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Abstract
The therapeutic use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) as gene regulation agents has been limited by their poor stability and delivery. Although arranging siRNAs into a spherical nucleic acid (SNA) architecture to form siRNA-SNAs increases their stability and uptake, prototypical siRNA-SNAs consist of a hybridized architecture that causes guide strand dissociation from passenger strands, which limits the delivery of active siRNA duplexes. In this study, a new SNA design that directly attaches both siRNA strands to the SNA core through a single hairpin-shaped molecule to prevent guide strand dissociation is introduced and investigated. This hairpin-like architecture increases the number of siRNA duplexes that can be loaded onto an SNA by 4-fold compared to the original hybridized siRNA-SNA architecture. As a result, the hairpin-like siRNA-SNAs exhibit a 6-fold longer half-life in serum and decreased cytotoxicity. In addition, the hairpin-like siRNA-SNA produces more durable gene knockdown than the hybridized siRNA-SNA. This study shows how the chemistry used to immobilize siRNA on nanoparticles can markedly enhance biological function, and it establishes the hairpin-like architecture as a next-generation SNA construct that will be useful in life science and medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Vasher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gokay Yamankurt
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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2
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Kim HY, Kim TR, Kim SH, Kim IH, Lim JO, Park JH, Yun S, Lee IC, Park HO, Kim JC. Four-Week Repeated Intravenous Dose Toxicity of Self-Assembled-Micelle Inhibitory RNA-Targeting Amphiregulin in Mice. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:453-465. [PMID: 34286615 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211031241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential subchronic toxicity of self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG) in mice. The test reagent was administered once-daily by intravenous injection for 4 weeks at 0, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg/day doses. Additional recovery groups (vehicle control and high dose groups) were observed for a 2-week recovery period. During the test period, mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weight, and histopathology were examined. An increase in the percentages of basophil and large unstained cells was observed in the 200 and 300 mg/kg/day groups of both sexes. In addition, the absolute and relative weights of the spleen were higher in males given 300 mg/kg/day relative to the concurrent controls. However, these findings were considered of no toxicological significance because the changes were minimal, were not accompanied by other relevant results (eg, correlating microscopic changes), and were not observed at the end of the 2-week recovery period indicating recovery of the findings. Based on the results, SAMiRNA-AREG did not cause treatment-related adverse effects at dose levels of up to 300 mg/kg/day in mice after 4-week repeated intravenous doses. Under these conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the SAMiRNA-AREG was ≥300 mg/kg/day in both sexes and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Young Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, 443298Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Rim Kim
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, 443298Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hyeon Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, 443298Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Oh Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Park
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungil Yun
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Lee
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, 54679Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Oh Park
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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3
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Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a clinically approved therapeutic modality, which has attracted widespread attention not only from basic research but also from pharmaceutical industry. As siRNA can theoretically modulate any disease-related gene's expression, plenty of siRNA therapeutic pipelines have been established by tens of biotechnology companies. The drug performance of siRNA heavily depends on the sequence, the chemical modification, and the delivery of siRNA. Here, we describe the rational design protocol of siRNA, and provide some modification patterns that can enhance siRNA's stability and reduce its off-target effect. Also, the delivery method based on N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-siRNA conjugate that is widely employed to develop therapeutic regimens for liver-related diseases is also recapitulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, and Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, and Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Hu
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, and Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, and Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
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Janas MM, Schlegel MK, Harbison CE, Yilmaz VO, Jiang Y, Parmar R, Zlatev I, Castoreno A, Xu H, Shulga-Morskaya S, Rajeev KG, Manoharan M, Keirstead ND, Maier MA, Jadhav V. Selection of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs with limited off-target-driven rat hepatotoxicity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:723. [PMID: 29459660 PMCID: PMC5818625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) conjugated to a trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand are being evaluated in investigational clinical studies for a variety of indications. The typical development candidate selection process includes evaluation of the most active compounds for toxicity in rats at pharmacologically exaggerated doses. The subset of GalNAc-siRNAs that show rat hepatotoxicity is not advanced to clinical development. Potential mechanisms of hepatotoxicity can be associated with the intracellular accumulation of oligonucleotides and their metabolites, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated hybridization-based off-target effects, and/or perturbation of endogenous RNAi pathways. Here we show that rodent hepatotoxicity observed at supratherapeutic exposures can be largely attributed to RNAi-mediated off-target effects, but not chemical modifications or the perturbation of RNAi pathways. Furthermore, these off-target effects can be mitigated by modulating seed-pairing using a thermally destabilizing chemical modification, which significantly improves the safety profile of a GalNAc-siRNA in rat and may minimize the occurrence of hepatotoxic siRNAs across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja M Janas
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Mark K Schlegel
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Carole E Harbison
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Vedat O Yilmaz
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yongfeng Jiang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Rubina Parmar
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ivan Zlatev
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Adam Castoreno
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Huilei Xu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Muthiah Manoharan
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Martin A Maier
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Vasant Jadhav
