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Fuhrmann-Aoyagi MB, Igarashi S, Miura K. Comparative Evaluation of Transient Protein Expression Efficiency in Tissues across Soybean Varieties Using the Tsukuba System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:858. [PMID: 38592852 PMCID: PMC10975771 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Transient protein expression is a versatile tool with diverse applications and can be used in soybeans to study gene function, obtain mutants, and produce proteins for commercial use. However, soybeans are considered recalcitrant for agroinfiltration. Subsequent studies on soybeans have demonstrated a green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in seedpods, but not in leaves, using syringe agroinfiltration. To evaluate agroinfiltration-based transient protein expression levels in plant cells, we used the transient expression vector pTKB3 harboring the GFP gene. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, vacuum agroinfiltration of the leaves and needle agroinfiltration of the seedlings of different soybean varieties were performed. GFP was transiently expressed in all of the samples. However, the Enrei and Williams 82 varieties presented better results than the other varieties in the leaf tissue, with results confirmed by immunoblot analysis, demonstrating that both varieties are good candidates for molecular biological studies. GFP expression in the seedlings was less extensive than that in the leaves, which may be due to the tissue characteristics, with Enrei showing the best results. Based on this observation, we conclude that the Tsukuba system is an effective tool that can be used for different tissues and soybean varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saki Igarashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (M.B.F.-A.); (S.I.)
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (M.B.F.-A.); (S.I.)
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
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2
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Miller S, Rønager A, Holm R, Fontanet-Manzaneque JB, Caño-Delgado AI, Bjarnholt N. New methods for sorghum transformation in temperate climates. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad030. [PMID: 37396498 PMCID: PMC10308921 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is an emerging cereal crop in temperate climates due to its high drought tolerance and other valuable traits. Genetic transformation is an important tool for the improvement of cereals. However, sorghum is recalcitrant to genetic transformation which is almost only successful in warmer climates. Here, we test the application of two new techniques for sorghum transformation in temperate climates, namely transient transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated agroinfiltration and stable transformation using gold particle bombardment and leaf whorls as explants. We optimized the transient transformation method, including post-infiltration incubation of plants in the dark and using Agrobacterium grown on plates with a high cell density (OD600 = 2.0). Expression of the green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged endogenous sorghum gene SbDHR2 was achieved with low transformation efficiency, and our results point out a potential weakness in using this approach for localization studies. Furthermore, we succeeded in the production of callus and somatic embryos from leaf whorls, although no genetic transformation was accomplished with this method. Both methods show potential, even if they seem to be influenced by climatic conditions and therefore need further optimization to be applied routinely in temperate climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Miller
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksbergs, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Asta Rønager
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksbergs, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rose Holm
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksbergs, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Juan B Fontanet-Manzaneque
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana I Caño-Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Rizzo P, Chavez BG, Leite Dias S, D'Auria JC. Plant synthetic biology: from inspiration to augmentation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 79:102857. [PMID: 36502769 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although it is still in its infancy, synthetic biology has the capacity to face scientific and societal problems related to modern agriculture. Innovations in cloning toolkits and genetic parts allow increased precision over gene expression in planta. We review the vast spectrum of available technologies providing a practical list of toolkits that take advantage of combinatorial power to introduce/alter metabolic pathways. We highlight that rational design is inspired by deep knowledge of natural and biochemical mechanisms. Finally, we provide several examples in which modern technologies have been applied to address these critical topics. Future applications in plants include not only pathway modifications but also prospects of augmenting plant anatomical features and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Rizzo
- Metabolite Diversity Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) OT Gatersleben, Correnstr. 3, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Benjamin G Chavez
- Metabolite Diversity Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) OT Gatersleben, Correnstr. 3, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Sara Leite Dias
- Metabolite Diversity Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) OT Gatersleben, Correnstr. 3, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - John C D'Auria
- Metabolite Diversity Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) OT Gatersleben, Correnstr. 3, D-06466 Seeland, Germany.
