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Hassan HO, Ayeta EG, Ibrahim AA, Omar MF, Abdi SM, Houmed YK, Dirie AM, Faseyi CA. The first assessment of marine litter on somalian coast: The case of Liido Beach, mogadishu. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26593. [PMID: 38420493 PMCID: PMC10901002 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the first assessment of marine litter in the Mogadishu coastal area of Somalia. Samples were collected monthly using 100 m × 40 m transect and classified following OSPAR Marine Litter Survey Guide while litter sources were identified using Ocean Conservancy Marine Debris Index. The results showed a total of 119873 items consisting of plastics (89.47%), clothing items (7.53%), and others (3.00%) recovered from Liido Beach. Litter density ranged from 2.19 items/m2 to 14.18 items/m2 with a mean of 6.25 items/m2 and Clean Coast Index (CCI) suggesting that Liido Beach is extremely dirty (>20 items/m2). In addition, the primary sources of marine litter at the beach are local recreational and shoreline activities (54.12%), and dumping (36.61%). The dominance of plastic litter on the beach poses potential threats to marine biodiversity in the Somalia coastal area and the West Indian Ocean. It is recommended that effective strategies and solutions to mitigate litter on the beach and other coastal areas in Somalia should be developed and compensated with public education and awareness campaigns across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emuobonuvie G Ayeta
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | | | | | | | - Abdulrahman M Dirie
- Green Climate Fund Readiness Project, Global Water Partnerships Africa, Somalia
| | - Charles A Faseyi
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
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Lincoln S, Chowdhury P, Posen PE, Robin RS, Ramachandran P, Ajith N, Harrod O, Hoehn D, Harrod R, Townhill BL. Interaction of climate change and marine pollution in Southern India: Implications for coastal zone management practices and policies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166061. [PMID: 37543339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and marine litter are inextricably linked, and their interaction manifests differently depending on the specific environmental and biological characteristics, and other human activities taking place. The negative impacts resulting from those synergistic interactions are threatening coastal and marine ecosystems and the many goods and services they provide. This is particularly pervasive in the coastal zone of the Indian subcontinent. India is already experiencing severe climate change impacts, which are projected to worsen in the future. At the same time, the country is gripped by a litter crisis that is overwhelming authorities and communities and hindering the country's sustainable development goals. The coastal environment and communities of the southern states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. While these state governments and authorities are stepping up efforts to improve the management of their coastal zones, the scale and severity of these issues are mounting. Here we review the combined effects of climate change and marine litter pollution in Southern India, focusing on the Gulf of Mannar Reserve in Tamil Nadu and the Malabar Coast in Kerala. Finally, we discuss effective management options that could help improve resilience and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lincoln
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Piyali Chowdhury
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Paulette E Posen
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - R S Robin
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Purvaja Ramachandran
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Nithin Ajith
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Olivia Harrod
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Danja Hoehn
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Harrod
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony L Townhill
- International Marine Climate Change Centre, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
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Shankar VS, Purti N, Ramakrishnan S, Kaviarasan T, Satyakeerthy TR, Jacob S. A new hotspot of macro-litter in the Rutland Island, South Andaman, India: menace from IORC. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28024-8. [PMID: 37322394 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Supralittoral zones of 13 sandy beaches of remote Rutland Island were divided into three zones to identify the litter contamination, its source, pathway of plastic transport to determine the level of macro-litter contamination, and its impact on coastal biota. Owing to the floral and faunal diversity, apart of the study area is protected under Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park (MGMNP). The supralittoral zones of each sandy beach (between low-tide and high-tide line) were individually calculated from 2021 Landsat-8 satellite imagery before conducting the field survey. The total area of the surveyed beaches was 0.52 km2 (5,20,020.79 m2), and 317,565 litters representing 27 distinct litter types were enumerated. Two beaches in Zone-II and six in Zone-III were clean; however, all five in Zone-I were very dirty. The highest litter density (1.03 items/m2) was observed in Photo Nallah 1 and Photo Nallah 2, whereas the lowest (0.09 items/m2) was observed in Jahaji Beach. According to the Clean Coast Index (CCI), Jahaji Beach (Zone-III) is the very cleanest beach (1.74) while other beaches of Zone-II and Zone-III are clean. The findings of the Plastic Abundance Index (PAI) indicate that Zone-II and Zone-III beaches have a low abundance of plastics (< 1), while two beaches of Zone-I, viz., Katla Dera and Dhani Nallah, exhibited a moderate abundance of plastics (< 4) while a high abundance of plastics (< 8) was observed in the rest of three beaches of the same zone. The primary contributor of litter on Rutland's beaches was plastic polymers (60-99%), which were presumed to originate from the Indian Ocean Rim Countries (IORC). A collective litter management initiative by the IORC is essential in preventing littering on remote islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Shiva Shankar
- Department of Coastal Disaster Management, Pondicherry University, Brookshabad Campus, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744112, India.
