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The Impact of the Tips from Former Smokers® Campaign on Reducing Cigarette Smoking Relapse. J Smok Cessat 2022; 2022:3435462. [PMID: 36568904 PMCID: PMC9708364 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3435462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence-based mass-reach health communication campaigns can increase tobacco cessation, use of cessation resources such as quitlines, and change tobacco-related social norms. These interventions have been associated with a lower likelihood of cigarette smoking relapse in studies conducted internationally; however, no studies have assessed this outcome for a national campaign in the United States. This study examined the relationship between Tips from Former Smokers® (Tips®) campaign exposure and the odds of cigarette smoking relapse among adults who formerly smoked. Using data from the 2014 to 2019 Tips longitudinal campaign surveys, we estimated first episode of relapse (versus remaining a former smoker) as a function of Tips gross rating points (GRPs, a measure of media exposure). Higher levels of Tips GRPs were associated with lower odds of relapse (aOR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.50-0.78). These results suggest that the Tips campaign may reduce smoking relapse, in addition to the established effect of increasing smoking cessation. Former smokers can be considered a secondary target audience for smoking cessation mass media campaigns, and mass media campaigns could be considered a component of smoking relapse prevention efforts.
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Fiore MC, Baker TB. Ten Million Calls and Counting: Progress and Promise of Tobacco Quitlines in the U.S. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60:S103-S106. [PMID: 33663696 PMCID: PMC8189745 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Fiore
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Timothy B Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
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Zhang L, Rodes R, Mann N, Thompson J, McAfee T, Murphy-Hoefer R, Frank R, Davis K, Babb S. Differences in Quitline Registrants' Characteristics During National Radio Versus Television Antismoking Campaigns. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60:S107-S112. [PMID: 33663697 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Tips From Former Smokers® campaign encourages smokers to get help with quitting smoking by promoting 1-800-QUIT-NOW. Campaign advertisements featuring an offer of help with obtaining free cessation medication aired nationally on radio for 2 weeks in 2016. Similar advertisements aired nationally on TV for 3 weeks in 2017. The comparison period of 2016 radio campaign and 2017 TV campaign was used to examine the characteristics of quitline registrants by a media referral source (TV or radio). METHODS Data on the number and demographics of quitline registrants in 2016 and 2017 were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Quitline Data Warehouse. The investigators conducted t-tests to assess the demographic differences between registrants who heard about the quitline through the radio advertisements and those who heard about it through the TV advertisements during the comparison period. This analysis was conducted in 2019. RESULTS The registrants who heard about the quitline from radio advertisements were more likely to be male, younger, and have more years of education. However, the registrants who heard about the quitline from TV advertisements were more likely to be Black, non-Hispanic, and have fewer years of education. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the demographic profiles of quitline registrants vary significantly based on how registrants hear about the quitline (via radio or TV). These differences in the characteristics of registrants can help inform the tobacco control mass media purchasing strategies and may enable media efforts to target the specific subgroups of smokers in a better way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Robert Rodes
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nathan Mann
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jesse Thompson
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Tim McAfee
- Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rebecca Murphy-Hoefer
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Randi Frank
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kevin Davis
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Stephen Babb
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Guillory J, Crankshaw E, Farrelly MC, Alam I, Fiacco L, Curry L, Hoffman L, Ganz O, Delahanty J. LGBT young adults' awareness of and receptivity to the This Free Life tobacco public education campaign. Tob Control 2021; 30:63-70. [PMID: 31941821 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study measures awareness of and receptivity to the Food and Drug Administration's This Free Life campaign seeking to change tobacco-related attitudes and beliefs among lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender (LGBT) young adults. METHODS Participants were young adults who self-identify as LGBT. The evaluation uses a treatment-control design. This study includes data from four survey rounds with participants from each round invited to participate in subsequent rounds and new participants invited to account for attrition. Bivariate analyses assess treatment-control differences in campaign awareness by round. We used multivariable logistic regression models with a time×treatment interaction and covariates to assess whether increases in awareness were greater in treatment than control from follow-ups 1 to 4. Descriptive statistics describe perceived effectiveness and models explore covariates of perceived effectiveness. RESULTS At each round, an increasing number of participants in treatment were brand aware (25%-67%) and reported high (16%-34%) and medium (16%-25%) video awareness compared with control (all p<0.001). Regressions revealed interactions in brand and video awareness, wherein the effect of treatment on awareness increased more over time, with significant treatment-control differences in change from follow-up 1 to 4 (all p<0.05). Reactions to all but one ad were positive (one neutral) with mean perceived effectiveness scores from 3.21 to 3.92 ('neither disagree nor agree' to 'agree' on 5-point scale). Perceived effectiveness differed by LGBT identity (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS At follow-up 4, This Free Life reached most of the campaign audience in treatment markets and has achieved higher awareness in treatment than control markets, at individual survey rounds and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Crankshaw
- Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew C Farrelly
- Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ishrat Alam
- Center for the Health of At-Risk Populations, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leah Fiacco
- Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurel Curry
- Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leah Hoffman
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Health Communication and Education, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ollie Ganz
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Health Communication and Education, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Janine Delahanty
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Health Communication and Education, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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5
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Raz DJ, Ismail MH, Haupt EC, Sun V, Park S, Alem AC, Gould MK. Improving Utilization of Lung Cancer Screening Through Incorporating a Video-Based Educational Tool Into Smoking Cessation Counseling. Clin Lung Cancer 2020; 22:83-91. [PMID: 33436279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer screening (LCS) with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduces lung cancer mortality in high-risk patients, but most of those eligible are not referred for screening, and most eligible smokers are not aware of LCS. Smoking cessation counseling may be an opportune time to educate smokers about LCS. Here we investigate the effect of LCS educational information on LDCT utilization and smoking cessation in LCS-eligible patients receiving smoking cessation counseling. PATIENTS AND METHODS We randomized 1281 smokers aged 55-80 who underwent smoking cessation services to view a web-based educational video about LCS (n = 1026) or to receive usual care (n = 255). Outcomes included the utilization of chest computed tomographic (CT) scan during 6 months of follow-up, responses to survey questions, and patient-reported abstinence from smoking at 6 months. RESULTS One hundred forty-six participants (14%) watched the video. Overall, 87 participants (8.5%) in the intervention group underwent any chest CT and 37 (3.6%) underwent LDCT compared to 22 (8.6%) and 11 (4.3%) in the control group during the 6-month follow-up period (P = .94 and .59, respectively). Among participants who completed watching the video, 27 (18.5%) underwent any chest CT and 13 (8.9%) underwent LDCT, compared to 22 (8.6%) and 11 (4.3%) in controls during follow-up (P = .0037 and .062, respectively). There was no difference in abstinence from smoking between groups. CONCLUSION An LCS educational intervention may be effective in improving utilization of LDCT in eligible individuals who currently smoke at the time of smoking cessation counseling. Further research on the effect of LCS education in the context of smoking cessation counseling is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Raz
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA.
