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Jeffrey I, Kehinde I, Ayo-John E, Bankole P, Abberton M, Lava K, Adegboyega T, Oyatomi O. Serological and RT-PCR evaluation of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst ex. A. Rich) Harms) accessions to viral resistance under field condition. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9708. [PMID: 38678095 PMCID: PMC11055943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
African yam bean (AYB) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst ex. A. Rich.) harms) an underutilized legume that produces nutritionally healthy seeds and tubers in some variety. The low yield of the crop is attributed to production constraints such as attacks by pest and disease-causing organisms such as fungi, bacteria and viruses. In this study, one hundred AYB accessions were evaluated for resistance to viral infection. The AYB accessions were planted using a randomized complete block design on the experimental field at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria. Viral disease severity was assessed at 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 weeks after planting (WAP) based on disease symptoms using disease severity index on visual scale of 1-5. Antigen-coated plate enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to index diseased leaf samples collected from the field. Result from five virus species (Cowpea mild mottle virus, Cowpea mottle virus, Southern bean mosaic virus, Cowpea mosaic virus and Bean common mosaic virus) were detected in few accessions while mixed infections were observed in some accessions. TSs-552, TSs-577, TSs-580, TSs-560 and TSs-600 were devoid of viruses and could be resistant. There were no significant differences at p < 0.05 in the mean disease incidence (DI) of viral diseases. However, at 18 weeks after planting, TSs-604 had the highest (100%) mean DI while TSs-584 had the lowest (13.33%) mean DI. Cluster analysis based on the AUDPC produced 6 main clusters, the clusters revealed grouping patterns in which AYB lines with similar resistance ratings were shown to form unique clusters. The information generated from this study will contribute to the development of strategies in the management of virus diseases infecting AYB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihenacho Jeffrey
- Genetic Resources Center, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Germplasm Health, Virology and Molecular and Diagnostics Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Botany, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Iyabode Kehinde
- Department of Pure and Applied Botany, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Emily Ayo-John
- Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Paul Bankole
- Department of Pure and Applied Botany, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Michael Abberton
- Genetic Resources Center, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Kumar Lava
- Germplasm Health, Virology and Molecular and Diagnostics Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Taofeek Adegboyega
- Biology Unit, Faculty of Science, Air Force Institute of Technology, PMB 2014, Nigerian Air Force Base, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Olaniyi Oyatomi
- Genetic Resources Center, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
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2
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Tripathi L, Dhugga KS, Ntui VO, Runo S, Syombua ED, Muiruri S, Wen Z, Tripathi JN. Genome Editing for Sustainable Agriculture in Africa. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:876697. [PMID: 35647578 PMCID: PMC9133388 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.876697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable intensification of agriculture in Africa is essential for accomplishing food and nutritional security and addressing the rising concerns of climate change. There is an urgent need to close the yield gap in staple crops and enhance food production to feed the growing population. In order to meet the increasing demand for food, more efficient approaches to produce food are needed. All the tools available in the toolbox, including modern biotechnology and traditional, need to be applied for crop improvement. The full potential of new breeding tools such as genome editing needs to be exploited in addition to conventional technologies. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas)-based genome editing has rapidly become the most prevalent genetic engineering approach for developing improved crop varieties because of its simplicity, efficiency, specificity, and easy to use. Genome editing improves crop variety by modifying its endogenous genome free of any foreign gene. Hence, genome-edited crops with no foreign gene integration are not regulated as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in several countries. Researchers are using CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing for improving African staple crops for biotic and abiotic stress resistance and improved nutritional quality. Many products, such as disease-resistant banana, maize resistant to lethal necrosis, and sorghum resistant to the parasitic plant Striga and enhanced quality, are under development for African farmers. There is a need for creating an enabling environment in Africa with science-based regulatory guidelines for the release and adoption of the products developed using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Some progress has been made in this regard. Nigeria and Kenya have recently published the national biosafety guidelines for the regulation of gene editing. This article summarizes recent advances in developments of tools, potential applications of genome editing for improving staple crops, and regulatory policies in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Leena Tripathi,
| | | | - Valentine O. Ntui
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Easter D. Syombua
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samwel Muiruri
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zhengyu Wen
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
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Mendoza AR, Margaria P, Nagata T, Winter S, Blawid R. Characterization of yam mosaic viruses from Brazil reveals a new phylogenetic group and possible incursion from the African continent. Virus Genes 2022; 58:294-307. [PMID: 35538384 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is an important crop for smallholder farmers in the Northeast region of Brazil. Wherever yam is grown, diseases caused by yam mosaic virus (YMV) are prevalent. In the present study, the diversity of YMV infecting Dioscorea cayennensis-rotundata was analyzed. In addition, five species of Dioscorea (D. alata, D. altissima, D. bulbifera, D. subhastata, and D. trifida) commonly found in Brazil were analyzed using ELISA and high-throughput sequencing (HTS). YMV was detected only in D. cayennensis-rotundata, of which 66.7% of the samples tested positive in ELISA. Three YMV genome sequences were assembled from HTS and one by Sanger sequencing to group the sequences in a clade phylogenetically distinct from YMV from other origins. Temporal phylogenetic analyses estimated the mean evolutionary rate for the CP gene of YMV as 1.76 × 10-3 substitutions per site per year, and the time to the most recent common ancestor as 168.68 years (95% Highest Posterior Density, HPD: 48.56-363.28 years), with a most likely geographic origin in the African continent. The data presented in this study contribute to reveal key aspects of the probable epidemiological history of YMV in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Risco Mendoza
- Department of Agronomy, Fitossanidade, Laboratory of Phytovirology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. .,Department of Plant Pathology, Agronomy Faculty, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru.
| | - Paolo Margaria
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Nagata
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Virology, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Stephan Winter
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Rosana Blawid
- Department of Agronomy, Fitossanidade, Laboratory of Phytovirology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Moneke A, Amadi O, Nnamchi C, Nwagu T, Okolo B, Agu R. Optimization of the production of neutral spirit from renewable yam and cassava starch substrates – A practical approach. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A Review of Viruses Infecting Yam ( Dioscorea spp.). Viruses 2022; 14:v14040662. [PMID: 35458392 PMCID: PMC9033002 DOI: 10.3390/v14040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yam is an important food staple for millions of people globally, particularly those in the developing countries of West Africa and the Pacific Islands. To sustain the growing population, yam production must be increased amidst the many biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant viruses are among the most detrimental of plant pathogens and have caused great losses of crop yield and quality, including those of yam. Knowledge and understanding of virus biology and ecology are important for the development of diagnostic tools and disease management strategies to combat the spread of yam-infecting viruses. This review aims to highlight current knowledge on key yam-infecting viruses by examining their characteristics, genetic diversity, disease symptoms, diagnostics, and elimination to provide a synopsis for consideration in developing diagnostic strategy and disease management for yam.
