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Amaning Danquah C, Minkah PAB, Osei Duah Junior I, Amankwah KB, Somuah SO. Antimicrobial Compounds from Microorganisms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:285. [PMID: 35326749 PMCID: PMC8944786 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an exigent public health concern owing to the emergence of novel strains of human resistant pathogens and the concurrent rise in multi-drug resistance. An influx of new antimicrobials is urgently required to improve the treatment outcomes of infectious diseases and save lives. Plant metabolites and bioactive compounds from chemical synthesis have found their efficacy to be dwindling, despite some of them being developed as drugs and used to treat human infections for several decades. Microorganisms are considered untapped reservoirs for promising biomolecules with varying structural and functional antimicrobial activity. The advent of cost-effective and convenient model organisms, state-of-the-art molecular biology, omics technology, and machine learning has enhanced the bioprospecting of novel antimicrobial drugs and the identification of new drug targets. This review summarizes antimicrobial compounds isolated from microorganisms and reports on the modern tools and strategies for exploiting promising antimicrobial drug candidates. The investigation identified a plethora of novel compounds from microbial sources with excellent antimicrobial activity against disease-causing human pathogens. Researchers could maximize the use of novel model systems and advanced biomolecular and computational tools in exploiting lead antimicrobials, consequently ameliorating antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Amaning Danquah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana;
| | - Prince Amankwah Baffour Minkah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana;
- Global Health and Infectious Disease Research Group, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Isaiah Osei Duah Junior
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana;
| | - Kofi Bonsu Amankwah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana;
| | - Samuel Owusu Somuah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB, Ho, Ghana;
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Aisyah SN, Harnas H, Sulastri S, Retmi R, Fuaddi H, Fatchiyah F, Bakhtiar A, Jamsari J. Enhancement of a Novel Isolate of Serratia plymuthica as Potential Candidate for an Antianthracnose. Pak J Biol Sci 2016; 19:250-258. [PMID: 29023071 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2016.250.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A new rhizobacteria isolate of Serratia plymuthica (strain UBCR_12) exhibited a promising potential as a biocontrol agent for anthracnose causing agent Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The aim of this study was to characterize its antagonistic activity and explore the factors contributing to a higher inhibition activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antifungal effect of UBCR_12 against C. gloeosporioides was assayed under various pH values and nutritional sources. Culture supernatant obtained from UBCR_12 and C. gloeosporioides co-culture was also tested for its inhibitory activity. In addition, the antagonistic range of this isolate was examined against Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum. Statistical analysis was done using one way analysis of variance and further processed using Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test with a p<0.05. RESULTS The UBCR_12 induced inhibition was shown to be stable over time at pH 7, while peptone addition led to a faster induction (2 days after treatment) and glucose treatment to a higher activity. Of all these modifications, preliminary co-culture experiments with fungal cells resulted in the best antagonistic activity of UBCR_12 culture supernatant of about 30.66%. This isolate also showed a wide range of antagonistic activity due to its high suppression against S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum from soybean. CONCLUSION Both environmental and biotic manipulations contributed an elevated inhibition rate of UBCR_12 against C. gloeosporioides. A proportional combination of the factors stimulating antagonistic activity of this strain is recommended to be utilized for the development of this strain as an antianthracnose. The enhanced antifungal effects of UBCR_12 resulted under each type of modification were varied indicating the difference of cell responses. It suggests that certain antifungal mechanism could be generated by modifying the environmental factor required for its induction. In addition, the application of cell-free culture supernatant provides an alternative solution in the utilization of biocontrol agents. For large scale application, it could minimize the risk of population outbreaks and harmful effects due to the living cells application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Aisyah
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Hafid Harnas
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Sulastri Sulastri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Retmi Retmi
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Helmi Fuaddi
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Fatchiyah Fatchiyah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Amri Bakhtiar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Jamsari Jamsari
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
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Pidot SJ, Coyne S, Kloss F, Hertweck C. Antibiotics from neglected bacterial sources. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Sammer UF, Reiher K, Spiteller D, Wensing A, Völksch B. Assessment of the relevance of the antibiotic 2-amino-3-(oxirane-2,3-dicarboxamido)-propanoyl-valine from Pantoea agglomerans biological control strains against bacterial plant pathogens. Microbiologyopen 2012; 1:438-49. [PMID: 23233458 PMCID: PMC3535389 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The epiphyte Pantoea agglomerans 48b/90 (Pa48b) is a promising biocontrol strain against economically important bacterial pathogens such as Erwinia amylovora. Strain Pa48b produces the broad-spectrum antibiotic 2-amino-3-(oxirane-2,3-dicarboxamido)-propanoyl-valine (APV) in a temperature-dependent manner. An APV-negative mutant still suppressed the E. amylovora population and fire blight disease symptoms in apple blossom experiments under greenhouse conditions, but was inferior to the Pa48b wild-type indicating the influence of APV in the antagonism. In plant experiments with the soybean pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea both, Pa48b and the APV-negative mutant, successfully suppressed the pathogen. Our results demonstrate that the P. agglomerans strain Pa48b is an efficient biocontrol organism against plant pathogens, and we prove its ability for fast colonization of plant surfaces over a wide temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike F Sammer