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Kolosenko I, Edsbäcker E, Björklund AC, Hamil AS, Goroshchuk O, Grandér D, Dowdy SF, Palm-Apergi C. RNAi prodrugs targeting Plk1 induce specific gene silencing in primary cells from pediatric T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. J Control Release 2017; 261:199-206. [PMID: 28684168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of childhood leukemia survivors reveal an alarmingly high incidence of chronic health disabilities after treatment, therefore, more specific therapies need to be developed. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a key player in mitosis and a target for drug development as it is upregulated in multiple cancer types. Small molecules targeting Plk1 are mainly ATP-competitors and, therefore, are known to elicit side effects due to lack of specificity. RNA interference (RNAi) is known for its high catalytic activity and target selectivity; however, the biggest barrier for its introduction into clinical use is its delivery. RNAi prodrugs are modified, self-delivering short interfering Ribonucleic Neutrals (siRNNs), cleaved by cytoplasmic enzymes into short interfering Ribonucleic Acids (siRNAs) once inside cells. In this study we aimed to investigate the potential of siRNNs as therapeutic tools in T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) using T-ALL cell lines and patient-derived samples. We demonstrate for the first time that RNAi prodrugs (siRNNs) targeting Plk1, can enter pediatric T-ALL patient cells without a transfection reagent and induce Plk1 knockdown on both protein and mRNA levels resulting in G2/M-arrest and apoptosis. We also show that siRNNs targeting Plk1 generate less toxicity in normal cells compared to the small molecule Plk1 inhibitor, BI6727, suggesting a potentially good therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Elin Edsbäcker
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Björklund
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Alexander S Hamil
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Oksana Goroshchuk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Dan Grandér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Caroline Palm-Apergi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
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Zhou J, Li D, Wen H, Zheng S, Su C, Yi F, Wang J, Liang Z, Tang T, Zhou D, Zhang LH, Liang D, Du Q. Inter-molecular β-sheet structure facilitates lung-targeting siRNA delivery. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22731. [PMID: 26955887 PMCID: PMC4783658 DOI: 10.1038/srep22731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Size-dependent passive targeting based on the characteristics of tissues is a basic mechanism of drug delivery. While the nanometer-sized particles are efficiently captured by the liver and spleen, the micron-sized particles are most likely entrapped within the lung owing to its unique capillary structure and physiological features. To exploit this property in lung-targeting siRNA delivery, we designed and studied a multi-domain peptide named K-β, which was able to form inter-molecular β-sheet structures. Results showed that K-β peptides and siRNAs formed stable complex particles of 60 nm when mixed together. A critical property of such particles was that, after being intravenously injected into mice, they further associated into loose and micron-sized aggregates, and thus effectively entrapped within the capillaries of the lung, leading to a passive accumulation and gene-silencing. The large size aggregates can dissociate or break down by the shear stress generated by blood flow, alleviating the pulmonary embolism. Besides the lung, siRNA enrichment and targeted gene silencing were also observed in the liver. This drug delivery strategy, together with the low toxicity, biodegradability, and programmability of peptide carriers, show great potentials in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuquan Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cuicui Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zicai Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li-He Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dehai Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Quan Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Israel LL, Lellouche E, Ostrovsky S, Yarmiayev V, Bechor M, Michaeli S, Lellouche JPM. Acute in vivo toxicity mitigation of PEI-coated maghemite nanoparticles using controlled oxidation and surface modifications toward siRNA delivery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:15240-55. [PMID: 26120905 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN)-based doping step was used for the fabrication of core maghemite nanoparticles (NPs) that enabled the obtainment of colloid particles with a view to a high-level nanoparticle (NP) surface doping by Ce(III/IV). Such doping of Ce(III/IV) cations enables one to exploit their quite rich coordination chemistry for ligand coordinative binding. In fact, they were shown to act as powerful Lewis acid centers for attaching any organic (Lewis base) ligand such as a 25 kDa branched PEI polymer. Resulting conPEI25-CAN-γ-Fe2O3 NPs have been fully characterized before a successful implementation of siRNA loading and cell delivery/gene silencing using a well-known dual luciferase system. This attractive result emphasized their significant potential as an NP platform technology toward additional MRI and/or drug delivery (peptide)-relating end applications. However, due to their high positive charge, PEI polymers can cause severe in vivo toxicity due to their interaction with negatively charged red blood cells (RBC), resulting in RBC aggregation and lysis, leading to thrombosis and, finally, to animal death. In order to mitigate these acute toxic effects, two different types of surface modifications were performed. One modification included the controlled oxidation of 0.1-5% of the PEI amines before or after conjugation to the NPs, using hydrogen peroxide or potassium persulfate. The other type of modification was the addition of a second biocompatible polyanionic polymer to the PEI grafted NPs, based on the concept of a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. This modification is based on the coordination of another polyanionic polymer on the NPs surface in order to create a combined hybrid PEI and polyanionic polymer nanosystem. In both cases, the surface modification successfully mitigated the NP acute in vivo toxicity, without compromising the silencing efficiency.
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8
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Abstract
Various delivery strategies, involving siRNA as a therapeutic tool for gene silencing, have been highlighted through several investigations all over the world. One such medical target, where the siRNA-based therapies have been immensely explored and have met with considerable success, is the area of pulmonary disorders. Lung diseases have presented themselves as attractive targets for studying siRNA-mediated cures due to their widespread persistence and lethality. Another interesting feature in this case is that the lung is accessible to therapeutic agents via multiple administration routes including the nasal, oral and intravenous routes. Recent advances in pulmonary delivery highlight the exploitation of all these routes for administration of siRNA-based therapies, particularly by employing non-viral carriers like nanoparticles. Through this manuscript we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the most important and the latest developments in non-viral siRNA delivery for lung diseases. We have focused our discussion on the diverse systems, which have been investigated for a plethora of pulmonary disorders, ranging from inflammatory conditions like asthma and COPD, to infectious diseases like tuberculosis, and to lung cancer. An overview of the preclinical and clinical investigations conducted in this area has also been presented to the readers. While a variety of these systems have been found to be promising in pre-clinical studies, their successful transition as therapeutics will ultimately depend upon their clinical safety and efficacy, as well as the specificity of the carriers and methods employed for their administration.
