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Zhang HR, Li TJ, Yu XJ, Liu C, Wu WD, Ye LY, Jin KZ. The GFPT2-O-GlcNAcylation-YBX1 axis promotes IL-18 secretion to regulate the tumor immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:244. [PMID: 38575607 PMCID: PMC10995196 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive microenvironment caused by several intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism has brought great challenges to the immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer. We identified GFPT2, the key enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), as an immune-related prognostic gene in pancreatic cancer using transcriptome sequencing and further confirmed that GFPT2 promoted macrophage M2 polarization and malignant phenotype of pancreatic cancer. HBP is a glucose metabolism pathway leading to the generation of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), which is further utilized for protein O-GlcNAcylation. We confirmed GFPT2-mediated O-GlcNAcylation played an important role in regulating immune microenvironment. Through cellular proteomics, we identified IL-18 as a key downstream of GFPT2 in regulating the immune microenvironment. Through CO-IP and protein mass spectrum, we confirmed that YBX1 was O-GlcNAcylated and nuclear translocated by GFPT2-mediated O-GlcNAcylation. Then, YBX1 functioned as a transcription factor to promote IL-18 transcription. Our study elucidated the relationship between the metabolic pathway of HBP in cancer cells and the immune microenvironment, which might provide some insights into the combination therapy of HBP vulnerability and immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ding Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Long-Yun Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kai-Zhou Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Kim D, Min D, Kim J, Kim MJ, Seo Y, Jung BH, Kwon SH, Ro H, Lee S, Sa JK, Lee JY. Nutlin-3a induces KRAS mutant/p53 wild type lung cancer specific methuosis-like cell death that is dependent on GFPT2. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:338. [PMID: 38093368 PMCID: PMC10720203 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02922-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncogenic KRAS mutation, the most frequent mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is an aggressiveness risk factor and leads to the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells by promoting glucose, glutamine, and fatty acid absorption and glycolysis. Lately, sotorasib was approved by the FDA as a first-in-class KRAS-G12C inhibitor. However, sotorasib still has a derivative barrier, which is not effective for other KRAS mutation types, except for G12C. Additionally, resistance to sotorasib is likely to develop, demanding the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. METHODS KRAS mutant, and wildtype NSCLC cells were used in vitro cell analyses. Cell viability, proliferation, and death were measured by MTT, cell counting, colony analyses, and annexin V staining for FACS. Cell tracker dyes were used to investigate cell morphology, which was examined by holotomograpy, and confocal microscopes. RNA sequencing was performed to identify key target molecule or pathway, which was confirmed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and metabolite analyses by UHPLC-MS/MS. Zebrafish and mouse xenograft model were used for in vivo analysis. RESULTS In this study, we found that nutlin-3a, an MDM2 antagonist, inhibited the KRAS-PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway and disrupted the fusion of both autophagosomes and macropinosomes with lysosomes. This further elucidated non-apoptotic and catastrophic macropinocytosis associated methuosis-like cell death, which was found to be dependent on GFPT2 of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, specifically in KRAS mutant /p53 wild type NSCLC cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate the potential of nutlin-3a as an alternative agent for treating KRAS mutant/p53 wild type NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongwha Min
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yerim Seo
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Instiute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Byung Hwa Jung
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Instiute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hae Kwon
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Seoee Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jason K Sa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Yang S, Li G, Yin X, Wang Y, Jiang X, Bian X, Fang T, Yin S, Zhang L, Xue Y. Cancer-associated fibroblast expression of glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is a prognostic marker in gastric cancer. J Pathol Clin Res 2023; 9:391-408. [PMID: 37395335 PMCID: PMC10397376 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is a rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis involved in the occurrence and progress of many cancers. What role it plays in gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear. In this study, transcriptome sequencing data from the Harbin Medical University (HMU)-GC cohort and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset were combined with the HMU-TCGA training cohort to analyze the biological function and clinical significance of GFPT2. The correlation of GFPT2 with immune cells and stromal cells was analyzed in the GC immune microenvironment through transcriptome sequencing data and a public single-cell sequencing database. In cell lines, GC tissues, and the tissue microarray, GFPT2 protein expression was confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The mRNA of GFPT2 was highly expressed in the tumor (p < 0.001), and GC cells and tumors expressed high levels of GFPT2 protein. Compared to low expression, high GFPT2 mRNA expression was associated with higher levels of tumor invasion, higher pathological stages, and poor prognosis (p = 0.02) in GC patients. In a drug susceptibility analysis, GFPT2 mRNA expression was associated with multiple chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity, including docetaxel, paclitaxel, and cisplatin. Gene enrichment analysis found that GFPT2 was mainly primarily involved in the extracellular matrix receptor interaction pathway. The ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, and ssGSEA algorithms showed that GFPT2 was associated with immune cell infiltration. In addition, GFPT2 was more likely to be expressed within cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and high levels of GFPT2 expression were highly correlated with four CAFs scores (all p < 0.05). Finally, a prognostic model to assess the risk of death in GC patients was constructed based on GFPT2 protein expression and lymph node metastasis rate. In conclusion, GFPT2 plays an essential role in the function of CAFs in GC. It can be used as a biomarker to assess GC prognosis and immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science CollegeHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinPR China
| | - Guoli Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Chifeng Municipal HospitalChifeng Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityChifengPR China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryHarbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinPR China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryHarbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinPR China
| | - Xinju Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science CollegeHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinPR China
| | - Xiulan Bian
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science CollegeHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinPR China
| | - Tianyi Fang
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryHarbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinPR China
| | - Shengjie Yin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Municipal Hospital of ChifengInner Mongolia Autonomous RegionChifengPR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science CollegeHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinPR China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryHarbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinPR China
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El-Wahsh S, Wijesinghe R, Qiu J, Heard R, Stoll M, Reddel S. Very late-onset limb-girdle congenital myasthenic syndrome due to GFPT1 mutation. Muscle Nerve 2023; 68:E32-E34. [PMID: 37403580 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi El-Wahsh
- Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rajiv Wijesinghe
- Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica Qiu
- Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rob Heard
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neurology Department, Gosford Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marion Stoll
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen Reddel
- Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hatori A, Fujii Y, Kawase-Koga Y, Ogasawara T, Chikira J, Minami S, Yamakawa D, Chikazu D. VCAM-1 and GFPT-2: Predictive markers of osteoblast differentiation in human dental pulp stem cells. Bone 2023; 166:116575. [PMID: 36195245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have high proliferative and multilineage differentiation potential in mesenchymal stem cells. However, several studies have indicated that there are individual differences in the potential for osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs, and the factors determining these differences are unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify the genes responsible for the individual differences in the osteogenic differentiation ability of DPSCs. METHODS We divided DPSCs into high and low osteogenic differentiation ability groups (HG or LG) with ALP and von Kossa stain, and compared the gene expression patterns using RNA-seq. In addition, genes that may affect osteogenic differentiation were knocked down using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and their effects were investigated. RESULTS The RNA-seq patterns revealed that VCAM1 and GFPT2 were significantly expressed at higher levels in the HG than in the LG. The results of siRNA analysis showed that VCAM1 and GFPT2 knockdown significantly reduced the expression of osteogenic markers. Furthermore, we analyzed the involvement of these two genes in cell signaling in DPSC differentiation. The results indicated that the VCAM1-mediated Ras-MEK-Erk and PI3K/Akt pathways are involved in the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs, and that GFPT2-mediated HBP signaling influences the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that DPSCs that highly express VCAM1 and GFPT2 have a high capacity for osteogenic differentiation. Evaluation of VCAM1 and GFPT2 expression in undifferentiated DPSCs may predict the outcome of bone regenerative therapy using DPSCs. Moreover, the expression levels of VCAM1 and GFPT2 in DPSCs may be useful in setting criteria for selecting donors for allogeneic cell transplantation for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Hatori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujii
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kawase-Koga
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawadachou, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Toru Ogasawara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jin Chikira
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Sakura Minami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Daiki Yamakawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Daichi Chikazu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
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Li X, Peng X, Zhang C, Bai X, Li Y, Chen G, Guo H, He W, Zhou X, Gou X. Bladder Cancer-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote Tumor Angiogenesis by Inducing HBP-Related Metabolic Reprogramming and SerRS O-GlcNAcylation in Endothelial Cells. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2202993. [PMID: 36045101 PMCID: PMC9596856 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A malformed tumour vascular network provokes the nutrient-deprived tumour microenvironment (TME), which conversely activates endothelial cell (EC) functions and stimulates neovascularization. Emerging evidence suggests that the flexible metabolic adaptability of tumour cells helps to establish a metabolic symbiosis among various cell subpopulations in the fluctuating TME. In this study, the authors propose a novel metabolic link between bladder cancer (BCa) cells and ECs in the nutrient-scarce TME, in which BCa-secreted glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1) via small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) reprograms glucose metabolism by increasing hexosamine biosynthesis pathway flux in ECs and thus enhances O-GlcNAcylation. Moreover, seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) O-GlcNAcylation at serine 101 in ECs promotes its degradation by ubiquitination and impeded importin α5-mediated nuclear translocation. Intranuclear SerRS attenuates vascular endothelial growth factor transcription by competitively binding to the GC-rich region of the proximal promotor. Additionally, GFAT1 knockout in tumour cells blocks SerRS O-GlcNAcylation in ECs and attenuates angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. However, administration of GFAT1-overexpressing BCa cells-derived sEVs increase the angiogenetic activity in the ECs of GFAT1-knockout mice. In summary, this study suggests that inhibiting sEV-mediated GFAT1 secretion from BCa cells and targeting SerRS O-GlcNAcylation in ECs may serve as novel strategies for BCa antiangiogenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Li
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Xuesong Bai
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Huixia Guo
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Weiyang He
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Xin Gou
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
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Ortiz-Ramírez JA, Cuéllar-Cruz M, López-Romero E. Cell compensatory responses of fungi to damage of the cell wall induced by Calcofluor White and Congo Red with emphasis on Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix globosa. A review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:976924. [PMID: 36211971 PMCID: PMC9539796 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.976924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) of fungi exhibits a complex structure and a characteristic chemical composition consisting almost entirely of interacting crystalline and amorphous polysaccharides. These are synthesized by a number of sugar polymerases and depolymerases encoded by a high proportion of the fungal genome (for instance, 20% in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). These enzymes act in an exquisitely coordinated process to assemble the tridimensional and the functional structure of the wall. Apart from playing a critical role in morphogenesis, cell protection, viability and pathogenesis, the CW represents a potential target for antifungals as most of its constituents do not exist in humans. Chitin, β-glucans and cellulose are the most frequent crystalline polymers found in the fungal CW. The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) is critical for CW elaboration. Also known as the Leloir pathway, this pathway ends with the formation of UDP-N-GlcNAc after four enzymatic steps that start with fructose-6-phosphate and L-glutamine in a short deviation of glycolysis. This activated aminosugar is used for the synthesis of a large variety of biomacromolecules in a vast number of organisms including bacteria, fungi, insects, crustaceans and mammalian cells. The first reaction of the HBP is catalyzed by GlcN-6-P synthase (L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase; EC 2.6.1.16), a critical enzyme that has been considered as a potential target for antifungals. The enzyme regulates the amount of cell UDP-N-GlcNAc and in eukaryotes is feedback inhibited by the activated aminosugar and other factors. The native and recombinant forms of GlcN-6-P synthase has been purified and characterized from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and demonstrated its critical role in CW remodeling and morphogenesis after exposure of some fungi to agents that stress the cell surface by interacting with wall polymers. This review deals with some of the cell compensatory responses of fungi to wall damage induced by Congo Red and Calcofluor White.