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Ntui VO, Uyoh EA, Ita EE, Markson AA, Tripathi JN, Okon NI, Akpan MO, Phillip JO, Brisibe EA, Ene‐Obong EE, Tripathi L. Strategies to combat the problem of yam anthracnose disease: Status and prospects. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1302-1314. [PMID: 34275185 PMCID: PMC8435233 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Yam (Dioscorea spp.) anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum alatae, is the most devastating fungal disease of yam in West Africa, leading to 50%-90% of tuber yield losses in severe cases. In some instances, plants die without producing any tubers or each shoot may produce several small tubers before it dies if the disease strikes early. C. alatae affects all parts of the yam plant at all stages of development, including leaves, stems, tubers, and seeds of yams, and it is highly prevalent in the yam belt region and other yam-producing countries in the world. Traditional methods adopted by farmers to control the disease have not been very successful. Fungicides have also failed to provide long-lasting control. Although conventional breeding and genomics-assisted breeding have been used to develop some level of resistance to anthracnose in Dioscorea alata, the appearance of new and more virulent strains makes the development of improved varieties with broad-spectrum and durable resistance critical. These shortcomings, coupled with interspecific incompatibility, dioecy, polyploidy, poor flowering, and the long breeding cycle of the crop, have prompted researchers to explore biotechnological techniques to complement conventional breeding to speed up crop improvement. Modern biotechnological tools have the potential of producing fungus-resistant cultivars, thereby bypassing the natural bottlenecks of traditional breeding. This article reviews the existing biotechnological strategies and proposes several approaches that could be adopted to develop anthracnose-resistant yam varieties for improved food security in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Otang Ntui
- Department of Genetics and BiotechnologyUniversity of CalabarCalabarNigeria
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobiKenya
| | - Edak Aniedi Uyoh
- Department of Genetics and BiotechnologyUniversity of CalabarCalabarNigeria
| | - Effiom Eyo Ita
- Department of Genetics and BiotechnologyUniversity of CalabarCalabarNigeria
| | | | | | - Nkese Ime Okon
- Department of Genetics and BiotechnologyUniversity of CalabarCalabarNigeria
| | - Mfon Okon Akpan
- Department of Genetics and BiotechnologyUniversity of CalabarCalabarNigeria
| | | | | | | | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobiKenya
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Syombua ED, Tripathi JN, Obiero GO, Nguu EK, Yang B, Wang K, Tripathi L. Potential applications of the CRISPR/Cas technology for genetic improvement of yam (
Dioscorea
spp.). Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Easter D. Syombua
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nairobi Kenya
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CEBIB) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya
| | | | - George O. Obiero
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CEBIB) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya
| | - Edward K. Nguu
- Department of Biochemistry University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center St. Louis MO USA
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Agronomy Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nairobi Kenya
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Oyetayo FL, Akomolafe SF, Balogun GB. Effects of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit pulp on haemodynamic parameters, pro-inflammatory markers, antioxidant parameters and critical biomolecules associated with hypertension-in vivo. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:825-839. [PMID: 34120250 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit pulp on haemodynamic parameters, pro-inflammatory markers, antioxidant parameters and critical biomolecules associated with hypertension in vivo were determined. Feeding with supplemented diet with pulp reduced heart rate, mean arterial pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels of hypertensive-treated groups. Moreover, hypertensive-treated groups fed with fruit pulp supplemented diets had significantly (p < 0.05) lower level of serum pro-inflammatory markers when compared to untreated hypertensive group. Furthermore, feeding with supplemented diet with pulp and captopril administration reduced AChE, BChE, ACE, and arginase activities of hypertensive-treated groups. The fruit pulp supplemented diet also increased antioxidant status of hypertensive-treated groups. This was supported by the histopathological examination of the kidney and heart tissues. These beneficial effects could in part be the explanations of ethnomedicinal uses of the fruit pulp in the management of hypertension. Nevertheless, the higher percentage inclusion of the pulp showed higher antihypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake Lucy Oyetayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, P.M.B. 5363, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Seun Funmilola Akomolafe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, P.M.B. 5363, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.
