1
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Wang H, Zou Y, Li M, Tang Z, Wang J, Tian Z, Strassner N, Yang Q, Zheng Q, Guo Y, Liu W, Pan L, Houk KN. A cyclase that catalyses competing 2 + 2 and 4 + 2 cycloadditions. Nat Chem 2023; 15:177-184. [PMID: 36690833 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cycloaddition reactions are among the most widely used reactions in chemical synthesis. Nature achieves these cyclization reactions with a variety of enzymes, including Diels-Alderases that catalyse concerted 4 + 2 cycloadditions, but biosynthetic enzymes with 2 + 2 cyclase activity have yet to be discovered. Here we report that PloI4, a β-barrel-fold protein homologous to the exo-selective 4 + 2 cyclase that functions in the biosynthesis of pyrroindomycins, catalyses competitive 2 + 2 and 4 + 2 cycloaddition reactions. PloI4 is believed to catalyse an endo-4 + 2 cycloaddition in the biosynthesis of pyrrolosporin A; however, when the substrate precursor of pyrroindomycins was treated with PloI4, an exo-2 + 2 adduct was produced in addition to the exo- and endo-4 + 2 adducts. Biochemical characterizations, computational analyses, (co)crystal structures and mutagenesis outcomes have allowed the catalytic versatility of PloI4 to be rationalized. Mechanistic studies involved the directed engineering of PloI4 to variants that produced the exo-4 + 2, endo-4 + 2 or exo-2 + 2 product preferentially. This work illustrates an enzymatic thermal 2 + 2 cycloaddition and provides evidence of a process through which an enzyme evolves along with its substrate for specialization and activity improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yike Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Abiochem Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Nina Strassner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Ching KC, Chin EJ, Wibowo M, Tan ZY, Yang LK, Seow DC, Leong CY, Ng VW, Ng SB, Kanagasundaram Y. Antibacterial Spirotetronate Polyketides from an Actinomadura sp. Strain A30804. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238196. [PMID: 36500287 PMCID: PMC9737171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Large scale cultivation and chemical investigation of an extract obtained from Actimonadura sp. resulted in the identification of six previously undescribed spirotetronates (pyrrolosporin B and decatromicins C-G; 7-12), along with six known congeners, namely decatromicins A-B (1-2), BE-45722B-D (3-5), and pyrrolosporin A (6). The chemical structures of compounds 1-12 were characterized via comparison with previously reported data and analysis of 1D/2D NMR and MS data. The structures of all new compounds were highly related to the spirotetronate type compounds, decatromicin and pyrrolosporin, with variations in the substituents on the pyrrole and aglycone moieties. All compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii and Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and were investigated for their cytotoxicity against the human cancer cell line A549. Of these, decatromicin B (2), BE-45722B (3), and pyrrolosporin B (7) exhibited potent antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive (MIC90 between 1-3 μM) and Gram-negative bacteria (MIC90 values ranging from 12-36 μM) with weak or no cytotoxic activity against A549 cells.
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3
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Yan S, Zeng M, Wang H, Zhang H. Micromonospora: A Prolific Source of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites with Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8735-8771. [PMID: 35766919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Micromonospora, one of the most important actinomycetes genera, is well-known as the treasure trove of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs). Herein, together with an in-depth genomic analysis of the reported Micromonospora strains, all SMs from this genus are comprehensively summarized, containing structural features, bioactive properties, and mode of actions as well as their biosynthetic and chemical synthesis pathways. The perspective enables a detailed view of Micromonospora-derived SMs, which will enrich the chemical diversity of natural products and inspire new drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqi Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mingyuan Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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4
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Kim LJ, Xue M, Li X, Xu Z, Paulson E, Mercado B, Nelson HM, Herzon SB. Structure Revision of the Lomaiviticins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6578-6585. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mengzhao Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Zhi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Eric Paulson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Chemical and Biological Instrumentation Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Brandon Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Chemical and Biological Instrumentation Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Hosea M. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Seth B. Herzon
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
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5
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Novel Polyethers from Screening Actinoallomurus spp. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7020047. [PMID: 29904034 PMCID: PMC6023020 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In screening for novel antibiotics, an attractive element of novelty can be represented by screening previously underexplored groups of microorganisms. We report the results of screening 200 strains belonging to the actinobacterial genus Actinoallomurus for their production of antibacterial compounds. When grown under just one condition, about half of the strains produced an extract that was able to inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus. We report here on the metabolites produced by 37 strains. In addition to previously reported aminocoumarins, lantibiotics and aromatic polyketides, we described two novel and structurally unrelated polyethers, designated α-770 and α-823. While we identified only one producer strain of the former polyether, 10 independent Actinoallomurus isolates were found to produce α-823, with the same molecule as main congener. Remarkably, production of α-823 was associated with a common lineage within Actinoallomurus, which includes A. fulvus and A. amamiensis. All polyether producers were isolated from soil samples collected in tropical parts of the world.
