydrolyzed the aerial part of Z. latifolia using an enzyme mixture to maximize the tricin content of the Z. latifolia extract. However, the safety of enzyme-treated Z. latifolia extract (ETZL; DermaNiA™) has not yet been determined. In this study, we performed an in vivo 90-day repeated-dose evaluation and genotoxicity study to assess the toxicological potential of ETZL. EZTL did not exhibit genotoxicity in the bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosomal aberration assay, or in vivo micronucleus test. Moreover, no changes in body weight or hematological and serum biological parameters were observed in male or female rats under high-dose EZTL treatment (5000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day) for 90 days with a 4-week recovery period. Significant changes were noted in the forestomach, kidneys, and adrenal glands in the test groups, but these changes, or tendency for recovery, were not observed in the recovery group. Based on these data, the no adverse effect level was determined to be 1250 mg/kg bw/day in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, South Korea; Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Cho Young Lim
- R&D Center, BTC Corporation, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Joo Myung Moon
- R&D Center, BTC Corporation, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Jung Eun Gwag
- R&D Center, BTC Corporation, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yeul Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, South Korea; Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seun-Ah Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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Park SH, Lim JO, Kim WI, Park SW, Lee SJ, Shin IS, Moon C, Kim JH, Heo JD, Kim JC. Subchronic Toxicity Evaluation of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles in Rats Following 28-Day Repeated Oral Administration. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3215-3226. [PMID: 34535882 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies on the potential adverse effects of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3NPs) have reported conflicting results. The present study investigated the potential adverse effects of Al2O3NPs in Sprague-Dawley rats following 28-day repeated oral administration. In addition, we aimed to determine the target organ and no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of Al2O3NPs. Al2O3NPs was administered once daily by gavage to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. There were no treatment-related adverse effects as indicated by the clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis, ophthalmology, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weight, and histopathology at all the tested doses. Under the experimental conditions of the present study, 28-day repeated oral administration of Al2O3NPs at doses of up to 1000 mg/kg/day did not induce any treatment-related systemic toxicity in male and female rats. The NOAEL of Al2O3NPs was set at 1000 mg/kg/day in both male and female rats and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyeuk Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Oh Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Won Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hein Kim
- Bioenvironmental Science & Technology Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Gyeongnam, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Doo Heo
- Bioenvironmental Science & Technology Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Gyeongnam, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Mariano LNB, Boeing T, da Silva RDCV, da Silva LM, Gasparotto-Júnior A, Cechinel-Filho V, de Souza P. Exotic Medicinal Plants Used in Brazil with Diuretic Properties: A Review. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200258. [PMID: 35544364 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several exotic plants (non-native) are used in Brazilian traditional medicine and are known worldwide for their possible diuretic actions. Among the wide variety of plants, standing out Achillea millefolium L., Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze, Crocus sativus L., Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W. Hill, Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber, and Urtica dioica L., whose effects have already been the subject of some scientific study. In addition, we also discussed other exotic species in Brazil used popularly, but that still lack scientific studies, like the species Arctium lappa L., Carica papaya L., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb, Citrus aurantium L., and Persea americana Mill. However, generally, clinical studies on these plants are scarce. In this context, different plant species can be designated for further comprehensive studies, therefore, promoting support for developing an effective medicine to induce diuresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Nathália Bolda Mariano
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Thaise Boeing
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Vilhena da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Luisa Mota da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Arquimedes Gasparotto-Júnior
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia e Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Valdir Cechinel-Filho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
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Li Y, Cha SB, Park Y, Gong BH, Jeong IY, Kim HS, Kang MS, Kim YS, Han CH, Lee HK, Song SW, Park CG, Kang BH. Evaluation of Caspase-3 and Ki-67 expression in squamous cell hyperplasia of the stomach induced by Platycodi radix water extract in Sprague–Dawley rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:45-52. [PMID: 35221495 PMCID: PMC8828602 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodi radix is widely used in traditional herbal medicine for the
treatment of bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and
diabetes. This study aimed to investigate cell proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis
(Caspase-3) potential in squamous cell hyperplasia of the stomach induced by a
Platycodi radix water extract in a subchronic toxicity study. One
hundred formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded stomach tissues of rats treated with
Platycodi radix at doses of 0, 500, 1,000, and 3,000 mg/kg body
weight/day were used for the analysis. They were conventionally stained using hematoxylin
and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemically (IHC) stained using caspase-3 and Ki-67
antibodies. The incidence of squamous cell hyperplasia was significantly increased in the
3,000 mg/kg b.w./day treatment group in both sexes (p<0.01). However, the hyperplastic
change was completely repaired after 4 weeks of recovery period. Ki-67 expression was
similar in all groups, with no statistically significant differences among the groups.