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4
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Feng Z, Li X, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. Maximizing the Production of Recombinant Proteins in Plants: From Transcription to Protein Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13516. [PMID: 36362299 PMCID: PMC9659199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of therapeutic and industrial recombinant proteins in plants has advantages over established bacterial and mammalian systems in terms of cost, scalability, growth conditions, and product safety. In order to compete with these conventional expression systems, however, plant expression platforms must have additional economic advantages by demonstrating a high protein production yield with consistent quality. Over the past decades, important progress has been made in developing strategies to increase the yield of recombinant proteins in plants by enhancing their expression and reducing their degradation. Unlike bacterial and animal systems, plant expression systems can utilize not only cell cultures but also whole plants for the production of recombinant proteins. The development of viral vectors and chloroplast transformation has opened new strategies to drastically increase the yield of recombinant proteins from plants. The identification of promoters for strong, constitutive, and inducible promoters or the tissue-specific expression of transgenes allows for the production of recombinant proteins at high levels and for special purposes. Advances in the understanding of RNAi have led to effective strategies for reducing gene silencing and increasing recombinant protein production. An increased understanding of protein translation, quality control, trafficking, and degradation has also helped with the development of approaches to enhance the synthesis and stability of recombinant proteins in plants. In this review, we discuss the progress in understanding the processes that control the synthesis and degradation of gene transcripts and proteins, which underlie a variety of developed strategies aimed at maximizing recombinant protein production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Feng
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xifeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
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Yata A, Nosaki S, Yoda A, Nomura T, Miura K. Production and stably maintenance of strigolactone by transient expression of biosynthetic enzymes in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1027004. [PMID: 36388605 PMCID: PMC9650523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1027004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are phytohormones that play an essential role in plant-microbe interactions. The instability of SLs makes it challenging to use them for application to agriculture. In this study, we successfully produced a large amount of the 4-deoxyorobanchol (4DO), one of SLs, in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, using a transient expression system to express SL biosynthetic enzymes. Using this system, the yield of 4DO was 2.1 ± 0.3 μg/gFM (fresh mass). Treatment of leaves at 80°C for 16 h killed Agrobacterium and approximately half amount of 4DO was left in the leaves (1.0 μg/gFM (calculated based on the original FM) ± 0.3). Interestingly, incubation of dried leaves at room temperature for 1 month maintained an almost equal amount of 4DO (0.9 ± 0.2 μg/gFM) in the leaves. These results suggest that high accumulation of 4DO with stability for long periods can be achieved in plant leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shohei Nosaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yoda
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Takahito Nomura
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Macauyag EA, Kajiura H, Ohashi T, Misaki R, Fujiyama K. High-level transient production of a protease-resistant mutant form of human basic fibroblast growth factor in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:291-301. [PMID: 36349230 PMCID: PMC9592933 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0628a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a protein that plays a pivotal role in cellular processes like cell proliferation and development. As a result, it has become an important component in cell culture systems, with applications in biomedical engineering, cosmetics, and research. Alternative production techniques, such as transient production in plants, are becoming a feasible option as the demand continues to grow. High-level bFGF production was achieved in this study employing an optimized Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system, which yielded about a 3-fold increase in production over a conventional system. This yield was further doubled at about 185 µg g-1 FW using a mutant protease-resistant version that degraded/aggregated at a three-fold slower rate in leaf crude extracts. To achieve a pure product, a two-step purification technique was applied. The capacity of the pure protease-resistant bFGF (PRbFGF) to stimulate cell proliferation was tested and was found to be comparable to that of E. coli-produced bFGF in HepG2 and CHO-K1 cells. Overall, this study demonstrates a high-level transient production system of functional PRbFGF in N. benthamiana leaves as well as an efficient tag-less purification technique of leaf crude extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edjohn Aaron Macauyag
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takao Ohashi
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Misaki
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Cooperative Research Station in Southeast Asia (OU: CRS), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Romsuk J, Yasumoto S, Fukushima EO, Miura K, Muranaka T, Seki H. High-yield bioactive triterpenoid production by heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana using the Tsukuba system. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:991909. [PMID: 36082301 PMCID: PMC9447470 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.991909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in numerous plant species and is a precursor to several bioactive triterpenoids with commercial potential. However, oleanolic acid accumulates at low levels in plants, and its chemical synthesis is challenging. Here, we established a method for producing oleanolic acid in substantial quantities via heterologous expression of pathway enzymes in Nicotiana benthamiana. The "Tsukuba system" is one of the most efficient agroinfiltration-based transient protein expression systems using the vector pBYR2HS, which contains geminiviral replication machinery and a double terminator for boosting expression. Additionally, the pBYR2HS vector contains an expression cassette for the gene-silencing suppressor p19 protein from tomato bushy stunt virus, which can also contribute to enhancing the expression of target proteins. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of this system to heterologous triterpenoid production in N. benthamiana. Medicago truncatula cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) 716A12 is the first enzyme to be functionally characterized as β-amyrin C-28 oxidase producing oleanolic acid. A mutant CYP716A12 (D122Q) with improved catalytic activity engineered in our previous study was co-expressed with other enzymes in N. benthamiana leaves. Using pBYR2HS, oleanolic acid yield was increased 13.1-fold compared with that using the conventional binary vector, indicating the advantage of the Tsukuba system. We also demonstrated the efficacy of co-expressing a mutant Arabidopsis thaliana HMGR1 catalytic domain, additional NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) transferring electrons to heterologous CYPs, and application of ascorbic acid for preventing leaf necrosis after agroinfiltration, to improve product yield. As a result, the product yields of both simple (β-amyrin) and oxidized (oleanolic acid and maslinic acid) triterpenoids were significantly improved compared with the previously reported yield in heterologous triterpenoid production in N. benthamiana leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutapat Romsuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yasumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Plant Translational Research Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Kenji Miura