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Cotsworth S, Jackson CJ, Hallson G, Fitzpatrick KA, Syrzycka M, Coulthard AB, Bejsovec A, Marchetti M, Pimpinelli S, Wang SJH, Camfield RG, Verheyen EM, Sinclair DA, Honda BM, Hilliker AJ. Characterization of Gfat1 (zeppelin) and Gfat2, Essential Paralogous Genes Which Encode the Enzymes That Catalyze the Rate-Limiting Step in the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030448. [PMID: 35159258 PMCID: PMC8834284 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The zeppelin (zep) locus is known for its essential role in the development of the embryonic cuticle of Drosophila melanogaster. We show here that zep encodes Gfat1 (Glutamine: Fructose-6-Phosphate Aminotransferase 1; CG12449), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). This conserved pathway diverts 2%–5% of cellular glucose from glycolysis and is a nexus of sugar (fructose-6-phosphate), amino acid (glutamine), fatty acid [acetyl-coenzymeA (CoA)], and nucleotide/energy (UDP) metabolism. We also describe the isolation and characterization of lethal mutants in the euchromatic paralog, Gfat2 (CG1345), and demonstrate that ubiquitous expression of Gfat1+ or Gfat2+ transgenes can rescue lethal mutations in either gene. Gfat1 and Gfat2 show differences in mRNA and protein expression during embryogenesis and in essential tissue-specific requirements for Gfat1 and Gfat2, suggesting a degree of functional evolutionary divergence. An evolutionary, cytogenetic analysis of the two genes in six Drosophila species revealed Gfat2 to be located within euchromatin in all six species. Gfat1 localizes to heterochromatin in three melanogaster-group species, and to euchromatin in the more distantly related species. We have also found that the pattern of flanking-gene microsynteny is highly conserved for Gfat1 and somewhat less conserved for Gfat2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Cotsworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Catherine J. Jackson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute for Surgical Research, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
- The Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Graham Hallson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Kathleen A. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Monika Syrzycka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
- Allergan Canada, 500-85 Enterprise Blvd, Markham, ON L6G 0B5, Canada
| | | | - Amy Bejsovec
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Marcella Marchetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Sergio Pimpinelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Simon J. H. Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Robert G. Camfield
- BC Genome Science Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada;
| | - Esther M. Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Donald A. Sinclair
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Barry M. Honda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Arthur J. Hilliker
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Kim PK, Halbrook CJ, Kerk SA, Radyk M, Wisner S, Kremer DM, Sajjakulnukit P, Andren A, Hou SW, Trivedi A, Thurston G, Anand A, Yan L, Salamanca-Cardona L, Welling SD, Zhang L, Pratt MR, Keshari KR, Ying H, Lyssiotis CA. Hyaluronic acid fuels pancreatic cancer cell growth. eLife 2021; 10:e62645. [PMID: 34951587 PMCID: PMC8730721 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rewired metabolism is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA). Previously, we demonstrated that PDA cells enhance glycosylation precursor biogenesis through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) via activation of the rate limiting enzyme, glutamine-fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1). Here, we genetically ablated GFAT1 in human PDA cell lines, which completely blocked proliferation in vitro and led to cell death. In contrast, GFAT1 knockout did not preclude the growth of human tumor xenografts in mice, suggesting that cancer cells can maintain fidelity of glycosylation precursor pools by scavenging nutrients from the tumor microenvironment. We found that hyaluronic acid (HA), an abundant carbohydrate polymer in pancreatic tumors composed of repeating N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucuronic acid sugars, can bypass GFAT1 to refuel the HBP via the GlcNAc salvage pathway. Together, these data show HA can serve as a nutrient fueling PDA metabolism beyond its previously appreciated structural and signaling roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Kim
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Christopher J Halbrook
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Samuel A Kerk
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Megan Radyk
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Stephanie Wisner
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Daniel M Kremer
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Peter Sajjakulnukit
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Anthony Andren
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Sean W Hou
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Ayush Trivedi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Galloway Thurston
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Abhinav Anand
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | | | - Samuel D Welling
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York CityUnited States
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York CityUnited States
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
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10
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Nabeebaccus AA, Verma S, Zoccarato A, Emanuelli G, Santos CX, Streckfuss-Bömeke K, Shah AM. Cardiomyocyte protein O-GlcNAcylation is regulated by GFAT1 not GFAT2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 583:121-127. [PMID: 34735873 PMCID: PMC8606754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In response to cardiac injury, increased activity of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) is linked with cytoprotective as well as adverse effects depending on the type and duration of injury. Glutamine-fructose amidotransferase (GFAT; gene name gfpt) is the rate-limiting enzyme that controls flux through HBP. Two protein isoforms exist in the heart called GFAT1 and GFAT2. There are conflicting data on the relative importance of GFAT1 and GFAT2 during stress-induced HBP responses in the heart. Using neonatal rat cardiac cell preparations, targeted knockdown of GFPT1 and GFPT2 were performed and HBP activity measured. Immunostaining with specific GFAT1 and GFAT2 antibodies was undertaken in neonatal rat cardiac preparations and murine cardiac tissues to characterise cell-specific expression. Publicly available human heart single cell sequencing data was interrogated to determine cell-type expression. Western blots for GFAT isoform protein expression were performed in human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). GFPT1 but not GFPT2 knockdown resulted in a loss of stress-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation in neonatal cardiac cell preparations indicating reduced HBP activity. In rodent cells and tissue, immunostaining for GFAT1 identified expression in both cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts whereas immunostaining for GFAT2 was only identified in fibroblasts. Further corroboration of findings in human heart cells identified an enrichment of GFPT2 gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts but not ventricular myocytes whereas GFPT1 was expressed in both myocytes and fibroblasts. In human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, only GFAT1 protein was expressed with an absence of GFAT2. In conclusion, these results indicate that GFAT1 is the primary cardiomyocyte isoform and GFAT2 is only present in cardiac fibroblasts. Cell-specific isoform expression may have differing effects on cell function and should be considered when studying HBP and GFAT functions in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Nabeebaccus
- BHF Centre of Excellence King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
| | - Sharwari Verma
- BHF Centre of Excellence King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Anna Zoccarato
- BHF Centre of Excellence King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Giulia Emanuelli
- BHF Centre of Excellence King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Celio Xc Santos
- BHF Centre of Excellence King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Katrin Streckfuss-Bömeke
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, 10785 Berlin, partnersite Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ajay M Shah
- BHF Centre of Excellence King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
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11
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Kim J, Lee HM, Cai F, Ko B, Yang C, Lieu EL, Muhammad N, Rhyne S, Li K, Haloul M, Gu W, Faubert B, Kaushik AK, Cai L, Kasiri S, Marriam U, Nham K, Girard L, Wang H, Sun X, Kim J, Minna JD, Unsal-Kacmaz K, DeBerardinis RJ. The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway is a targetable liability in KRAS/LKB1 mutant lung cancer. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1401-1412. [PMID: 33257855 PMCID: PMC7744327 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), concurrent mutations in the oncogene KRAS and the tumour suppressor STK11 (also known as LKB1) encoding the kinase LKB1 result in aggressive tumours prone to metastasis but with liabilities arising from reprogrammed metabolism. We previously demonstrated perturbed nitrogen metabolism and addiction to an unconventional pathway of pyrimidine synthesis in KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant cancer cells. To gain broader insight into metabolic reprogramming in NSCLC, we analysed tumour metabolomes in a series of genetically engineered mouse models with oncogenic KRAS combined with mutations in LKB1 or p53. Metabolomics and gene expression profiling pointed towards activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), another nitrogen-related metabolic pathway, in both mouse and human KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant tumours. KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant cells contain high levels of HBP metabolites, higher flux through the HBP pathway and elevated dependence on the HBP enzyme glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase [isomerizing] 2 (GFPT2). GFPT2 inhibition selectively reduced KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant tumour cell growth in culture, xenografts and genetically modified mice. Our results define a new metabolic vulnerability in KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant tumours and provide a rationale for targeting GFPT2 in this aggressive NSCLC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Hyun Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Feng Cai
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bookyung Ko
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chendong Yang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Lieu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nefertiti Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shawn Rhyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kailong Li
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mohamed Haloul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wen Gu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brandon Faubert
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Akash K Kaushik
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ling Cai
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sahba Kasiri
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ummay Marriam
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kien Nham
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Luc Girard
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James Kim
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Keziban Unsal-Kacmaz
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, USA
- Oncology Translational Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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12
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Prisco SZ, Rose L, Potus F, Tian L, Wu D, Hartweck L, Al-Qazazi R, Neuber-Hess M, Eklund M, Hsu S, Thenappan T, Archer SL, Prins KW. Excess Protein O-GlcNAcylation Links Metabolic Derangements to Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7278. [PMID: 33019763 PMCID: PMC7582480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) converts glucose to uridine-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine, which, when added to serines or threonines, modulates protein function through protein O-GlcNAcylation. Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) regulates HBP flux, and AMP-kinase phosphorylation of GFAT blunts GFAT activity and O-GlcNAcylation. While numerous studies demonstrate increased right ventricle (RV) glucose uptake in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the relationship between O-GlcNAcylation and RV function in PAH is unexplored. Therefore, we examined how colchicine-mediated AMP-kinase activation altered HBP intermediates, O-GlcNAcylation, mitochondrial function, and RV function in pulmonary artery-banded (PAB) and monocrotaline (MCT) rats. AMPK activation induced GFAT phosphorylation and reduced HBP intermediates and O-GlcNAcylation in MCT but not PAB rats. Reduced O-GlcNAcylation partially restored the RV metabolic signature and improved RV function in MCT rats. Proteomics revealed elevated expression of O-GlcNAcylated mitochondrial proteins in MCT RVs, which fractionation studies corroborated. Seahorse micropolarimetry analysis of H9c2 cardiomyocytes demonstrated colchicine improved mitochondrial function and reduced O-GlcNAcylation. Presence of diabetes in PAH, a condition of excess O-GlcNAcylation, reduced RV contractility when compared to nondiabetics. Furthermore, there was an inverse relationship between RV contractility and HgbA1C. Finally, RV biopsy specimens from PAH patients displayed increased O-GlcNAcylation. Thus, excess O-GlcNAcylation may contribute to metabolic derangements and RV dysfunction in PAH.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Acylation
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cohort Studies
- Colchicine/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus/diagnostic imaging
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Echocardiography
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing)/genetics
- Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing)/metabolism
- Hexosamines/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/diagnostic imaging
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/genetics
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/physiopathology
- Male
- Metabolome
- Middle Aged
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Monocrotaline/administration & dosage
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/diagnostic imaging
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Z. Prisco
- Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.Z.P.); (L.R.); (L.H.); (M.E.); (T.T.)
