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Choudhary A, Vandevender J, Yang K, Kazmouz S, Edgar M, Lentskevich M, Juarez C, Mendoza J, Bartelt K, Nguyen A, Purnell CA. Comparison of methodologies for craniofacial soft-tissue cephalometrics: The value of virtual reality. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2024; 91:35-45. [PMID: 38401276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2024.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myriad options are available for plastic surgeons to perform soft-tissue analysis, which is vital to perioperative evaluation and research. Our objective is to compare the accuracy, precision, and efficiency of the available cephalometric modalities for conducting facial soft-tissue measurements. METHODS Twenty soft-tissue facial measurements were performed by 5 measurers with varying experiences on 5 adult subjects, using 6 methods-manual calipers, cone-beam CT, virtual reality (VR), 3D stereophotogrammetry, iPad-based 3D photogrammetry, and 2-dimensional photographs. Measurement sessions were timed and performed in triplicate, for a total of 9000 measurements. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for accuracy and one-way ANOVA was used for comparison. The coefficient of variation (CoV) was compared among groups to evaluate the precision of different methods by considering caliper measurements as the gold standard. RESULTS ICC among raters was 0.932, indicating excellent reliability. VR was significantly faster than other methods (137 s vs. 217 s for caliper, p < 0.001). CoV was the highest for 2D photographs and the lowest for VR (11.0 vs. 6.4, p < 0.001). The CoV of the caliper was similar to that of other methods, except for 2D photography, which was significantly higher. Measurements with the greatest absolute difference from caliper measurements, across modalities, were those around the eyes (left to right exocanthion), tragion to antitragion, and tragion to exocanthion. CONCLUSION 2D photography is not an accurate method for cephalometric measurements. VR had the lowest variation between measurements, and was the fastest and equivalent to caliper measurements in accuracy. For studies involving a large number of cephalometrics, VR measurements may be a good option to improve study throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Choudhary
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Vandevender
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Yang
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sobhi Kazmouz
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Edgar
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marina Lentskevich
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Julius Mendoza
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle Bartelt
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alvin Nguyen
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chad A Purnell
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Shriner's Hospital for Children, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Hussein MO. Photogrammetry technology in implant dentistry: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:318-326. [PMID: 34801243 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Photogrammetry technology may be useful in implant dentistry, but a systematic review is lacking and is indicated before routine use in clinical practice. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the role of the photogrammetry technology used in implant dentistry and determine its validity as an accurate tool with clinical applications. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four major databases, PubMed MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, were selected to retrieve articles published from January 2011 to February 2021 based on custom criteria. The search was augmented by a manual search. After screening of the collected articles, data, including study design and setting, type of application, digitizer used, reference body, method of evaluation, and overall outcomes, were extracted. RESULTS Twenty articles were included based on the selection criteria. Most of the articles confirmed that the use of photogrammetry was promising as an implant coordinate transfer system. However, few articles showed its use for 3-dimensional scanning, which might require more development. CONCLUSIONS The initial reports of using photogrammetry technology considered this method as a valid and reliable clinical tool in implant dentistry. More studies to develop the photogrammetry technology and to assess the results with evidence-based research are recommended to enhance its application in different clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Omran Hussein
- Associate Professor of Prosthodontics, Department of Prosthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry in Ar Rass, Qassim University, El-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