| | - Gbemisola Beulah Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, P.M.B. 5363, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
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Mignouna DB, Akinola AA, Abdoulaye T, Alene AD, Manyong V, Maroya NG, Aighewi BA, Kumar LP, Balogun M, Lopez-Montes A, Rees D, Asiedu R. Potential returns to yam research investment in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. OUTLOOK ON AGRICULTURE 2020; 49:215-224. [PMID: 32801396 PMCID: PMC7398382 DOI: 10.1177/0030727020918388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lack of good-quality planting materials has been identified as the most severe problem militating against increased agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and beyond. However, investment of research efforts and resources in addressing this menace will only be feasible and worthwhile if attendant economic gains are considerable. As a way of investigating the economic viability of yam investment, this research has been initiated to address problems confronting yam productivity in eight countries of SSA and beyond: Nigeria, Ghana, Benin, Togo, Côte d'Ivoire, Papua New Guinea, Jamaica, and Columbia. Research options developed were to be deployed and disseminated. Key technologies include the adaptive yam minisett technique (AYMT), varieties adapted to low soil fertility and drought, nematode-resistant cultivars (NRC), and crop management and postharvest practices (CMPP). This article aims at estimating the potential economic returns, the expected number of beneficiaries, and poverty reduction consequent to the adoption of technology options. Estimates show that the new land area that will be covered by the technologies in the eight countries will range between 770,000 ha and 1,000,000 ha with the highest quota accounted for by AYMT. The net present value will range between US$584 and US$1392 million and was highest for the NRC. The CMPP had the lowest benefit-cost ratio of 7.74. About 1,049,000 people would be moved out of poverty by these technologies by 2037 in the region. These technologies are less responsive to changes in cost than that in adoption rate. Therefore, the realization of the potential economic gains depends on the rate and extent of adoption of these technologies. Giving the knowledge-intensive nature of some of these interventions, capacity building of potential adopters will be critical to increasing the sustainability of the yam sector, thereby enhancing food security and reducing poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djana Babatima Mignouna
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Godomey, Benin
- Djana Babatima Mignouna, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Benin, 08 BP 0932 Tri Postal Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Adebayo Akinboye Akinola
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
- Obafemi Awolowo University, Ilé-Ifẹ`, Nigeria
| | - Tahirou Abdoulaye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Bamako, Mali
| | - Arega D Alene
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Norbert G Maroya
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Lava P Kumar
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Morufat Balogun
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
- University of Ibadan (UI), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Deborah Rees
- Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich, Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Robert Asiedu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
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10
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Salehi F. Physicochemical characteristics and rheological behaviour of some fruit juices and their concentrates. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Ita EE, Uyoh EA, Nakamura I, Ntui VO. Efficient elimination of Yam mosaic virus (YMV) from white yam ( Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) by cryotherapy of axillary buds. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN ASSOCIATION OF BOTANISTS = SUID-AFRIKAANSE TYDSKRIF VIR PLANTKUNDE : AMPTELIKE TYDSKRIF VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE GENOOTSKAP VAN PLANTKUNDIGES 2020; 130:123-129. [PMID: 32565604 PMCID: PMC7291922 DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dioscorea rotundata is an economically important food crop in many tropical countries as many people in this region depend on it for food and livelihood. Viral diseases, especially Yam mosaic virus (YMV), constitute a major constraint in the cultivation of this crop as they perpetuate through generations in the vegetatively propagated planting materials. Getting resistant or at least virus-free planting materials for farmers thus becomes crucial. This study was aimed at eliminating YMV in Dioscorea rotundata by cryotherapy of axillary buds. Enlarged axillary buds of YMV-infected TDr 2269 were frozen in liquid nitrogen for 1 h, re-warmed at 40 °C and cultured to regenerate plantlets. Approximately 76.33% plantlet regeneration and 100% YMV eradication were obtained for cryo-treated buds, against 95% and 0% obtained respectively for non-treated buds. RT-PCR and RT-qPCR analyses did not reveal detectable quantity of YMV in treated plants but did in control plants. Plants from cryo-treated buds showed no mosaic symptoms and produced slightly more tubers, and heavier mini-tubers (20.48±3.11 g) under greenhouse conditions contrary to non-treated plants that showed severe mosaic symptoms with significantly smaller tubers (1.91±0.39 g) (P < 0.05). This is the first report showing the elimination of YMV from infected white yam stock plant by cryotherapy and would be useful for producing clean planting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effiom Eyo Ita
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Edak Aniedi Uyoh
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Ikuo Nakamura
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Valentine Otang Ntui
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
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12