| | - Mohamed H Ismail
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Riverside, CA
| | - Eric C Haupt
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Virginia Sun
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Stacy Park
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Angel C Alem
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Michael K Gould
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
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Chan L, O'Hara B, Phongsavan P, Bauman A, Freeman B. Review of Evaluation Metrics Used in Digital and Traditional Tobacco Control Campaigns. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e17432. [PMID: 32348272 PMCID: PMC7448186 DOI: 10.2196/17432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass media campaigns for public health are increasingly using digital media platforms, such as web-based advertising and social media; however, there is a lack of evidence on how to best use these digital platforms for public health campaigns. To generate this evidence, appropriate campaign evaluations are needed, but with the proliferation of digital media-related metrics, there is no clear consensus on which evaluation metrics should be used. Public health campaigns are diverse in nature, so to facilitate analysis, this review has selected tobacco control campaigns as the scope of the study. OBJECTIVE This literature review aimed to examine how tobacco control campaigns that use traditional and digital media platforms have been evaluated. METHODS Medicine and science databases (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online [MEDLINE], EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], and Scopus), and a marketing case study database (World Advertising Research Center) were searched for articles published between 2013 and 2018. Two authors established the eligibility criteria and reviewed articles for inclusion. Individual campaigns were identified from the articles, and information on campaigns and their evaluations were supplemented with searches on Google, Google Scholar, and social media platforms. Data about campaign evaluations were tabulated and mapped to a conceptual framework. RESULTS In total, 17 campaigns were included in this review, with evaluations reported on by 51 articles, 17 marketing reports, and 4 grey literature reports. Most campaigns were from English-speaking countries, with behavioral change as the primary objective. In the process evaluations, a wide range of metrics were used to assess the reach of digital campaign activities, making comparison between campaigns difficult. Every campaign in the review, except one, reported some type of engagement impact measure, with website visits being the most commonly reported metric (11 of the 17 campaigns). Other commonly reported evaluation measures identified in this review include engagement on social media, changes in attitudes, and number of people contacting smoking cessation services. Of note, only 7 of the 17 campaigns attempted to measure media platform attribution, for example, by asking participants where they recalled seeing the campaign or using unique website tracking codes for ads on different media platforms. CONCLUSIONS One of the key findings of this review is the numerous and diverse range of measures and metrics used in tobacco control campaign evaluations. To address this issue, we propose principles to guide the selection of digital media-related metrics for campaign evaluations, and also outline a conceptual framework to provide a coherent organization to the diverse range of metrics. Future research is needed to specifically investigate whether engagement metrics are associated with desired campaign outcomes, to determine whether reporting of engagement metrics is meaningful in campaign evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Chan
- Sydney School of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Blythe O'Hara
- Sydney School of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Philayrath Phongsavan
- Sydney School of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Sydney School of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Becky Freeman
- Sydney School of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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7
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Kowitt SD, Cornacchione Ross J, Jarman KL, Kistler CE, Lazard AJ, Ranney LM, Sheeran P, Thrasher JF, Goldstein AO. Tobacco Quit Intentions and Behaviors among Cigar Smokers in the United States in Response to COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5368. [PMID: 32722469 PMCID: PMC7432467 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Combustible tobacco users appear to be at greater risk for serious complications from COVID-19. This study examined cigar smokers' perceived risk of COVID-19, quit intentions, and behaviors during the current pandemic. We conducted an online study between 23 April 2020 to 7 May 2020, as part of an ongoing study examining perceptions of different health effects of cigars. All participants used cigars in the past 30 days (n = 777). Three-quarters of the sample (76.0%) perceived they had a higher risk of complications from COVID-19 compared to non-smokers. The majority of participants (70.8%) intended to quit in the next six months due to COVID-19, and almost half of the sample (46.5%) reported making a quit attempt since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Far more participants reported increasing their tobacco use since COVID-19 started (40.9%) vs. decreasing their tobacco use (17.8%). Black or African American participants, participants who reported using a quitline, and participants with higher COVID-19 risk perceptions had higher intentions to quit using tobacco due to COVID-19, and higher odds of making a quit attempt since COVID-19 started. More research is needed to understand how tobacco users are perceiving COVID-19 risks and changing their tobacco use behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Kowitt
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.L.J.); (C.E.K.); (L.M.R.); (A.O.G.)
| | - Jennifer Cornacchione Ross
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Kristen L. Jarman
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.L.J.); (C.E.K.); (L.M.R.); (A.O.G.)
| | - Christine E. Kistler
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.L.J.); (C.E.K.); (L.M.R.); (A.O.G.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.J.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Allison J. Lazard
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.J.L.); (P.S.)