- Faculty of Environment Science, ANCOL, Chakargaon, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744112, India.
| | - Neelam Purti
- Department of Environment and Forest, Manglutan Range, South Andaman Forest Division, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744105, India
| | - Sivasankar Ramakrishnan
- Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thanamegam Kaviarasan
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
| | | | - Sunil Jacob
- Department of Chemistry, Catholicate College, Mahatma Gandhi University, Pathanamthitta, 689695, India
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Karthikeyan P, Subagunasekar M, Lenin N, Prabhu K. Abundance, spatial distribution, and chemical characterization of face masks on the beaches of SE Kanyakumari, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115031. [PMID: 37210985 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is a new world of waste during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this baseline study, the occurrence of PPE faces masks were assessed on the eleven beaches of Kanyakumari, India concerning the abundance, spatial distribution, and chemical characterization (ATR-FTIR spectroscopy). A total of 1593 items/m2 of PPE face masks and their mean density of 0.16 PPE/m2, ranging from 0.02 to 0.54 PPE/m2 were determined in the study area. Kanyakumari beach (n = 430 items/m2) has the highest concentration of masks (26.99 %), with a mean density of 0.54 m2 due to recreational, sewage disposal, and tourism activities. This is perhaps the most important study describing the scientific data that focuses on the significant effects of communal activities and accessibility on COVID-19 PPE face mask pollution. It also highlights the need for sufficient management facilities to optimize PPE disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Karthikeyan
- School of Marine Sciences, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala, India.
| | - M Subagunasekar
- Centre for Geoinformatics, School of Health Sciences & Rural Development, The Gandhigram Rural Institute, Dindigul 624 302, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Lenin
- Department of Physics, Sethu Institute of Technology, Virudhunagar 626 115, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Prabhu
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Mugilarasan M, Karthik R, Robin RS, Subbareddy B, Hariharan G, Anandavelu I, Jinoj TPS, Purvaja R, Ramesh R. Anthropogenic marine litter: An approach to environmental quality for India's southeastern Arabian Sea coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161363. [PMID: 36610620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic marine litter (AML), mainly plastic, is a global concern that is persistent and widespread. To prevent and mitigate this threat, we need to understand the magnitude and source of AML. There is limited knowledge about AML pollution on the Indian Coast. In this context, the present study examined the distribution, abundance, typology, and beach quality based on AML along 22 beaches on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Sea. A total of 4911 AML items were classified into 9 categories, weighing 16.79 kg, and retrieved from a total area of 8000 m2. The mean abundance and weight of AML in the current study were 0.45 ± 0.34 items/m2 and 1.53 ± 0.92 g/m2, respectively. Thottapally showed the most abundant AML among the studied beaches with 0.96 items/m2, followed by Azheekkal with 0.73 items/m2. Plastic, being the most common item, accounts for 77.6 % of all items and has a mean density of 0.35 items/m2 comprising hard plastic (22 %), thermocol (13 %), food wrappers (7 %), cigarette butts (7 %), plastic rope (6 %), and plastic cutlery (6 %). Hazardous anthropogenic litter (HAL) was maximum at Thottapally (17.71 %; 85 out of 480 items collected). Based on the cleanliness of beaches, they are graded "moderately clean" (63 %) by the General Index (GI), "clean" (54 %), and "moderately clean" (40 %) as calculated by the Clean Coast Index (CCI). Hazardous Anthropogenic Beach Litter Index (HABLI) classifies 72 % of beaches as "moderately safe", while the Environmental Status Index (ESI) rates 68 % of beaches as "mediocre". Besides, model simulations demonstrated the pathways of AML propagation, which correlate to the littoral and coastal current flow patterns over the region. Land-based activities were the crucial factors influencing AML distribution. The study highlighted the need for effective regional litter management strategies, policy instruments for the litter impact pathways, economic, regulatory, and behavioural management tools, which were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mugilarasan
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - R Karthik
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - R S Robin
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India.