Caspase-3 expression was significantly increased in both sexes in the 3,000 mg/kg b.w./day
treatment group (p<0.01), compared with the vehicle control groups, and then reduced to
normal levels in the recovery groups in both sexes. In conclusion, this study showed that
squamous cell hyperplasia induced by the Platycodi radix water extract in
the limiting ridge of the stomach is not considered to be abnormal proliferative change;
as a result, squamous cell hyperplasia is considered to be a non-adverse effect when
induced by the oral administration of the Platycodi radix water extract
once daily for 13 weeks in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Li
- Dt&SanoMedics. Co. Ltd., 15F, 126, Teheran-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Beom Cha
- Nonclinical Research Institute, ChemOn Inc., Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngil Park
- Non-clinical Center, Dt&CRO Co. Ltd., 46, Yurim-Ro 154 beon-Gil, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ho Gong
- Nonclinical Research Institute, ChemOn Inc., Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Yeong Jeong
- Nonclinical Research Institute, ChemOn Inc., Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Soo Kim
- Nonclinical Research Institute, ChemOn Inc., Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kang
- Nonclinical Research Institute, ChemOn Inc., Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Nonclinical Research Institute, ChemOn Inc., Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Han
- Nonclinical Research Institute, ChemOn Inc., Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kul Lee
- Nonclinical Research Institute, ChemOn Inc., Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Institute, ChemOn Inc., Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Gyoo Park
- Non-clinical Center, Dt&CRO Co. Ltd., 46, Yurim-Ro 154 beon-Gil, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo-Hyon Kang
- Nonclinical Research Institute, ChemOn Inc., Yongin-Si, Republic of Korea
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Kim HY, Kim TR, Kim SH, Kim IH, Lim JO, Park JH, Yun S, Lee IC, Park HO, Kim JC. Four-Week Repeated Intravenous Dose Toxicity of Self-Assembled-Micelle Inhibitory RNA-Targeting Amphiregulin in Mice. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:453-465. [PMID: 34286615 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211031241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential subchronic toxicity of self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG) in mice. The test reagent was administered once-daily by intravenous injection for 4 weeks at 0, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg/day doses. Additional recovery groups (vehicle control and high dose groups) were observed for a 2-week recovery period. During the test period, mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weight, and histopathology were examined. An increase in the percentages of basophil and large unstained cells was observed in the 200 and 300 mg/kg/day groups of both sexes. In addition, the absolute and relative weights of the spleen were higher in males given 300 mg/kg/day relative to the concurrent controls. However, these findings were considered of no toxicological significance because the changes were minimal, were not accompanied by other relevant results (eg, correlating microscopic changes), and were not observed at the end of the 2-week recovery period indicating recovery of the findings. Based on the results, SAMiRNA-AREG did not cause treatment-related adverse effects at dose levels of up to 300 mg/kg/day in mice after 4-week repeated intravenous doses. Under these conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the SAMiRNA-AREG was ≥300 mg/kg/day in both sexes and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Young Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, 443298Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Rim Kim
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, 443298Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hyeon Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, 443298Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Oh Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Park
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungil Yun
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Lee
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, 54679Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Oh Park
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Evaluation of 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity of SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105001. [PMID: 34242707 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the potential toxicity of repeated oral dose of SUNACTIVE Zn-P240, a new type of zinc supplement, in Sprague-Dawley rats. SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 was administered once daily by gavage at doses of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day for each group over a 28-day period. At 2000 mg/kg/day, there were increases in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase, liver weight, histopathological changes in stomach, liver, and pancreas and decreases in body weight, food consumption, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total protein (TP), and albumin. At 1000 mg/kg/day, there was an increase in the serum ALP level and there were decreases in the MCV, MCH, and TP. There were no treatment-related adverse effects in the 500 mg/kg/day group. Under the present experimental conditions, the target organs in rats were determined to be the stomach, pancreas, liver, and erythrocyte and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in rats was considered to be 500 mg/kg/day.