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Levine SL, Tan J, Mueller GM, Bachman PM, Jensen PD, Uffman JP. Independent action between DvSnf7 RNA and Cry3Bb1 protein in southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi and Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118622. [PMID: 25734482 PMCID: PMC4348175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, corn rootworm (CRW)-resistant maize events producing two or more CRW-active Bt proteins have been commercialized to enhance efficacy against the target pest(s) by providing multiple modes of action (MoA). The maize hybrid MON 87411 has been developed that produces the CRW-active Cry3Bb1 Bt protein (hereafter Cry3Bb1) and expresses a RNAi-mediated MoA that also targets CRW. As part of an environmental risk assessment for MON 87411, the potential for an interaction between the CRW-active DvSnf7 RNA (hereafter DvSnf7) and Cry3Bb1 was assessed in 12-day diet incorporation bioassays with the southern corn rootworm (SCR, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi). The potential for an interaction between DvSnf7 and Cry3Bb1 was evaluated with two established experimental approaches. The first approach evaluated each substance alone and in combination over three different response levels. For all three response levels, observed responses were shown to be additive and not significantly different from predicted responses under the assumption of independent action. The second approach evaluated the potential for a fixed sub-lethal concentration of Cry3Bb1 to decrease the median lethal concentration (LC50) of DvSnf7 and vice-versa. With this approach, the LC50 value of DvSnf7 was not altered by a sub-lethal concentration of Cry3Bb1 and vice-versa. In addition, the potential for an interaction between the Cry3Bb1 and DvSnf7 was tested with Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata), which is sensitive to Cry3Bb1 but not DvSnf7. CPB assays also demonstrated that DvSnf7 does not alter the activity of Cry3Bb1. The results from this study provide multiple lines of evidence that DvSnf7 and Cry3Bb1 produced in MON 87411 have independent action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L. Levine
- Regulatory Sciences, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SLL); (JT)
| | - Jianguo Tan
- Regulatory Sciences, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SLL); (JT)
| | - Geoffrey M. Mueller
- Regulatory Sciences, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pamela M. Bachman
- Regulatory Sciences, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Jensen
- Regulatory Sciences, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joshua P. Uffman
- Regulatory Sciences, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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10
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Heath G, Childs D, Docker MF, McCauley DW, Whyard S. RNA interference technology to control pest sea lampreys--a proof-of-concept. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88387. [PMID: 24505485 PMCID: PMC3914985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) has caused extensive losses to commercial fish stocks of the upper Great Lakes of North America. Methods of controlling the sea lamprey include trapping, barriers to prevent migration, and use of a chemical lampricide (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) to kill the filter-feeding larvae. Concerns about the non-specificity of these methods have prompted continued development of species-specific methods to control lampreys outside their native range. In this study, we considered the utility of RNA interference to develop a sea lamprey-specific lampricide. Injection of six different short interfering, double-stranded RNAs (siRNAs) into lamprey embryos first confirmed that the siRNAs could reduce the targeted transcript levels by more than 50%. Two size classes of lamprey larvae were then fed the siRNAs complexed with liposomes, and three of the siRNAs (targeting elongation factor 1α, calmodulin, and α-actinin) reduced transcript levels 2.5, 3.6, and 5.0–fold, respectively, within the lamprey midsections. This is not only the first demonstration of RNAi in lampreys, but it is also the first example of delivery of siRNAs to a non-mammalian vertebrate through feeding formulations. One of the siRNA treatments also caused increased mortality of the larvae following a single feeding of siRNAs, which suggests that prolonged or multiple feedings of siRNAs could be used to kill filter-feeding larvae within streams, following development of a slow-release formulation. The genes targeted in this study are highly conserved across many species, and only serve as a proof-of-concept demonstration that siRNAs can be used in lampreys. Given that RNA interference is a sequence-specific phenomenon, it should be possible to design siRNAs that selectively target gene sequences that are unique to sea lampreys, and thus develop a technology to control these pests without adversely affecting non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Heath
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darcy Childs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Margaret F. Docker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David W. McCauley
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Steven Whyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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11
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Abstract
Since the first application of RNA interference (RNAi) in mammalian cells, the expression of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) for targeted gene silencing has become a benchmark technology. Using plasmid and viral vectoring systems, the transcription of shRNA precursors that are effectively processed by the RNAi pathway can lead to potent gene knockdown. The past decade has seen continual advancement and improvement to the various strategies that can be used for shRNA delivery, and the use of shRNAs for clinical applications is well underway. Driving these developments has been the many benefits afforded by shRNA technologies, including the stable integration of expression constructs for long-term expression, infection of difficult-to-target cell lines and tissues using viral vectors, and the temporal control of shRNA transcription by inducible promoters. The use of different effector molecule formats, promoters, and vector types, has meant that experiments can be tailored to target specific cell types and minimize cellular toxicities. Through the application of combinatorial RNAi (co-RNAi), multiple shRNA delivery strategies can improve gene knockdown, permit multiple transcripts to be targeted simultaneously, and curtail the emergence of viral escape mutants. This chapter reviews the history, cellular processing, and various applications of shRNAs in mammalian systems, including options for effector molecule design, vector and promoter types, and methods for multiple shRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Lambeth
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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12
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Schlegel A, Bigey P, Dhotel H, Scherman D, Escriou V. Reduced in vitro and in vivo toxicity of siRNA-lipoplexes with addition of polyglutamate. J Control Release 2012; 165:1-8. [PMID: 23123257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously designed a new siRNA vector that efficiently silences genes in vitro and in vivo. The vector originality is based on the fact that, in addition to the siRNA molecule, it contains two components: 1) a cationic liposome that auto-associates with the siRNA to form particles called "lipoplexes" and, 2) an anionic polymer which enhances the lipoplex's efficiency. This anionic polymer can be a nucleic acid, a polypeptide or a polysaccharide. We show here how the nature of the added anionic polymer into our siRNA delivery system impacts the toxic effects induced by siRNA lipoplexes. We first observed that: (i) siRNA lipoplexes-induced toxicity was cell line dependent, tumoral cell lines being the more sensitive; and (ii) plasmid DNA-containing siRNA lipoplexes were more toxic than polyglutamate-containing ones or cationic liposomes. We next determined that the toxicity induced by plasmid-containing lipoplexes is a long-lasting effect that decreased cell survival capacity for several generations. We also found that treated cells underwent death following apoptosis pathway. Systemic injection to mice of siRNA lipoplexes, rather than of cationic liposome, triggered a production of several cytokines in mice and replacement of plasmid by polyglutamate reduced the elevation of all assayed cytokines. In order to enhance siRNA lipoplexes efficiency, the addition of polyglutamate as anionic polymer should be preferred to plasmid DNA as far as in vitro as well as in vivo toxicity is concerned.