- Institute for Microbiology, Microbial Communication, University of Jena, Neugasse 25, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
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Characterization of the biosynthetic operon for the antibacterial peptide herbicolin in Pantoea vagans biocontrol strain C9-1 and incidence in Pantoea species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4412-9. [PMID: 22504810 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07351-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantoea vagans C9-1 is a biocontrol strain that produces at least two antibiotics inhibiting the growth of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease of pear and apple. One antibiotic, herbicolin I, was purified from culture filtrates of P. vagans C9-1 and determined to be 2-amino-3-(oxirane-2,3-dicarboxamido)-propanoyl-valine, also known as N(ß)-epoxysuccinamoyl-DAP-valine. A plasposon library was screened for mutants that had lost the ability to produce herbicolin I. It was shown that mutants had reduced biocontrol efficacy in immature pear assays. The biosynthetic gene cluster in P. vagans C9-1 was identified by sequencing the flanking regions of the plasposon insertion sites. The herbicolin I biosynthetic gene cluster consists of 10 coding sequences (CDS) and is located on the 166-kb plasmid pPag2. Sequence comparisons identified orthologous gene clusters in Pantoea agglomerans CU0119 and Serratia proteamaculans 568. A low incidence of detection of the biosynthetic cluster in a collection of 45 Pantoea spp. from biocontrol, environmental, and clinical origins showed that this is a rare trait among the tested strains.
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Hollenhorst MA, Ntai I, Badet B, Kelleher NL, Walsh CT. A head-to-head comparison of eneamide and epoxyamide inhibitors of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase from the dapdiamide biosynthetic pathway. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3859-61. [PMID: 21520904 DOI: 10.1021/bi2004735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dapdiamides make up a family of antibiotics that have been presumed to be cleaved in the target cell to enzyme-inhibitory N-acyl-2,3-diaminopropionate (DAP) warheads containing two alternative electrophilic moieties. Our prior biosynthetic studies revealed that an eneamide warhead is made first and converted to an epoxyamide via a three-enzyme branch pathway. Here we provide a rationale for this logic. We report that the R,R-epoxyamide warhead is a more efficient covalent inactivator of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase by 1 order of magnitude versus the eneamide, and this difference correlates with a >10-fold difference in antibiotic activity for the corresponding acyl-DAP dipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Hollenhorst
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Hollenhorst MA, Bumpus SB, Matthews ML, Bollinger JM, Kelleher NL, Walsh CT. The nonribosomal peptide synthetase enzyme DdaD tethers N(β)-fumaramoyl-l-2,3-diaminopropionate for Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent epoxidation by DdaC during dapdiamide antibiotic biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 132:15773-81. [PMID: 20945916 DOI: 10.1021/ja1072367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gene cluster from Pantoea agglomerans responsible for biosynthesis of the dapdiamide antibiotics encodes an adenylation-thiolation didomain protein, DdaD, and an Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase homologue, DdaC. Here we show that DdaD, a nonribosomal peptide synthetase module, activates and sequesters N(β)-fumaramoyl-l-2,3-diaminopropionate as a covalently tethered thioester for subsequent oxidative modification of the fumaramoyl group. DdaC catalyzes Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent epoxidation of the covalently bound N(β)-fumaramoyl-l-2,3-diaminopropionyl-S-DdaD species to generate N(β)-epoxysuccinamoyl-DAP (DAP = 2,3-diaminopropionate) in thioester linkage to DdaD. After hydrolytic release, N(β)-epoxysuccinamoyl-DAP can be ligated to l-valine by the ATP-dependent ligase DdaF to form the natural antibiotic N(β)-epoxysuccinamoyl-DAP-Val.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Hollenhorst
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Dawlaty J, Zhang X, Fischbach MA, Clardy J. Dapdiamides, tripeptide antibiotics formed by unconventional amide ligases. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:441-446. [PMID: 20041689 PMCID: PMC2846032 DOI: 10.1021/np900685z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Construction of a genomic DNA library from Pantoea agglomerans strain CU0119 and screening against the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora yielded a new family of antibiotics, dapdiamides A-E (1-5). The structures were established through 2D-NMR experiments and mass spectrometry, as well as the synthesis of dapdiamide A (1). Transposon mutagenesis of the active cosmid allowed identification of the biosynthetic gene cluster. The dapdiamide family's promiscuous biosynthetic pathway contains two unconventional amide ligases that are predicted to couple its constituent monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jon Clardy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (617) 432-2845. Fax: (617) 432-6424. E-mail:
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Sammer UF, Völksch B, Möllmann U, Schmidtke M, Spiteller P, Spiteller M, Spiteller D. 2-amino-3-(oxirane-2,3-dicarboxamido)-propanoyl-valine, an effective peptide antibiotic from the epiphyte Pantoea agglomerans 48b/90. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7710-7. [PMID: 19820144 PMCID: PMC2794118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01244-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epiphyte Pantoea agglomerans 48b/90, which has been isolated from soybean leaves, belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae, as does the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora, which causes fire blight on rosaceous plants such as apples and leads to severe economic losses. Since P. agglomerans efficiently antagonizes phytopathogenic bacteria, the P. agglomerans strain C9-1 is used as a biocontrol agent (BlightBan C9-1). Here we describe the bioassay-guided isolation of a peptide antibiotic that is highly active against the plant pathogen E. amylovora and pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae, and we elucidate its structure. Bioassay-guided fractionation using anion-exchange chromatography followed by hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography yielded the bioactive, highly polar antibiotic. The compound was identified as 2-amino-3-(oxirane-2,3-dicarboxamido)-propanoyl-valine by using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. This peptide was found to be produced by three of the nine P. agglomerans strains analyzed. Notably, the biocontrol strain P. agglomerans C9-1 also produces 2-amino-3-(oxirane-2,3-dicarboxamido)-propanoyl-valine. Previously, 2-amino-3-(oxirane-2,3-dicarboxamido)-propanoyl-valine has been characterized only from Serratia plymuthica. 2-Amino-3-(oxirane-2,3-dicarboxamido)-propanoyl-valine has been shown to inhibit the growth of the human pathogen Candida albicans efficiently, but its involvement in the defense of epiphytes against phytopathogenic bacteria has not been investigated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike F. Sammer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Mikrobielle Phytopathologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institut, D-07745 Jena, Institut für Virologie und antivirale Therapie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie II, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Institut für Umweltforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Beate Völksch
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Mikrobielle Phytopathologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institut, D-07745 Jena, Institut für Virologie und antivirale Therapie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie II, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Institut für Umweltforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ute Möllmann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Mikrobielle Phytopathologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institut, D-07745 Jena, Institut für Virologie und antivirale Therapie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie II, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Institut für Umweltforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Mikrobielle Phytopathologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institut, D-07745 Jena, Institut für Virologie und antivirale Therapie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie II, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Institut für Umweltforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Spiteller
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Mikrobielle Phytopathologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institut, D-07745 Jena, Institut für Virologie und antivirale Therapie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie II, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Institut für Umweltforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Mikrobielle Phytopathologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institut, D-07745 Jena, Institut für Virologie und antivirale Therapie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie II, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Institut für Umweltforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Spiteller
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Mikrobielle Phytopathologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institut, D-07745 Jena, Institut für Virologie und antivirale Therapie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie II, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Institut für Umweltforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Hollenhorst MA, Clardy J, Walsh CT. The ATP-dependent amide ligases DdaG and DdaF assemble the fumaramoyl-dipeptide scaffold of the dapdiamide antibiotics. Biochemistry 2009; 48:10467-72. [PMID: 19807062 DOI: 10.1021/bi9013165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes DdaG and DdaF, encoded in the Pantoea agglomerans dapdiamide antibiotic biosynthetic gene cluster, when expressed in Escherichia coli, form the tandem amide bonds of the dapdiamide scaffold at the expense of ATP cleavage. DdaG uses fumarate, 2,3-diaminopropionate (DAP), and ATP to make fumaroyl-AMP transiently on the way to the N(beta)-fumaroyl-DAP regioisomer. Then DdaF acts as a second ATP-dependent amide ligase, but this enzyme cleaves ATP to ADP and P(i) during amide bond formation. However, DdaF will not accept N(beta)-fumaroyl-DAP; the enzyme requires the fumaroyl moiety to be first converted to the fumaramoyl half-amide in N(beta)-fumaramoyl-DAP. DdaF adds Val, Ile, or Leu to the carboxylate of fumaramoyl-DAP to make dapdiamide A, B, or C, respectively. Thus, to build the dapdiamide antibiotic scaffold, amidation must occur on the fumaroyl-DAP scaffold, after DdaG action but before DdaF catalysis. This is an unusual instance of two ligases acting sequentially in untemplated amide bond formations using attack of substrate carboxylates at P(alpha) (AMP-forming) and then at P(gamma) (ADP-forming) of ATP cosubstrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Hollenhorst
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Kerr JR. Bacterial inhibition of fungal growth and pathogenicity. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/089106099435709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Kerr
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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12