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leah M. Ranney
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.L.J.); (C.E.K.); (L.M.R.); (A.O.G.)
| | - Paschal Sheeran
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.J.L.); (P.S.)
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James F. Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Adam O. Goldstein
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.L.J.); (C.E.K.); (L.M.R.); (A.O.G.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.J.L.); (P.S.)
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Raz DJ, Ismail MH, Sun V, Park S, Alem AC, Haupt EC, Gould MK. Incorporating lung cancer screening education into tobacco cessation group counseling. Tob Prev Cessat 2020; 6:12. [PMID: 32548349 PMCID: PMC7291913 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/115166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer screening (LCS) with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduces lung cancer mortality, yet few people who are eligible for LCS get screened. In the present study, we studied the feasibility of tobacco cessation counselors to inform about LCS during tobacco cessation group counseling. METHODS Four tobacco cessation counselors at two different facilities offering group tobacco cessation counseling were trained to administer an educational intervention about LCS. The intervention was administered to 25 participants during May 2019 who completed surveys that assessed how much the information provided helped with understanding various aspects of lung cancer screening including benefits, risks, eligibility criteria, and insurance coverage. The intervention also provided information on how to learn more about LCS and assessed the acceptability of the information. RESULTS The median score for understanding of all components of the intervention was 5 ('completely understand'). Most participants (92%) felt that the information provided about LCS was the right amount. Most participants (72%) were aged 55-80 years, the age range for LCS eligibility. Four participants (16%) reported undergoing LCS in the past. When we reanalyzed the subset of participants who reported no prior LCS, the results of surveys were similar. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that it is feasible to train tobacco cessation counselors to educate smokers, attending group tobacco cessation counseling classes, also about LCS. The education provided in this study was both understood and well received by the large majority of smokers surveyed. Further study is needed to understand the effect of LCS education on utilization of LDCT among smokers enrolled in tobacco cessation counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Raz
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, United States
| | - Mohamed H Ismail
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kaiser Permanente, Riverside, United States
| | - Virginia Sun
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, United States
| | - Stacy Park
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, United States
| | - Angel C Alem
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, United States
| | - Eric C Haupt
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, United States
| | - Michael K Gould
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, United States
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National trends and state-level variation in the duration of incoming quitline calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW during 2012–2015. J Smok Cessat 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/jsc.2020.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIntroductionThe duration of incoming quitline calls may serve as a crude proxy for the potential amount of reactive counseling provided.AimsTo explore whether call duration may be useful for monitoring quitline capacity and service delivery.MethodsUsing data on the duration of incoming quitline calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW from 2012 through 2015, we examined national trends and state-level variation in average call duration. We estimated a regression model of average call duration as a function of total incoming calls, nationally and by state, controlling for confounders.ResultsFrom 2012 through 2015, average call duration was 11.4 min, nationally, and was 10 min or longer in 33 states. Average call duration was significantly correlated with quitline service provider. Higher incoming call volume was significantly associated with lower average call duration in 32 states and higher average call duration in five states (P-value <0.05). The relationship between call volume and call duration was not correlated with quitline service provider.ConclusionsVariation in average call duration across states likely reflects different service delivery models. Average call duration was associated with call volume in many states. Significant changes in call duration may highlight potential quitline capacity issues that warrant further investigation.
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Evans W, Andrade E, Pratt M, Mottern A, Chavez S, Calzetta-Raymond A, Gu J. Peer-to-Peer Social Media as an Effective Prevention Strategy: Quasi-Experimental Evaluation. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e16207. [PMID: 32374270 PMCID: PMC7240438 DOI: 10.2196/16207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substance use by adolescents remains to be at unacceptably high levels, and there is evidence that teens’ social norms are becoming more favorable toward recreational use and perceived safety of substances such as marijuana and prescription opioids. Social media offer a low-cost, potentially high-impact approach to disseminate prevention messages. Objective Living the Example (LTE) is a program that trains adolescent youth ambassadors to develop and disseminate prevention messages within their own social media networks and through in-school activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to LTE-based social media on students in the youth ambassadors’ networks. Methods The George Washington (GW) University designed and implemented a quasi-experimental evaluation of the LTE program in 3 Maryland high schools. Before program launch, a sample of 826 students (wave 1) at the 3 schools, drawn from a census of freshmen enrolled in a class attended by all students at the grade level, completed a survey. A total of 584 students were surveyed at the wave 2 program midpoint and 542 at the wave 3 endpoint. The survey contained questions on drug use–related attitudes, beliefs, intentions, and behaviors, all based on validated measures. We evaluated the effects of LTE on the intended next 30-day drug use, and controlling for LTE self-reported exposure, age, and gender from waves 2 and 3 was appended into a single dataset. We first conducted ordinal logistic regressions for each drug use intention in wave 3 (ie, sell or distribute illegal drugs, smoke cigarettes, drink beer/wine/hard liquor when parents do not know about it, use marijuana, use lysergic acid diethylamide, cocaine, amphetamines or other illegal drugs, use heroin, use synthetic drugs, and use any prescription pills without a prescription) to examine the association between LTE exposure and drug use intentions. We included an interaction term for the study wave to examine intervention effects. Results We found a significant positive effect of LTE exposure on all 8 measured drug use intentions: sell/distribute illegal drugs; smoke cigarettes; drink beer, wine, or liquor when my parents do not know about it; use marijuana; use cocaine, amphetamines, or other illegal drug; use heroin; use synthetic drugs; use any prescription pills without a prescription (all P<.05; odds ratios ranging from 2.12 to 3.71). We also found that boys were more likely than girls to exhibit reduced drug use intentions. We also found reductions in 30-day intentions between the second and third survey waves for all 8 measured drug use variables. Conclusions Overall, the results are consistent with and indicate a stronger LTE effect in this study compared with a previous pilot study. LTE appears to offer a protective effect, with exposure to program messages leading to reduced/improved drug use intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Evans