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Cho RY, Byun SH, Yi SM, Ahn HJ, Nam YS, Park IY, On SW, Kim JC, Yang BE. Comparative Analysis of Three Facial Scanners for Creating Digital Twins by Focusing on the Difference in Scanning Method. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050545. [PMID: 37237615 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-dimensional facial imaging is increasingly used in hospital clinics. A digital twin of the face can be created by reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) facial images using facial scanners. Therefore, the reliability, strengths, and weaknesses of scanners should be investigated and approved; Methods: Images obtained from three facial scanners (RayFace, MegaGen, and Artec Eva) were compared with cone-beam computed tomography images as the standard. Surface discrepancies were measured and analyzed at 14 specific reference points; Results: All scanners used in this study achieved acceptable results, although only scanner 3 obtained preferable results. Each scanner exhibited weak and strong points because of differences in the scanning methods. Scanner 2 exhibited the best result on the left endocanthion; scanner 1 achieved the best result on the left exocanthion and left alare; and scanner 3 achieved the best result on the left exocanthion (both cheeks); Conclusions: These comparative analysis data can be used when creating digital twins through segmentation, selecting and merging data, or developing a new scanner to overcome all shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Yeong Cho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hwan Byun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Yi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Ahn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sung Nam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Young Park
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woon On
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Mir Dental Hospital, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Eun Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Nogueira BR, Oliveira Junior OB, de Sousa Gomes Costa JL, Zanetti TF, Pretel H. Cloner
3D
photogrammetric facial scanner: Assessment of accuracy in a controlled clinical study. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 35:508-516. [PMID: 36458520 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of facial measurements on three-dimensional images obtained using a new photogrammetric scanner. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 11 participants were included in the study. Nine customized adhesive labels were used to identify the facial landmarks: Trichion (Tri), Glabella (G), Right (Exr) and Left (Exl), Pronasal (Pn), Subnasal (Sn), Chelion right (Chr) and left (Chl) and Mentonian (Me). Two trained and calibrated examiners were responsible for performing seven linear measurements for each participant (Tri-G, Sn-Me, Exr-Exl, Chr-Chl, Exr-Chr, Exl-Chl, Pn-Sn) first with a digital caliper and later with a three-dimensional model obtained after digitalization with photogrammetric technology. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean difference, SD, and Bland-Altman correlation were used to compare the measurements performed. RESULTS Intra and inter-examiner reliability were excellent (ICC >0.9). In general, the measurements presented a variation of a minor 2.0 mm. However, only three measures (Sn-Me, Exr-Exl, and Exr-Chr) were outside the clinical acceptability range. CONCLUSIONS The 3D Cloner scanner showed clinically acceptable accuracy comparable to the digital caliper with a variation of -0.8 ± 1.2 mm. Inter- and intra-examiner agreement on digital measurements was also observed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Scanners with accurate 3D model reproductions associated with reliable digital measurements provide a more precise diagnosis and better planning in orofacial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Básia R. Nogueira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry São Paulo State University–UNESP Araraquara Brazil
| | - Osmir B. Oliveira Junior
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry São Paulo State University–UNESP Araraquara Brazil
| | | | - Thomaz Faraco Zanetti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering of São Carlos (EESC) University of São Paulo ‐ USP Araraquara Brazil
- Engineering Director of DONE 3D São Carlos Brazil
| | - Hermes Pretel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry São Paulo State University–UNESP Araraquara Brazil
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Facial Scanning Accuracy with Stereophotogrammetry and Smartphone Technology in Children: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9091390. [PMID: 36138698 PMCID: PMC9498045 DOI: 10.3390/children9091390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to systematically review and compare the accuracy of smartphone scanners versus stereophotogrammetry technology for facial digitization in children. A systematic literature search strategy of articles published from 1 January 2010 to 30 August 2022 was adopted through a combination of Mesh terms and free text words pooled through boolean operators on the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, LILACS, and OpenGrey. Twenty-three articles met the inclusion criteria. Stationary stereophotogrammetry devices showed a mean accuracy that ranged from 0.087 to 0.860 mm, portable stereophotogrammetry scanners from 0.150 to 0.849 mm, and smartphones from 0.460 to 1.400 mm. Regarding the risk of bias assessment, fourteen papers showed an overall low risk, three articles had unclear risk and four articles had high risk. Although smartphones showed less performance on deep and irregular surfaces, all the analyzed devices were sufficiently accurate for clinical application. Internal depth-sensing cameras or external infrared structured-light depth-sensing cameras plugged into smartphones/tablets increased the accuracy. These devices are portable and inexpensive but require greater operator experience and patient compliance for the incremented time of acquisition. Stationary stereophotogrammetry is the gold standard for greater accuracy and shorter acquisition time, avoiding motion artifacts.