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13
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Xu Q, Chou B, Fitzsimmons B, Miyanohara A, Shubayev V, Santucci C, Hefferan M, Marsala M, Hua XY. In vivo gene knockdown in rat dorsal root ganglia mediated by self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 5 following intrathecal delivery. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32581. [PMID: 22403675 PMCID: PMC3293818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here in adult rat viral vector mediate-gene knockdown in the primary sensory neurons and the associated cellular and behavior consequences. Self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) was constructed to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The AAV vectors were injected via an intrathecal catheter. We observed profound GFP expression in lumbar DRG neurons beginning at 2-week post-injection. Of those neurons, over 85% were large to medium-diameter and co-labeled with NF200, a marker for myelinated fibers. Western blotting of mTOR revealed an 80% reduction in the lumbar DRGs (L4–L6) of rats treated with the active siRNA vectors compared to the control siRNA vector. Gene knockdown became apparent as early as 7-day post-injection and lasted for at least 5 weeks. Importantly, mTOR knockdown occurred in large (NF200) and small-diameter neurons (nociceptors). The viral administration induced an increase of Iba1 immunoreactivity in the DRGs, which was likely attributed to the expression of GFP but not siRNA. Rats with mTOR knockdown in DRG neurons showed normal general behavior and unaltered responses to noxious stimuli. In conclusion, intrathecal AAV5 is a highly efficient vehicle to deliver siRNA and generate gene knockdown in DRG neurons. This will be valuable for both basic research and clinic intervention of diseases involving primary sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America.
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14
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Jing C, Zhang H, Yang G, Wu C, He L. [Research of chromosome aberration in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast induced by VEGF siRNA]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2011; 40:576-578. [PMID: 22043705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of VEGF siRNA on chromosome aberration in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (CHL). METHODS The chromosome aberrations were observed after CHL were transfected with VEGF siRNA for 24 hours and 48h. RESULTS There were a questionable positive in 100nmol/L VEGF siRNA after VEGF siRNA were transfected for 24h and the chromosome aberration rate was 6 percentages. Both 50nmol/L VEGF siRNA and 100nmol/L VEGF siRNA caused the questionable positive after VEGF siRNAs were transfected for 48h, and the chromosome aberration rates was 6 percentages and 10 percentages separately. There were no the chromosome aberration in 25nmol/L VEGF siRNA. The types of chromosomal aberration induced by VEGF siRNAs included break, Dicentric grain, polyploid, gap, and three trajectories. CONCLUSION 100nmol/L VEGF siRNA might cause CHL chromosome aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Jing
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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15
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Khodr CE, Sapru MK, Pedapati J, Han Y, West NC, Kells AP, Bankiewicz KS, Bohn MC. An α-synuclein AAV gene silencing vector ameliorates a behavioral deficit in a rat model of Parkinson's disease, but displays toxicity in dopamine neurons. Brain Res 2011; 1395:94-107. [PMID: 21565333 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Effects of silencing ectopically expressed hSNCA in rat substantia nigra (SN) were examined as a novel therapeutic approach to Parkinson's disease (PD). AAV-hSNCA with or without an AAV harboring a short-hairpin (sh)RNA targeting hSNCA or luciferase was injected into one SN. At 9weeks, hSNCA-expressing rats had reduced SN dopamine (DA) neurons and exhibited a forelimb deficit. AAV-shRNA-SNCA silenced hSNCA and protected against the forelimb deficit. However, AAV-shRNA-SNCA also led to DA neuron loss suggesting undesirable effects of chronic shRNA expression. Effects on nigrostriatal-projecting neurons were examined using a retrograde tract tracer. Loss of striatal-projecting DA neurons was evident in the vector injection site, whereas DA neurons outside this site were lost in hSNCA-expressing rats, but not in hSNCA-silenced rats. These observations suggest that high levels of shRNA-SNCA were toxic to DA neurons, while neighboring neurons exposed to lower levels were protected by hSNCA gene silencing. Also, data collected on DA levels suggest that neurons other than or in addition to nigrostriatal DA neurons contributed to protection of forelimb use. Our observations suggest that while hSNCA gene silencing in DA neurons holds promise as a novel PD therapy, further development of silencing technology is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Khodr
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurobiology Program, Children's Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 2300 Children's Plaza, Box 209, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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16
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Bramsen JB, Laursen MB, Nielsen AF, Hansen TB, Bus C, Langkjaer N, Babu BR, Højland T, Abramov M, Van Aerschot A, Odadzic D, Smicius R, Haas J, Andree C, Barman J, Wenska M, Srivastava P, Zhou C, Honcharenko D, Hess S, Müller E, Bobkov GV, Mikhailov SN, Fava E, Meyer TF, Chattopadhyaya J, Zerial M, Engels JW, Herdewijn P, Wengel J, Kjems J. A large-scale chemical modification screen identifies design rules to generate siRNAs with high activity, high stability and low toxicity. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:2867-81. [PMID: 19282453 PMCID: PMC2685080 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of chemically synthesized short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is currently the method of choice to manipulate gene expression in mammalian cell culture, yet improvements of siRNA design is expectably required for successful application in vivo. Several studies have aimed at improving siRNA performance through the introduction of chemical modifications but a direct comparison of these results is difficult. We have directly compared the effect of 21 types of chemical modifications on siRNA activity and toxicity in a total of 2160 siRNA duplexes. We demonstrate that siRNA activity is primarily enhanced by favouring the incorporation of the intended antisense strand during RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) loading by modulation of siRNA thermodynamic asymmetry and engineering of siRNA 3'-overhangs. Collectively, our results provide unique insights into the tolerance for chemical modifications and provide a simple guide to successful chemical modification of siRNAs with improved activity, stability and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper B Bramsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Arhus, Nucleic Acid Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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17