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hikaru Seki,
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8
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Nosaki S, Hoshikawa K, Ezura H, Miura K. Transient protein expression systems in plants and their applications. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:297-304. [PMID: 34782815 PMCID: PMC8562577 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.0610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins is important in academic research to identify protein functions. Moreover, recombinant enzymes are used in the food and chemical industries, and high-quality proteins are required for diagnostic, therapeutic, and pharmaceutical applications. Though many recombinant proteins are produced by microbial or mammalian cell-based expression systems, plants have been promoted as alternative, cost-effective, scalable, safe, and sustainable expression systems. The development and improvement of transient expression systems have significantly reduced the period of protein production and increased the yield of recombinant proteins in plants. In this review, we consider the importance of plant-based expression systems for recombinant protein production and as genetic engineering tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Nosaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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9
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Abstract
Transient protein expression in plant cells is less time consuming than the production of whole transgenic plants. For transient expression, agroinfiltration is a simple and effective method to deliver transgenes into plant cells. After an Agrobacterium infection, recombinant proteins can be produced in plant cells from 3 to 10days. To increase protein yield, a deconstructed viral vector has been used. This chapter provides a detailed description of the transient expression of recombinant proteins in a well-developed host strain of Nicotiana benthamiana. This study also describes the necessary steps for the extraction of soluble proteins from agroinfiltrated leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Nosaki
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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10
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Debler JW, Henares BM, Lee RC. Agroinfiltration for transient gene expression and characterisation of fungal pathogen effectors in cool-season grain legume hosts. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:805-818. [PMID: 33811500 PMCID: PMC8058004 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Modified pEAQ-HT-DEST1 vectors were used for agroinfiltration in legumes. We demonstrate protein expression and export in pea, lentil, and faba bean; however, the method for chickpea was not successful. Agroinfiltration is a valuable research method for investigating virulence and avirulence effector proteins from pathogens and pests, where heterologous effector proteins are transiently expressed in plant leaves and hypersensitive necrosis responses and other effector functions can be assessed. Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used for agroinfiltration and the characterisation of broad-spectrum effectors. The method has also been used in other plant species including field pea, but not yet developed for chickpea, lentil, or faba bean. Here, we have modified the pEAQ-HT-DEST1 vector for expression of 6 × histidine-tagged green-fluorescent protein (GFP) and the known necrosis-inducing broad-spectrum effector necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide (Nep1)-like protein (NLP). Modified pEAQ-based vectors were adapted to encode signal peptide sequences for apoplast targeting of expressed proteins. We used confocal microscopy to assess the level of GFP expression in agroinfiltrated leaves. While at 3 days after infiltration in N. benthamiana, GFP was expressed at a relatively high level, expression in field pea and faba bean at the same time point was relatively low. In lentil, an expression level of GFP similar to field pea and faba bean at 3 days was only observed after 5 days. Chickpea leaf cells were transformed at low frequency and agroinfiltration was concluded to not be successful for chickpea. We concluded that the pEAQ vector is suitable for testing host-specific effectors in field pea, lentil, and faba bean, but low transformation efficiency limits the utility of the method for chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W Debler
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Bernadette M Henares
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Robert C Lee
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
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An Optimized Transformation System and Functional Test of CYC-Like TCP Gene CpCYC in Chirita pumila (Gesneriaceae). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094544. [PMID: 33925272 PMCID: PMC8123712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an ideal model plant located at a key phylogenetic node is critically important to advance functional and regulatory studies of key regulatory genes in the evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) biology field. In this study, we selected Chirita pumila in the family Gesneriaceae, a basal group in Lamiales, as a model plant to optimize its genetic transformation system established previously by us through investigating a series of factors and further conduct functional test of the CYC-like floral symmetry gene CpCYC. By transforming a RNAi:CpCYC vector, we successfully achieved the desired phenotypes of upright actinomorphic flowers, which suggest that CpCYC actually determines the establishment of floral zygomorphy and the horizontal orientation of flowers in C. pumila. We also confirmed the activities of CpCYC promoter in dorsal petals, dorsal/lateral staminodes, as well as the pedicel by transferring a CpCYC promoter:GUS vector into C. pumila. Furthermore, we testified the availability of a transient gene expression system using C. pumila mesophyll protoplasts. The improved transformation system together with the inherent biological features would make C. pumila an attractive new model in functional and regulatory studies for a broad range of evo-devo issues.