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Roomaney I, Nyirenda C, Chetty M. Facial imaging to screen for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A scoping review. Alcohol Res 2022; 46:1166-1180. [PMID: 35616438 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial imaging tools have rapidly advanced in recent years and show potential for use in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) screening and diagnosis. This scoping review describes the current state of evidence regarding the use of facial imaging being as a screening tool for FASD at a community level. This review follows the guidelines for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews and is registered with the Open Science Framework (osf.io/e4xw6). An electronic search of five databases was conducted. The time frame was limited to the period 2006 to 2022. The search included any form of imaging of the head, neck, oral cavity, and dentition. Animal and antenatal studies were excluded, as were those using only brain imaging. The search retrieved 730 unique titles. After title, abstract, and full-text screening, 28 primary studies were included in this review. Most studies were conducted with South African participants. Imaging included 2D photographs, 3D stereophotogrammetry, 3D laser scanning, and radiographs. Various measurements and landmarks were used to discriminate FASD from non-FASD participants, which included anthropometry, face shape analysis, and facial curvatures. Methods of data processing, analysis, and modeling ranged from manual methods to fully automated systems utilizing artificial intelligence. The use of facial imaging to screen for and diagnose patients with FASD is a rapidly advancing field. Most studies in the field remain exploratory, attempting to find accurate, reliable, and consistent landmarks and measures across different populations. For community screening, none of the tools in this review in their current form completely fulfill all the identified properties of an ideal screening tool. More research and development are needed prior to advocating for the use of any tool listed and the ethical implications are yet to be fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imaan Roomaney
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clement Nyirenda
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Manogari Chetty
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Raffone C, Gianfreda F, Pompeo MG, Antonacci D, Bollero P, Canullo L. Chairside virtual patient protocol. Part 2: management of multiple face scans and alignment predictability. J Dent 2022; 122:104123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Integration and Application of Multimodal Measurement Techniques: Relevance of Photogrammetry to Orthodontics. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21238026. [PMID: 34884030 PMCID: PMC8659967 DOI: 10.3390/s21238026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multimodal imaging, including 3D modalities, is increasingly being applied in orthodontics, both as a diagnostic tool and especially for the design of intraoral appliances, where geometric accuracy is very important. Laser scanners and other precision 3D-imaging devices are expensive and cumbersome, which limits their use in medical practice. Photogrammetry, using ordinary 2D photographs or video recordings to create 3D imagery, offers a cheaper and more convenient alternative, replacing the specialised equipment with handy consumer cameras. The present study addresses the question of to what extent, and under what conditions, this technique can be an adequate replacement for the 3D scanner. The accuracy of simple surface reconstruction and of model embedding achieved with photogrammetry was verified against that obtained with a triangulating laser scanner. To roughly evaluate the impact of image imperfections on photogrammetric reconstruction, the photographs for photogrammetry were taken under various lighting conditions and were used either raw or with a blur-simulating defocus. Video footage was also tested as another 2D-imaging modality feeding data into photogrammetry. The results show the significant potential of photogrammetric techniques.
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Abstract
The reproducibility of scanning in the periorbital region with 3D technology to enable objective evaluations of surgical treatment in the periorbital region was assessed. Facial 3D-scans of 15 volunteers were captured at different time points with a handheld Artec Space Spider structured light scanner. Two scans were made with a one minute interval and repeated after 1 year; for both a natural head position and with the head in a fixation-device. On assessing the area between the eyelashes and eyebrows, the medians of the average deviations between the various cross-sections of the one minute interval 3D-scans ranged from 0.17 to 0.21 mm at baseline, and from 0.10 to 0.11 mm when the minute-interval scanning was repeated one year later. The systematic differences when scanning in a natural head position and fixated position were comparable. The reproducibility of the 3D processing was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.9). The repeated scanning deviations (baseline versus one year data) were well within the accepted clinical threshold of 1 mm. Scanning with a hand-held 3D-scanning device (Artec Space Spider) is a promising tool to assess changes in the periorbital region following surgical treatment since the median deviations are well below the clinically accepted 1 mm measuring error, for both the natural head and fixated positions.
