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Hughes CC. Chemical labeling strategies for small molecule natural product detection and isolation. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1684-1705. [PMID: 33629087 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covering: Up to 2020.It is widely accepted that small molecule natural products (NPs) evolved to carry out a particular ecological function and that these finely-tuned molecules can sometimes be appropriated for the treatment of disease in humans. Unfortunately, for the natural products chemist, NPs did not evolve to possess favorable physicochemical properties needed for HPLC-MS analysis. The process known as derivatization, whereby an NP in a complex mixture is decorated with a nonnatural moiety using a derivatizing agent (DA), arose from this sad state of affairs. Here, NPs are freed from the limitations of natural functionality and endowed, usually with some degree of chemoselectivity, with additional structural features that make HPLC-MS analysis more informative. DAs that selectively label amines, carboxylic acids, alcohols, phenols, thiols, ketones, and aldehydes, terminal alkynes, electrophiles, conjugated alkenes, and isocyanides have been developed and will be discussed here in detail. Although usually employed for targeted metabolomics, chemical labeling strategies have been effectively applied to uncharacterized NP extracts and may play an increasing role in the detection and isolation of certain classes of NPs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chambers C Hughes
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 72076.
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Xu J, Lacoske MH, Theodorakis EA. Neurotrophic natural products: chemistry and biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:956-87. [PMID: 24353244 PMCID: PMC3945720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injury affect approximately 50 million people worldwide, bringing the total healthcare cost to over 600 billion dollars per year. Nervous system growth factors, that is, neurotrophins, are a potential solution to these disorders, since they could promote nerve regeneration. An average of 500 publications per year attests to the significance of neurotrophins in biomedical sciences and underlines their potential for therapeutic applications. Nonetheless, the poor pharmacokinetic profile of neurotrophins severely restricts their clinical use. On the other hand, small molecules that modulate neurotrophic activity offer a promising therapeutic approach against neurological disorders. Nature has provided an impressive array of natural products that have potent neurotrophic activities. This Review highlights the current synthetic strategies toward these compounds and summarizes their ability to induce neuronal growth and rehabilitation. It is anticipated that neurotrophic natural products could be used not only as starting points in drug design but also as tools to study the next frontier in biomedical sciences: the brain activity map project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Michelle H. Lacoske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
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Xu J, Lacoske MH, Theodorakis EA. Neurotrophe Naturstoffe - ihre Chemie und Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sunazuka T. Synthetic Study and Medicinal Chemistry of Microbial Bioactive Natural Products Including Macrolides. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sanglier J, Haag H, Huck T, Fehr T. Section Review; Anti-infectives: Review of actinomycetes compounds 1990 – 1995. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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YANG ZN, FAN M, YANG XS, YU ZW, HAO XJ. Synthesis and Neurotrophic Activities ofN-p-Tolyl/phenylsulfonylL-Amino Acid Thiolester Derivatives. CHINESE J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200890103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sunazuka T, Hirose T, O̅mura S. Efficient total synthesis of novel bioactive microbial metabolites. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:302-14. [PMID: 18217720 DOI: 10.1021/ar6000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive natural products produced by microbes have almost limitless potential in pharmaceutical applications, and the organic synthesis of such products as lead compounds will result in the creation of new and widely useful pharmaceutical products. A program of discovery of naturally occurring bioactive microbial metabolites has been ongoing at the Kitasato Institute. We have also developed efficient, rational, and highly flexible production methods for generation of target compounds, synthesis of related compounds, elucidation of their structure-activity relationships, and the possible creation of improved bioactive compounds. In this Account, the isolation and total synthesis of naturally occurring bioactive microbial metabolites in order to create novel medicines for specific illnesses is described. This covers diseases and conditions such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, inflammation, and osteoporosis, among others, and focuses on six specific compounds. Pyripyropenes were discovered from Aspergillus fumigatus FO-1289 through our screening of microbial metabolites that strongly inhibit acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in order to develop a new class of cholesterol-lowering agents. These novel polyoxygenated mixed polyketide-terpenoid (meroterpenoid) metabolites contain a fused pyridyl alpha-pyrone moiety. We carried out the first total synthesis of (+)-pyripyropene A via a flexible, concise, and highly efficient route and also clarified the structure-activity relationships. Arisugacins were discovered from Penicillium sp. FO-4259 by our screening of microbial metabolites that strongly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in order to create novel medicines for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Arisugacins are also meroterpenoids. We have achieved the first convergent total synthesis of arisugacins A and B. Lactacystin was isolated from Streptomyces sp. OM-6519 via our screening of microbial metabolites that promote the differentiation of