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12
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Yuan S, Kawasaki S, Abdellatif IMY, Nishida K, Kondo A, Ariizumi T, Ezura H, Miura K. Efficient base editing in tomato using a highly expressed transient system. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:667-676. [PMID: 33550455 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Base editing in tomatoes was achieved by transient expression. The Solanaceae plants, particularly the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), is of huge economic value worldwide. The tomato is a unique model plant for studying the functions of genes related to fruit ripening. Deeper understanding of tomatoes is of great importance for both plant research and the economy. Genome editing technology, such as CRISPR/Cas9, has been used for functional genetic research. However, some challenges, such as low transformation efficiency, remain with this technology. Moreover, the foreign Cas9 and gRNA expression cassettes must be removed to obtain null-segregants In this study, we used a high-level transient expression system to improve the base editing technology. A high-level transient expression system has been established previously using geminiviral replication and a double terminator. The pBYR2HS vector was used for this transient expression system. nCas9-CDA and sgRNA-SlHWS were introduced into this vector, and the protein and RNA were then transiently expressed in tomato tissues by agroinfiltration. The homozygous mutant produced by base editing was obtained in the next generation with an efficiency of about 18%. nCas9-free next-generation plants were 71%. All the homozygous base-edited plants in next generation are nCas9-free. These findings show that the high-level transient expression system is useful for base editing in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoze Yuan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Islam M Y Abdellatif
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Keiji Nishida
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.
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Miura K, Yoshida H, Nosaki S, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. RAP Tag and PMab-2 Antibody: A Tagging System for Detecting and Purifying Proteins in Plant Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:510444. [PMID: 33013955 PMCID: PMC7511514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.510444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An affinity tag system requires both high affinity and specificity. The RAP tag epitope DMVNPGLEDRIE, derived from rat podoplanin (PDPN), is specifically recognized by PMab-2 monoclonal antibodies in rats. Here, we demonstrated that high levels of PMab-2 can be produced in Nicotiana benthamiana and plant-derived PMab-2 possesses similar activity to CHO-derived PMab-2, and the RAP tag presents a useful tagging system for detecting and purifying proteins from plant cells. The heavy chain of PMab-2 fused with KDEL, an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence, and the light chain of the antibody were introduced into N. benthamiana by agroinfiltration. The expression of PMab-2 peaked 4 days after agroinfiltration, and approximately 0.3 mg/g fresh weight of the antibody was accumulated. After purification, the plant-derived PMab-2 successfully recognized rat PDPN expressed in CHO-K1 cells and exhibited almost the same binding activity as CHO-derived PMab-2. The RAP-tagged proteins expressed in plant cells were specifically recognized by PMab-2. These results indicate that PMab-2 can accumulate at high levels in N. benthamiana and is easily purified and that the RAP tagging system presents a useful tool for detecting and purifying proteins of interest in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Miura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shohei Nosaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mika K. Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Komatsu H, Abdellatif IMY, Yuan S, Ono M, Nonaka S, Ezura H, Ariizumi T, Miura K. Genome editing in PDS genes of tomatoes by non-selection method and of Nicotiana benthamiana by one single guide RNA to edit two orthologs. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:213-221. [PMID: 32821229 PMCID: PMC7434671 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is widely used for targeted mutagenesis in many organisms including plants. For application of this system, tissue culture methods need to be established. In this study, detailed methods for introduction of mutations in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants using the CRISPR/Cas9 system are described. The methods include tissue culture protocols for tomato and N. benthamiana. We also demonstrate the methodology to generate Cas9-free genome edited tomato plants and use of one single guide RNA (sgRNA) to edit two orthologs in N. benthamiana. The examples of editing the PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) genes in these plants are also provided. The Cas9-free tomato line was obtained when tomato plants were cultured on a non-selective medium after transformation with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Two orthologs of PDS in N. benthamiana were mutated using a sgRNA, because these orthologs contain the same nucleotide sequences with PAM motif. These mutations were inherited to the next generation. The mutations in the PDS genes resulted in an albino phenotype in tomato and N. benthamiana plants. These results demonstrate that the non-selective method is one of the ways to obtain Cas9-free genome editing in tomato plants and that the two orthologs can be edited by one sgRNA in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Islam M. Y. Abdellatif