| | - B Subbareddy
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - G Hariharan
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - I Anandavelu
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - T P S Jinoj
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - R Purvaja
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - R Ramesh
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
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Mishra P, Kaviarasan T, Sambandam M, Dhineka K, Murthy MVR, Iyengar G, Singh J, Ravichandran M. Assessment of national beach litter composition, sources, and management along the Indian coast - a citizen science approach. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 186:114405. [PMID: 36493514 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the Pan-India beach litter density (items/m2), weight (kg/m2), composition (%), and probable sources based on the citizen science approach. A total of 33 beaches in 2019 and 30 beaches in 2021 were studied. Based on density, the national beach litter average was 0.475± 0.51 and 0.3 ± 0.4 items/m2 in 2019 and 2021, respectively. Plastic was the dominant litter type (65 % in 2019; 74 % in 2021) and Single-Use Plastics (SUPs) were predominant. Based on Clean-Coast Index, six beaches in 2019 and three beaches in 2021 are classified as "extremely dirty". The principal (∼60 %) sources of litter were tourism and public littering. Improving solid waste management, stringent implementation of environmental legislation, leveraging the polluter pays principle, monitoring the effectiveness of SUPs ban, generating awareness, and beach clean-up at regular intervals by engaging the public, educational, and non-governmental organizations will improve and sustain the cleanliness of beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravakar Mishra
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India.
| | - Thanamegam Kaviarasan
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Murugan Sambandam
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Kuppuswamy Dhineka
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - M V Ramana Murthy
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Gopal Iyengar
- Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Jagvir Singh
- Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 110003, India
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Khadanga MK, Behera AK, Swain GK, Dora DP, Padhi CP, Mishra RK, Pradhan S, Barik S, Mohanty PK, Mishra P, Patro S. Evaluation of the status of marine plastic pollution along a tourist beach of Bay of Bengal during lockdown and post lockdown. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:113970. [PMID: 35908490 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine plastic pollution is a global issue that has calamitous consequences for global economy, biodiversity, human health, and the climate. A few of the studies were carried out on the Gopalpur coast and the current baseline survey was conducted during Covid-19 pandemic lockdown (April-August 2021) and post lockdown (August-September 2021).The survey was covered about 1500 m along the coast, divided into 10 equal zones of each (20 × 150 m2) to collect the plastic debris based on colour, density, and weight. Plastic debris was categorized into 33 types with an average 1.276 g/m2 during lockdown and was categorized into 34 types with an average 3.34 g/m2 in post lockdown. The results imply that tourism has a greater impact on the beach in terms of pollution when compared with the local sources, which will have a drastic effect on the aesthetics of the beach, neighbouring turtle nesting site and indirectly on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - D Prabin Dora
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rajani Kanta Mishra
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Goa, India
| | - Subhasis Pradhan
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Chennai, India
| | - Subhajit Barik
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Odisha, India
| | | | - Pravakar Mishra
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Chennai, India
| | - Shesdev Patro
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Odisha, India
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De K, Sautya S, Gaikwad S, Mitra A, Nanajkar M. Characterization of anthropogenic marine macro-debris affecting coral habitat in the highly urbanized seascape of Mumbai megacity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118798. [PMID: 34999148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine debris has become a major form of pollution and a serious ecosystem health concern. The present study evaluates the accumulation, origin, and fate of debris in intertidal coral habitats of Mumbai-one of the world's highly populated coastal cities on the west coast of India. Predominantly, seven hermatypic coral species belonging to seven genera and five families were identified and mainly represented by Pseudosidastrea, Porites, and Bernardpora. In terms of number, the mean density of marine debris was 1.60 ± 0.13 SE items/m2, which is higher than the global average. The mean density of plastic debris was 1.46 ± 0.14 SE items/m2. Approximately 9% of total coral colonies were in physical contact with debris, and 22% of these colonies showed visible signs of partial bleaching. Single use plastic bags and wrappers were dominant plastic debris. The study area was characterized as 'very poor cleanliness' according to the Beach Quality Indexes, which include the Clean Coast Index, General Index, and Hazardous Items Index. The numerical model indicates the influence of river discharge and probable areas of plastic accumulation with high tidal currents in this region, maneuvering the spatial advection of litter in the nearshore areas. Combined analysis of ground-truthing and model simulation implies that the possible contributing sources of litter were representatives of land-based and sea-originated. The overall results point to increasing anthropogenic stressors threatening coastal coral communities, including marine debris pollution. It is advocated to adopt an integrated coastal zone management approach supported by coordinated policy frameworks could guide the mitigation of the debris footprint in coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan De
- CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India.
| | - Sabyasachi Sautya
- Laboratory for Benthic Ecological Trait Analysis (L-BETA), CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre-Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400053, India.
| | - Santosh Gaikwad
- Laboratory for Benthic Ecological Trait Analysis (L-BETA), CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre-Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400053, India.
| | - Aditi Mitra
- CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India.
| | - Mandar Nanajkar
- CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India.
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Sivadas SK, Mishra P, Kaviarasan T, Sambandam M, Dhineka K, Murthy MVR, Nayak S, Sivyer D, Hoehn D. Litter and plastic monitoring in the Indian marine environment: A review of current research, policies, waste management, and a roadmap for multidisciplinary action. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 176:113424. [PMID: 35176547 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination due to plastic waste mismanagement is a growing global concern. Plastic problem is of particular concern to the Indian Ocean nations as Asia currently contributes to the highest share of mismanaged plastic waste. Consequently, there is a worldwide interest to understand the distribution and transboundary movement of plastic from this region, which is crucial for implementing management measures. This review article focuses on current knowledge of plastic research, policies, waste management, socio-economics, challenges, and research opportunities. To date, marine plastic studies have focused on a few locations, providing an analysis of distribution and plastic-organism interactions in the Indian marine system. Along with scientific investigation, enforcement, improvisation, and, if necessary, framing new policies, integrated technologies to manage plastic waste, and behavioural changes are essential to mitigate plastic pollution. Such measures will be effective through a combination of actions among national and international researchers, industries, environmental managers, and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanitha K Sivadas
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pravakar Mishra
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - T Kaviarasan
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Sambandam
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Dhineka
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M V Ramana Murthy
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shailesh Nayak
- National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), IISc campus, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - David Sivyer
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Suffolk NR33 OHT, United Kingdom
| | - Danja Hoehn
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Suffolk NR33 OHT, United Kingdom
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10
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Empowering Local Practitioners to Collect and Report on Anthropogenic Riverine and Marine Debris Using Inexpensive Methods in India. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This article includes a review of the literature on marine debris in an Indian context and introduces a replicable, scientific, and inexpensive collection method to build capacity and inform policymakers. We share baseline data resulting from ten cleanups using these methods in India. This method was introduced in a 2019 workshop to train Indian researchers, leading to local-led collections in three states and two Union Territories (8 beaches, 2 riversides) yielding 33,474 individual pieces of debris weighing a total of 599.15 kg. Plastic was the most frequently found material at all ten collection sites, comprising from 45% to 89% of all items found. The research establishes a baseline data collection at ten locations, with debris density at sites ranging from 0.38–3.86 items/m2. Application of the Clean Coast Index yields resulting rankings of moderate (1 site), dirty (2 sites), and extremely dirty (7 sites). Researchers also identified 2461 brands in analysis at six sites, 76% of which were Indian in origin. Replication of the methods in other Indian regions among the community of thirty-three practitioners was below target for collection (41%) and brand audit (8.3%) with 25% of teams sharing data with the community of practitioners and 12.5% sharing results with local policymakers. The analysis indicates debris is overwhelmingly composed of plastic from residential activities. The methods empower practitioners to collect and report on debris, ground-truthing global debris estimates, and illuminating the missing plastic problem.