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Hendel K, Ortner VK, Fuchs CSK, Eckhouse V, Haedersdal M. Dermatologic Scar Assessment With Stereoscopic Imaging and Digital Three-Dimensional Models: A Validation Study. Lasers Surg Med 2021; 53:1043-1049. [PMID: 33389766 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE We evaluated a new handheld stereoscopic imaging system capable of visualizing scars with digital three-dimensional (3D) models and providing automated morphometric estimates. The objective was to validate the repeatability and accuracy of intra- and inter-investigator scan results. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Engineered metal plates with depressed and elevated model scars (n = 72) were scanned six times by one investigator. In vivo hypertrophic and atrophic scars (n = 15) were scanned once by three investigators. The repeatability of morphometric estimates was assessed using coefficients of variation (CVs) to compare the variation among multiple scan results for both models and in vivo scars, with 0% reflecting a perfect match. Scar estimates from digital 3D reconstructions were compared with the known dimensions of physical model scars and with ruler measurements of in vivo scars. RESULTS A total of 48 model scars and 12 in vivo scars were eligible for automated analyses with the imaging system's proprietary software. Intra-investigator scan results for the model scars were repeatable, with low variance for all parameters: volume, area, length, and depth/height (CV: 1.8-3.1%). By comparison, inter-investigator scans of real in vivo scars resulted in slightly higher median CVs (4.4-7.3%; P < 0.05). 3D model scar estimates correlated well with the known physical dimensions of model scars for all parameters (P < 0.001) and accurately reflected the measurements of in vivo scars (P < 0.001). The six in vivo scars situated on the chest and abdomen showed the highest inter-investigator variation, due to respiratory movement artifacts. CONCLUSION Stereoscopic imaging of scars generates accurate and repeatable measurement estimates that show little intra- and inter-investigator-based assessment variation. The best results are achieved by minimizing subject movement. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Hendel
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 17, Copenhagen NV, 2400, Denmark
| | - Vinzent K Ortner
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 17, Copenhagen NV, 2400, Denmark
| | - Christine S K Fuchs
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 17, Copenhagen NV, 2400, Denmark
| | - Vardit Eckhouse
- Cherry Imaging, Tavor Building 2, Yokneam, I.Z, 20692, Israel
| | - Merete Haedersdal
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 17, Copenhagen NV, 2400, Denmark
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Mai HN, Kim J, Choi YH, Lee DH. Accuracy of Portable Face-Scanning Devices for Obtaining Three-Dimensional Face Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010094. [PMID: 33375533 PMCID: PMC7795319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of three-dimensional face-scanning systems to obtain facial models is of increasing interest, however, systematic assessments of the reliability of portable face-scan devices have not been widely conducted. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed considering the accuracy of facial models obtained by portable face-scanners in comparison with that of those obtained by stationary face-scanning systems. A systematic literature search was conducted in electronic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for articles published from 1 January 2009 to 18 March 2020. A total of 2806 articles were identified, with 21 articles available for the narrative review and nine studies available for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the accuracy of the digital face models generated by the portable scanners was not significantly different from that of the stationary face-scanning systems (standard mean difference (95% confidence interval) = -0.325 mm (-1.186 to 0.536); z = -0.74; p = 0.459). Within the comparison of the portable systems, no statistically significant difference was found concerning the accuracy of the facial models among scanning methods (p = 0.063). Overall, portable face-scan devices can be considered reliable for obtaining facial models. However, caution is needed when applying face-scanners with respect to scanning device settings, control of involuntary facial movements, landmark and facial region identifications, and scanning protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Nga Mai
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (H.-N.M.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Jaeil Kim
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea;
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (H.-N.M.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (H.-N.M.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-600-7676
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Mai HN, Lee DH. Accuracy of Mobile Device-Compatible 3D Scanners for Facial Digitization: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e22228. [PMID: 33095178 PMCID: PMC7647818 DOI: 10.2196/22228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The accurate assessment and acquisition of facial anatomical information significantly contributes to enhancing the reliability of treatments in dental and medical fields, and has applications in fields such as craniomaxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, prosthodontics, orthopedics, and forensic medicine. Mobile device–compatible 3D facial scanners have been reported to be an effective tool for clinical use, but the accuracy of digital facial impressions obtained with the scanners has not been explored. Objective We aimed to review comparisons of the accuracy of mobile device–compatible face scanners for facial digitization with that of systems for professional 3D facial scanning. Methods Individual search strategies were employed in PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases to search for articles published up to May 27, 2020. Peer-reviewed journal articles evaluating the accuracy of 3D facial models generated by mobile device–compatible face scanners were included. Cohen d effect size estimates and confidence intervals of standardized mean difference (SMD) data sets were used for meta-analysis. Results By automatic database searching, 3942 articles were identified, of which 11 articles were considered eligible for narrative review, with 6 studies included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the accuracy of face models obtained using mobile device–compatible face scanners was significantly lower than that of face models obtained using professional 3D facial scanners (SMD 3.96 mm, 95% CI 2.81-5.10 mm; z=6.78; P<.001). The difference between face scanning when performed on inanimate facial models was significantly higher (SMD 10.53 mm, 95% CI 6.29-14.77 mm) than that when performed on living participants (SMD 2.58 mm, 95% CI 1.70-3.47 mm, P<.001, df=12.94). Conclusions Overall, mobile device–compatible face scanners did not perform as well as professional scanning systems in 3D facial acquisition, but the deviations were within the clinically acceptable range of <1.5 mm. Significant differences between results when 3D facial scans were performed on inanimate facial objects and when performed on the faces of living participants were found; thus, caution should be exercised when interpreting results from studies conducted on inanimate objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Nga Mai