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6
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Talukdar M, Das D, Bora C, Bora TC, Deka Boruah HP, Singh AK. Complete genome sequencing and comparative analyses of broad-spectrum antimicrobial-producing Micromonospora sp. HK10. Gene 2016; 594:97-107. [PMID: 27609432 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Micromonospora genus produces >700 bioactive compounds of medical relevance. In spite of its ability to produce high number of bioactive compounds, no genome sequence is available with comprehensive secondary metabolite gene clusters analysis for anti-microbial producing Micromonospora strains. Thus, here we contribute the full genome sequence of Micromonospora sp. HK10 strain, which has high antibacterial activity against several important human pathogens like, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Bacillus subtillis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella and Escherichia coli. We have generated whole genome sequence data of Micromonospora sp. HK10 strain using Illumina NexSeq 500 sequencing platform (2×150bp paired end library) and assembled it de novo. The sequencing of HK10 genome enables identification of various genetic clusters associated with known- and probably unknown- antimicrobial compounds, which can pave the way for new antimicrobial scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Talukdar
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Das
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India
| | - Chiranjeeta Bora
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India
| | - Tarun Chandra Bora
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India
| | - Hari Prasanna Deka Boruah
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India.
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7
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8
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Lacoske M, Theodorakis EA. Spirotetronate polyketides as leads in drug discovery. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:562-75. [PMID: 25434976 PMCID: PMC4380204 DOI: 10.1021/np500757w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of chlorothricin (1) defined a new family of microbial metabolites with potent antitumor antibiotic properties collectively referred to as spirotetronate polyketides. These microbial metabolites are structurally distinguished by the presence of a spirotetronate motif embedded within a macrocyclic core. Glycosylation at the periphery of this core contributes to the structural complexity and bioactivity of this motif. The spirotetronate family displays impressive chemical structures, potent bioactivities, and significant pharmacological potential. This review groups the family members based on structural and biosynthetic considerations and summarizes synthetic and biological studies that aim to elucidate their mode of action and explore their pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle
H. Lacoske
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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9
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Euanorasetr J, Intra B, Mongkol P, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Tuchinda P, Mori M, Shiomi K, Nihira T, Panbangred W. Spirotetronate antibiotics with anti-Clostridium activity from Actinomadura sp. 2EPS. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:391-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Vieweg L, Reichau S, Schobert R, Leadlay PF, Süssmuth RD. Recent advances in the field of bioactive tetronates. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1554-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00015c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Woo CM, Beizer NE, Janso JE, Herzon SB. Isolation of Lomaiviticins C–E, Transformation of Lomaiviticin C to Lomaiviticin A, Complete Structure Elucidation of Lomaiviticin A, and Structure–Activity Analyses. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15285-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3074984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
| | - Nina E. Beizer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
| | - Jeffrey E. Janso
- Natural Products
− Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Seth B. Herzon
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
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12
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Mazzetti C, Ornaghi M, Gaspari E, Parapini S, Maffioli S, Sosio M, Donadio S. Halogenated spirotetronates from Actinoallomurus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1044-1050. [PMID: 22616554 DOI: 10.1021/np300003n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two new members of the spirotetronate class, nai414-A and nai414-B, were discovered and isolated from an Actinoallomurus sp. Their structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR, UV, and MS analyses and by chemical degradation. They showed antimicrobial and antitumor activity against Gram-positive bacteria and against human microvascular endothelial cells, respectively. Substituting bromide for chloride ions in the growth medium afforded mono- and dibrominated derivatives.