| | - Lauren Rose
- Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.Z.P.); (L.R.); (L.H.); (M.E.); (T.T.)
| | - Francois Potus
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada; (F.P.); (L.T.); (D.W.); (R.A.-Q.); (M.N.-H.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Lian Tian
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada; (F.P.); (L.T.); (D.W.); (R.A.-Q.); (M.N.-H.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Danchen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada; (F.P.); (L.T.); (D.W.); (R.A.-Q.); (M.N.-H.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Lynn Hartweck
- Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.Z.P.); (L.R.); (L.H.); (M.E.); (T.T.)
| | - Ruaa Al-Qazazi
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada; (F.P.); (L.T.); (D.W.); (R.A.-Q.); (M.N.-H.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Monica Neuber-Hess
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada; (F.P.); (L.T.); (D.W.); (R.A.-Q.); (M.N.-H.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Megan Eklund
- Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.Z.P.); (L.R.); (L.H.); (M.E.); (T.T.)
| | - Steven Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
| | - Thenappan Thenappan
- Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.Z.P.); (L.R.); (L.H.); (M.E.); (T.T.)
| | - Stephen L. Archer
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada; (F.P.); (L.T.); (D.W.); (R.A.-Q.); (M.N.-H.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Kurt W. Prins
- Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.Z.P.); (L.R.); (L.H.); (M.E.); (T.T.)
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13
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Alme EB, Stevenson E, Krogan NJ, Swaney DL, Toczyski DP. The kinase Isr1 negatively regulates hexosamine biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008840. [PMID: 32579556 PMCID: PMC7340321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The S. cerevisiae ISR1 gene encodes a putative kinase with no ascribed function. Here, we show that Isr1 acts as a negative regulator of the highly-conserved hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which converts glucose into uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the carbohydrate precursor to protein glycosylation, GPI-anchor formation, and chitin biosynthesis. Overexpression of ISR1 is lethal and, at lower levels, causes sensitivity to tunicamycin and resistance to calcofluor white, implying impaired protein glycosylation and reduced chitin deposition. Gfa1 is the first enzyme in the HBP and is conserved from bacteria and yeast to humans. The lethality caused by ISR1 overexpression is rescued by co-overexpression of GFA1 or exogenous glucosamine, which bypasses GFA1's essential function. Gfa1 is phosphorylated in an Isr1-dependent fashion and mutation of Isr1-dependent sites ameliorates the lethality associated with ISR1 overexpression. Isr1 contains a phosphodegron that is phosphorylated by Pho85 and subsequently ubiquitinated by the SCF-Cdc4 complex, largely confining Isr1 protein levels to the time of bud emergence. Mutation of this phosphodegron stabilizes Isr1 and recapitulates the overexpression phenotypes. As Pho85 is a cell cycle and nutrient responsive kinase, this tight regulation of Isr1 may serve to dynamically regulate flux through the HBP and modulate how the cell's energy resources are converted into structural carbohydrates in response to changing cellular needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma B. Alme
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica Stevenson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David P. Toczyski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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14
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Vu KV, Jeong CY, Nguyen TT, Dinh TTH, Lee H, Hong SW. Deficiency of AtGFAT1 activity impairs growth, pollen germination and tolerance to tunicamycin in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:1775-1787. [PMID: 30775776 PMCID: PMC6436160 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) plays essential roles in growth and development in plants. However, insight into the biological function of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1), mediating the first regulatory step of the HBP, remains unclear in plants. Here, we report the molecular characterization of Arabidopsis AtGFAT1 gene. AtGFAT1 was highly expressed in mature pollen grains, but its expression was not detectable in the rest of the organs. Pollen grains bearing the gfat1-2 knockout allele displayed defects in a polar deposition of pectin and callose in the pollen cell wall, leading to no genetic transmission of the gfat1-2 allele through the male gametophyte. AtGFAT1 overexpression increased glucosamine (GlcN) content and enhanced resistance to tunicamycin (Tm) treatment, while RNAi-mediated suppression reduced GlcN content and resistance to Tm treatment. However, the decrease in Tm resistance by RNAi suppression of AtGFAT1 was recovered by a GlcN supplement. The exogenous GlcN supplement also rescued gfat1-2/gaft1-2 mutant plants, which were otherwise not viable. The gfat1-2/gfat1-2 plants stopped growing at the germination stage on GlcN-free medium, but GlcN supplement allowed wild-type growth of gfat1-2/gfat1-2 plants. In addition, reactive oxygen species production, cell death and a decrease in protein N-glycosylation were observed in gfat1-2/gaft1-2 mutant plants grown on GlcN-free medium, whereas these aberrant defects were not detectable on GlcN-sufficient medium. Taken together, these results show that the reduction of protein N-glycosylation was at least partially responsible for many aberrant phenotypes in growth and development as well as the response to Tm treatment caused by AtGFAT1 deficiency in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Van Vu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Thi Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Thi Huyen Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or
| | - Suk-Whan Hong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or
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15
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Yiş U, Becker K, Kurul SH, Uyanik G, Bayram E, Haliloğlu G, Polat Aİ, Ayanoğlu M, Okur D, Tosun AF, Serdaroğlu G, Yilmaz S, Topaloğlu H, Anlar B, Cirak S, Engel AG. Genetic Landscape of Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes From Turkey: Novel Mutations and Clinical Insights. J Child Neurol 2017; 32:759-765. [PMID: 28464723 PMCID: PMC5655993 DOI: 10.1177/0883073817705252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Most are treatable, but certain subtypes worsen with cholinesterase inhibitors. This underlines the importance of genetic diagnosis. Here, the authors report on cases with genetically proven congenital myasthenic syndromes from Turkey. The authors retrospectively reviewed their experience of all patients with congenital myasthenic syndromes, referred over a 5-year period (2011-2016) to the Child Neurology Department of Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey. In addition, PubMed was searched for published cases of genetically proven congenital myasthenic syndromes originating from Turkey. In total, the authors identified 43 (8 new patients, 35 recently published patients) cases. Defects in the acetylcholine receptor (n = 15; 35%) were the most common type, followed by synaptic basal-lamina associated (n = 14; 33%) and presynaptic syndromes (n = 10; 23%). The authors had only 3 cases (7%) who had defects in endplate development. One patient had mutation GFPT1 gene (n = 1; 2%). Knowledge on congenital myasthenic syndromes and related genes in Turkey will lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment of these rare neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uluç Yiş
- Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, İzmir, TURKEY
| | - Kerstin Becker
- Cologne University, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY
| | - Semra Hız Kurul
- Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, İzmir, TURKEY
| | - Gökhan Uyanik
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, AUSTRIA
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, AUSTRIA
| | - Erhan Bayram
- Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, İzmir, TURKEY
| | - Göknur Haliloğlu
- Hacettepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Ankara, TURKEY
| | - Ayşe İpek Polat
- Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, İzmir, TURKEY
| | - Müge Ayanoğlu
- Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, İzmir, TURKEY
| | - Derya Okur
- Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, İzmir, TURKEY
| | - Ayşe Fahriye Tosun
- Adnan Menderes University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Aydın, TURKEY
| | - Gül Serdaroğlu
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, İzmir, TURKEY
| | - Sanem Yilmaz
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, İzmir, TURKEY
| | - Haluk Topaloğlu
- Hacettepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Ankara, TURKEY
| | - Banu Anlar
- Hacettepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Ankara, TURKEY
| | - Sebahattin Cirak
- Cologne University, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY
| | - Andrew G. Engel
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Department of Neurology, MN 55905, USA
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Bennett AM, Shippy DC, Eakley N, Okwumabua O, Fadl AA. Functional characterization of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS) in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:541-9. [PMID: 27017337 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a threat to public health due to consumption of contaminated food. Screening of a transposon library identified a unique mutant that was growth and host cell binding deficient. The objective of this study was to determine the functional role of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS) in the biology and pathogenesis of Salmonella. To examine this, we created a glmS mutant (ΔglmS) of Salmonella and examined the effect on cell envelope integrity, growth, metabolism, and pathogenesis. Our data indicated ΔglmS was defective in growth unless media were supplemented with D-glucosamine (D-GlcN). Examination of the bacterial cell envelope revealed that ΔglmS was highly sensitive to detergents, hydrophobic antibiotics, and bile salts compared to the wild type (WT). A release assay indicated that ΔglmS secreted higher amounts of β-lactamase than the WT in culture supernatant fractions. Furthermore, ΔglmS was attenuated in cell culture models of Salmonella infection. Taken together, this study determined an important role for GlmS in the pathogenesis and biology of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Bennett
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Daniel C Shippy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nicholas Eakley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ogi Okwumabua
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Amin A Fadl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 3477 Euler Way, Room 8031, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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18
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Willems AP, van Engelen BGM, Lefeber DJ. Genetic defects in the hexosamine and sialic acid biosynthesis pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:1640-54. [PMID: 26721333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital disorders of glycosylation are caused by defects in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids. Classically, gene defects with multisystem disease have been identified in the ubiquitously expressed glycosyltransferases required for protein N-glycosylation. An increasing number of defects are being described in sugar supply pathways for protein glycosylation with tissue-restricted clinical symptoms. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we address the hexosamine and sialic acid biosynthesis pathways in sugar metabolism. GFPT1, PGM3 and GNE are essential for synthesis of nucleotide sugars uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-sialic acid) as precursors for various glycosylation pathways. Defects in these enzymes result in contrasting clinical phenotypes of congenital myasthenia, immunodeficiency or adult-onset myopathy, respectively. We therefore discuss the biochemical mechanisms of known genetic defects in the hexosamine and CMP-sialic acid synthesis pathway in relation to the clinical phenotypes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Both UDP-GlcNAc and CMP-sialic acid are important precursors for diverse protein glycosylation reactions and for conversion into other nucleotide-sugars. Defects in the synthesis of these nucleotide sugars might affect a wide range of protein glycosylation reactions. Involvement of multiple glycosylation pathways might contribute to disease phenotype, but the currently available biochemical information on sugar metabolism is insufficient to understand why defects in these pathways present with tissue-specific phenotypes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Future research on the interplay between sugar metabolism and different glycosylation pathways in a tissue- and cell-specific manner will contribute to elucidation of disease mechanisms and will create new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke P Willems