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Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Edmonds DJ, Estrada AA. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of naturally occurring antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:660-719. [PMID: 19130444 PMCID: PMC2730216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the world-shaping discovery of penicillin, nature's molecular diversity has been extensively screened for new medications and lead compounds in drug discovery. The search for agents intended to combat infectious diseases has been of particular interest and has enjoyed a high degree of success. Indeed, the history of antibiotics is marked with impressive discoveries and drug-development stories, the overwhelming majority of which have their origin in natural products. Chemistry, and in particular chemical synthesis, has played a major role in bringing naturally occurring antibiotics and their derivatives to the clinic, and no doubt these disciplines will continue to be key enabling technologies. In this review article, we highlight a number of recent discoveries and advances in the chemistry, biology, and medicine of naturally occurring antibiotics, with particular emphasis on total synthesis, analogue design, and biological evaluation of molecules with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a significant public health concern. Antibiotics that belong to new structural classes and manifest their biological activity via novel mechanisms are urgently needed. Lysobactin, a depsipeptide antibiotic has displayed very strong antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as well as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.39 to 0.78 microg/mL. The MIC values against VRE were more than 50-fold lower than those reported for vancomycin itself. Lysobactin was found to inhibit nascent peptidoglycan formation; however, this activity was not antagonized in the presence of N-acyl-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala, the binding domain on the cell wall precursors that is utilized by vancomycin. Thus, lysobactin represents a promising agent for the treatment bacterial infections due to resistant pathogens. We describe a convergent synthesis of lysobactin that relies upon a highly efficient macrocyclization reaction to assemble the 28-membered cyclic depsipeptide. This synthesis provides the foundation for further study of the mode of action utilized by lysobactin and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikomari Guzman-Martinez
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Ryan Lamer
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Michael S. VanNieuwenhze
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Abstract
D-Glucosamine is an important building block of major structural components of the fungal cell wall, namely chitin, chitosan and mannoproteins. Other amino sugars, such as D-mannosamine and D-galactosamine, relatively abundant in higher eukaryotes, rarely occur in fungal cells and are actually absent from yeast and yeast-like fungi. The glucosamine-containing sugar nucleotide UDP-GlcNAc is synthesized in yeast cells in a four-step cytoplasmic pathway. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge on the enzymes catalysing the particular steps of the pathway in Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a special emphasis put on mechanisms of the catalysed reactions, regulation of activity and perspectives for exploitation of enzymes participating in UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis as potential targets for antifungal chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Milewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Milewski S. Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase--the multi-facets enzyme. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1597:173-92. [PMID: 12044898 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(02)00318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutamine: D-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, known under trivial name of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, as the only member of the amidotransferase subfamily of enzymes, does not display any ammonia-dependent activity. This enzyme, catalysing the first committed step in a pathway leading to the eventual formation of uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), is an important point of metabolic control in biosynthesis of amino sugar-containing macromolecules. The molecular mechanism of reaction catalysed by GlcN-6-P synthase is complex and involves both amino transfer and sugar isomerisation. Substantial alterations to the enzyme structure and properties have been detected in different neoplastic tissues. GlcN-6-P synthase is inflicted in phenomenon of hexosamine-induced insulin resistance in diabetes. Finally, this enzyme has been proposed as a promising target in antifungal chemotherapy. Most of these issues, especially their molecular aspects, have been extensively studied in recent years. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge on this multi-facets enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Milewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Technical University of Gdańsk, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Rane DF, Girijavallabhan VM, Ganguly AK, Pike RE, Saksena AK, McPhail AT. Total synthesis and absolute stereochemistry of the antifungal dipeptide Sch 37137 and its 2S,3S - isomer. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The study of antibiotics and other fermentation products has shown that a seemingly unlimited number of compounds with diverse structures are produced by microorganisms. The continued high rate of discovery of new chemical entities, in the light of the abundance of microbial products already described, is due to creative screening procedures that incorporate such features as the emphasis on unusual microorgnaisms, their special propagation and fermentation requirements, supersensitive and highly selective assays, genetic engineering both for the biosynthesis of new compounds and in the development of screening systems, early in vivo evaluation, improved isolation techniques, modern procedures for structure determination, computer-assisted identification, and an efficient multidisciplinary approach. This review focuses on the genesis and development of the gamut of methodologies that have led to the successful detection of the wide variety of novel secondary metabolites that include antibacterial, antigungal, antiviral and antitumour antibiotics, enzyme inhibitors, pharmacologically and immunologically active agents, products useful in agriculture and animal husbandry, microbial regulators, and other compounds for which no bioactive role has yet been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Franco
- Microbiology Department, Hoechst Centre for Basic Research, Hoechst India Limited, Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg, Mulund, Bombay
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