1
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Gao Z, Zhao Q, Xu Y, Wang L. Improving the efficacy of combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy: focusing on the effects of radiosensitivity. Radiat Oncol 2023; 18:89. [PMID: 37226275 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-023-02278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment is gradually entering an era of precision, with multitude studies in gene testing and immunotherapy. Tumor cells can be recognized and eliminated by the immune system through the expression of tumor-associated antigens, but when the cancer escapes or otherwise suppresses immunity, the balance between cancer cell proliferation and immune-induced cancer cell killing may be interrupted, resulting in tumor proliferation and progression. There has been significant attention to combining conventional cancer therapies (i.e., radiotherapy) with immunotherapy as opposed to treatment alone. The combination of radio-immunotherapy has been demonstrated in both basic research and clinical trials to provide more effective anti-tumor responses. However, the absolute benefits of radio-immunotherapy are dependent on individual characteristics and not all patients can benefit from radio-immunotherapy. At present, there are numerous articles about exploring the optimal models for combination radio-immunotherapy, but the factors affecting the efficacy of the combination, especially with regard to radiosensitivity remain inconclusive. Radiosensitivity is a measure of the response of cells, tissues, or individuals to ionizing radiation, and various studies have shown that the radiosensitivity index (RSI) will be a potential biomarker for predicting the efficacy of combination radio-immunotherapy. The purpose of this review is to focus on the factors that influence and predict the radiosensitivity of tumor cells, and to evaluate the impact and predictive significance of radiosensitivity on the efficacy of radio-immunotherapy combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiru Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Yiyue Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China.
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2
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Gao Y, Cao H, Huang D, Zheng L, Nie Z, Zhang S. RNA-Binding Proteins in Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041150. [PMID: 36831493 PMCID: PMC9953953 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are key regulators of transcription and translation, with highly dynamic spatio-temporal regulation. They are usually involved in the regulation of RNA splicing, polyadenylation, and mRNA stability and mediate processes such as mRNA localization and translation, thereby affecting the RNA life cycle and causing the production of abnormal protein phenotypes that lead to tumorigenesis and development. Accumulating evidence supports that RBPs play critical roles in vital life processes, such as bladder cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Uncovering the regulatory mechanisms of RBPs in bladder cancer is aimed at addressing the occurrence and progression of bladder cancer and finding new therapies for cancer treatment. This article reviews the effects and mechanisms of several RBPs on bladder cancer and summarizes the different types of RBPs involved in the progression of bladder cancer and the potential molecular mechanisms by which they are regulated, with a view to providing information for basic and clinical researchers.
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3
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Nucleolin; A tumor associated antigen as a potential lung cancer biomarker. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 240:154160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shefer K, Boulos A, Gotea V, Arafat M, Ben Chaim Y, Muharram A, Isaac S, Eden A, Sperling J, Elnitski L, Sperling R. A novel role for nucleolin in splice site selection. RNA Biol 2021; 19:333-352. [PMID: 35220879 PMCID: PMC8890436 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.2020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent 5' splice sites, not normally used, are highly abundant in human introns, but are activated under stress and in cancer, generating thousands of nonsense mRNAs. A previously proposed mechanism to suppress latent splicing was shown to be independent of NMD, with a pivotal role for initiator-tRNA independent of protein translation. To further elucidate this mechanism, we searched for nuclear proteins directly bound to initiator-tRNA. Starting with UV-crosslinking, we identified nucleolin (NCL) interacting directly and specifically with initiator-tRNA in the nucleus, but not in the cytoplasm. Next, we show the association of ini-tRNA and NCL with pre-mRNA. We further show that recovery of suppression of latent splicing by initiator-tRNA complementation is NCL dependent. Finally, upon nucleolin knockdown we show activation of latent splicing in hundreds of coding transcripts having important cellular functions. We thus propose nucleolin, a component of the endogenous spliceosome, through its direct binding to initiator-tRNA and its effect on latent splicing, as the first protein of a nuclear quality control mechanism regulating splice site selection to protect cells from latent splicing that can generate defective mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinneret Shefer
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, JerusalemIsrael
| | - Ayub Boulos
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, JerusalemIsrael
| | - Valer Gotea
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MDUSA
| | - Maram Arafat
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, JerusalemIsrael
| | - Yair Ben Chaim
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University, RaananaIsrael
| | - Aya Muharram
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, JerusalemIsrael