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11
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Nigam R, Luis AJ, Prasad P, Kuttikar S, Yadav R, Vaz E, Kotha M. Spatio-temporal assessment of COVID-19 lockdown impact on beach litter status and composition in Goa, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113293. [PMID: 35090278 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to understand beach litter status at some of the world-famous beaches of Goa, West India, to comprehend the impact of the Covid-19 lockdown. We characterize litter in six categories (Nylon+Rubber, Plastics, Footwear, Glass, Metal, and Thermocol) for eight sampled beaches in the north and south Goa. All beaches show increased glass and decreased plastics (significant litter) during the lockdown period compared to the unlock period that marked the high tourist inflow. Beaches were classified and graded with colour codes using litter density exhibit light blue-green colour coding during the lockdown or unlock period, suggests clean maintenance. The Miramar beach located in the heart of the capital city showed relatively more litter density (yellow code) due to the combination of local people and tourist inflow. Morjim, Palolem, Velsao were littered the least during both periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Nigam
- School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences (SEOAS), Goa University, Goa 403206, India
| | - Alvarinho J Luis
- Polar Remote Sensing Section, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403804, India
| | - Pankaj Prasad
- School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences (SEOAS), Goa University, Goa 403206, India; Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India
| | - Sachit Kuttikar
- School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences (SEOAS), Goa University, Goa 403206, India
| | - Ramanand Yadav
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India
| | - Eric Vaz
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mahender Kotha
- School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences (SEOAS), Goa University, Goa 403206, India.
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12
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Kesavan S, Xavier KAM, Deshmukhe G, Jaiswar AK, Bhusan S, Shukla SP. Anthropogenic pressure on mangrove ecosystems: Quantification and source identification of surficial and trapped debris. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148677. [PMID: 34218150 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mangroves are well known for their ecological services and livelihood support to humankind. The mangrove forest is experiencing extreme pressure due to anthropogenic activities, mainly the debris pollution posing great harm to the mangrove ecosystems. The abundance, sources, and composition of surficial and trapped debris items in the six contiguous mangrove regions of Mumbai were studied by the belt-transect and quadrats method. A total number of 3526 surficial debris items (368 kg) were collected from twenty belt transects. The estimated mean surficial debris was 8.8 ± 3.4 pieces/m2 with a weight of 920 ± 317 g/m2. The mean trapped debris was 35 ± 10 pieces/tree and 2514 ± 758 g/tree. Plastic (62.4%) includes carry bags and food wrappers mainly. Shoreline/recreational activity-based debris (38.9%) and other items (32.7%) contributed significantly to the total debris pollution. The study provides evidence that the mangrove ecosystem acts as a natural filter and trap for coastal water debris. The trapped debris is a potential risk to the mangroves due to the barrier created on the canopy surface for the incident solar radiation utilized for photosynthesis. By conducting the cleaning programs in the mangrove vegetation stretches, the ecological disturbances to the mangrove ecosystems can be minimized. Further, the regular removal of trapped debris will complement coastal pollution management. The data generated from this study will help the policymakers and resource managers about the effective control and management of debris pollution in the mangroves region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvam Kesavan
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - K A Martin Xavier
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India.