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Slemmer JE, Haasdijk ED, Engel DC, Plesnila N, Weber JT. Aldolase C-positive cerebellar Purkinje cells are resistant to delayed death after cerebral trauma and AMPA-mediated excitotoxicity. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:649-56. [PMID: 17686042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum has been shown to be vulnerable to global ischemic damage in tightly controlled zones of Purkinje cells (PCs) that lack aldolase C, an enzyme critical for glycolysis. Here, we investigated whether aldolase C-negative PCs were more likely to die after cerebral trauma in vivo, and whether this death was mediated by excitotoxic [alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-mediated] means in vitro. Mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact, or remained uninjured, and were killed at 6 h, 24 h or 7 days after injury. Cerebellar sections (both ipsilateral and contralateral to the site of cerebral injury) were stained against aldolase C and calbindin (a marker of PCs). The number of viable, calbindin-positive PCs decreased significantly at 24 h and 7 days after injury, and the percentage of surviving, aldolase C-positive PCs significantly increased at those time-points. In addition, we subjected murine cerebellar cultures to AMPA (30 microm, 20 min), which killed a significant number of PCs at 24 h post-treatment. A similar number of PCs was lost after transfection with aldolase C siRNA, and this effect was exacerbated in transfected cultures treated with AMPA. The results from the present study indicate that aldolase C provides marked neuroprotection to PCs after trauma and excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Slemmer
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Abstract
Short hairpin RNAs can provide stable gene silencing via RNA interference. Recent studies have shown toxicity in vivo that appears to be related to saturation of the endogenous microRNA pathway. Will these findings limit the therapeutic use of such hairpins?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Snøve
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91101, USA
- Interagon AS, Laboratoriesenteret, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - John J Rossi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91101, USA
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19
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Forte A, Napolitano MA, Cipollaro M, Giordano A, Cascino A, Galderisi U. An effective method for adenoviral-mediated delivery of small interfering RNA into mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:293-302. [PMID: 16888813 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promise as a main actor of cell-based therapeutic strategies, due to their intrinsic ability to differentiate along different mesenchymal cell lineages, able to repair the diseased or injured tissue in which they are localized. The application of MSCs in therapies requires an in depth knowledge of their biology and of the molecular mechanisms leading to MSC multilineage differentiation. The knockdown of target genes through small interfering RNA (siRNA) carried by adenoviruses (Ad) represents a valid tool for the study of the role of specific molecules in cell biology. Unfortunately, MSCs are poorly transfected by conventional Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors. We set up a method to obtain a very efficient transduction of rat MSCs with low doses of unmodified Ad5, carrying the siRNA targeted against the mRNA coding for Rb2/p130 (Ad-siRNA-Rb2), which plays a fundamental role in cell differentiation. This method allowed a 95% transduction rate of Ad-siRNA in MSC, along with a siRNA-mediated 85% decrease of Rb2/p130 mRNA and a 70% decrease of Rb2/p130 protein 48 h after transduction with 50 multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of Ad5. The effect on Rb2/p130 protein persisted 15 days after transduction. Finally, Ad-siRNA did not compromise the viability of transduced MSCs neither induced any cell cycle modification. The effective Ad-siRNA-Rb2 we constructed, together with the efficient method of delivery in MSCs we set up, will allow an in depth analysis of the role of Rb2/p130 in MSC biology and multilineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Forte
- Excellence Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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20
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Pillé JY, Li H, Blot E, Bertrand JR, Pritchard LL, Opolon P, Maksimenko A, Lu H, Vannier JP, Soria J, Malvy C, Soria C. Intravenous Delivery of Anti-RhoA Small Interfering RNA Loaded in Nanoparticles of Chitosan in Mice: Safety and Efficacy in Xenografted Aggressive Breast Cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:1019-26. [PMID: 17007568 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of RhoA in cancer indicates a poor prognosis, because of increased tumor cell proliferation and invasion and tumor angiogenesis. We showed previously that anti-RhoA small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited aggressive breast cancer more effectively than conventional blockers of Rho-mediated signaling pathways. This study reports the efficacy and lack of toxicity of intravenously administered encapsulated anti-RhoA siRNA in chitosan-coated polyisohexylcyanoacrylate (PIHCA) nanoparticles in xenografted aggressive breast cancers (MDA-MB-231). The siRNA was administered every 3 days at a dose of 150 or 1500 microg/kg body weight in nude mice. This treatment inhibited the growth of tumors by 90% in the 150-microg group and by even more in the 1500-microg group. Necrotic areas were observed in tumors from animals treated with anti-RhoA siRNA at 1500 microg/kg, resulting from angiogenesis inhibition. In addition, this therapy was found to be devoid of toxic effects, as evidenced by similarities between control and treated animals for the following parameters: body weight gain; biochemical markers of hepatic, renal, and pancreatic function; and macroscopic appearance of organs after 30 days of treatment. Because of its efficacy and the absence of toxicity, it is suggested that this strategy of anti-RhoA siRNA holds significant promise for the treatment of aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Pillé
- Laboratoire de Recherche MERCI (Micro-Environnement et Régulation Cellulaire Intégrée), Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Rouen, France.