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Elizabeth Andrade
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | | | | | - Anthony Calzetta-Raymond
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jiayan Gu
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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11
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Ickes MJ, Butler K, Wiggins AT, Kercsmar S, Kay Rayens M, Hahn EJ. Truth® ads, receptivity, and motivation to use or quit tobacco among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2020; 68:366-373. [PMID: 30645188 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1549559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Examine receptivity and motivation to use/quit tobacco among college students after viewing Truth ads. Participants: Random sample of 10,000 college students invited to complete online survey February 2016 (8.5% response rate). Methods: Quasi-experimental. Participants (N = 854) watched four ads and answered survey items for each ad. Results: Students rated ad receptivity and decreased motivation to use tobacco higher for the Catmageddon ad than the others. Regardless of ad, men and current cigarette smokers reported lower receptivity. Younger age was associated with lower motivation to use tobacco for all ads. Tobacco users reported greater motivation to quit with the Catmageddon ad. Conclusions: College students were receptive to the Truth ads, and many indicated lower motivation to use tobacco. Men, older college students, and current cigarette smokers were less receptive to the ads, reinforcing the need to develop tailored campaigns to reach these subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Ickes
- College of Education & BREATHE, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Karen Butler
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amanda T Wiggins
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sarah Kercsmar
- Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary Kay Rayens
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ellen J Hahn
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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12
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Prochaska JJ, Gates EF, Davis KC, Gutierrez K, Prutzman Y, Rodes R. The 2016 Tips From Former Smokers® Campaign: Associations With Quit Intentions and Quit Attempts Among Smokers With and Without Mental Health Conditions. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:576-583. [PMID: 30496491 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People living with mental health conditions (MH+) are more likely to smoke cigarettes than people without mental health conditions (MH-) and to experience tobacco-related disparities. The Tips From Former Smokers® (Tips®) campaign is a proven population-level strategy for motivating smokers to quit. In 2016, Tips included ads featuring Rebecca, a former smoker with depression. We evaluated self-reported frequency of exposure to the Rebecca and other Tips ads in association with quit intentions and quit attempts among MH+ and MH- smokers. METHODS Intentions to quit and past 6-month quit attempts lasting at least 24 hours were reported from a two-wave longitudinal online survey conducted before and after the 2016 Tips campaign with a nationally representative sample of US adult cigarette smokers with (MH+, N = 777) and without (MH-, N = 1806) lifetime mental health conditions. RESULTS In 2016, among MH+ respondents, greater exposure to the Rebecca ads was significantly associated with increased odds of intending to quit in the next 30 days (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.40, p < .05) and with reporting a quit attempt in the past 6 months (AOR = 1.25, p < .05). Among MH- respondents, greater exposure to the other Tips ads was associated with increased odds of making a quit attempt (AOR = 1.19, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to the Rebecca ads was associated with a greater likelihood of intentions to quit and quit attempts among MH+ smokers; whereas, exposure to the other (non-mental-health-related) Tips ads was associated with a greater likelihood of quit attempts among MH- smokers. IMPLICATIONS National media campaigns are an important population-level strategy for reaching specific population groups who are experiencing tobacco-related disparities. The findings support the inclusion of ads featuring people living with mental health conditions in national tobacco education media campaigns, such as Tips.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily F Gates
- Department of Measurement, Evaluation, Statistics, & Assessment, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
| | - Kevin C Davis
- Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Yvonne Prutzman
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Robert Rodes
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Keller PA, Lien RK, Beebe LA, Parker J, Klein P, Lachter RB, Gillaspy S. Replicating state Quitline innovations to increase reach: findings from three states. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:7. [PMID: 31906908 PMCID: PMC6945575 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reaching tobacco users is a persistent challenge for quitlines. In 2014, ClearWay MinnesotaSM changed its quitline services and media campaign, and observed substantial increases in reach and strong quit outcomes. Oklahoma and Florida implemented the same changes in 2015 and 2016. We examined whether the strategies used in Minnesota could be replicated with similar results. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional observational study of Minnesota's QUITPLAN® Services, the Oklahoma Tobacco Helpline, and Florida's Quit Your Way program. Each program offers free quitline services to their state's residents. For each state, data were compared for 1 year prior to service changes to 1 year after services changed and promotions began. Registration and program utilization data from 21,918 (Minnesota); 64,584 (Oklahoma); and 141,209 (Florida) program enrollees were analyzed. Additionally, outcome study data from 1542 (Minnesota); 3377 (Oklahoma); and 3444 (Florida) program enrollees were analyzed. We examined treatment reach, satisfaction, 24-h quit attempts, 30-day point prevalence abstinence rates, select demographic characteristics, registration mode (post period only), and estimated number of quitters. Data were analyzed using χ2 analyses and t-tests. RESULTS Treatment reach rates increased by 50.62% in Oklahoma, 66.88% in Florida, and 480.56% in Minnesota. Significant increases in the estimated number of quitters were seen, ranging from + 42.75% to + 435.90%. Statistically significant changes in other variables (satisfaction, 24-h quit attempts, 30-day point prevalence abstinence rates, gender, and race) varied by state. During the post period, participants' method of registration differed. Online enrollment percentages ranged from 19.44% (Oklahoma), to 54.34% (Florida), to 70.80% (Minnesota). In Oklahoma, 71.63% of participants enrolled by phone, while 40.71% of Florida participants and 26.98% of Minnesota participants enrolled by phone. Fax or electronic referrals comprised 8.92% (Oklahoma), 4.95% (Florida), and 2.22% (Minnesota) of program enrollees, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Changing quitline services and implementing a new media campaign increased treatment reach and the estimated number of participants who quit smoking in three states. Quitline funders and tobacco control program managers may wish to consider approaches such as these to increase quitline utilization and population health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Keller
- ClearWay Minnesota SM, 8011 34th Ave S, Suite 400, Minneapolis, MN, 55425, USA
| | - Rebecca K Lien
- , 219 Main St. SE, Suite 302, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Laura A Beebe
- Hudson College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St, Room 317, Post Office Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK, 73126-0901, USA.