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shaoze Yuan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Misaki Ono
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Satoko Nonaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- E-mail: Tel & Fax: +81-29-853-4710
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- E-mail: Tel & Fax: +81-29-853-6401
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Juranić M, Nagahatenna DSK, Salinas-Gamboa R, Hand ML, Sánchez-León N, Leong WH, How T, Bazanova N, Spriggs A, Vielle-Calzada JP, Koltunow AMG. A detached leaf assay for testing transient gene expression and gene editing in cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:88. [PMID: 32549904 PMCID: PMC7296760 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The legume cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is extensively grown in sub-Saharan Africa. Cowpea, like many legumes has proved recalcitrant to plant transformation. A rapid transient leaf assay was developed for testing gene expression and editing constructs prior to stable cowpea transformation, to accelerate cowpea and legume crop improvement. RESULTS Attempts to develop a transient protoplast system for cowpea were unsuccessful. Leaflets from plants 3-4 weeks post-germination were age selected to establish a rapid Agrobacterium (Agro) infiltration-mediated transient system for efficacy testing of gene expression and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing constructs. In planta, Agro-infiltration of leaflets with fluorescent expression constructs, resulted in necrosis. By contrast, Agro-infiltration of detached leaflets with an Arabidopsis (At) ubiquitin3 promoter:ZsGreen construct, followed by culture on solid nutrient medium resulted in fluorescence in over 48% of leaf cells. Expression efficiency was leaf age-dependent. Three cowpea meiosis genes were identified for CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing, with the forward aim of meiosis-knock out for asexual seed induction in cowpea. Constructs were designed and tested containing candidate gene-specific guide RNAs, expressed using either the cowpea or Arabidopsis U6 promoters with Cas9 expression directed by either the Arabidopsis 40S ribosomal protein or parsley ubiquitin4-2 promoters. Leaflets were infiltrated with test gene-editing constructs and analytical methods developed to identify gene-specific mutations. A construct that produced mutations predicted to induce functional knockout of in the VuSPO11-1 meiosis gene was tested for efficacy in primary transgenic cowpea plants using a previously established stable transformation protocol. Vuspo11-1 mutants were identified, that cytologically phenocopied spo11-1 mutants previously characterized in Arabidopsis, and rice. Importantly, a biallelic male and female sterile mutant was identified in primary transgenics, exhibiting the expected defects in 100% of examined male and female meiocytes. CONCLUSION The transient, detached cowpea leaf assay, and supporting analytical methods developed, provide a rapid and reproducible means for testing gene expression constructs, and constructs for inducing mutagenesis in genes involved in both vegetative and reproductive developmental programs. The method and tested editing constructs and components have potential application for a range of crop legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Juranić
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Dilrukshi S. K. Nagahatenna
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Rigel Salinas-Gamboa
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, UGA Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Melanie L. Hand
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Nidia Sánchez-León
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, UGA Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Weng Herng Leong
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Tracy How
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Natalia Bazanova
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Andrew Spriggs
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Vielle-Calzada
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, UGA Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Anna M. G. Koltunow
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