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21
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Dengg M, Garcia-Muse T, Gill SG, Ashcroft N, Boulton SJ, Nilsen H. Abrogation of the CLK-2 checkpoint leads to tolerance to base-excision repair intermediates. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:1046-51. [PMID: 16964178 PMCID: PMC1618380 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of uracil during DNA synthesis is among the most common types of endogenously generated DNA damage. Depletion of Caenorhabditis elegans dUTPase by RNA interference allowed us to study the role of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways when responding to high levels of uracil in DNA. dUTPase depletion compromised development, caused embryonic lethality and led to activation of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. These phenotypes manifested as a result of processing misincorporated uracil by the uracil-DNA glycosylase UNG-1. Strikingly, abrogation of the clk-2 checkpoint gene rescued lethality and developmental defects, and eliminated cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis after dUTPase depletion. These data show a genetic interaction between UNG-1 and activation of the CLK-2 DDR pathway after uracil incorporation into DNA. Our results indicate that persistent repair intermediates and/or single-stranded DNA formed during repair of misincorporated uracil are tolerated in the absence of the CLK-2 checkpoint in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Dengg
- The Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, PO Box 1125 Blindern, Gaustadalleen 21, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tatiana Garcia-Muse
- Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Stephen G Gill
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RR, UK
| | - Neville Ashcroft
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RR, UK
| | - Simon J Boulton
- Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, UK
- Tel: +44 1707 625774; Fax: +44 208 2693801; E-mail:
| | - Hilde Nilsen
- The Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, PO Box 1125 Blindern, Gaustadalleen 21, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Tel: +47 22840511; Fax: +47 22840555; E-mail:
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22
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is gaining favor as a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of Hepatitis C virus infections. RNAi, first discovered in plants, induces sequence specific degradation of messenger RNA following the introduction of short interference RNA (siRNA). RNAi is a natural defense mechanism used by plants to combat viral infections, and the discovery of RNAi activity in mammalian cells has prompted several drug companies to investigate and exploit RNAi based drugs as a potential therapy against HCV infections. A number of research groups have demonstrated that strong RNAi activity can be induced against HCV using synthetic siRNA duplexes as triggers, or by expressing short hairpin RNAs from plasmid or viral vectors. However, much work remains to improve delivery, maintain specificity and limit the development of virus resistance. HCV is capable of evading RNAi activity through the incorporation escape mutations within the siRNA target sequence, highlighting the importance of implementing strategies to limit the development of resistance. Other nucleic acid based therapies such as antisense oligonucleotides, RNA aptamers and ribozymes have also been considered for use as HCV therapeutics, and we will outline the potential opportunities and obstacles to their use as well as RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Wilson
- Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network, 620 University Ave. Suite 706, Toronto, Canada M5G 2C1, USA
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23
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Fedorov Y, Anderson EM, Birmingham A, Reynolds A, Karpilow J, Robinson K, Leake D, Marshall WS, Khvorova A. Off-target effects by siRNA can induce toxic phenotype. RNA 2006; 12:1188-96. [PMID: 16682561 PMCID: PMC1484448 DOI: 10.1261/rna.28106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although recent microarray studies have provided evidence of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated off-target gene modulation, little is known about whether these changes induce observable phenotypic outcomes. Here we show that a fraction of randomly selected small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs) can induce changes in cell viability in a target-independent fashion. The observed toxicity requires an intact RNAi pathway and can be eliminated by the addition of chemical modifications that reduce off-target effects. Furthermore, an analysis of toxic and nontoxic duplexes identifies a strong correlation between the toxicity and the presence of a 4-base-pair motif (UGGC) in the RISC-entering strand of toxic siRNA. This article provides further evidence of siRNA-induced off-target effects generating a measurable phenotype and also provides an example of how such undesirable phenotypes can be mitigated by addition of chemical modifications to the siRNA.