the neuroblastoma cell to further discover new AD medicines. Lactacystin has a novel gamma-lactam thioester structure and is also a selective and strong proteasome inhibitor. We have developed a concise approach to synthesize lactacystin designed to afford easy access to the original compound and a variety of analogs. Macrosphelides were isolated from Microsphaeropsis sp. FO-5050 from our screening of microbial metabolites that inhibit the adhesion of HL-60 cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Macrosphelides are the first 16-membered macrotriolides. Macrosphelides prevent cell-cell adhesion by inhibiting the binding of sialyl Lewis X to E-selectin. We have accomplished the first efficient total synthesis of macrosphelides. Madindolines were isolated from Streptomyces nitrosporeus K93-0711 by our program to discover new interleukin 6 (IL-6) modulators. Madindolines are comprised of a 3a-hydroxyfuroindoline ring connected at nitrogen via a methylene bridge to a cyclopentene-1,3-dione ring. We have developed an efficient and practical total synthesis of madindolines. Madindoline A binds to gp130 selectively and inhibits IL-6 activity. Neoxaline was isolated from Aspergillus japonicus Fg-551. Neoxaline is a member of a novel class of biologically active indole alkaloids characterized by a unique indoline spiroaminal framework and binds to tubulin, which results in inhibition of tubulin polymerization. We have developed a concise stereoselective synthesis of the indoline spiroaminal framework of neoxaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Sunazuka
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University and The Kitasato Institute, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Hirose
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University and The Kitasato Institute, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi O̅mura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University and The Kitasato Institute, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Gantt SM, Myung JM, Briones MR, Li WD, Corey EJ, Omura S, Nussenzweig V, Sinnis P. Proteasome inhibitors block development of Plasmodium spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:2731-8. [PMID: 9756786 PMCID: PMC105928 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.10.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/1998] [Accepted: 08/03/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes degrade most of the proteins inside eukaryotic cells, including transcription factors and regulators of cell cycle progression. Here we show that nanomolar concentrations of lactacystin, a specific irreversible inhibitor of the 20S proteasome, inhibit development of the exoerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite. Although lactacystin-treated Plasmodium berghei sporozoites are still invasive, their development into exoerythrocytic forms (EEF) is inhibited in vitro and in vivo. Erythrocytic schizogony of P. falciparum in vitro is also profoundly inhibited when drug treatment of the synchronized parasites is prior, but not subsequent, to the initiation of DNA synthesis, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of lactacystin is cell cycle specific. Lactacystin reduces P. berghei parasitemia in rats, but the therapeutic index is very low. Along with other studies showing that lactacystin inhibits stage-specific transformation in Trypanosoma and Entamoeba spp., these findings highlight the potential of proteasome inhibitors as drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gantt
- Department of Pathology, NYU Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Sato-Suzuki I, Murota S. Simvastatin inhibits the division and induces neurite-like outgrowth in PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 1996; 220:21-4. [PMID: 8977139 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(96)13221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin, a potent 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. inhibited cell division in a dose dependent fashion and induced neurite-like outgrowth in PC12 cells. The neurite-like outgrowth was detectable at 0.5 microg/ml of simvastatin 24 h after the treatment. The responses to simvastatin were completely prevented by incubating the cells with mevalonate. In contrast to simvastatin, pravastatin, a similar HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor but lipophobic, had no effect on the cells. The results provide new possibilities for the central nervous system (CNS) side effects of simvastatin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sato-Suzuki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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Nagamitsu T, Sunazuka T, Tanaka H, Ōmura S, Sprengeler PA, Smith AB. Total Synthesis of (+)-Lactacystin. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9541544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nagamitsu
- Contribution from the Research Center for Biological Function, The Kitasato Institute, and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center, and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Toshiaki Sunazuka
- Contribution from the Research Center for Biological Function, The Kitasato Institute, and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center, and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Haruo Tanaka
- Contribution from the Research Center for Biological Function, The Kitasato Institute, and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center, and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Contribution from the Research Center for Biological Function, The Kitasato Institute, and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center, and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Paul A. Sprengeler
- Contribution from the Research Center for Biological Function, The Kitasato Institute, and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center, and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Contribution from the Research Center for Biological Function, The Kitasato Institute, and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center, and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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