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Cha SB, Li Y, Bae JS, Song SW, Lee IC, Kim JC. Evaluation of 13-week subchronic toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. root extract in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113621. [PMID: 33246125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodi radix is widely used in traditional herbal medicine for bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. However, data on safety of Platycodi radix are insufficient. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to evaluate the potential subchronic toxicity of Platycodi radix water extract through a 13-week repeated oral dose experiment in Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male and 40 female rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: three treatment groups receiving 300, 1000, and 3000 mg/kg/day of Platycodi radix water extract and a vehicle control group receiving sterile distilled water for 13 weeks. RESULTS Repeated oral administration of the Platycodi radix water extract to rats resulted in an increased incidence of centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy in the liver, diffuse follicular cell hypertrophy in the thyroid gland, and squamous hyperplasia of the limiting ridge in the stomach at dose levels of ≥500 mg/kg/day of both genders. However, these findings are considered be adaptive non-adverse changes because these findings were observed without organ weight change or clinical pathology alterations. No treatment-related effects on clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, and organ weights were observed at any dose tested. CONCLUSION Under the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the Platycodi radix water extract was considered to be ≥ 3000 mg/kg/day in rats, and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Beom Cha
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yinghua Li
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Sook Bae
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Chul Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Cha SB, Kim HS, Bae JS, Song SW, Lim JO, Kim JC. A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of a Dioscorea Rhizome water extract in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 120:104844. [PMID: 33359266 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dioscorea Rhizome is widely used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat asthma, diarrhea, cough, bronchitis, spermatorrhea, leukorrhea, and rheumatoid arthritis. This study investigated the potential subchronic toxicity of a D. Rhizome water extract (DRWE) after repeated oral administration at 0, 800, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg/day in rats for 13 weeks. During the study period, clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, water consumption, urinalysis, ophthalmoscopy, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weights, and histopathology were examined. The 13-week repeated oral administration of DRWE to rats resulted in an increased incidence of zona glomerulosa hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the adrenal gland at dose levels of ≥2000 mg/kg/day in both sexes. However, these findings are considered as non-adverse adaptive changes because of minimal histological changes in the lesions, which were not accompanied by any corresponding alterations in serum electrolytes and adrenal gland weight. No treatment-related adverse effects on clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, and organ weights were observed at any dose tested. Under the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the DRWE was considered to be 5000 mg/kg/day in both sexes, and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Beom Cha
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Soo Kim
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Bae
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Oh Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Lim JO, Jung TY, Lee SJ, Park SW, Kim WI, Park SH, Kim JH, Heo JD, Kim YB, Shin IS, Kim JC. Evaluation of 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity of aluminum chloride in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1088-1097. [PMID: 32815395 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1808670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential adverse effects of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) following a 4-week repeated oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. The test article was administered once daily by gavage to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 100, 300, and 900 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. After administration of AlCl3 at 900 mg/kg/day, treatment-related systemic toxicity manifested as significant increases in salivation incidence, neutrophil percentage, reticulocytes, serum triglyceride, adrenal gland and liver weights, and single-hepatocyte necrosis, as well as significant decreases in body weight gain, food intake, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), lymphocyte percentage, serum total protein and albumin, and thymus weight in male rats; and significant increases in salivation incidence, serum triglyceride, and liver weight, as well as a significant decrease in lymphocyte percentage in female rats. At 300 mg/kg/day, a significant decrease in MCHC was found in male rats, but not in female rats. However, this finding was not toxicologically significant because the reduction was minimal and was not accompanied by changes in any other parameters. No treatment-related effects were observed in the 100 mg/kg/day group of both genders. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the target organs of AlCl3 were determined to be the blood, liver, and thymus in rats. The no-observed-adverse-effect level was found to be 300 mg/kg/day in rats of both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Oh Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yang Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Won Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyeuk Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hein Kim
- Bioenvironmental Science & Technology Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Doo Heo
- Bioenvironmental Science & Technology Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Lee MJ, Nho JH, Yang BD, Park H, Lee HJ, Lee KH, Jang JH, Jung HK, Kim SR, Cho HW, Park HS, Lim JO, Kim JC. Subchronic toxicity evaluation of ethanol extract of Cassia tora L. seeds in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 109:104487. [PMID: 31585136 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cassia tora Linn. is an annual or perennial plant of the Fabaceae/Leguminosae family. It is used in traditional medicine for various biological activities including anti-constipation, anti-inflammatory, visual acuity, and hepato-protective activities. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential toxicity of C. tora L. seed ethanol extract (CTSEE) following a 13-week repeated oral administration to Sprague-Dawley rats. CTSEE was administered orally to male and female rats for 13 weeks at 0 (control), 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day (n = 10, for male and female rats for each dose). Additional recovery groups from the control group and high dose group were observed for a 4-week recovery period. At the end of the treatment and recovery periods, animals were sacrificed, and their organs were weighed and blood samples collected. There were no treatment-related adverse effects in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, estrous cycle, sperm parameters, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weight, and histopathology at any doses tested. Under the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the CTSEE was >2000 mg/kg/day in both genders, and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Jin Lee
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Nho
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Beo-Deul Yang
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Park
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Lee
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Lee
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Jang
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Kyung Jung
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ra Kim
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae-Sung Park
- Health Care Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Hwasun, Jeonnam, 58141, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Oh Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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