| | - Geetanjali Deshmukhe
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Jaiswar
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Shashi Bhusan
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Satya Prakash Shukla
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
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13
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Shaikh IV, Shaikh VAE. A comprehensive review on assessment of plastic debris in aquatic environment and its prevalence in fishes and other aquatic animals in India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146421. [PMID: 33744569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of meso, macro, and microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments has raised concerns due to their potential risks to aquatic as well as human life. Though plastics are considered to be inert in nature, MPs with toxic additives and accumulated contaminants have harmful ecological effects. Reports of absorption of MPs by internal tissues and toxicity in vital organs such as lung cells, liver, and brain cells have proved its serious health hazards. The study of plastic debris in the aquatic environment deserves special attention due to its ecotoxicological impact. This review presents a detailed account of the assessment of plastic debris in marine as well as freshwater environments. The formation of MPs and their sources, sampling, isolation, identification and characterization methods adopted, and the prevalence of MPs in aquatic life are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, the present article is a first-ever comprehensive review covering the entire of India. Our review finds that, so far, very few studies have been carried out, and there is a paucity of information, especially on the prevalence of plastic debris in the freshwater environment, fish, and other aquatic animals in India. While major studies have been done at various coastal locations in the southern part of India and a few studies in the rest of India, south-eastern states remain neglected. Toxicological studies on various life forms, including humans, are lacking. The present review also fills the gap in our knowledge of the various locations studied across India and can guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Vasi Shaikh
- Department of Zoology, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, Azam Campus, Camp, Pune 411001, India.
| | - Vasi Ahmed Ebrahim Shaikh
- Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Chemistry, MIT World Peace University, Pune 411038, India
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14
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Patil S, Bafana A, Naoghare PK, Krishnamurthi K, Sivanesan S. Environmental prevalence, fate, impacts, and mitigation of microplastics-a critical review on present understanding and future research scope. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4951-4974. [PMID: 33241497 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are considered to be ubiquitous and widespread emerging contaminants. They are persistent in the nature and pose considerable harm to the environment. Their omnipresence is documented in almost all aquatic habitats, several atmospheric and terrestrial environments, and also in human consumables. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the environmental prevalence of the microplastics in all environmental compartments, and their possible adverse impacts. It also presents review of the studies conducted in India and the epitome of potential mitigation measures. The need and direction of future research are highlighted. The review will help in determining the exposure levels, environmental consequences, and risk estimations, and will guide the researchers and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Patil
- Health and Toxicity Cell (HTC), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
- AcSIR (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Amit Bafana
- Director's Research Cell (DRC), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Pravin K Naoghare
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division (EISD), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Kannan Krishnamurthi
- Health and Toxicity Cell (HTC), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Saravanadevi Sivanesan
- Health and Toxicity Cell (HTC), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India.
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15
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Selvam K, Xavier KAM, Shivakrishna A, Bhutia TP, Kamat S, Shenoy L. Abundance, composition and sources of marine debris trawled-up in the fishing grounds along the north-east Arabian coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141771. [PMID: 32898746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The pollution due to marine debris is a serious environmental threat in many parts of the world. The abundance of marine debris, composition and its distribution over the seafloor along north-east coast of Arabian coast was studied through trawl based swept method. Experimental fishing was conducted fortnightly using shrimp bottom trawl and collected debris was categorized as per standard protocols. A total of 1077 pieces of debris (11.7 kg dry weight) were collected from 25 hauls. The average number and weight of debris were 943 items/km2 and 10.2 kg/km2 respectively. The estimated total marine debris along this coast was 379 t (dry weight). Plastic-based debris contributed maximum (87.1%) to the total debris collected in numbers and among this, plastic bags and food wrappers were dominant. Debris produced by shoreline/recreational activities comprised the major source of debris (88.6%) along this coast. This study provides the evidence that the effective use of available fishing trawlers and co-management practices ("Make fishers friend") can help to remove the seabed debris. The base data generated through this study would facilitate region-based effective control and management of plastic debris pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavan Selvam
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - K A Martin Xavier
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India.