| | - Jane Parker
- Florida Department of Health, 4052 Bald Cypress Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32399, USA
| | - Paola Klein
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, 655 Research Pkwy #400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Randi B Lachter
- ClearWay Minnesota SM, 8011 34th Ave S, Suite 400, Minneapolis, MN, 55425, USA
| | - Stephen Gillaspy
- The University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Stanton L Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
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Evans WD, Young BN, Johnson MA, Jagoe KA, Charron D, Rossanese M, Morgan KL, Gichinga P, Ipe J. The Shamba Chef Educational Entertainment Program to Promote Modern Cookstoves in Kenya: Outcomes and Dose-Response Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010162. [PMID: 31881652 PMCID: PMC6981508 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Globally, an estimated 3.6 billion people rely on solid fuels for cooking over open fires or in simple cookstoves. Universal access to clean cooking fuels and technology by 2030 is a United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal. Methods: The Mediae Company created a home makeover television and radio show, Shamba Chef, designed to promote modern, cleaner, safer cooking methods and improved nutrition in Kenya, which reached 5 million homes in late 2017. This was accompanied by a mobile phone platform called iChef. Researchers evaluated the effects of Shamba Chef on cookstove purchase, use, and attitudes, beliefs, and intentions. Results: The study revealed dose–response effects of Shamba Chef exposure on several key outcomes. Exposure to the program was associated with an awareness of improved biomass stoves (OR 4.4; 95% CI 2.8 to 6.9), and aspirations to own an improved biomass stove (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.9). Receiving information about modern stoves from two or more sources generated greater awareness of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.3 to 3.1). The qualitative study revealed that Shamba Chef explained how the stoves worked, communicated their benefits, and encouraged participants to trust and purchase those cookstoves. Conclusion: Shamba Chef was successful in influencing determinants of cookstove purchase and use, and there is evidence from the qualitative study that it influenced the purchase and use of improved biomass stoves.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Douglas Evans
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Michael A Johnson
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley University, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA; (M.A.J.); (K.A.J.); (D.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Kirstie A. Jagoe
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley University, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA; (M.A.J.); (K.A.J.); (D.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Dana Charron
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley University, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA; (M.A.J.); (K.A.J.); (D.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Madeleine Rossanese
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley University, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA; (M.A.J.); (K.A.J.); (D.C.); (M.R.)
| | | | | | - Julie Ipe
- Clean Cooking Alliance, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
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15
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Mann N, Nonnemaker J, Davis K, Chapman L, Thompson J, Juster HR. The Potential Impact of the New York State Smokers' Quitline on Population-Level Smoking Rates in New York. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224477. [PMID: 31739413 PMCID: PMC6887956 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Receiving smoking cessation services from telephone quitlines significantly increases quit success compared with no intervention or other quitting methods. To affect population-level smoking, quitlines must provide a sufficient proportion of smokers with effective interventions. Nationally, quitlines reach around 1% of adult smokers annually. From 2011 through 2016, the average annual reach of the New York State Smokers' Quitline (NYSSQL) was 2.9%. We used data on the reach and cessation outcomes of NYSSQL to estimate its current impact on population-level smoking prevalence and to estimate how much reach would have to increase to achieve population-level smoking prevalence reductions. We estimate NYSSQL is associated with a 0.02 to 0.04 percentage point reduction in smoking prevalence in New York annually. If NYSSQL achieved the recommended annual reach of 8% (CDC Best Practices) and 16% (NAQC), state-level prevalence would decrease by an estimated 0.07-0.12 and 0.13-0.24 percentage points per year, respectively. To achieve those recommended levels of reach, NYSSQL would need to provide services to approximately 3.5 to 6.9 times more smokers annually. Given their reach, quitlines are limited in their ability to affect population-level smoking. Increasing quitline reach may not be feasible and would likely be cost-prohibitive. It may be necessary to re-think the role of quitlines in tobacco control efforts. In New York, the quitline is being integrated into larger efforts to promote cessation through health systems change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Mann
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.N.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(919)-485-5584; Fax: +(919)-541-6683
| | - James Nonnemaker
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.N.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Kevin Davis
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.N.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (J.T.)