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Wellens HLL, Hoskens H, Claes P, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Ortega-Castrillón A. Three-dimensional facial capture using a custom-built photogrammetry setup: Design, performance, and cost. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2020; 158:286-299. [PMID: 32746977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although stereophotogrammetry is increasingly popular for 3-dimensional face scanning, commercial solutions remain quite expensive, limiting its accessibility. We propose a more affordable, custom-built photogrammetry setup (Stereo-Face 3D, SF3D) and evaluate its variability within and between systems. METHODS Twenty-nine subjects and a mannequin head were imaged 3 times using SF3D and a commercially available system. An anthropometric mask was mapped viscoelastically onto the reconstructed meshes using MeshMonk (https://github.com/TheWebMonks/meshmonk). Within systems, shape variability was determined by calculating the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the Procrustes distance between each of the subject's 3 scans and the subject's ground truth (calculated by averaging the mappings after a nonscaled generalized Procrustes superimposition). Intersystem variability was determined by similarly comparing the ground truth mappings of both systems. Two-factor Procrustes analysis of variance was used to partition the intersystem shape variability to understand the source of the discrepancies between the facial shapes acquired by both systems. RESULTS The RMSEs of the within-system shape variability for 3dMDFace and SF3D were 0.52 ± 0.07 mm and 0.44 ± 0.16 mm, respectively. The corresponding values for the mannequin head were 0.42 ± 0.02 mm and 0.29 ± 0.03 mm, respectively. The between-systems RMSE was 1.6 ± 0.34 mm for the study group and 1.38 mm for the mannequin head. A 2-factor analysis indicated that variability attributable to the system was expressed mainly at the upper eyelids, nasal tip and alae, and chin areas. CONCLUSIONS The variability values of the custom-built setup presented here were competitive to a state-of-the-art commercial system at a more affordable level of investment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanne Hoskens
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Medical Imaging Research Center, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Medical Imaging Research Center, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Orthodontics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alejandra Ortega-Castrillón
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Medical Imaging Research Center, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kulick MI. Commentary on: Multicenter Efficacy Trial of a Percutaneous Radiofrequency System for the Reduction of Glabellar Lines. Aesthet Surg J 2020; 40:665-667. [PMID: 31930379 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjz331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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15
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Santander P, Quast A, Hubbert J, Horn S, Meyer-Marcotty P, Küster H, Dieks JK. Three-dimensional head shape acquisition in preterm infants - Translating an orthodontic imaging procedure into neonatal care. Early Hum Dev 2019; 140:104908. [PMID: 31670175 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head shape and head volume of preterm infants give important information on short- and long-term development. Three-dimensional (3D) assessment of a preterm infant's head would therefore provide more information than currently used two-dimensional methods. AIMS To evaluate a contactless 3D imaging system to assess head shape and volume in preterm infants. METHODS A protocol for 3D imaging and reconstruction of an infant's head with a portable stereophotogrammetric camera system was developed. It was validated on a manikin by comparison to an established stationary stereophotogrammetric device. Feasibility for clinical routine and 3D data analysis were assessed in six preterm infants. RESULTS Ten 3D reconstructions from a manikin were done with ten images each taken from different angles. The accuracy of the 3D reconstruction was measured at the overlapping areas between two images. Comparing the portable to the stationary system, a high concordance was found for the 3D manikin head-reconstructions (mean difference 0.21 ± 0.03 mm). In preterm infants, digital evaluation of the head was proven to be feasible for head circumference (HC), cranial index and asymmetry indices. There was good concordance between manual and digital measurement of the HC (95% CI -0.85 to 0.38 mm). CONCLUSIONS The portable camera system allowed fast and contactless 3D image capture of a preterm infant's head without any risk or interference with neonatal care. Together with a new software, this technique would allow more precise evaluation of head growth even in very preterm infants and thereby may improve their care and long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Santander
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - A Quast
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - J Hubbert
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Horn
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Neonatology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - P Meyer-Marcotty
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - H Küster
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Neonatology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - J K Dieks
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Neonatology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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