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Velásquez AC, Castroverde CDM, He SY. Plant-Pathogen Warfare under Changing Climate Conditions. Curr Biol 2019; 28:R619-R634. [PMID: 29787730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Global environmental changes caused by natural and human activities have accelerated in the past 200 years. The increase in greenhouse gases is predicted to continue to raise global temperature and change water availability in the 21st century. In this Review, we explore the profound effect the environment has on plant diseases - a susceptible host will not be infected by a virulent pathogen if the environmental conditions are not conducive for disease. The change in CO2 concentrations, temperature, and water availability can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on disease development, as each disease may respond differently to these variations. However, the concept of disease optima could potentially apply to all pathosystems. Plant resistance pathways, including pattern-triggered immunity to effector-triggered immunity, RNA interference, and defense hormone networks, are all affected by environmental factors. On the pathogen side, virulence mechanisms, such as the production of toxins and virulence proteins, as well as pathogen reproduction and survival are influenced by temperature and humidity. For practical reasons, most laboratory investigations into plant-pathogen interactions at the molecular level focus on well-established pathosystems and use a few static environmental conditions that capture only a fraction of the dynamic plant-pathogen-environment interactions that occur in nature. There is great need for future research to increasingly use dynamic environmental conditions in order to fully understand the multidimensional nature of plant-pathogen interactions and produce disease-resistant crop plants that are resilient to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Danve M Castroverde
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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13
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Silva G, Bömer M, Rathnayake AI, Sewe SO, Visendi P, Oyekanmi JO, Quain MD, Akomeah B, Kumar PL, Seal SE. Molecular Characterization of a New Virus Species Identified in Yam ( Dioscorea spp.) by High-Throughput Sequencing. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E167. [PMID: 31212654 PMCID: PMC6630666 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To date, several viruses of different genera have been reported to infect yam (Dioscorea spp.). The full diversity of viruses infecting yam, however, remains to be explored. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) methods are increasingly being used in the discovery of new plant viral genomes. In this study, we employed HTS on yam to determine whether any undiscovered viruses were present that would restrict the international distribution of yam germplasm. We discovered a new virus sequence present in 31 yam samples tested and have tentatively named this virus "yam virus Y" (YVY). Twenty-three of the samples in which YVY was detected showed mosaic and chlorotic leaf symptoms, but Yam mosaic virus was also detected in these samples. Complete genome sequences of two YVY viral isolates were assembled and found to contain five open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a large replication-associated protein, ORF2, ORF3 and ORF4 constitute the putative triple gene block proteins, and ORF5 encodes a putative coat protein. Considering the species demarcation criteria of the family Betaflexiviridae, YVY should be considered as a novel virus species in the family Betaflexiviridae. Further work is needed to understand the association of this new virus with any symptoms and yield loss and its implication on virus-free seed yam production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Silva
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Moritz Bömer
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Ajith I Rathnayake
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Steven O Sewe
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Paul Visendi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Joshua O Oyekanmi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Marian D Quain
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Crops Research Institute (CSIR-CRI), Fumesua, P. O. BOX 3785, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Belinda Akomeah
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Crops Research Institute (CSIR-CRI), Fumesua, P. O. BOX 3785, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - P Lava Kumar
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Susan E Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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Tortoe C, Akonor PT, Ofori J. Starches of two water yam ( Dioscorea alata) varieties used as congeals in yogurt production. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1053-1062. [PMID: 30918648 PMCID: PMC6418417 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of water yam (Dioscorea alata var. Akaba and Matches) starches were determined prior to their use as congeals for yogurt production. The moisture content ranged from 9.34% to 15.8% for A100 (100% Akaba) and M100 (100% Matches), respectively, indicating lower moisture content in the Akaba variety compared to Matches variety. Similar trend was observed for their water activity. The pH ranged from 5.88 to 6.93 indicating low acidity of the water yam starches. The water absorption capacity (WAC) ranged from 4.10 to 4.89 g/g, seemingly restricted reflecting protein-moisture interaction of the starches. Although the swelling power did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) ranging from 10% to 14%, they were quite restrictive as the WAC. The L* values of the starches were predominantly lightness in color, highest for A100 sample. The pasting temperatures of Akaba (A100), Matches (M100), and A50:M50 were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Peak viscosity of the water yam starches was in a range of 509-528 BU. The highest attributes were for taste (6.4), mouthfeel (5.4), flavor (5.4) sourness (4.6) and consistency (5.9), which were obtained from 1.5 % Matches, 0.5 % Akaba + 0.5 % Matches, 1.0 % Akaba + 1.0 % Matches samples. The overall acceptability (5.8) was higher than the control yogurt (4.7), indicating sample 0.5% Akaba + 0.5% Matches as the best-bet yogurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Tortoe