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24
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25
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Utku Y, Dehan E, Ouerfelli O, Piano F, Zuckermann RN, Pagano M, Kirshenbaum K. A peptidomimetic siRNA transfection reagent for highly effective gene silencing. Mol BioSyst 2006; 2:312-7. [PMID: 16880950 DOI: 10.1039/b603229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) techniques hold forth great promise for therapeutic silencing of deleterious genes. However, clinical applications of RNAi require the development of safe and efficient methods for intracellular delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides specific to targeted genes. We describe the use of a lipitoid, a cationic oligopeptoid-phospholipid conjugate, for non-viral transfection of synthetic siRNA oligos in cell culture. This peptidomimetic delivery vehicle allows for efficient siRNA transfection in a variety of human cell lines with negligible toxicity and promotes extensive downregulation of the targeted genes at both the protein and the mRNA level. We compare the lipitoid reagent to a standard commercial transfection reagent. The lipitoid is highly efficient even in primary IMR-90 human lung fibroblasts in which other commercial reagents are typically ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Utku
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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26
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Hu-Lieskovan S, Heidel JD, Bartlett DW, Davis ME, Triche TJ. Sequence-specific knockdown of EWS-FLI1 by targeted, nonviral delivery of small interfering RNA inhibits tumor growth in a murine model of metastatic Ewing's sarcoma. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8984-92. [PMID: 16204072 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective, systemic therapies for metastatic cancer is highly desired. We show here that the systemic delivery of sequence-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the EWS-FLI1 gene product by a targeted, nonviral delivery system dramatically inhibits tumor growth in a murine model of metastatic Ewing's sarcoma. The nonviral delivery system uses a cyclodextrin-containing polycation to bind and protect siRNA and transferrin as a targeting ligand for delivery to transferrin receptor-expressing tumor cells. Removal of the targeting ligand or the use of a control siRNA sequence eliminates the antitumor effects. Additionally, no abnormalities in interleukin-12 and IFN-alpha, liver and kidney function tests, complete blood counts, or pathology of major organs are observed from long-term, low-pressure, low-volume tail-vein administrations. These data provide strong evidence for the safety and efficacy of this targeted, nonviral siRNA delivery system.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Gene Silencing
- Luciferases/biosynthesis
- Luciferases/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/toxicity
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS
- Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Ewing/pathology
- Sarcoma, Ewing/therapy
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
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27
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Boda B, Alberi S, Nikonenko I, Node-Langlois R, Jourdain P, Moosmayer M, Parisi-Jourdain L, Muller D. The mental retardation protein PAK3 contributes to synapse formation and plasticity in hippocampus. J Neurosci 2005; 24:10816-25. [PMID: 15574732 PMCID: PMC6730202 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2931-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the gene coding for PAK3 (p21-activated kinase 3) are associated with X-linked, nonsyndromic forms of mental retardation (MRX) in which the only distinctive clinical feature is the cognitive deficit. The mechanisms through which PAK3 mutation produces the mental handicap remain unclear, although an involvement in the mechanisms that regulate the formation or plasticity of synaptic networks has been proposed. Here we show, using a transient transfection approach, that antisense and small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of PAK3 or expression of a dominant-negative PAK3 carrying the human MRX30 mutation in rat hippocampal organotypic slice cultures results in the formation of abnormally elongated dendritic spines and filopodia-like protrusions and a decrease in mature spine synapses. Ultrastructural analysis of the changes induced by expression of PAK3 carrying the MRX30 mutation reveals that many elongated spines fail to express postsynaptic densities or contact presynaptic terminals. These defects are associated with a reduced spontaneous activity, altered expression of AMPA-type glutamate receptors, and defective long-term potentiation. Together, these data identify PAK3 as a key regulator of synapse formation and plasticity in the hippocampus and support interpretations that these defects might contribute to the cognitive deficits underlying this form of mental retardation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Biolistics
- Cell Line, Tumor/ultrastructure
- Codon, Nonsense
- Cognition Disorders/genetics
- Cognition Disorders/physiopathology
- Dendrites/ultrastructure
- Genes, Dominant
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Long-Term Potentiation
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/genetics
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/physiopathology
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/psychology
- Mice
- Morphogenesis
- Mutation, Missense
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Pseudopodia/ultrastructure
- Pyramidal Cells/physiology
- RNA, Antisense/pharmacology
- RNA, Antisense/toxicity
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- RNA, Small Interfering/toxicity
- Rats
- Receptors, AMPA/deficiency
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Transfection
- p21-Activated Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Boda
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, Centre Medical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Chien PY, Wang J, Carbonaro D, Lei S, Miller B, Sheikh S, Ali SM, Ahmad MU, Ahmad I. Novel cationic cardiolipin analogue-based liposome for efficient DNA and small interfering RNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12:321-8. [PMID: 15578064 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cationic liposomes have been successfully used as an alternative approach to viral systems to deliver nucleic acids. However, high toxicity and inconsistent transfection efficiency have been associated with the currently available liposomes. Therefore, a novel cationic liposome was developed based on a synthetic cationic cardiolipin analogue (CCLA) to test the DNA transfection efficiency. This CCLA-based liposome was also used to determine the therapeutic efficacy of c-raf small interfering RNA (siRNA) in mice. In this report, we showed that the CCLA-based liposome was less toxic and effectively transfected reporter genes in vitro and in vivo. The transfection efficiency in mice was seven-fold higher than the commercially available DOTAP-based liposome. In addition, c-raf siRNA in the presence of CCLA-based liposome induced up to 62% of growth inhibition in cancer cells. Treatment of c-raf siRNA/CCLA complex in SCID mice bearing human breast xenograft tumors resulted in 73% of tumor growth suppression as compared to free c-raf siRNA group. In conclusion, a novel CCLA-based liposome showed less toxicity and broad usage both in vitro and in vivo with DNA and siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chien