| | - Sara Isaac
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, JerusalemIsrael
| | - Amir Eden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, JerusalemIsrael
| | - Joseph Sperling
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, RehovotIsrael
| | - Laura Elnitski
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MDUSA
| | - Ruth Sperling
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, JerusalemIsrael
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Lin Q, Ma X, Hu S, Li R, Wei X, Han B, Ma Y, Liu P, Pang Y. Overexpression of Nucleolin is a Potential Prognostic Marker in Endometrial Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:1955-1965. [PMID: 33658856 PMCID: PMC7920503 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s294035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nucleolin (NCL) is a multifunctional protein with oncogenic properties. NCL expression levels have been linked to the outcomes of various malignancies, but the clinical value of NCL in patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) remains unclear. Here, the expression of NCL in EC tissues and its associations with patient outcomes were assessed. Patients and Methods Data on NCL mRNA expression in EC and adjacent nonneoplastic tissues from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed. In addition, NCL protein expression in 82 endometroid endometrial adenocarcinoma tissues and 15 non-malignant tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results Elevated NCL expression was markedly correlated with serous endometrial carcinoma (P<0.001), advanced stage (P=0.029), and grade 3 (P<0.001). High NCL levels were associated with poorer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) compared with intermediate or low NCL levels (OS: P=0.001, DFS: P=0.006). The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model showed that NCL expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for DFS (HR=1.282, CI=1.027–1.601, P=0.028). A similar correlation between high expression levels of NCL and unfavorable DFS was found in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (HR=1.411, CI=1.083–1.840, P=0.011). Positive extra-nuclear NCL expression (HR=3.377, 95% CI=1.029–11.186, P=0.046) and low nuclear NCL expression (HR=0.233, 95% CI=0.068–0.796, P=0.020) were independent prognostic factors for DFS in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. Conclusion Heterotopic NCL is a potential prognostic biomarker for EC. Inhibiting the distribution of NCL from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and membrane may be a promising therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes in patients with EC with high NCL expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhan Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxue Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunxue Hu
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peishu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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BVAN08 enhances radiosensitivity via downregulation of DNA-PKcs towards hepatic tumor xenograft. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Weeks SE, Metge BJ, Samant RS. The nucleolus: a central response hub for the stressors that drive cancer progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4511-4524. [PMID: 31338556 PMCID: PMC6841648 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The nucleolus is a sub-nuclear body known primarily for its role in ribosome biogenesis. Increased number and/or size of nucleoli have historically been used by pathologists as a prognostic indicator of cancerous lesions. This increase in nucleolar number and/or size is classically attributed to the increased need for protein synthesis in cancer cells. However, evidences suggest that the nucleolus plays critical roles in many cellular functions in both normal cell biology and disease pathologies, including cancer. As new functions of the nucleolus are elucidated, there is mounting evidence to support the role of the nucleolus in regulating additional cellular functions, particularly response to cellular stressors, maintenance of genome stability, and DNA damage repair, as well as the regulation of gene expression and biogenesis of several ribonucleoproteins. This review highlights the central role of the nucleolus in carcinogenesis and cancer progression and discusses how cancer cells may become "addicted" to nucleolar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Weeks
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320E, 1824 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Brandon J Metge
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320E, 1824 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Rajeev S Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320E, 1824 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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8
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Geng W, Tian D, Wang Q, Shan S, Zhou J, Xu W, Shan H. DNA‑PKcs inhibitor increases the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to radiotherapy. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:561-570. [PMID: 31173270 PMCID: PMC6610038 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a severe public health problem worldwide, particularly in China. Radiotherapy is the main locoregional treatment for various types of unresectable tumor, including GC. However, many patients fail to respond to radiotherapy due to the intrinsic radioresistance of cancer cells. This study was designed to investigate the effects and potential mechanism of radiosensitization associated with DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) inhibitor in human GC cell lines in vitro. Among the six GC cell lines (SGC7901, HGC-27, MKN45, MKN74, BGC823 and MGC803) that were exposed to increasing doses of IR (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy), the mean lethal dose and quasi-threshold dose measurements indicated that BGC823 and MGC803 were relatively insensitive to ionizing radiation (IR). IR induced significant elevation of γ H2A histone family member X (γH2AX) in MKN45 cells compared with BGC823 cells. DNA-PKcs and phospho-DNA-PKcs protein levels were increased in BGC823 and MGC803 cells compared with other GC cell lines (SGC7901, HGC-27, MKN45 and MKN74). DNA-PKcs inhibition led to increased sensitivity of BGC823 and MGC803 cells to IR. NU7441 increased γH2AX expression in the nuclei of BGC823 cells following IR. Combination of DNA-PKcs and CK2 inhibition further increased the sensitivity of GC cells to IR. The combination of NU7441 and CX4945 increased γH2AX expression in the nucleus of BGC823 cells following IR compared with treatment with NU7441 alone. Taken together, the findings suggest that DNA-PKcs inhibitor increased the sensitivity of radioresistant BGC823 and MGC803 cells to radiotherapy through the cleaved-caspase3/γH2AX signaling pathway, thus presenting a potential treatment method for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Geng
- Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
| | - Dalong Tian
- Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Shunlin Shan
- Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Cancer Center of The 82nd Hospital of PLA, Huaian, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Husheng Shan
- Cancer Center of The 82nd Hospital of PLA, Huaian, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
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9
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Chromatin control in double strand break repair. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 30798938 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are the most deleterious type of damage inflicted on DNA by various environmental factors and as consequences of normal cellular metabolism. The multistep nature of DSB repair and the need to assemble large protein complexes at repair sites necessitate multiple chromatin changes there. This review focuses on the key findings of how chromatin regulators exert temporal and spatial control on DSB repair. These mechanisms coordinate repair with cell cycle progression, lead to DSB repair pathway choice, provide accessibility of repair machinery to damaged sites and move the lesions to nuclear environments permissive for repair.
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10
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Wang J, Wu J, Li X, Liu H, Qin J, Bai Z, Chi B, Chen X. Identification and validation nucleolin as a target of curcumol in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. J Proteomics 2018; 182:1-11. [PMID: 29684682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the specific protein target(s) of a drug is a critical step in unraveling its mechanisms of action (MOA) in many natural products. Curcumol, isolated from well known Chinese medicinal plant Curcuma zedoary, has been shown to possess multiple biological activities. It can inhibit nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) proliferation and induce apoptosis, but its target protein(s) in NPC cells remains unclear. In this study, we employed a mass spectrometry-based chemical proteomics approach reveal the possible protein targets of curcumol in NPC cells. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), molecular docking and cell-based assay was used to validate the binding interactions. Chemical proteomics capturing uncovered that NCL is a target of curcumol in NPC cells, Molecular docking showed that curcumol bound to NCL with an -7.8 kcal/mol binding free energy. Cell function analysis found that curcumol's treatment leads to a degradation of NCL in NPC cells, and it showed slight effects on NP69 cells. In conclusion, our results providing evidences that NCL is a target protein of curcumol. We revealed that the anti-cancer effects of curcumol in NPC cells are mediated, at least in part, by NCL inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE Many natural products showed high bioactivity, while their mechanisms of action (MOA) are very poor or completely missed. Understanding the MOA of natural drugs can thoroughly exploit their therapeutic potential and minimize their adverse side effects. Identification of the specific protein target(s) of a drug is a critical step in unraveling its MOA. Compound-centric chemical proteomics is a classic chemical proteomics approach which integrates chemical synthesis with cell biology and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify protein targets of natural products determine the drug mechanism of action, describe its toxicity, and figure out the possible cause of off-target. It is an affinity-based chemical proteomics method to identify small molecule-protein interactions through affinity chromatography approach coupled with mass spectrometry, has been conventionally used to identify target proteins and has yielded good results. Curcumol, has shown effective inhibition on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) Cells, interacted with NCL and then initiated the anti-tumor biological effect. This research demonstrated the effectiveness of chemical proteomics approaches in natural drugs molecular target identification, revealing and understanding of the novel mechanism of actions of curcumol is crucial for cancer prevention and treatment in nasopharynx cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jiacai Wu
- Research Center for Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xumei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Haowei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jianli Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhun Bai
- Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital XiangYa Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Bixia Chi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