- Food Research Technology DivisionCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research ‐ Food Research InstituteAccraGhana
| | - Paa T. Akonor
- Food Research Technology DivisionCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research ‐ Food Research InstituteAccraGhana
| | - Jemima Ofori
- Food Research Technology DivisionCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research ‐ Food Research InstituteAccraGhana
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15
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Evaluation of Cd(II) Ion Removal from Aqueous Solution by a Low-Cost Adsorbent Prepared from White Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) Waste Using Batch Sorption. CHEMENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering2030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An agricultural residue, white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) tuber peel (YTBS), was used for the removal of Cd(II) ion from an aqueous solution using a batch method. The adsorbent was characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX, N2 BET, XRD, and XRF. The optimization of sorption variables such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial metal ion concentration at 25 °C were also carried out. The results indicated the dependence of sorption on the adsorbate pH and adsorbent dose, while the adsorption system reached equilibrium in 180 min. The sorption kinetics was fitted to three models (pseudo first order, pseudo second order, and Elovich) to validate the kinetics, and the pseudo first order was the best model for the description of Cd(II) uptake. Equilibrium isotherm modelling was also carried out using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models, with the Langmuir isotherm giving the best fitting to the experimental results. The maximum loading capacity (qmax) of the adsorbent for Cd(II) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model was 22.4 mg∙g−1 with an isotherm constant (KL) of 3.46 × 10−3 L·mg−1 and r2 value of 0.99. This result indicates that the YTBS residue was a good adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) ion from aqueous system.
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16
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Yang CJ, Hu JM. Bacterial Leaf Nodule Symbiosis in Flowering Plants. Symbiosis 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Saeed EE, Sham A, AbuZarqa A, A Al Shurafa K, S Al Naqbi T, Iratni R, El-Tarabily K, F AbuQamar S. Detection and Management of Mango Dieback Disease in the United Arab Emirates. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2086. [PMID: 29053600 PMCID: PMC5666768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mango is affected by different decline disorders causing significant losses to mango growers. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the pathogen was isolated from all tissues sampled from diseased trees affected by Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Symptoms at early stages of the disease included general wilting appearance of mango trees, and dieback of twigs. In advanced stages, the disease symptoms were also characterized by the curling and drying of leaves, leading to complete defoliation of the tree and discolouration of vascular regions of the stems and branches. To substantially reduce the devastating impact of dieback disease on mango, the fungus was first identified based on its morphological and cultural characteristics. Target regions of 5.8S rRNA (ITS) and elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) genes of the pathogen were amplified and sequenced. We also found that the systemic chemical fungicides, Score®, Cidely® Top, and Penthiopyrad®, significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of L. theobromae both in vitro and in the greenhouse. Cidely® Top proved to be a highly effective fungicide against L. theobromae dieback disease also under field conditions. Altogether, the morphology of the fruiting structures, molecular identification and pathogenicity tests confirm that the causal agent of the mango dieback disease in the UAE is L. theobromae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam Eldin Saeed
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, UAE.
| | - Arjun Sham
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, UAE.
| | - Ayah AbuZarqa
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, UAE.
| | | | | | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, UAE.
| | - Khaled El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, UAE.
| | - Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, UAE.
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18
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Udomkun P, Wiredu AN, Nagle M, Bandyopadhyay R, Müller J, Vanlauwe B. Mycotoxins in Sub-Saharan Africa: Present situation, socio-economic impact, awareness, and outlook. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Molecular diversity of Annona species and proximate fruit composition of selected genotypes. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:204. [PMID: 28330276 PMCID: PMC5035287 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic variation in germplasm is of utmost importance for crop improvement. Therefore, efforts were made to analyse the molecular marker based genetic diversity of 20 Annona genotypes from five different species of family Annonaceae. During analysis, a set of 11 RAPD primers yielded a total of 152 bands with 80.01 % polymorphism and PIC for RAPD ranged from 0.86 to 0.92 with a mean of 0.89. With 93.05 % polymorphism, 12 SSR primers produced 39 amplicons. The PIC for SSRs ranged from 0.169 to 0.694 with of average of 0.339. The dendrogram produced from pooled molecular data of 11 RAPD and 12 SSR primers showed seven clusters at a cutoff value of 0.78. The dendrogram discriminated all the Annona genotypes suggesting that significant genetic diversity was present among the genotypes. Proximate fruit composition study of nine fruiting genotypes of Annona revealed that A. squamosa possessed significantly higher amount of most of studies biochemical which gives an opportunity to fruit breeders to improve the other Annona species. Likewise, A. muricata being rich in seed oil content can be exploited in oil industries.
