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Joaquim Baratto de Azevedo O, Knierim Correia C, Soares Pereira G, Prado LS, Roesler H, Pereira SM, Ruschel C. Effect of three different set-up conditions on the propulsive force measures, reliability, and ecological validity during front crawl tethered-swimming. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1974182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otávio Joaquim Baratto de Azevedo
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Clara Knierim Correia
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Soares Pereira
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Luciano Sales Prado
- Sports Training Center-CTE, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helio Roesler
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Suzana Matheus Pereira
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Caroline Ruschel
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Santos CC, Marinho DA, Neiva HP, Costa MJ. Propulsive forces in human competitive swimming: a systematic review on direct assessment methods. Sports Biomech 2021:1-21. [PMID: 34369855 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1953574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human propulsive forces are a key-factor to enhance swimming performance, but there is scarce knowledge when using direct assessments. The aim of this review was to analyse the evidence about human propulsive forces in competitive swimming measured by direct assessment methods. A search up to 30 June 2020 was performed in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases. The Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist was used to assess the quality index (QI) of the included studies. Out of 2530 screened records, 35 articles met the inclusion criteria. Tethered-swimming and differential pressure sensors allow directly measure propulsive forces. Cross-sectional designs measured peak and mean propulsive force during the front crawl stroke and including men/boys (≥15 years-old) at different competitive levels were mostly reported. Men are more able to show higher propulsive forces than women counterparts. Short- and long-term effects were observed while using dry-land and in-water training programmes. The magnitude of propulsive force is dependent on the type of assessment method, swimming stroke, number of body limbs and gender. While the short-term effects supporting the different training programmes lead to an increase in propulsive force, there is a lack of long-term evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário J Costa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
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Dos Santos MAM, Henrique RS, Salvina M, Silva AHO, Junior MADVC, Queiroz DR, Duncan MJ, Maia JAR, Nevill AM. The influence of anthropometric variables, body composition, propulsive force and maturation on 50m freestyle swimming performance in junior swimmers: An allometric approach. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1615-1620. [PMID: 33661083 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1891685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current article was to use allometric models to identify the best body size descriptors and other anthropometric variables, body composition, and offset maturity that might be associated with the youngsters' 50m personal-best (PB) swim speeds (m·s-1). Eighty-five competitive swimmers (male, n=50; 13.5±1.8 y; female, n=35; 12.6±1.8 y) participated in this study. Height, body mass, sitting height, arm span, skinfolds, arm muscle area (AMA), and maturity offset were assessed. Swimming performance was taken as the PB time recorded in competition, and the propulsive force of their arm (PFA) was assessed by the tied swimming test. The multiplicative allometric model relating 50m PB swim speeds (m·s-1) to all the predictor variables found percentage body fat as a negative [(BF%) β= -.121±.036; P=0.001], and PFA (PFA β=.108±.033; P=0.001) and the girl's arm span (β=.850±.301; P=0.006), all log-transformed, as positive significant predictors of log-transformed swim speed. The adjusted coefficient of determination, Radj2 was 54.8% with the log-transformed error ratio being 0.094 or 9.8%, having taken antilogs. The study revealed, using an allometric approach, that body fatness and PFA were significant contributors to 50m freestyle swim performance in young swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A M Dos Santos
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,CIFI2D, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael S Henrique
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,CIFID, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marlene Salvina
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniel R Queiroz
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - José A R Maia
- CIFID, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
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Botta de Arruda T, Kalva-Filho CA, Milioni F, Barbieri RA, Bucken Gobbi R, Papoti M. Effects of an experimental taper period on male and female swimmers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1578-1586. [PMID: 33615760 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the possible influence of the gender on the responses of swimmers during a taper period (TP). METHODS Ten males (19 ± 3 years and 73.5 ± 7.8 kg) and ten females (17 ± 2 years and 54.7 ± 7.2 kg) swimmers were submitted to a 12-week training, followed by three weeks of the TP. Before and after the TP we evaluated the performance at 100 m freestyle, stroke parameters and lactacidemic responses; lactate minimum intensity (LMI) and stroke parameters associated with LMI and the propulsive force in tethered swimming. TP consisted of 14 sessions with mean volume 2,253 ± 1,213 m•session-1 at an intensity below than the LMI, 1,730 ± 327 m•session-1 at an intensity near the LMI and 1,530 ± 1,019 m•session-1 at an intensity above the LMI. RESULTS Significant effects of the genders were observed for LMI and stroke parameters (p-value < 0.001 and η2 > 0.52 [large]) and propulsive force (p-value = 0.001; η2 = 0.59 [large]). However, no significant effects of the TP were identified in the performance of the 100 m freestyle (p-value = 0.66; η2 = 0.006 [small]), propulsive force (p-value > 0.63; η2 < 0.006 [small]), aerobic parameters (LMI: p-value = 0.32 and η2 = 0.03 [small]) and mechanical parameters (p-value > 0.23; η2 = 0.01 [small]). Nonetheless, the peak blood lactate concentrations were improved after TP (p-value = 0.014; η2 = 0.16 [large]), without significant interactions (p-value = 0.38; η2 = 0.02 [small]), as well as the mechanical parameters during maximum 100 m freestyle (p-value < 0.04 and η2 > 0.10 [medium]). CONCLUSIONS Hence, men and women presenting significantly different values in the age group studied, the responses observed after the TP investigated were the same independent of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarine Botta de Arruda