- Research and Development, NeoPharm Inc., Waukegan, Illinois 60085, USA
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has become a popular tool for downregulating specific gene expression in many species, including mammalian cells [Novina, C. D., and Sharp, P. A. (2004) The RNAi revolution, Nature 430, 161-164]. Synthetic double-stranded RNA sequences (siRNA) of 21-23 nucleotides have been shown in particular to have the potential to silence specifically gene function in cultured mammalian cells. As a result, there has been a significant surge of interest in the application of siRNA in functional genomics programs as a means of deciphering specific gene function. However, for siRNA functional genomics studies to be valuable and effective, specific silencing of any given target gene is essential, devoid of nonspecific knockdown and toxic side effects. For this reason, we became interested in investigating cationic liposome/lipid-mediated siRNA delivery (siFection) as a meaningful and potentially potent way to facilitate effective functional genomics studies. Accordingly, a number of cationic liposome/lipid-based systems were selected, and their formulation with siRNA was studied, with particular emphasis on formulation parameters most beneficial for siRNA use in functional genomics studies. Cationic liposome/lipid-based systems were selected from a number of commercially available products, including lipofectAMINE2000 and a range of CDAN/DOPE systems formulated from different molar ratios of the cationic cholesterol-based polyamine lipid N(1)-cholesteryloxycarbonyl-3,7-diazanonane-1,9-diamine (CDAN) and the neutral helper lipid dioleoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Parameters that were been investigated included the lipid:nucleic acid ratio of mixing, the extent of cationic liposome/lipid-nucleic acid complex (lipoplex) formation plus medium used, the lipoplex particle size, the mode of delivery, and dose-response effects. Results suggest that concentrations during siRNA lipoplex (LsiR) formation are crucial for maximum knockdown, but the efficacy of gene silencing is not influenced by the size of LsiR particles. Most significantly, results show that most commercially available cationic liposome/lipid-based systems investigated here mediate a significant nonspecific downregulation of the total cellular protein content at optimal doses for maximal specific gene silencing and knockdown. Furthermore, one pivotal aspect of using siRNA for functional genomics studies is the need for at least minimal cellular toxicity. Results demonstrate that CDAN and DOPE with and without siRNA confer low toxicity to mammalian cells, whereas lipofectAMINE2000 is clearly toxic both as a reagent and after formulation into LsiR particles. Interestingly, LsiR particles formulated from CDAN and DOPE (45:55, m/m; siFECTamine) seem to exhibit a slower cellular uptake than LsiR particles formulated from lipofectAMINE2000. Intracellularly, LsiR particles formulated from CDAN and DOPE systems also appear to behave differently, amassing in distinct but diffuse small nonlysosomal compartments for at least 5 h after siFection. By contrast, LsiR particles formulated from lipofectAMINE2000 accumulate in fewer larger intracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Spagnou
- IC-Vec Ltd., Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The postgenomic era is characterized by an almost intimidating amount of information regarding the sequences and expression of previously unknown genes. In response, researchers have developed an increasing interest in functional studies. At the start of such a study, one may have little more than sequence information and bioinformatic annotation. The next step is to hypothesize a potential role in the context of a cell. Testing of the hypothesis needs to be fast, cheap, and applicable to a large number of genes. Knockdown methods that rely on binding of antisense oligonucleotides to mRNA combined with a subsequent functional assay in cell culture fulfil these requirements: sequence information is sufficient for synthesis of active inhibitors. Depending on the in vitro model chosen, knockdown of gene expression can be achieved with medium or even high throughput. The two most popular methods of knockdown in cell culture are the use of antisense oligonucleotides that rely on ribonuclease H (RNAse H)-dependent cleavage of mRNA, and RNA interference triggered by small double-stranded RNA molecules. Both methods act in a sequence-specific manner and can give efficient knockdown. In both cases, researchers struggle with nonspecific "off-target" effects and the difficulty of site selection. Studies that compare the methods differ in their judgment as to which method is superior.
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MESH Headings
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Genetic Techniques
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/chemistry
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Catalytic/metabolism
- RNA, Double-Stranded/chemistry
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/biosynthesis
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- RNA, Small Interfering/toxicity
- Ribonuclease H/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana V Achenbach
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, DI&A LG Functional Genomics, Industriepark Hoechst, Building G879, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Laderach D, Compagno D, Danos O, Vainchenker W, Galy A. RNA interference shows critical requirement for NF-kappa B p50 in the production of IL-12 by human dendritic cells. J Immunol 2003; 171:1750-7. [PMID: 12902474 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific NF-kappaB/Rel proteins regulate murine dendritic cell (DC) survival, differentiation, and activation, but little is known of their role in human cells because of limited loss-of-function analyses. RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism to effectively silence gene expression via sequence-specific double-stranded small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). RNAi was used to assess the role of the p50 (NF-kappaB1) protein in the maturation and activation of cultured human monocyte-derived DC (MoDC). Transfection of cultured MoDC with siRNAs reduced p50 mRNA and protein levels in a specific, dose-dependent, and time-dependent manner. Basal or maturation-induced expression of HLA-DR and costimulatory molecules were not affected, whereas transcription of the IL-12 p40 gene and the secretion of IL-12alphabeta were reduced. Such MoDC induced less IFN-gamma production by T cells in MLR. This is the first report of RNAi-induced phenotype in human primary DC with a method that caused no measurable toxicity or type-I IFN response. siRNAs appear useful for the study of signaling pathways in immune cells, revealing a pivotal requirement for p50 in MoDC for IL-12 production and induction of optimal type-1 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Laderach
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 362, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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