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20
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Reynolds TW, Waddington SR, Anderson CL, Chew A, True Z, Cullen A. Environmental impacts and constraints associated with the production of major food crops in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Food Secur 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-015-0478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Dania VO, Fadina OO, Ayodele M, Kumar PL. Efficacy of Oryza sativa husk and Quercus phillyraeoides extracts for the in vitro and in vivo control of fungal rot disease of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir). SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 3:711. [PMID: 25674452 PMCID: PMC4320188 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tuber rot disease is a major constraint to white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) production, accounting for 50-60% of annual yield losses in Nigeria. The main method of control using synthetic fungicides is being discouraged due to human and environmental health hazards. The potential of Oryza sativa husk (OSH) and Quercus phillyraeoides (QP) extracts for the in vitro and in vivo control of six virulent rot-causing fungal pathogens, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium oxalicum, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Fusarium oxysporum was evaluated, using five different extract concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3.5% w/v. These fungi were isolated from rotted tubers of D. rotundata, across three agroecological zones in Nigeria―the Humid rainforest, Derived savanna, and southern Guinea savanna. All treatments were subjected to three methods of inoculation 48 hours before the application of both extracts and stored at 28 ± 2°C for 6 months. Radial mycelial growth of the test pathogens was effectively inhibited at concentrations ≤ 3.5% w/v in vitro for both OSH and QP extracts. Rotting was significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) to between 0 to 18.8% and 0% to 20.9% for OSH and QP extracts respectively. The extracts significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited percent rot of the test pathogens at 3.5% concentration w/v in vivo. Rot incidence was, however, lower in replicate tubers that were inoculated, treated with extracts and exposed than treatments that were covered. Phytochemical analysis of OSH and QP extracts revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, ferulic acid, phlobatanins, Terpenoids, phenols, anthraquinone and pyroligneous acid. The efficacy of both extracts in reducing rot in this study recommends their development as prospective biopesticide formulation and use in the management of post-harvest rot of yam tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ohileobo Dania
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria ; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Maria Ayodele
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - P Lava Kumar
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
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22
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23
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Nyaboga E, Tripathi JN, Manoharan R, Tripathi L. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of yam (Dioscorea rotundata): an important tool for functional study of genes and crop improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:463. [PMID: 25309562 PMCID: PMC4164099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although genetic transformation of clonally propagated crops has been widely studied as a tool for crop improvement and as a vital part of the development of functional genomics resources, there has been no report of any existing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of yam (Dioscorea spp.) with evidence of stable integration of T-DNA. Yam is an important crop in the tropics and subtropics providing food security and income to over 300 million people. However, yam production remains constrained by increasing levels of field and storage pests and diseases. A major constraint to the development of biotechnological approaches for yam improvement has been the lack of an efficient and robust transformation and regeneration system. In this study, we developed an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Dioscorea rotundata using axillary buds as explants. Two cultivars of D. rotundata were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the binary vectors containing selectable marker and reporter genes. After selection with appropriate concentrations of antibiotic, shoots were developed on shoot induction and elongation medium. The elongated antibiotic-resistant shoots were subsequently rooted on medium supplemented with selection agent. Successful transformation was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot analysis, and reporter genes assay. Expression of gusA gene in transgenic plants was also verified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Transformation efficiency varied from 9.4 to 18.2% depending on the cultivars, selectable marker genes, and the Agrobacterium strain used for transformation. It took 3-4 months from Agro-infection to regeneration of complete transgenic plant. Here we report an efficient, fast and reproducible protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of D. rotundata using axillary buds as explants, which provides a useful platform for future genetic engineering studies in this economically important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobi, Kenya