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Baziel G M van Engelen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Liu Y, Cai DX, Wang L, Li JZ, Wang WN. Glucosamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: characterization and regulation under alkaline and cadmium stress. Ecotoxicology 2015; 24:1754-1764. [PMID: 25956985 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal residues and chemical contaminators considered as relevant sources of aquatic environmental pollutants have a generally immunosuppressive effect on aquatic organisms, depressing metabolic activities and immune response. Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT, EC2.6.1.16) is the first, and rate-limiting, enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, and is involved in the regulation of chitin biosynthesis and glycosylation of proteins. We have isolated and characterized GFAT from the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Amino acid sequence similarity of the Lv-GFAT (L.vannamei-GFAT) was highest to GFATs isolated from insects and mammals (83 % similarity to that of Haemaphysalis longicornis). The open-reading frame of the Lv-GFAT codes for a protein of 41.6 kDa with a calculated isoelectric point of 5.03. RT-PCR assays showed that endogenous Lv-GFAT mRNA is most strongly expressed in the intestine. Further analysis of Lv-GFAT gene expression in hepatopancreas by quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that Lv-GFAT transcript levels increased when the shrimp were exposed to alkaline pH (9.3) and cadmium stress, but the time when its mRNA expression level peaked differed under these stresses. We also first expressed the recombinant protein of GFAT from shrimps in Escherichia coli. Western blot analyses confirmed that the Lv-GFAT protein was strongly expressed in the hepatopancreas after exposure to the LC-Cd stress. These results suggest that Lv-GFAT expression is stimulated by alkaline pH and cadmium stress and that it may play important roles in resistance of shrimp to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - D X Cai
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - L Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - J Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - W N Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Ji JH, Oh YL, Hong M, Yun JW, Lee HW, Kim D, Ji Y, Kim DH, Park WY, Shin HT, Kim KM, Ahn MJ, Park K, Sun JM. Identification of Driving ALK Fusion Genes and Genomic Landscape of Medullary Thyroid Cancer. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005467. [PMID: 26295973 PMCID: PMC4546689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic landscape of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is not yet fully understood, although some oncogenic mutations have been identified. To explore genetic profiles of MTCs, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues from MTC patients were assayed on the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Panel v2. Eighty-four sporadic MTC samples and 36 paired normal thyroid tissues were successfully sequenced. We discovered 101 hotspot mutations in 18 genes in the 84 MTC tissue samples. The most common mutation was in the ret proto-oncogene, which occurred in 47 cases followed by mutations in genes encoding Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (N = 14), serine/threonine kinase 11 (N = 11), v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (N = 6), mutL homolog 1 (N = 4), Kiesten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (N = 3) and MET proto-oncogene (N = 3). We also evaluated anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement by immunohistochemistry and break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Two of 98 screened cases were positive for ALK FISH. To identify the genomic breakpoint and 5’ fusion partner of ALK, customized targeted cancer panel sequencing was performed using DNA from tumor samples of the two patients. Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1)-ALK and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK fusions were identified. Additional PCR analysis, followed by Sanger sequencing, confirmed the GFPT1-ALK fusion, indicating that the fusion is a result of intra-chromosomal translocation or deletion. Notably, a metastatic MTC case harboring the EML4-ALK fusion showed a dramatic response to an ALK inhibitor, crizotinib. In conclusion, we found several genetic mutations in MTC and are the first to identify ALK fusions in MTC. Our results suggest that the EML4-ALK fusion in MTC may be a potential driver mutation and a valid target of ALK inhibitors. Furthermore, the GFPT1-ALK fusion may be a potential candidate for molecular target therapy. Little is known about the molecular biology of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), which is a rare disease. Genomics are increasingly being used to improve our knowledge about disease biology and to identify therapeutic targets in many cancers. Here, we report the largest genomic results of MTC to date. MTC tissue frequently included several mutations. For the first time, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements were detected in MTC: one case with a glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1)-ALK fusion, and another case with an echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK fusion. The fusion mechanism of the novel GFPT1-ALK fusion was successfully investigated using molecular biology techniques. In addition, an inhibitor of ALK (crizotinib) dramatically decreased the number of metastatic MTC lesions harboring the EML4-ALK fusion, thus verifying the fusion as a promising target in MTC. Our findings suggest that using rapidly improving sequencing techniques and accumulated genomic data to comprehensively perform genetic analyses on rare tumors, such as MTC, will help to improve the poor prognosis of orphan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Ji
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Young Lyun Oh
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mineui Hong
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Won Yun
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Lee
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - DeokGeun Kim
- Molecular Translational Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongick Ji
- Molecular Translational Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Hwan Kim
- Molecular Translational Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Tae Shin
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keunchil Park
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Mu Sun
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Xin DW, Liao S, Xie ZP, Hann DR, Steinle L, Boller T, Staehelin C. Functional analysis of NopM, a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase (NEL) domain effector of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002707. [PMID: 22615567 PMCID: PMC3355095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 3 effector proteins secreted via the bacterial type 3 secretion system (T3SS) are not only virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria, but also influence symbiotic interactions between nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria (rhizobia) and leguminous host plants. In this study, we characterized NopM (nodulation outer protein M) of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234, which shows sequence similarities with novel E3 ubiquitin ligase (NEL) domain effectors from the human pathogens Shigella flexneri and Salomonella enterica. NopM expressed in Escherichia coli, but not the non-functional mutant protein NopM-C338A, showed E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. In vivo, NopM, but not inactive NopM-C338A, promoted nodulation of the host plant Lablab purpureus by NGR234. When NopM was expressed in yeast, it inhibited mating pheromone signaling, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. When expressed in the plant Nicotiana benthamiana, NopM inhibited one part of the plant's defense response, as shown by a reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to the flagellin peptide flg22, whereas it stimulated another part, namely the induction of defense genes. In summary, our data indicate the potential for NopM as a functional NEL domain E3 ubiquitin ligase. Our findings that NopM dampened the flg22-induced ROS burst in N. benthamiana but promoted defense gene induction are consistent with the concept that pattern-triggered immunity is split in two separate signaling branches, one leading to ROS production and the other to defense gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dagmar R. Hann
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, Zurich Basel Plant Science Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Steinle
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, Zurich Basel Plant Science Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, Zurich Basel Plant Science Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Yang X, Hou B, Zong C, Hong G. Identification of a NodD repressible gene adjacent to nodM in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:323-9. [PMID: 22337919 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nodFEL and nodMNT operons in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae are transcribed in the same orientation and induced by NodD in response to flavonoids secreted by legumes. In the narrow intergenic region between nodFEL and nodMNT, we identified a small gene divergently transcribed from nodM to the 3' end of nodL. Unlike the promoters upstream of nodF and nodM, the promoter of this gene is constitutively expressed. It appeared that its promoter might partially overlap with that of nodM and its expression was repressed by nodD. A deletion mutation was made and proteins produced by the mutant were compared with those by wild-type using 2D gel electrophoresis. Several protein differences were identified suggesting that this small gene influences the expression or stability of these proteins. However, the mutant nodulated its host plant (pea) normally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao'er Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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23
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Kawada-Matsuo M, Mazda Y, Oogai Y, Kajiya M, Kawai T, Yamada S, Miyawaki S, Oho T, Komatsuzawa H. GlmS and NagB regulate amino sugar metabolism in opposing directions and affect Streptococcus mutans virulence. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33382. [PMID: 22438919 PMCID: PMC3306399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a cariogenic pathogen that produces an extracellular polysaccharide (glucan) from dietary sugars, which allows it to establish a reproductive niche and secrete acids that degrade tooth enamel. While two enzymes (GlmS and NagB) are known to be key factors affecting the entrance of amino sugars into glycolysis and cell wall synthesis in several other bacteria, their roles in S. mutans remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the roles of GlmS and NagB in S. mutans sugar metabolism and determined whether they have an effect on virulence. NagB expression increased in the presence of GlcNAc while GlmS expression decreased, suggesting that the regulation of these enzymes, which functionally oppose one another, is dependent on the concentration of environmental GlcNAc. A glmS-inactivated mutant could not grow in the absence of GlcNAc, while nagB-inactivated mutant growth was decreased in the presence of GlcNAc. Also, nagB inactivation was found to decrease the expression of virulence factors, including cell-surface protein antigen and glucosyltransferase, and to decrease biofilm formation and saliva-induced S. mutans aggregation, while glmS inactivation had the opposite effects on virulence factor expression and bacterial aggregation. Our results suggest that GlmS and NagB function in sugar metabolism in opposing directions, increasing and decreasing S. mutans virulence, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kawada-Matsuo
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mazda
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oogai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sakuo Yamada
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Kawasaki Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shouichi Miyawaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takahiko Oho
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Banáš P, Walter NG, Šponer J, Otyepka M. Protonation states of the key active site residues and structural dynamics of the glmS riboswitch as revealed by molecular dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:8701-12. [PMID: 20536206 PMCID: PMC2900856 DOI: 10.1021/jp9109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The glmS catalytic riboswitch is part of the 5'-untranslated region of mRNAs encoding glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) synthetase (glmS) in numerous gram-positive bacteria. Binding of the cofactor GlcN6P induces site-specific self-cleavage of the RNA. However, the detailed reaction mechanism as well as the protonation state of the glmS reactive form still remains elusive. To probe the dominant protonation states of key active site residues, we carried out explicit solvent molecular dynamic simulations involving various protonation states of three crucial active site moieties observed in the available crystal structures: (i) guanine G40 (following the Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis numbering), (ii) the GlcN6P amino/ammonium group, and (iii) the GlcN6P phosphate moiety. We found that a deprotonated G40(-) seems incompatible with the observed glmS active site architecture. Our data suggest that the canonical form of G40 plays a structural role by stabilizing an in-line attack conformation of the cleavage site A-1(2'-OH) nucleophile, rather than a more direct chemical role. In addition, we observe weakened cofactor binding upon protonation of the GlcN6P phosphate moiety, which explains the experimentally observed increase in K(m) with decreasing pH. Finally, we discuss a possible role of cofactor binding and its interaction with the G65 and G1 purines in structural stabilization of the A-1(2'-OH) in-line attack conformation. On the basis of the identified dominant protonation state of the reaction precursor, we propose a hypothesis of the self-cleavage mechanism in which A-1(2'-OH) is activated as a nucleophile by the G1(pro-R(p)) nonbridging oxygen of the scissile phosphate, whereas the ammonium group of GlcN6P acts as the general acid protonating the G1(O5') leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Banáš