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP-USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo - Brazil -
| | - Carlos A Kalva-Filho
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Milioni
- Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Barbieri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP-USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo - Brazil.,Estácio University Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Bucken Gobbi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP-USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP-USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo - Brazil
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Oliveira M, Henrique RS, Queiroz DR, Salvina M, Melo WV, Moura Dos Santos MA. Anthropometric variables, propulsive force and biological maturation: A mediation analysis in young swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:507-514. [PMID: 32268839 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1754468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Youth swimming performance may be influenced by anthropometric and body composition factors during growth. Propulsive force of the arm (PFA) is highly related to swimming performance as 85-90% of the propulsive power comes from the arms. The current study analyzed the mediating effect of biological maturation on the relationship between anthropometric variables and body composition with PFA in young swimmers. A total of 128 swimmers [boys: n = 53, age = 13.6 (1.8) y; girls: n = 75, age = 12.5 (1.8) y] were evaluated. Propulsive force of the arm was estimated by the tethered swimming test. Anthropometric characteristics (body mass, stature, sitting height, arm span, arm muscle area, %body fat, and fat-free mass) were evaluated. Biological maturation was estimated by the age of peak height velocity. Mediation analyses were performed using the Preacher and Hayes bootstrapping method, adjusted for chronological age and sex. All anthropometric and body composition variables, except %body fat, were positively associated with PFA, being mediated by biological maturation. Indirect effects and 95% confidence intervals were: body mass [.20 (.09-.34)], stature [.22 (.11-.43)], arm span [0.17 (.05-.31)], arm muscle area [.74 (.38-1.19)] and fat free-mass [.17 (.05-.34)]. In conclusion, biological maturation mediated the positive associations between body size and composition and PFA in young swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Henrique
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Centro Acadêmico de Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Anto, Brazil
| | - Daniel R Queiroz
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marlene Salvina
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Wilson V Melo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Centro Acadêmico de Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Anto, Brazil
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Oliveira MDNS, Queiroz DDR, Costa MSFD, Silva AHOD, Silva JFD, Correia Junior MADV, Melo WVDC, Farias Júnior JCD, Santos MAMD. Body segments and biological maturation to estimate the propulsive force of the arm in young swimmers. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e74881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to estimate the propulsive force of the arm (PFA) in young freestyle swimmers and propose an equation to estimate propulsive force, considering anthropometric variables and maturity offset. Seventy-six competitive swimmers [boys: n= 53; age= 13.58 ± 1.79; girls: n= 23; age= 12.98 ± 1.79] participated in this study. Height, lean mass, sitting height, leg length, arm span, triceps skinfold, arm muscle area (AMA), and maturity offset were assessed. The propulsive force of the arm was measured by the tethered swim test. A multiple linear regression (concurrent model) was used to develop the equation using the variables AMA, arm span, and maturity offset. The Bland–Altman method was used to compare the values found between PFA and propulsive force–estimated (PFE). There was a significant correlation between the variables PFA and AMA (R²=0.12; p<0.01), arm span (R²=0.21; p<0.01), and maturity offset (R²=0.20; p<0.01) for boys, whilst in girls theses values were: AMA (R²=0.07;p=0.20), arm span (R²=0.50;p<0.01), and maturity offset (R²=0.44;p<0.01). Two linear equations were established to predict the PFA in boys and girls Bland-Altman analysis showed an agreement between PFA and PFE. In conclusion, the equation is a valuable tool to monitor training and help improve swimmer performance.
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Papoti M, Zagatto AM, Freitas Júnior PBD, Cunha SA, Martins LEB, Gobatto CA. Utilização do intercepto-y na avaliação da aptidão anaeróbia e predição da performance de nadadores treinados. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922005000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a utilização do intercepto-y na avaliação da aptidão anaeróbia e predição da performance de nadadores treinados. Foram participantes do estudo 14 nadadores com idade entre 15 e 18 anos. Os atletas realizaram o teste de nado atado, performance máxima e velocidade crítica (VC) para determinação da capacidade de nado anaeróbio (CTA), todos em nado crawl em um período de três dias. 1) O teste de nado atado consistiu em realizar esforço máximo durante 30 segundos amarrado a um aparato de medição com células de carga para mensuração da força pico (Fpic), aptidão anaeróbia (AP ANA) e concentração de lactato pico ([la-]pic) conforme Papoti et al. (11); 2) Os participantes realizaram também performances máximas nas distâncias de 100, 200, 300, 400 e 600 m, com intervalo mínimo de duas horas entre cada nado; 3) E o teste de VC foi aplicado para determinação da CTA utilizando todas as combinações possíveis dos resultados das performances máximas, através do modelo de regressão linear entre distância versus tempo. Foi encontrada média de 25,07± 4,22 m nas 16 combinações de CTAs encontradas e coeficiente de regressão linear variando entre 0,99 e 1,00 e erro de coeficiente linear de 19,30± 5,9%. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre as CTAs e performances máximas, Fpic (227,81± 63,02 N), AP ANA (86,55± 13,05 N) e [la-]pic (6,80± 1,03 mM). Contudo, foram encontradas correlações significativas entre a AP ANA e as performances máximas. Desse modo, é possível concluir que a CTA representada pelo intercepto-y da relação distância versus tempo de nado, parece não ser um bom parâmetro na avaliação da aptidão anaeróbia e predição de performances entre 100 m e 600 m nado crawl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Papoti
- Faculdades Integradas de Bauru; Universidade Estadual Paulista
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