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24
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Girma G, Hyma KE, Asiedu R, Mitchell SE, Gedil M, Spillane C. Next-generation sequencing based genotyping, cytometry and phenotyping for understanding diversity and evolution of Guinea yams. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2014; 127:1783-94. [PMID: 24981608 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is used to understand the origin and domestication of guinea yams, including the contribution of wild relatives and polyploidy events to the cultivated guinea yams. Patterns of genetic diversity within and between two cultivated guinea yams (Dioscorea rotundata and D. cayenensis) and five wild relatives (D. praehensilis, D. mangenotiana, D. abyssinica, D. togoensis and D. burkilliana) were investigated using next-generation sequencing (genotyping by sequencing, GBS). Additionally, the two cultivated species were assessed for intra-specific morphological and ploidy variation. In guinea yams, ploidy level is correlated with species identity. Using flow cytometry a single ploidy level was inferred across D. cayenensis (3x, N = 21), D. praehensilis (2x, N = 7), and D. mangenotiana (3x, N = 5) accessions, whereas both diploid and triploid (or aneuploid) accessions were present in D. rotundata (N = 11 and N = 32, respectively). Multi-dimensional scaling and maximum parsimony analyses of 2,215 SNPs revealed that wild guinea yam populations form discrete genetic groupings according to species. D. togoensis and D. burkilliana were most distant from the two cultivated yam species, whereas D. abyssinica, D. mangenotiana, and D. praehensilis were closest to cultivated yams. In contrast, cultivated species were genetically less clearly defined at the intra-specific level. While D. cayenensis formed a single genetic group, D. rotundata comprised three separate groups consisting of; (1) a set of diploid individuals genetically similar to D. praehensilis, (2) a set of diploid individuals genetically similar to D. cayenensis, and (3) a set of triploid individuals. The current study demonstrates the utility of GBS for assessing yam genomic diversity. Combined with morphological and biological data, GBS provides a powerful tool for testing hypotheses regarding the evolution, domestication and breeding of guinea yams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gezahegn Girma
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
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25
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Somorin YM, Bertuzzi T, Battilani P, Pietri A. Aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of yam flour from markets in Nigeria. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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26
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Gnonlonfin G, Adjovi C, Katerere D, Shephard G, Sanni A, Brimer L. Mycoflora and absence of aflatoxin contamination of commercialized cassava chips in Benin, West Africa. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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Maity JP, Kar S, Banerjee S, Sudershan M, Chakraborty A, Santra SC. Effects of gamma radiation on fungi infected rice (in vitro). Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:1097-102. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.606288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Studies on leaf spot disease of Withania somnifera and its impact on secondary metabolites. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 48:432-7. [PMID: 23100743 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-008-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During an investigation of the disease profile of Withania somnifera, it was observed that leaf spot is the most prevalent disease. Repeated isolations from infected leaf tissues and pathogenicity tests showed the association of fungal pathogen identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. Scanning electron microscopy showed various histological changes in the leaf tissues of infected plants. A decrease in total content of reducing sugars (20%) and chlorophyll (26.5%) was observed in diseased leaves whereas an increase was noticed in proline (25%), free amino acids (3%) and proteins (74.3%). High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of secondary metabolites viz. withanolides, withaferin-A and total alkaloids of the diseased leaves vis-à-vis control revealed reduction in withaferin-A and withanolides contents by 15.4% and 76.3% respectively, in contrast to an increase in total alkaloids by 49.3%, information hitherto unreported in W. somnifera.
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29
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Oppong A, Lamptey J, Ofori F, Anno-Nyako F, Offei S, Dzomeku B. Serological Detection of Dioscorea alata potyvirus on White Yams (Dioscorea rotundata) in Ghana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jps.2007.630.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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