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; fax +420 585634761,
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; phone: +420 541517133,
| | - Nils G. Walter
- Department of Chemistry, Single Molecule Analysis Group, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; fax +420 585634761,
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; phone: +420 541517133,
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; fax +420 585634761,
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; phone: +420 541517133,
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25
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Reichenbach B, Maes A, Kalamorz F, Hajnsdorf E, Görke B. The small RNA GlmY acts upstream of the sRNA GlmZ in the activation of glmS expression and is subject to regulation by polyadenylation in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:2570-80. [PMID: 18334534 PMCID: PMC2377431 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli the glmS gene encoding glucosamine 6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) synthase GlmS is feedback regulated by GlcN-6-P in a pathway that involves the small RNA GlmZ. Expression of glmS is activated by the unprocessed form of GlmZ, which accumulates when the intracellular GlcN-6-P concentration decreases. GlmZ stabilizes a glmS transcript that derives from processing. Overexpression of a second sRNA, GlmY, also activates glmS expression in an unknown way. Furthermore, mutations in two genes, yhbJ and pcnB, cause accumulation of full-length GlmZ and thereby activate glmS expression. The function of yhbJ is unknown and pcnB encodes poly(A) polymerase PAP-I known to polyadenylate and destabilize RNAs. Here we show that GlmY acts indirectly in a way that depends on GlmZ. When the intracellular GlcN-6-P concentration decreases, GlmY accumulates and causes in turn accumulation of full-length GlmZ, which finally activates glmS expression. In glmZ mutants, GlmY has no effect on glmS, whereas artificially expressed GlmZ can activate glmS expression also in the absence of GlmY. Furthermore, we show that PAP-I acts at the top of this regulatory pathway by polyadenylating and destabilizing GlmY. In pcnB mutants, GlmY accumulates and induces glmS expression by stabilizing full-length GlmZ. Hence, the data reveal a regulatory cascade composed of two sRNAs, which responds to GlcN-6-P and is controlled by polyadenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Reichenbach
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany and Régulation de l'Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7; CNRS, UPR9073; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Maes
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany and Régulation de l'Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7; CNRS, UPR9073; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Falk Kalamorz
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany and Régulation de l'Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7; CNRS, UPR9073; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eliane Hajnsdorf
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany and Régulation de l'Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7; CNRS, UPR9073; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Boris Görke
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany and Régulation de l'Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7; CNRS, UPR9073; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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26
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Son MK, Hong SJ, Lee YH. Acetate-mediated pH-stat fed-batch cultivation of transconjugant Enterobacter sp. BL-2S over-expressing glmS gene for excretive production of microbial polyglucosamine PGB-1. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 34:799-805. [PMID: 17909871 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A unique cationic polyglucosamine biopolymer PGB-1 comprising more than 95% D-glucosamine was excretively produced from a new bacterial strain Enterobacter sp. BL-2 under acetate-mediated culture conditions. Since the biopolymer PGB-1 could be synthesized from the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine monomer derived from the hexosamine pathway, three glmS, glmM, and glmU genes in the hexosamine pathway were cloned from Enterobacter sp. BL-2, and their molecular structures were elucidated. The cloned glmS, glmM, and glmU genes were reintroduced into the parent strain Enterobacter sp. BL-2 through a conjugative transformation for the overproduction of the biopolymer PGB-1. The biopolymer production increased 1.5-fold in the transconjugant Enterobacter sp. BL-2S over-expressing the first-step glmS gene encoding glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase. The transconjugant Enterobacter sp. BL-2S was cultivated pH-stat fed-batch widely, while intermittently feeding an acetate solution to maintain a constant pH level of 8.0 for 72 h, resulting in 1.15 g/L of the extracellular polyglucosamine biopolymer PGB-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Son
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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27
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Floquet N, Mouilleron S, Daher R, Maigret B, Badet B, Badet-Denisot MA. Ammonia channeling in bacterial glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (Glms): molecular dynamics simulations and kinetic studies of protein mutants. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2981-7. [PMID: 17559838 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia transfer from the glutamine site to the fructose-6P site of bacterial glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase was studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The studies suggest a key role for Trp74, in the sealing of the hydrophobic channel connecting the two binding sites, as well as for the two Ala602 and Val605 residues, which form a narrow passage whose opening/closing constitutes an essential event in ammonia transfer. Kinetic analyses of the corresponding protein mutants confirmed our predictions. The efficiency of ammonia transfer which was close to zero in the W74A mutant was partially restored by increasing the size of the corresponding side-chain; the simulations performed on the W74A mutant suggested the formation of a hole in the channel. In the case of A602L and V605L mutants, the efficiency of ammonia transfer decreased to approximately 50% of the value of the native protein. None of the mutants were, however, able to use exogenous ammonia as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Floquet
- ICSN-CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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28
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Srinivasan V, Sandhya N, Sampathkumar R, Farooq S, Mohan V, Balasubramanyam M. Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) gene expression and activity in patients with type 2 diabetes: inter-relationships with hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:952-7. [PMID: 17574229 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE : Cell culture and animal model studies have strongly suggested a role for the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine biosynthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) in insulin resistance. However, there are very few clinical studies and none on Asian Indians, a high-risk group for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which examined the role of GFAT in insulin resistance and T2DM. DESIGN AND METHOD : The study group comprised of T2DM subjects without any complications (n=25) and control non-diabetic subjects (n=23). GFAT mRNA expression and activity were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and fluorimetry, respectively. Oxidative damage was assessed in plasma by the extent of lipid peroxidation [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)] and protein carbonyl content (PCO) using standard methods. RESULT : The mean (+/-SE) GFAT activity was significantly higher in diabetic (30.22+/-2.40 pM/mg protein/min) compared to control subjects (20.10+/-1.12 pM/mg protein/min) (p<0.001). Plasma levels of diabetic patients also exhibited increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. GFAT activity was positively correlated (p<0.005) with GFAT mRNA, HbA(1c), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), postprandial plasma glucose and levels of TBARS and PCO. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the association between GFAT activity and T2DM persisted even after adjusting for age, gender, BMI and HOMA-IR (OR=1.202, p=0.026). CONCLUSION : Increased GFAT activity appears to be associated with insulin resistance, postprandial hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress in T2DM and may point towards a potential pathway amenable for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedantham Srinivasan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Center 6B, Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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29
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Abstract
Functional and structural properties of several truncated or mutated variants of Candida albicans Gfa1p (glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase) were compared with those of the wild-type enzyme. Fragments encompassing residues 1-345 and 346-712 of Gfa1p, expressed heterogeneously in bacterial host as His6 fusions, were identified as the functional GAH (glutamine amidehydrolysing) and ISOM (hexose phosphate-isomerizing) domains respectively. It was found that the native GAH domain is monomeric, whereas the native ISOM domain forms tetramers, as does the whole enzyme. Spectrofluorimetric and kinetic studies of the isolated domains, the Delta218-283Gfa1p mutein and the wild-type enzyme revealed that the binding site for the feedback inhibitor, uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, is located in the ISOM domain. Inhibitor binding affects amidohydrolysing activity of the GAH domain and, as a consequence, the GlcN-6-P (D-glucosamine-6-phosphate)-synthetic activity of the whole enzyme. The fragment containing residues 218-283 is neither involved in ligand binding nor in protein oligomerization. Comparison of the catalytic activities of Gfa1p(V711F), Delta709-712Gfa1p, Gfa1p(W97F) and Gfa1p(W97G) with those of the native Gfa1p and the isolated domains provided evidence for an intramolecular channel connecting the GAH and ISOM domains of Gfa1p. The channel becomes leaky upon deletion of amino acids 709-712 and in the W97F and W97G mutants. The Trp97 residue was found to function as a molecular gate, opening and closing the channel. The W97G and V711F mutations resulted in an almost complete elimination of the GlcN-6-P-synthetic activity, with the retention of the amidohydrolase and sugar phosphate-isomerizing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Olchowy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Iwona Gabriel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sławomir Milewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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30
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Yang CT, Hindes AE, Hultman KA, Johnson SL. Mutations in gfpt1 and skiv2l2 cause distinct stage-specific defects in larval melanocyte regeneration in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:e88. [PMID: 17542649 PMCID: PMC1885281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a single cell type regeneration paradigm in the zebrafish provides an opportunity to investigate the genetic mechanisms specific to regeneration processes. We previously demonstrated that regeneration melanocytes arise from cell division of the otherwise quiescent melanocyte precursors following larval melanocyte ablation with a small molecule, MoTP. The ease of ablating melanocytes by MoTP allows us to conduct a forward genetic screen for mechanisms specific to regeneration from such precursors or stem cells. Here, we reported the identification of two mutants, earthaj23e1 and juliej24e1 from a melanocyte ablation screen. Both mutants develop normal larval melanocytes, but upon melanocyte ablation, each mutation results in a distinct stage-specific defect in melanocyte regeneration. Positional cloning reveals that the earthaj23e1 mutation is a nonsense mutation in gfpt1 (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1), the rate-limiting enzyme in glucosamine-6-phosphate biosynthesis. Our analyses reveal that a mutation in gfpt1 specifically affects melanocyte differentiation (marked by melanin production) at a late stage during regeneration and that gfpt1 acts cell autonomously in melanocytes to promote ontogenetic melanocyte darkening. We identified that the juliej24e1 mutation is a splice-site mutation in skiv2l2 (superkiller viralicidic activity 2-like 2), a predicted DEAD-box RNA helicase. Our in situ analysis reveals that the mutation in skiv2l2 causes defects in cell proliferation, suggesting that skiv2l2 plays a role in regulating melanoblast proliferation during early stages of melanocyte regeneration. This finding is consistent with previously described role for cell division during larval melanocyte regeneration. The analyses of these mutants reveal their stage-specific roles in melanocyte regeneration. Interestingly, these mutants identify regeneration-specific functions not only in early stages of the regeneration process, but also in late stages of differentiation of the regenerating melanocyte. We suggest that mechanisms of regeneration identified in this mutant screen may reveal fundamental differences between the mechanisms that establish differentiated cells during embryogenesis, and those involved in larval or adult growth. Programs of ontogenetic development and regeneration share many components. Differences in genetic requirements between regeneration and development may identify mechanisms specific to the stem cells that maintain cell populations in postembryonic stages, or identify other regeneration-specific functions. Here, we utilize a forward genetic approach that takes advantage of single cell type ablation and regeneration to isolate mechanisms specific to regeneration of the zebrafish melanocyte. Upon chemical ablation of melanocytes, zebrafish larvae reconstitute their larval pigment pattern from undifferentiated precursors or stem cells. We isolated two zebrafish mutants that develop embryonic melanocytes normally but fail to regenerate their melanocytes upon ablation. This phenotype suggests the regeneration-specific roles of the mutated genes. We further identified the mutations in gfpt1 and skiv2l2 and show their stage-specific roles in melanocyte regeneration. Interestingly, these mutants identify regeneration-specific functions not only in early stages of the regeneration process (skiv2l2), but also in late stages of differentiation of the regenerating melanocyte (gfpt1). We suggest that mechanisms of regeneration identified in this mutant screen may reveal fundamental differences between the mechanisms that establish differentiated cells during embryogenesis and those involved in larval or adult growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Tsung Yang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Anna E Hindes