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13
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Herzon SB, Woo CM. The diazofluorene antitumor antibiotics: Structural elucidation, biosynthetic, synthetic, and chemical biological studies. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:87-118. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Once considered to be isolation artifacts or chemical "mistakes" of nature, the number of naturally occurring organohalogen compounds has grown from a dozen in 1954 to >5000 today. Of these, at least 25% are halogenated alkaloids. This is not surprising since nitrogen-containing pyrroles, indoles, carbolines, tryptamines, tyrosines, and tyramines are excellent platforms for biohalogenation, particularly in the marine environment where both chloride and bromide are plentiful for biooxidation and subsequent incorporation into these electron-rich substrates. This review presents the occurrence of all halogenated alkaloids, with the exception of marine bromotyrosines where coverage begins where it left off in volume 61 of The Alkaloids. Whereas the biological activity of these extraordinary compounds is briefly cited for some examples, a future volume of The Alkaloids will present full coverage of this topic and will also include selected syntheses of halogenated alkaloids. Natural organohalogens of all types, especially marine and terrestrial halogenated alkaloids, comprise a rapidly expanding class of natural products, in many cases expressing powerful biological activity. This enormous proliferation has several origins: (1) a revitalization of natural product research in a search for new drugs, (2) improved compound characterization methods (multidimensional NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry), (3) specific enzyme-based and other biological assays, (4) sophisticated collection methods (SCUBA and remote submersibles for deep ocean marine collections), (5) new separation and purification techniques (HPLC and countercurrent separation), (6) a greater appreciation of traditional folk medicine and ethobotany, and (7) marine bacteria and fungi as novel sources of natural products. Halogenated alkaloids are truly omnipresent in the environment. Indeed, one compound, Q1 (234), is ubiquitous in the marine food web and is found in the Inuit from their diet of whale blubber. Given the fact that of the 500,000 estimated marine organisms--which are the source of most halogenated alkaloids--only a small percentage have been investigated for their chemical content, it is certain that myriad new halogenated alkaloids are awaiting discovery. For example, it is estimated that nearly 4000 species of bryozoans have not been examined for their chemical content. The few species that have been studied contain some extraordinary halogenated alkaloids, such as hinckdentine A (610) and the chartellines (611-613). Of the estimated 1.5 million species of fungi, secondary metabolites have been characterized from only 5000 species. The future seems bright for the collector of halogenated alkaloids!
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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15
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Zhang H, White-Phillip JA, Melançon CE, Kwon HJ, Yu WL, Liu HW. Elucidation of the kijanimicin gene cluster: insights into the biosynthesis of spirotetronate antibiotics and nitrosugars. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:14670-83. [PMID: 17985890 DOI: 10.1021/ja0744854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic kijanimicin produced by the actinomycete Actinomadura kijaniata has a broad spectrum of bioactivities as well as a number of interesting biosynthetic features. To understand the molecular basis for its formation and to develop a combinatorial biosynthetic system for this class of compounds, a 107.6 kb segment of the A. kijaniata chromosome containing the kijanimicin biosynthetic locus was identified, cloned, and sequenced. The complete pathway for the formation of TDP-l-digitoxose, one of the two sugar donors used in construction of kijanimicin, was elucidated through biochemical analysis of four enzymes encoded in the gene cluster. Sequence analysis indicates that the aglycone kijanolide is formed by the combined action of a modular Type-I polyketide synthase, a conserved set of enzymes involved in formation, attachment, and intramolecular cyclization of a glycerate-derived three-carbon unit, which forms the core of the spirotetronate moiety. The genes involved in the biosynthesis of the unusual deoxysugar d-kijanose [2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-4-(methylcarbamyl)-3-C-methyl-3-nitro-d-xylo-hexopyranose], including one encoding a flavoenzyme predicted to catalyze the formation of the nitro group, have also been identified. This work has implications for the biosynthesis of other spirotetronate antibiotics and nitrosugar-bearing natural products, as well as for future mechanistic and biosynthetic engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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16
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Dembitsky VM. Astonishing diversity of natural surfactants: 2. Polyether glycosidic ionophores and macrocyclic glycosides. Lipids 2005; 40:219-48. [PMID: 15957249 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyether glycosidic ionophores and macrocyclic glycosides are of great interest, especially for the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries. These biologically active natural surfactants are good prospects for the future chemical preparation of compounds useful as antibiotics, anticancer agents, or in industry. More than 300 interesting and unusual natural surfactants are described in this review article, including their chemical structures and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Organic Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Gossauer A. Monopyrrolic natural compounds including tetramic acid derivatives. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 86:1-188. [PMID: 12899123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6029-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gossauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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18
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Le Quesne PW, Dong Y, Blythe TA. Recent Research on Pyrrole Alkaloids. ALKALOIDS: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-8210(99)80026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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