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George VC, Ansari SA, Chelakkot VS, Chelakkot AL, Chelakkot C, Menon V, Ramadan W, Ethiraj KR, El-Awady R, Mantso T, Mitsiogianni M, Panagiotidis MI, Dellaire G, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP. DNA-dependent protein kinase: Epigenetic alterations and the role in genomic stability of cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 780:92-105. [PMID: 31395353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a member of phosphatidylinositol-kinase family, is a key protein in mammalian DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair that helps to maintain genomic integrity. DNA-PK also plays a central role in immune cell development and protects telomerase during cellular aging. Epigenetic deregulation due to endogenous and exogenous factors may affect the normal function of DNA-PK, which in turn could impair DNA repair and contribute to genomic instability. Recent studies implicate a role for epigenetics in the regulation of DNA-PK expression in normal and cancer cells, which may impact cancer progression and metastasis as well as provide opportunities for treatment and use of DNA-PK as a novel cancer biomarker. In addition, several small molecules and biological agents have been recently identified that can inhibit DNA-PK function or expression, and thus hold promise for cancer treatments. This review discusses the impact of epigenetic alterations and the expression of DNA-PK in relation to the DNA repair mechanisms with a focus on its differential levels in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vazhappilly Cijo George
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shabbir Ahmed Ansari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Vipin Shankar Chelakkot
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | | | - Chaithanya Chelakkot
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Varsha Menon
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wafaa Ramadan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Raafat El-Awady
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute and College of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Theodora Mantso
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Melina Mitsiogianni
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mihalis I Panagiotidis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Jia W, Yao Z, Zhao J, Guan Q, Gao L. New perspectives of physiological and pathological functions of nucleolin (NCL). Life Sci 2017; 186:1-10. [PMID: 28751161 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleolin (NCL) is a multifunctional protein that mainly localized in the nucleolus, it is also found in the nucleoplasm, cytoplasm and cell membrane. The three main structural domains allow the interaction of NCL with different proteins and RNA sequences. Moreover, specific post-translational modifications and its shuttling property also contribute to its multifunctionality. NCL has been demonstrated to be involved in a variety of aspects such as ribosome biogenesis, chromatin organization and stability, DNA and RNA metabolism, cytokinesis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis regulation, stress response and microRNA processing. NCL has been increasingly implicated in several pathological processes, especially in tumorigenesis and viral infection, which makes NCL a potential target for the development of anti-tumor and anti-viral strategies. In this review, we present an overview on the structure, localizations and various functions of NCL, and further describe how the multiple functions of NCL are correlated to its multiple cellular distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Xu JY, Lu S, Xu XY, Hu SL, Li B, Li WX, Chang JY. Prognostic significance of nuclear or cytoplasmic nucleolin expression in human non-small cell lung cancer and its relationship with DNA-PKcs. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10349-56. [PMID: 26846099 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the expression of nucleolin in tissue samples in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nucleolin was studied to determine whether it has a prognostic value and if its levels correlate with various clinicopathologic parameters. The relationship between nucleolin and expression of DNA-PKcs was also evaluated. Immunohistochemistry was used for detecting the expression levels of nucleolin and DNA-PKcs in tissues from 225 stage IA to IIIB NSCLC patients who underwent lung surgery. Nucleolin was observed predominantly in the cytoplasm, and some levels were observed in the nucleus. Nucleolin expression was higher in NSCLC tissues than adjacent normal lung tissues. Among 225 NSCLC patients, 117 (52.0 %) had high expression of nucleolin. The expression of nucleolin was significantly associated with pathologic stage (P = 0.013) and T status (P = 0.043). Multivariate analysis revealed that nucleolin, cytoplasmic nucleolin, and nuclear nucleolin expression were independent prognostic factors for both overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS) (P < 0.001). A high level of nuclear nucleolin served as an independent prognostic factor for better survival, while a high level of cytoplasmic nucleolin was closely associated with worse prognosis in NSCLC patients. The expression of nucleolin and cytoplasmic nucleolin positively correlated with DNA-PKcs (P < 0.001). These data suggest that nucleolin could be an effective treatment target and prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yu Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiang-Ying Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Song-Liu Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Xin Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Joe Y Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 97, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, USA.