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Keith A Hultman
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Stephen L Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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31
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Joanny G, Derout JL, Bréchemier-Baey D, Labas V, Vinh J, Régnier P, Hajnsdorf E. Polyadenylation of a functional mRNA controls gene expression in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:2494-502. [PMID: 17395638 PMCID: PMC1885654 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although usually implicated in the stabilization of mRNAs in eukaryotes, polyadenylation was initially shown to destabilize RNA in bacteria. All the data are consistent with polyadenylation being part of a quality control process targeting folded RNA fragments and non-functional RNA molecules to degradation. We report here an example in Escherichia coli, where polyadenylation directly controls the level of expression of a gene by modulating the stability of a functional transcript. Inactivation of poly(A)polymerase I causes overexpression of glucosamine–6-phosphate synthase (GlmS) and both the accumulation and stabilization of the glmS transcript. Moreover, we show that the glmS mRNA results from the processing of the glmU-glmS cotranscript by RNase E. Interestingly, the glmU-glmS cotranscript and the mRNA fragment encoding GlmU only slightly accumulated in the absence of poly(A)polymerase, suggesting that the endonucleolytically generated glmS mRNA harbouring a 5′ monophosphate and a 3′ stable hairpin is highly susceptible to poly(A)-dependent degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Joanny
- Régulation de l’Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, UPR CNRS n° 9073, conventionnée avec l’Université Paris 7—Denis Diderot, Paris, France and Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, UMR CNRS n° 7637, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Le Derout
- Régulation de l’Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, UPR CNRS n° 9073, conventionnée avec l’Université Paris 7—Denis Diderot, Paris, France and Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, UMR CNRS n° 7637, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bréchemier-Baey
- Régulation de l’Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, UPR CNRS n° 9073, conventionnée avec l’Université Paris 7—Denis Diderot, Paris, France and Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, UMR CNRS n° 7637, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- Régulation de l’Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, UPR CNRS n° 9073, conventionnée avec l’Université Paris 7—Denis Diderot, Paris, France and Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, UMR CNRS n° 7637, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- Régulation de l’Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, UPR CNRS n° 9073, conventionnée avec l’Université Paris 7—Denis Diderot, Paris, France and Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, UMR CNRS n° 7637, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Régnier
- Régulation de l’Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, UPR CNRS n° 9073, conventionnée avec l’Université Paris 7—Denis Diderot, Paris, France and Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, UMR CNRS n° 7637, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Hajnsdorf
- Régulation de l’Expression Génétique chez les Microorganismes, UPR CNRS n° 9073, conventionnée avec l’Université Paris 7—Denis Diderot, Paris, France and Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, UMR CNRS n° 7637, Paris, France
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed +33 1 58 41 51 26+33 1 58 41 50 20
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32
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Huang X, Tsuji N, Miyoshi T, Motobu M, Islam MK, Alim MA, Fujisaki K. Characterization of glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase from the ixodid tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, and its critical role in host blood feeding. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:383-92. [PMID: 17222844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT, EC2.6.1.16) is the first, and rate-limiting, enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, and is involved in the regulation of chitin biosynthesis and glycosylation of proteins. We report here the molecular characterization and potential functions of a novel GFAT (HlGFAT) from the ixodid tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. HlGFAT consists of 696 amino acids, possesses a class II glutamine aminotransferase domain and two sugar isomerase motifs, and has a close phylogenetic relationship to insect GFAT. HlGFAT was expressed at all stages of development and in multiple organs. The transcription levels in the cuticle and midgut were enhanced significantly by blood feeding during the first 3 days and decreased on the fifth day, while those in salivary glands maintained almost the same level during the first 3 days, and decreased to a rather low level at 5 days postinfestation. Endogenous HlGFAT was identified at all developmental stages and in multiple organs, such as epidermis, midgut epithelium, salivary gland, ovary, Malpigian's tubule and trachea. It was identified as a protein of 78.4 kDa using Western blot analysis. Following RNA interference of HlGFAT, engorgement by adult females was reduced significantly. One of the potential mechanisms for this effect may be that the inhibition of HlGFAT limits chitin biosynthesis, so disrupting cuticle growth and possibly peritrophic matrix formation during blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Huang
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture Research Organization, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Raman P, Krukovets I, Marinic TE, Bornstein P, Stenina OI. Glycosylation mediates up-regulation of a potent antiangiogenic and proatherogenic protein, thrombospondin-1, by glucose in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:5704-14. [PMID: 17178709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610965200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerated development of atherosclerotic lesions remains the most frequent and dangerous complication of diabetes, accounting for 80% of deaths among diabetics. However, our understanding of the pathways mediating glucose-induced gene expression in vascular cells remains controversial and incomplete. We have identified an intracellular metabolic pathway activated by high glucose in human aortic smooth muscle cells that mediates up-regulation of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). TSP-1 is a potent antiangiogenic and proatherogenic protein that may represent an important link between diabetes and vascular complications. Using different glucose analogs and metabolites sharing distinct, limited metabolic steps with glucose, we demonstrated that activation of TSP-1 transcription is mediated by the hexosamine pathway of glucose catabolism, possibly resulting in modulation of the activity of nuclear proteins activity through their glycosylation. Specific inhibitors of glutamine: fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), an enzyme controlling the hexosamine pathway, as well as direct inhibitors of protein glycosylation efficiently inhibited TSP-1 transcription and the activity of a TSP-1 promoter-reporter construct stimulated by high glucose. Overexpression of recombinant GFAT resulted in increased TSP-1 levels. Pharmacological inhibition of GFAT or protein glycosylation inhibited increased proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells caused by glucose. We have demonstrated that the hexosamine metabolic pathway mediates up-regulation of TSP-1 by high glucose. Our results suggest that the hexosamine pathway and intracellular glycosylation may control important steps in initiation and development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Raman
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Abstract
The glmS ribozyme is the only natural catalytic RNA known to require a small-molecule activator for catalysis. This catalytic RNA functions as a riboswitch, with activator-dependent RNA cleavage regulating glmS messenger RNA expression. We report crystal structures of the glmS ribozyme in precleavage states that are unliganded or bound to the competitive inhibitor glucose-6-phosphate and in the postcleavage state. All structures superimpose closely, revealing a remarkably rigid RNA that contains a preformed active and coenzyme-binding site. Unlike other riboswitches, the glmS ribozyme binds its activator in an open, solvent-accessible pocket. Our structures suggest that the amine group of the glmS ribozyme-bound coenzyme performs general acid-base and electrostatic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Klein
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Kunika K, Tanahashi T, Kudo E, Mizusawa N, Ichiishi E, Nakamura N, Yoshikawa T, Yamaoka T, Yasumo H, Tsugawa K, Moritani M, Inoue H, Itakura M. Effect of +36T>C in intron 1 on the glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 gene and its contribution to type 2 diabetes in different populations. J Hum Genet 2006; 51:1100-1109. [PMID: 17024311 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFPT1) acts as a rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which is an alternative branch of glucose metabolism. To evaluate GFPT1 as a susceptibility gene to type 2 diabetes, we surveyed the polymorphisms related with the gene function of GFPT1 and assessed its contribution to type 2 diabetes with a case-control association study. Screening of the 5'-flanking and all coding regions of GFPT1 revealed eight polymorphisms, one in the 5'-flanking region, one synonymous polymorphism in exon 8, five in introns and one in 3'-UTR, but no mis-sense or non-sense polymorphism. With in silico simulation, a putative promoter region was apparently predicted between 1 kb upstream and 1 kb downstream of the start codon. In this region, +36T>C polymorphism was located on the GC box sequence in intron 1, and its functional effect on promoter activity was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay, introducing a new functional polymorphism of the GFPT1 gene. To examine its association with type 2 diabetes, we analyzed 2,763 Japanese (1,461 controls and 1,302 cases) and 330 Caucasians (190 controls and 140 cases). One possible association of +36T>C was observed in Caucasians, but no association of polymorphisms including +36T>C in intron 1 or haplotypes was observed in Japanese. Although we could not completely rule out a contribution to specific sub-groups or other populations, genetic variation of GFPT1 is unlikely to have a major role in the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kunika
- Division of Genetic Information, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toshihito Tanahashi
- Division of Genetic Information, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Eiji Kudo
- Department of Human Pathology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Noriko Mizusawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Ichiishi
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai-city, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Naoto Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 465, Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-Kawaramachi, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 465, Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-Kawaramachi, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaoka
- Yamaoka Clinic, 3-13-25, Narashinodai, Funabashi-city, Chiba, 274-0063, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yasumo
- Core Technology Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Limited, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsugawa
- Division of Genetic Information, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Maki Moritani
- Division of Genetic Information, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Division of Genetic Information, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Itakura
- Division of Genetic Information, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Been