- Present Address: Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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Kitajima S, Miura K, Yasuda J. Radish sprouts as an efficient and rapidly available host for an agroinfiltration-based transient gene expression system. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:89-92. [PMID: 32362753 PMCID: PMC7193837 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.1216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Agroinfiltration, the infiltration of plants with Agrobacterium harboring a plasmid that contains a specific gene, is used to transiently express a gene in a heterologous organism. Using the "Tsukuba system", greater amounts of target protein accumulate compared with usual expression plasmids. Reported host plants, including Nicotiana benthamiana, a common plant for agroinfiltration, need several weeks after sowing to grow enough for infection. To shorten the culture period and, thereby, improve target protein production, we tested sprouts as host plants. Sprouts were grown in the dark to encourage elongation so that vacuum infiltration becomes easier, and this was followed by a few days of exposure to illumination before infection with pBYR2HS-EGFP, the EGFP expression plasmid of the Tsukuba system. Among six tested species of Fabaceae and Brassicaceae, radish showed the highest transient expression. Among six tested radish cultivars, Kaiware, Hakata, and Banryoku provided the best results. Culturing for 5 day, including 1 day of imbibition and 1 to 2 day of exposure to illumination resulted in EGFP fluorescence in 80% of the cotyledon area. Thus, a remarkable amount of EGFP was obtained only 8 day after seed imbibition. The EGFP amount in Kaiware cotyledons was comparable with Rubisco at ∼0.7 mg/g fresh weight. Kaiware sold in supermarkets could also be used, but resulted in lower expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakihito Kitajima
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-75-724-7791
| | - Kenji Miura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Junko Yasuda
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Miura K, Renhu N, Suzaki T. The PHD finger of Arabidopsis SIZ1 recognizes trimethylated histone H3K4 mediating SIZ1 function and abiotic stress response. Commun Biol 2020; 3:23. [PMID: 31925312 PMCID: PMC6954211 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis SIZ1 encodes a SUMO E3 ligase to regulate abiotic and biotic stress responses. Among SIZ1 or mammalian PIAS orthologs, plant SIZ1 proteins contain the plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a C4HC3 zinc finger. Here, we investigated the importance of PHD of Arabidopsis SIZ1. The ProSIZ1::SIZ1(ΔPHD):GFP was unable to complement growth retardation, ABA hypersensitivity, and the cold-sensitive phenotype of the siz1 mutant, but ProSIZ1::SIZ1:GFP could. Substitution of C162S in the PHD finger was unable to complement the siz1 mutation. Tri-methylated histone H3K4 (H3K4me3) was recognized by PHD, not by PHD(C162S). WRKY70 was up-regulated in the siz1-2 mutant and H3K4me3 accumulated at high levels in the WRKY70 promoter. PHD interacts with ATX, which mediates methylation of histone, probably leading to suppression of ATX’s function. These results suggest that the PHD finger of SIZ1 is important for recognition of the histone code and is required for SIZ1 function and transcriptional suppression. Kenji Miura et al. investigate the role of the plant homeodomain (PHD) finger of the Arabidopsis SIZ1 protein. They show that the PHD finger is involved in hormone response and temperature sensitivity, and plays an important role in H3K4 methylation, thereby affecting recognition of histone code and transcriptional suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan. .,Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Na Renhu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.,Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
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18
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Yamada Y, Kidoguchi M, Yata A, Nakamura T, Yoshida H, Kato Y, Masuko H, Hizawa N, Fujieda S, Noguchi E, Miura K. High-Yield Production of the Major Birch Pollen Allergen Bet v 1 With Allergen Immunogenicity in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:344. [PMID: 32300351 PMCID: PMC7142267 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Type I allergy is an immunological disorder triggered by allergens and causes significant health problems. The major allergen of birch pollen is Bet v 1, which belongs to the pathogen-related protein 10 (PR-10) family. Here, we established a rapid and robust method for the production of Bet v 1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, with binding activity to allergic patients' IgE. The Bet v 1 allergen was expressed in N. benthamiana using a strong agroinfiltration-based transient protein expression system, which consists of a deconstructed geminiviral vector system with a double terminator. Five days post-infiltration, the allergen concentration in N. benthamiana leaves was 1.2 mg/g of fresh mass, being this the maximum yield of Bet v 1 in plants reported up to now. A part of plant-derived Bet v 1 was glycosylated. Bet v 1 purified from N. benthamiana or Brevibacillus brevis was used to carry out enzyme-linked immunoassays; both recombinant allergens were found to have comparable binding properties to the IgE of allergic patients. These results suggest that our plant expression system allows rapid and robust production of the allergen, which keeps the immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masanori Kidoguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akira Yata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takako Nakamura
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kato
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hironori Masuko
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Emiko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kenji Miura,
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