| | - LeTonya Chapman
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.N.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Jesse Thompson
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.N.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Harlan R. Juster
- Bureau of Tobacco Control, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12242, USA;
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16
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Davis KC, Murphy-Hoefer R, Levine B, King BA, Hu S, Rodes R. Evidence of the Impact of the Tips From Former Smokers Campaign: Results From the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Prev Chronic Dis 2019; 16:E137. [PMID: 31603406 PMCID: PMC6795073 DOI: 10.5888/pcd16.190110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tips From Former Smokers
campaign (Tips) has demonstrated significant impact as a population-based intervention for smoking cessation in the United States. Since 2012, evaluations of Tips have relied on web-panel data to attribute the campaign to smoking cessation outcomes. We re-examined the relationship between market-level doses of the campaign and quit attempts by using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data to triangulate prior findings. We found that Tips was associated with increased quit attempts among smokers, which validates prior evaluation research on the impact of Tips. These results suggest that continued investments in Tips may help sustain its impact on cessation-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Davis
- RTI International, Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
| | - Rebecca Murphy-Hoefer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Burton Levine
- RTI International, Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Brian A King
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sean Hu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert Rodes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Prochaska JJ, Benowitz NL. Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: Nicotine addiction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay9763. [PMID: 31663029 PMCID: PMC6795520 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The health harms of combusted tobacco use are undeniable. With market and regulatory pressures to reduce the harms of nicotine delivery by combustion, the tobacco product landscape has diversified to include smokeless, heated, and electronic nicotine vaping products. Products of tobacco combustion are the main cause of smoking-induced disease, and nicotine addiction sustains tobacco use. An understanding of the biology and clinical features of nicotine addiction and the conditioning of behavior that occurs via stimuli paired with frequent nicotine dosing, as with a smoked cigarette, is important for informing pharmacologic and behavioral treatment targets. We review current advances in research on nicotine addiction treatment and recovery, with a focus on conventional combustible cigarette use. Our review covers evidence-based methods to treat smoking in adults and policy approaches to prevent nicotine product initiation in youth. In closing, we discuss emerging areas of evidence and consider new directions for advancing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith J. Prochaska
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, and the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Shafer PR, Fowler EF, Baum L, Gollust SE. Television Advertising and Health Insurance Marketplace Consumer Engagement in Kentucky: A Natural Experiment. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20:e10872. [PMID: 30361198 PMCID: PMC6234351 DOI: 10.2196/10872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reductions in health insurance enrollment outreach could have negative effects on the individual health insurance market. Specifically, consumers may not be informed about the availability of coverage, and if some healthier consumers fail to enroll, there could be a worse risk pool for insurers. Kentucky created its own Marketplace, known as kynect, and adopted Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act, which yielded the largest decline in adult uninsured rate in the United States from 2013 to 2016. The state sponsored an award-winning media campaign, yet after the election of a new governor in 2015, it declined to renew the television advertising contract for kynect and canceled all pending television ads with over a month remaining in the 2016 open enrollment period. Objective The objective of this study is to examine the stark variation in television advertising across multiple open enrollment periods in Kentucky and use this variation to estimate the dose-response effect of state-sponsored television advertising on consumer engagement with the Marketplace. In addition, we assess to what extent private insurers can potentially help fill the void when governments reduce or eliminate television advertising. Methods We obtained television advertising (Kantar Media/Campaign Media Analysis Group) and Marketplace data (Kentucky Health Benefit Exchange) for the period of October 1, 2013, through January 31, 2016, for Kentucky. Advertising data at the spot level were collapsed to state-week counts by sponsor type. Similarly, a state-week series of Marketplace engagement and enrollment measures were derived from state reports to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. We used linear regression models to estimate associations between health insurance television advertising volume and measures of information-seeking (calls to call center; page views, visits, and unique visitors to the website) and enrollment (Web-based and total applications, Marketplace enrollment). Results We found significant dose-response effects of weekly state-sponsored television advertising volume during open enrollment on information-seeking behavior (marginal effects of an additional ad airing per week for website page views: 7973, visits: 390, and unique visitors: 388) and enrollment activity (applications, Web-based: 61 and total: 56). Conclusions State-sponsored television advertising was associated with nearly 40% of unique visitors and Web-based applications. Insurance company television advertising was not a significant driver of engagement, an important consideration if cuts to government-sponsored advertising persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Shafer
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Erika Franklin Fowler
- Government Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States.,Wesleyan Media Project, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Laura Baum
- Wesleyan Media Project, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Sarah E Gollust
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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19
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Murphy-Hoefer R, Davis KC, Beistle D, King BA, Duke J, Rodes R, Graffunder C. Impact of the Tips From Former Smokers Campaign on Population-Level Smoking Cessation, 2012-2015. Prev Chronic Dis 2018; 15:E71. [PMID: 29862960 PMCID: PMC5985905 DOI: 10.5888/pcd15.180051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides estimates of the long-term cumulative impact of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s national tobacco education campaign, Tips From Former Smokers (Tips), on population-level smoking cessation. We used recently published estimates of the association between increased Tips campaign media doses and quit attempts to calculate campaign-attributable population sustained (6-month) quits during 2012–2015. Tips led to approximately 522,000 sustained quits during 2012–2015. These findings indicate that the Tips campaign’s comprehensive approach to combining evidence-based messages with the promotion of cessation resources was successful in achieving substantial long-term cigarette cessation at the population level over multiple years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Murphy-Hoefer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, Mailstop F-79, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3717.