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Link KH, Guo L, Breaker RR. Examination of the structural and functional versatility of glmS ribozymes by using in vitro selection. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:4968-75. [PMID: 16982640 PMCID: PMC1635283 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-cleaving ribozymes associated with the glmS genes of many Gram-positive bacteria are activated by binding to glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P). Representatives of the glmS ribozyme class function as metabolite-sensing riboswitches whose self-cleavage activities down-regulate the expression of GlmS enzymes that synthesizes GlcN6P. As with other riboswitches, natural glmS ribozyme isolates are highly specific for their target metabolite. Other small molecules closely related to GlcN6P, such as glucose-6-phosphate, cannot activate self-cleavage. We applied in vitro selection methods in an attempt to identify variants of a Bacillus cereus glmS ribozyme that expand the range of compounds that induce self-cleavage. In addition, we sought to increase the number of variant ribozymes of this class to further examine the proposed secondary structure model. Although numerous variant ribozymes were obtained that efficiently self-cleave, none exhibited changes in target specificity. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that GlcN6P is used by the ribozyme as a coenzyme for RNA cleavage, rather than an allosteric effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian H. Link
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lixia Guo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ronald R. Breaker
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Deng MD, Grund AD, Wassink SL, Peng SS, Nielsen KL, Huckins BD, Burlingame RP. Directed evolution and characterization of Escherichia coli glucosamine synthase. Biochimie 2006; 88:419-29. [PMID: 16871653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucosamine synthase (GlmS) converts fructose-6-phosphate to glucosamine-6-phosphate. Overexpression of GlmS in Escherichia coli increased synthesis of glucosamine-6-P, which was dephosphorylated and secreted as glucosamine into the growth medium. The E. coli glmS gene was improved through error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order to develop microbial strains for fermentation production of glucosamine. Mutants producing higher levels of glucosamine were identified by a plate cross-feeding assay and confirmed in shake flask cultures. Over 10 mutants were characterized and all showed significantly reduced sensitivity to inhibition by glucosamine-6-phosphate. Ki of mutants ranged from 1.4 to 4.0 mM as compared to 0.56 mM for the wild type enzyme. Product resistance resulted from single mutations (L468P, G471S) and/or combinations of mutations in the sugar isomerase domain. Most overexpressed GlmS protein was found in the form of inclusion bodies. Cell lysate from mutant 2123-72 contained twice as much soluble GlmS protein and enzyme activity as the strain overexpressing the wild type gene. Using the product-resistant mutant, glucosamine production was increased 60-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-De Deng
- Bio-Technical Resources, South 7th Street, Manitowoc, WI 54220, USA.
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39
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Damveld RA, Arentshorst M, Franken A, vanKuyk PA, Klis FM, van den Hondel CAMJJ, Ram AFJ. The Aspergillus niger MADS-box transcription factor RlmA is required for cell wall reinforcement in response to cell wall stress. Mol Microbiol 2006; 58:305-19. [PMID: 16164567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Aspergillus niger, the genes coding for glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (gfaA) and alpha-1,3-glucan synthase (agsA) are induced in response to cell wall stress. In silico analysis of the promoter region of the two genes revealed the presence of putative DNA binding sites for transcription factors involved in stress responses, including sites identical to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rlm1p and Msn2p/Msn4p transcription factors. Promoter analysis indicated that the induction of the agsA gene in response to cell wall stress is fully dependent on a putative Rlm1p binding site in its promoter region. Database searches revealed the presence of S. cerevisiae Rlm1p homologues in most filamentous fungi examined, including A. niger. Deletion of the RLM1 homologue, named rlmA in A. niger, completely eliminated the induction of agsA and resulted in a twofold reduced induction of gfaA during Calcofluor White-induced cell wall stress. The rise in cell wall chitin in the presence of Calcofluor White was also affected in the rlmA deletion strain. In addition, the deletion strain was more sensitive towards cell wall stress agents. Our results indicate that A. niger responds to cell wall stress by transcriptional activation of cell wall reinforcing genes including agsA and gfaA through an Rlm1p-like transcription factor. We propose that such a cell wall salvage mechanism is wide spread in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert A Damveld
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Clusius Laboratory, Fungal Genetics Research Group, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL, Leiden, the Netherlands
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40
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Abstract
The glmS ribozyme is a self-cleaving RNA catalyst that resides in the 5′-untranslated region of glmS mRNA in certain bacteria. The ribozyme is specifically activated by glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P), the metabolic product of the GlmS protein, and is thus proposed to provide a feedback mechanism of riboswitch regulation. Both phylogenetic and biochemical analyses of the glmS ribozyme have established a highly conserved core sequence and secondary structure required for GlcN6P-dependent self-cleavage. However, the high degree of nucleotide conservation offers few clues regarding the higher-order structural organization of the catalytic core. To further investigate core ribozyme structure, minimal ‘consensus-type’ glmS ribozymes that retain GlcN6P-dependent activity were produced. Mutational analyses of consensus-type glmS ribozymes support a model for core ribozyme folding through a pseudoknot structure formed by the interaction of two highly conserved sequence segments. Moreover, GlcN6P-dependent function is demonstrated for bimolecular constructs in which substrate interaction with the ribozyme is minimally comprised of sequence representing that involved in putative pseudoknot formation. These studies suggest that the glmS ribozyme adopts an intricate multi-strand catalytic core through the formation of a pseudoknot structure, and provide a refined model for further considering GlcN6P interaction and GlcN6P-dependent ribozyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett A Soukup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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41
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Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) is a relatively minor branch of glycolysis. Fructose 6-phosphate is converted to glucosamine 6-phosphate, catalyzed by the first and rate-limiting enzyme glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT). The major end product is UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). Along with other amino sugars generated by HBP, it provides essential building blocks for glycosyl side chains, of proteins and lipids. UDP-GlcNAc regulates flux through HBP by regulating GFAT activity and is the obligatory substrate of O-GlcNAc transferase. The latter is a cytosolic and nuclear enzyme that catalyzes a reversible, posttranslational protein modification, transferring GlcNAc in O-linkage (O-GlcNAc) to specific serine/threonine residues of proteins. The metabolic effects of increased flux through HBP are thought to be mediated by increasing O-GlcNAcylation. Several investigators proposed that HBP functions as a cellular nutrient sensor and plays a role in the development of insulin resistance and the vascular complications of diabetes. Increased flux through HBP is required and sufficient for some of the metabolic effects of sustained, increased glucose flux, which promotes the complications of diabetes, e.g., diminished expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase in cardiomyocytes and induction of TGF-beta and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells, mesangial cells, and aortic endothelial cells. The mechanism was consistent with enhanced O-GlcNAcylation of certain transcription factors. The role of HBP in the development of insulin resistance has been controversial. There are numerous papers showing a correlation between increased flux through HBP and insulin resistance; however, the causal relationship has not been established. More recent experiments in mice overexpressing GFAT in muscle and adipose tissue or exclusively in fat cells suggest that the latter develop in vivo insulin resistance via cross talk between fat cells and muscle. Although the relationship between HBP and insulin resistance may be quite complex, it clearly deserves further study in concert with its role in the complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Buse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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42
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Abstract
The recently described glmS ribozyme is a self-cleaving RNA sequence found in the 5' noncoding region of the transcript of the gene for glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) synthase in many Gram-positive bacteria. This ribozyme is associated with the GlcN6P riboswitch, and ribozyme activity in response to binding of the metabolite, GlcN6P, is proposed to effect levels of gene expression. The previously defined core sequence of the GlcN6P-dependent ribozyme contained fewer than 80 nt of contiguous sequence, but a sequence containing conserved secondary structural features and encompassing the core was twice as long. Structural elements outside of the ribozyme core could contribute to ribozyme activity or participate in gene regulation as part of the expression platform or both. Here, a 174-nt transcript containing the Bacillus anthracis glmS ribozyme was used to examine the contribution of part of the non-core sequence to in vitro cleavage activity. The loop portion of hairpin loop 3, located just 3' of the ribozyme core, can potentially pair with a sequence approximately 80 nt downstream to form a pseudoknot tertiary interaction. Disruptive and compensatory mutations in the two duplex regions of the pseudoknot had effects on in vitro cleavage rates that support a role for the pseudoknot in enhanced ribozyme activity. Cleavage activity became less sensitive to disruptive mutations in the pseudoknot as MgCl(2) concentrations were raised from 2.5 to 10 mM, suggesting that one role of the pseudoknot could be to help stabilize the core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Box 3711, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Olchowy J, Kur K, Sachadyn P, Milewski S. Construction, purification, and functional characterization of His-tagged Candida albicans glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 46:309-15. [PMID: 16169745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Expression plasmids containing recombinant genes encoding three His(6)-tagged versions of the enzyme, glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase from Candida albicans, were constructed and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The gene products were purified by metal-affinity chromatography to near homogeneity with 77-80% yield and characterized in terms of size and enzymatic properties. Presence of oligohistidyl tags at either of two ends did not affect enzyme quarternary structure but strongly influenced its catalytic activity. The His6-N-tagged enzyme completely lost an ability of glucosamine-6-phosphate formation and amidohydrolase activity but retained the hexosephosphate-isomerising activity. On the other hand, two His6-C-tagged versions of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase exhibited amidohydrolase activity almost equal to that of the wild-type enzyme but only 18% of its hexosephosphate-isomerising activity and about 1.5% of the synthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Olchowy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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44
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Deng MD, Severson DK, Grund AD, Wassink SL, Burlingame RP, Berry A, Running JA, Kunesh CA, Song L, Jerrell TA, Rosson RA. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for industrial production of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Metab Eng 2005; 7:201-14. [PMID: 15885618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine are currently produced by extraction and acid hydrolysis of chitin from shellfish waste. Production could be limited by the amount of raw material available and the product potentially carries the risk of shellfish protein contamination. Escherichia coli was modified by metabolic engineering to develop a fermentation process. Over-expression of glucosamine synthase (GlmS) and inactivation of catabolic genes increased glucosamine production by 15 fold, reaching 60 mg l(-1). Since GlmS is strongly inhibited by glucosamine-6-P, GlmS variants were generated via error-prone PCR and screened. Over-expression of an improved enzyme led to a glucosamine titer of 17 g l(-1). Rapid degradation of glucosamine and inhibitory effects of glucosamine and its degradation products on host cells limited further improvement. An alternative fermentation product, N-acetylglucosamine, is stable, non-inhibitory to the host and readily hydrolyzed to glucosamine under acidic conditions. Therefore, the glucosamine pathway was extended to N-acetylglucosamine by over-expressing a heterologous glucosamine-6-P N-acetyltransferase. Using a simple and low-cost fermentation process developed for this strain, over 110 g l(-1) of N-acetylglucosamine was produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-De Deng
- Bio-Technical Resources, 1035 South 7th Street, Manitowoc, WI 54220, USA.