| | - Avadootha Shivakrishna
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Tenji Pem Bhutia
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Satish Kamat
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Latha Shenoy
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
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16
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Kaviarasan T, Naik S, Sivadas SK, Dhineka K, Sambandam M, Sivyer D, Mishra P, Ramana Murthy MV. Assessment of litter in the remote beaches of Lakshadweep Islands, Arabian Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111760. [PMID: 33096401 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to obtain baseline data on litter from three beaches of the Lakshadweep Islands (Kadmat, Suheli Par, and Minicoy). At each site, three transects of 20 × 20 m of the foreshore and intertidal zone were sampled during low tide. All macro litter (size >2.5 cm to <1 m) within each transect were collected and counted. A total of 1231 litter items belonging to 22 categories were recorded. The highest average abundance (193 ± 97 items/400 m2) of marine litter was found in Kadmat, followed by Suheli Par (154 ± 31items/400 m2) and Minicoy (63 ± 49 items/400 m2) islands. The Clean Coast Index (CCI) suggests that Minicoy Island has a clean beach (CCI 3.15) while Suheli Par (CCI 8) and Kadmat (CCI 10) were moderate. The primary contributing sources of litter on the beaches were fishing (45%) and public (34%). Better management practices are required to control litter sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaviarasan
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - Subrat Naik
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - S K Sivadas
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - K Dhineka
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - M Sambandam
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - David Sivyer
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Suffolk NR33 OHT, United Kingdom
| | - Pravakar Mishra
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, India.
| | - M V Ramana Murthy
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, India
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17
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Daniel DB, Thomas SN, Thomson KT. Assessment of fishing-related plastic debris along the beaches in Kerala Coast, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110696. [PMID: 31732178 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An assessment of quantity, composition and seasonal variation of fishing-related plastic debris was conducted in six beaches along the Kerala coast of India during 2017-2018. Plastic items were the most dominant type of waste constituting 73.8% by number and 59.9% by weight. In the total debris recorded, 5540 pieces (36%) weighing 198.4 kg (39.8%) were fishing related trash. On an average 14.4 ± 12 fishing related items/100 m2, corresponding to mean weight of 0.55 ± 0.7 kg/100 m2 was recorded from these beaches. Results indicated that the fishing-related plastic items were concentrated four times more in the beaches with higher fishing intensity, as compared to the other beaches. Also, the concentration of fishing-related plastic was recorded higher in the post-monsoon season compared to the lowest during monsoon, which was significant with p-value < 0.05. The results emphasize the role of fishing activities in the generation of marine litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Benny Daniel
- School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lake Side Campus, Cochin, India.
| | - Saly N Thomas
- ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P.O, Cochin, India
| | - K T Thomson
- School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lake Side Campus, Cochin, India
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18
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Sulochanan B, Veena S, Ratheesh L, Padua S, Rohit P, Kaladharan P, Kripa V. Temporal and spatial variability of beach litter in Mangaluru, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110541. [PMID: 31543482 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Monthly litter samples were collected from three major beaches in Mangaluru from 2011-2016. Fishing litter persisted at the beaches, resulting in higher abundances by number (59%) and weight (33.4%) relative to all litter in 2016. In addition to plastics, foam comprised 7.14-11.0% of total litter. Significant positive correlations were observed between the amount of plastic on the beaches and rainy days, rainfall, and river discharge. The maximum river discharge coincided with an increase in plastic items on the beach. Yearly quantities of plastic items (p < 0.01), plastic bags (p < 0.001), and plastic footwear (p < 0.05), on the beaches were significantly different indicating clean-up activities reduced the litter quantity. Changes in total beach litter revealed that Panambur Beach, a fishing boat landing centre was the least changed, and thus appropriate incentive-based management options for the resident fishermen could result in collection and elimination of litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Sulochanan
- Mangalore Research Center of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 244, Hoige Bazar, Mangaluru, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka 575001, India.
| | - S Veena
- Mangalore Research Center of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 244, Hoige Bazar, Mangaluru, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka 575001, India
| | - Lavanya Ratheesh
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 1603, Ernakulam North P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682018, India
| | - Shelton Padua
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 1603, Ernakulam North P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682018, India
| | - Prathibha Rohit
- Mangalore Research Center of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 244, Hoige Bazar, Mangaluru, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka 575001, India
| | - P Kaladharan
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 1603, Ernakulam North P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682018, India
| | - V Kripa
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 1603, Ernakulam North P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682018, India
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