| | - Kevin C Davis
- RTI International, Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Diane Beistle
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brian A King
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer Duke
- RTI International, Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Robert Rodes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Corinne Graffunder
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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20
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Marshall LL, Zhang L, Malarcher AM, Mann NH, King BA, Alexander RL. Race/Ethnic Variations in Quitline Use Among US Adult Tobacco Users in 45 States, 2011-2013. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 19:1473-1481. [PMID: 29121347 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction State quitlines provide free telephone-based cessation services and are available in all states. However, quitlines presently reach 1% of US cigarette smokers. We assessed variations in quitline reach by race/ethnicity across 45 US states included in the National Quitline Data Warehouse, a repository on non-identifiable data reported by state quitlines. Methods During 2011 to 2013, we analyzed 1 220 171 records from the National Quitline Data Warehouse. Annual quitline reach was defined as the proportion of cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco users who utilized quitline services during each year, and was calculated by dividing the number of state-specific quitline registrants in each year by the number of adult cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco users in the state. Results Average annual reach ranged from: 0.08% (Tennessee) to 3.42% (Hawaii) among non-Hispanic whites; 0.17% (Tennessee) to 3.85% (Delaware) among non-Hispanic blacks; 0.27% (Nevada) to 9.98% (Delaware) among non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaska Native; 0.03% (Alabama) to 2.43% (Hawaii) among non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islanders; and from 0.08% (Tennessee) to 3.18% (Maine) among Hispanics. Average annual reach was highest among non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaska Native in 27 states, non-Hispanic blacks in 14 states, and non-Hispanic whites in four states. Conclusions Quitlines appear to be reaching minority populations; however, overall reach remains low and variations in quitline reach exist by race/ethnicity. Opportunities exist to increase the utilization of quitlines and other effective cessation treatments among racial/ethnic minority populations. Implications Some studies have assessed quitline reach across demographic groups in individual states; however, no studies have provided multistate data about quitline reach across race/ethnic groups. Ongoing monitoring of the use of state quitlines can help guide targeted outreach to particular race/ethnic groups with the goal of increasing the overall proportion and number of tobacco users that use quitlines. These efforts should be complemented by comprehensive tobacco control initiatives that increase cessation including mass media campaigns, smoke-free policies, increased tobacco prices, expansion of health insurance coverage, and health systems change.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTisha L Marshall
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ann M Malarcher
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Brian A King
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Robert L Alexander
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, GA
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Kerr AN, Schillo BA, Keller PA, Lachter RB, Lien RK, Zook HG. Impact and Effectiveness of a Stand-Alone NRT Starter Kit in a Statewide Tobacco Cessation Program. Am J Health Promot 2018; 33:183-190. [PMID: 29747516 DOI: 10.1177/0890117118772493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine 2-week nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) starter kit quit outcomes and predictors and the impact of adding this new service on treatment reach. DESIGN Observational study of a 1-year cohort of QUITPLAN Services enrollees using registration and utilization data and follow-up outcome survey data of a subset of enrollees who received NRT starter kits. SETTING ClearWay Minnesota's QUITPLAN Services provides a quit line that is available to uninsured and underinsured Minnesotans and NRT starter kits (a free 2-week supply of patches, gum, or lozenges) that are available to all Minnesota tobacco users. PARTICIPANTS A total of 15 536 adult QUITPLAN Services enrollees and 818 seven-month follow-up survey NRT starter kit respondents. MEASURES Treatment reach for all services and tobacco quit outcomes and predictors for starter kit recipients. ANALYSIS Descriptive analyses, χ2 analyses, and logistic regression. RESULTS Treatment reach increased 3-fold after adding the 2-week NRT starter kit service option to QUITPLAN Services compared to the prior year (1.86% vs 0.59%). Among all participants enrolling in QUITPLAN services during a 1-year period, 83.8% (13 026/15 536) registered for a starter kit. Among starter kit respondents, 25.6% reported being quit for 30 days at the 7-month follow-up. After controlling for other factors, using all NRT and selecting more cessation services predicted quitting. CONCLUSION An NRT starter kit brought more tobacco users to QUITPLAN services, demonstrating interest in cessation services separate from phone counseling. The starter kit produced high quit rates, comparable to the quit line in the same time period. Cessation service providers may want to consider introducing starter kits to reach more tobacco users and ultimately improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Kerr
- 1 Professional Data Analysts, Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Evaluation of Behavior Change Communication Campaigns to Promote Modern Cookstove Purchase and Use in Lower Middle Income Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 15:ijerph15010011. [PMID: 29271949 PMCID: PMC5800111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nearly three billion people worldwide burn solid fuels and kerosene in open fires and inefficient stoves to cook, light, and heat their homes. Cleaner-burning stoves reduce emissions and can have positive health, climate, and women’s empowerment benefits. This article reports on the protocol and baseline data from the evaluation of four behavior change communication (BCC) campaigns carried out in lower to middle income countries aimed at promoting the sale and use of cleaner-burning stoves. Interventions implemented in Bangladesh, Kenya, and Nigeria are using a range of BCC methods including mass media, digital media, outdoor advertising, and inter-personal communication. The mixed methods evaluation comprises three large-scale surveys: one pre-BCC and two follow-ups, along with smaller scale assessments of stove uptake and patterns of use. Baseline results revealed varying levels of awareness of previous promotions and positive attitudes and beliefs about modern (i.e., relatively clean-burning) cookstoves. Differences in cookstove preferences and behaviors by gender, socio-demographics, media use, and country/region were observed that may affect outcomes. Across all three countries, cost (lack of funds) a key perceived barrier to buying a cleaner-burning stove. Future multivariate analyses will examine potential dose-response effects of BCC on cookstove uptake and patterns of use. BCC campaigns have the potential to promote modern cookstoves at scale. More research on campaign effectiveness is needed, and on how to optimize messages and channels. This evaluation builds on a limited evidence base in the field.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass media tobacco control campaigns can reach large numbers of people. Much of the literature is focused on the effects of tobacco control advertising on young people, but there are also a number of evaluations of campaigns targeting adult smokers, which show mixed results. Campaigns may be local, regional or national, and may be combined with other components of a comprehensive tobacco control policy. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of mass media interventions in reducing smoking among adults. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group search strategy was combined with additional searches for any studies that referred to tobacco/smoking cessation, mass media and adults. We also searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and a number of electronic databases. The last search was carried out in November 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA Controlled trials allocating communities, regions or states to intervention or control conditions; interrupted time series.Adults, 25 years or older, who regularly smoke cigarettes. Studies which cover all adults as defined in studies were included.Mass media are defined here as channels of communication such as television, radio, newspapers, billboards, posters, leaflets or booklets intended to reach large numbers of people, and which are not dependent on person-to-person contact. The purpose of the mass media campaign must be primarily to encourage smokers to quit. They could be carried out alone or in conjunction with tobacco control programmes.The primary outcome was change in smoking behaviour. This could be reported as changes in prevalence, changes in cigarette consumption, quit rates, or odds of being a smoker. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed all studies for inclusion criteria and for study quality (MB, LS, RTM). One author (MB) extracted data, and a second author (LS) checked them.Results were not pooled due to heterogeneity of the included studies and are presented narratively and in table form. MAIN RESULTS Eleven campaigns met the inclusion criteria for this review. Studies differed in design, settings, duration, content and intensity of intervention, length of follow-up, methods of evaluation and also in definitions and measures of smoking behaviour used. Among seven campaigns reporting smoking prevalence, significant decreases were observed in the California and Massachusetts statewide tobacco control campaigns compared with the rest of the USA. Some positive effects on prevalence in the whole population or in the subgroups were observed in three of the remaining seven studies. Three large-scale campaigns of the seven presenting results for tobacco consumption found statistically significant decreases. Among the eight studies presenting abstinence or quit rates, four showed some positive effect, although in one of them the effect was measured for quitting and cutting down combined. Among the three that did not show significant decreases, one demonstrated a significant intervention effect on smokers and ex-smokers combined. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is evidence that comprehensive tobacco control programmes which include mass media campaigns can be effective in changing smoking behaviour in adults, but the evidence comes from a heterogeneous group of studies of variable methodological quality. One state-wide tobacco control programme (Massachusetts) showed positive results up to eight years after the campaign. Another (California) showed positive results during the period of adequate funding and implementation and in final evaluation since the beginning of the programme. Six of nine studies carried out in communities or regions showed some positive effects on smoking behaviour and at least one significant change in smoking prevalence (Sydney). The intensity and duration of mass media campaigns may influence effectiveness, but length of follow-up and concurrent secular trends and events can make this difficult to quantify. No consistent relationship was observed between campaign effectiveness and age, education, ethnicity or gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata M Bala
- Jagiellonian University Medical CollegeChair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine; Department of Hygiene and Dietetics; Systematic Reviews Unit ‐ Polish Cochrane BranchKopernika 7KrakowPoland31‐034
| | | | - Roman Topor‐Madry
- Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical CollegeDepartment of Epidemiology and Population StudiesGrzegórzecka 20KrakowPoland31‐531
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24
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Davis KC, Patel D, Shafer P, Duke J, Glover-Kudon R, Ridgeway W, Cox S. Association Between Media Doses of the Tips From Former Smokers Campaign and Cessation Behaviors and Intentions to Quit Among Cigarette Smokers, 2012-2015. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2017; 45:52-60. [PMID: 28497703 DOI: 10.1177/1090198117709316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has implemented Tips From Former Smokers ( Tips), the first federally funded tobacco education campaign in the United States. To date, there are no evaluations of its long-term impact. AIMS To assess the impact of varied doses of the Tips campaign from 2012 through 2015 on cessation-related behaviors and intentions among U.S. smokers. METHOD We used a national probability-based online survey of cigarette smokers ( n = 22,189) and recent quitters ( n = 776) to examine associations between doses of Tips advertising, measured by gross rating points (GRPs), and intentions to quit smoking in the next 30 days and quit attempts within the past 3 months. A curvilinear (i.e., square root) functional form of GRPs was used to capture patterns of diminishing effects at higher GRP levels. RESULTS An increase of 1,000 quarterly Tips GRPs at the media market level was associated with increased odds of making a quit attempt in the past 3 months (adjusted odds ratio = 1.23, p < .001) and increased odds of intending to quit in the next 30 days (adjusted odds ratio = 1.17, p = .030). DISCUSSION Results suggest that CDC-recommended media buys of 800 to 1,000 GRPs per quarter are sufficient to generate statistically significant increases in the likelihood of quit attempts in the past quarter. CONCLUSIONS The Tips campaign has had a substantial impact on cessation behaviors among U.S. adult smokers over time. These data support the continued use of graphic and/or emotional media campaigns that encourage smokers to quit to further reduce tobacco use in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Davis
- 1 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Deesha Patel
- 2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul Shafer
- 1 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Duke
- 1 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Shanna Cox
- 2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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Neff LJ, Patel D, Davis K, Ridgeway W, Shafer P, Cox S. Evaluation of the National Tips From Former Smokers Campaign: the 2014 Longitudinal Cohort. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:E42. [PMID: 27010845 PMCID: PMC4807436 DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.150556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has aired a national tobacco education campaign to encourage quitting, Tips From Former Smokers (Tips), which consists of graphic antismoking advertisements that feature former cigarette smokers. We evaluated phase 2 of the 2014 campaign by using a nationally representative longitudinal cohort. Methods Cigarette smokers who participated in a baseline survey were re-contacted for follow-up (n = 4,248) approximately 4 months later, immediately after the campaign’s conclusion. The primary outcomes were incidence of a quit attempt in the previous 3 months, intention to quit within 30 days, and intention to quit within 6 months during the postcampaign period. We used multivariate logistic regression models to estimate the odds of each outcome. We also stratified models by race/ethnicity, education, and mental health status. Postcampaign rates of quit attempts, intentions to quit, and sustained quits were also estimated. Results Exposure to the campaign was associated with increased odds of a quit attempt in the previous 3 months (OR, 1.17; P = .03) among baseline smokers and intentions to quit within the next 6 months (OR, 1.28; P = .01) among current smokers at follow-up. The Tips campaign was associated with an estimated 1.83 million additional quit attempts, 1.73 million additional smokers intending to quit within 6 months, and 104,000 sustained quits of at least 6 months. Conclusion The Tips campaign continued to have a significant impact on cessation-related behaviors, providing further justification for the continued use of tobacco education campaigns to accelerate progress toward the goal of reducing adult smoking in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Neff
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-79, Atlanta, GA 30341.
| | - Deesha Patel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kevin Davis
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Paul Shafer
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Shanna Cox
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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