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McClain DA, Hazel M, Parker G, Cooksey RC. Adipocytes with increased hexosamine flux exhibit insulin resistance, increased glucose uptake, and increased synthesis and storage of lipid. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288:E973-9. [PMID: 15613679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00549.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hexosamine signaling pathway has been shown to serve a nutrient-sensing function. We have previously shown that overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis (glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase) in adipose tissue of transgenic mice results in skeletal muscle insulin resistance and altered regulation of leptin and adiponectin. To dissect the pathways by which the hexosamine pathway affects fuel storage and energy homeostasis, we have examined the characteristics of adipocytes from these animals. After 3 mo of age, epididymal fat pads from adult transgenic animals are 42% heavier (P = 0.003) and individual adipocytes are 23% larger in diameter (P < 0.05) than those from littermate wild-type controls. Isolated adipocytes from transgenic mice are insulin resistant, with a 2.5-fold increase in the ED50 for stimulation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake. However, maximal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is increased in transgenic adipocytes by 39% (P < 0.05). This upregulation of glucose uptake was associated with a 41% increase in the expression of GLUT4 mRNA and a 28% increase in GLUT4 protein in transgenics compared with controls (P < 0.05). GLUT1 mRNA and protein did not significantly differ between fasted control and transgenics. Total lipid synthesis was also increased in epididymal adipocytes from transgenic animals by 206% compared with controls (P < 0.05). Fatty acid oxidation was increased 1.6-fold in the transgenic adipocytes (P < 0.05). We conclude that the hexosamine signaling pathway upregulates fat storage in adipocytes in states of carbohydrate excess, in part by increasing GLUT4 and glucose uptake and by augmenting fatty acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A McClain
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 30 N. 2030 East, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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46
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Weigert C, Thamer C, Brodbeck K, Guirguis A, Machicao F, Machann J, Schick F, Stumvoll M, Fritsche A, Häring HU, Schleicher ED. The -913 G/A glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase gene polymorphism is associated with measures of obesity and intramyocellular lipid content in nondiabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:1639-43. [PMID: 15613432 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increases in glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) protein levels directly activate flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. This pathway has been involved as a fuel sensor in energy metabolism and development of insulin resistance. We screened the 5'-flanking region of the human GFAT gene for polymorphisms and subsequently genotyped 412 nondiabetic, metabolically characterized Caucasians for the two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at positions -913 (G/A) and -1412 (C/G) with rare allele frequencies of 42% and 16%, respectively. The -913 G SNP was associated with significantly higher body mass index and percent body fat in men (P = 0.02 and 0.004, respectively), but not in women (P = 0.47 and 0.26, respectively). In the subgroup of individuals (n = 193) who underwent hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, an association of the -913 G SNP with insulin sensitivity independent of body mass index was not detected. Moreover, the -913 G allele in a group of 71 individuals who had undergone magnetic resonance spectroscopy was associated with higher intramyocellular lipid content (IMCL) in tibialis anterior muscle (4.21 +/- 0.31 vs. 3.36 +/- 0.35; P = 0.04) independent of percent body fat and maximal aerobic power. The -1412 SNP had no effect on percent body fat, insulin sensitivity, or IMCL. In conclusion, we identified two polymorphisms in the 5'-flanking region of GFAT, of which the -913 SNP seems to alter the risk for obesity and IMCL accumulation in male subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Weigert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Pathobiochemistry, University of Tubingen, Otfried Müller Strasse 10, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany
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Burt D, Brodbeck K, Häring HU, Schleicher ED, Weigert C. Partial characterisation of the human GFAT promoter: effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms on promoter function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1740:85-90. [PMID: 15878746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 5'-flanking region of the human glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) gene was characterised as a functional active promoter and the GFAT gene contained multiple transcription start sites. A novel single nucleotide polymorphism identified at position -1412 (G to C) had a functional effect on promoter activity and EMSA revealed specific binding of nuclear proteins to this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina Burt
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Germany
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Abstract
The bacterial transposon, Tn7, inserts into a single site in the Escherichia coli chromosome termed attTn7 via the sequence-specific DNA binding of the target selector protein, TnsD. The target DNA sequence required for Tn7 transposition is located within the C-terminus of the glucosamine synthetase (glmS) gene, which is an essential, highly conserved gene found ubiquitously from bacteria to humans. Here, we show that Tn7 can transpose in vitro adjacent to two potential targets in the human genome: the gfpt-1 and gfpt-2 sequences, the human analogs of glmS. The frequency of transposition adjacent to the human gfpt-1 target is comparable with the E.coli glmS target; the human gfpt-2 target shows reduced transposition. The binding of TnsD to these sequences mirrors the transposition activity. In contrast to the human gfpt sequences, Tn7 does not transpose adjacent to the gfa-1 sequence, the glmS analog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We also report that a nucleosome core particle assembled on the human gfpt-1 sequence reduces Tn7 transposition by likely impairing the accessibility of target DNA to the Tns proteins. We discuss the implications of these findings for the potential use of Tn7 as a site-specific DNA delivery agent for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy L. Craig
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 410 955 3933; Fax: +1 443 287 7798;
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Dummitt B, Micka WS, Chang YH. Yeast glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (Gfa1) requires methionine aminopeptidase activity for proper function. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14356-60. [PMID: 15699032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501059200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) catalyzes the co-translational processing of initiator methionine from nascent proteins. A cellular requirement for MetAP activity is likely due to dysfunction of MetAP substrates that require methionine removal for proper protein function. Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (Gfa1) is an essential enzyme in yeast that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in hexosamine biosynthesis. The alpha-amino group of Gfa1 Cys-1 has been proposed to act as a nucleophile in the catalytic mechanism. We used two mutational strategies to evaluate whether removal of initiator methionine, catalyzed by MetAP, is required for Gfa1 function. Our results demonstrate that exposure of the alpha-amino group of Cys-1 is required for normal Gfa1 function as failure to do so results in decreased enzyme activity and slow growth. Further, either isoform of MetAP in yeast is sufficient for Gfa1 processing in vivo. These results are the first demonstration of an endogenous yeast protein that requires the exposure of the alpha-amino group by MetAP action for normal function. Additionally, Gfa1 will be a relevant target in therapeutic or physiological applications in which MetAP activity is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dummitt
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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50
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Gouze JN, Stoddart MJ, Gouze E, Palmer GD, Ghivizzani SC, Grodzinsky AJ, Evans CH. In vitro gene transfer to chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts by adenoviral vectors. Methods Mol Med 2005; 100:147-64. [PMID: 15280594 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-810-2:147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The major requirement of a successful gene transfer is the efficient delivery of an exogenous therapeutic gene to the appropriate cell type with subsequent high or regulated levels of expression. In this context, viral systems are more efficient than nonviral systems, giving higher levels of gene expression for longer periods. For the application of osteoarthritis (OA), gene products triggering anti-inflammatory or chondroprotective effects are of obvious therapeutic utility. Thus, their cognate genes are candidates for use in the gene therapy of OA. In this chapter, we describe the preparation, the use, and the effect of the transduction of chondrocytes or synovial fibroblasts with an adenoviral vector encoding the cDNA for glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT). This is intended to serve as an example of a technology that can be used to evaluate the biological effects of overexpression of other cDNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Noel Gouze
- Center for Molecular Orthopaedics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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