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Alibolandi M, Ramezani M, Abnous K, Hadizadeh F. AS1411 Aptamer-Decorated Biodegradable Polyethylene Glycol-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanopolymersomes for the Targeted Delivery of Gemcitabine to Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer In Vitro. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1741-1750. [PMID: 27039356 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly targeted drug delivery systems represent a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of different cancers. In the present study, we have developed gemcitabine (GEM)-loaded AS1411 aptamer surface-decorated polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanopolymersome (Apt-GEM-NP) to target nucleolin-overexpressing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; A549). The prepared Apt-GEM-NP showed average particle size of 128 ± 5.23 nm and spherical morphology with encapsulation efficiency and loading content of 95.32 ± 2.37% and 8.61 ± 0.27%, respectively. Apt-GEM-NP exhibited a controlled release pattern. A sustained release of drug in physiological conditions will greatly improve the chemotherapeutic efficiency of a system. Enhanced cellular uptake and the cytotoxicity of aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles (NPs) in A549 cancer cells obviously verified nucleolin-mediated receptor-based active targeting. Nucleolin-mediated internalization of the targeted polymeric NP was further confirmed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay clearly showed the enhanced cell proliferation inhibitory effect of AS1411-conjugated NP on account of the selective delivery of GEM to the nucleolin-overexpressing cancer cells. Our results showed that AS1411 aptamer conjugation on the surface of NP could be a potential treatment strategy for A549 as a nucleolin-overexpressing cell line. This suggests that AS1411-GEM-NPs could be potentially used for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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15
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Kaufman KL, Jenkins Y, Alomari M, Mirzaei M, Best OG, Pascovici D, Mactier S, Mulligan SP, Haynes PA, Christopherson RI. The Hsp90 inhibitor SNX-7081 is synergistic with fludarabine nucleoside via DNA damage and repair mechanisms in human, p53-negative chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2015; 6:40981-97. [PMID: 26556860 PMCID: PMC4747384 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors have been limited by high toxicity. We previously showed that the Hsp90 inhibitor, SNX-7081, synergizes with and restores sensitivity to fludarabine nucleoside (2-FaraA) in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells with lesions in the p53 pathway (Best OG, et al., Leukemia Lymphoma 53:1367-75, 2012). Here, we used label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics and comprehensive bioinformatic analysis to determine the mechanism of this synergy. We propose that 2-FaraA-induced DNA damage is compounded by SNX-7081-mediated inhibition of DNA repair, resulting in enhanced induction of apoptosis. DNA damage responses are impaired in part due to reductions in checkpoint regulators BRCA1 and cyclin D1, and cell death is triggered following reductions of MYC and nucleolin and an accumulation of apoptosis-inducing NFkB2 p100 subunit. Loss of nucleolin can activate Fas-mediated apoptosis, leading to the increase of pro-apoptotic proteins (BID, fas-associated factor-2) and subsequent apoptosis of p53-negative, 2-FaraA refractory CLL cells. A significant induction of DNA damage, indicated by increases in DNA damage marker γH2AX, was observed following the dual drug treatment of additional cell lines, indicating that a similar mechanism may operate in other p53-mutated human B-lymphoid cancers. These results provide valuable insight into the synergistic mechanism between SNX-7081 and 2-FaraA that may provide an alternative treatment for CLL patients with p53 mutations, for whom therapeutic options are currently limited. Moreover, this drug combination reduces the effective dose of the Hsp90 inhibitor and may therefore alleviate any toxicity encountered.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- BRCA1 Protein/metabolism
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- DNA Damage
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mutation
- NF-kappa B p52 Subunit/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Protein Interaction Maps/drug effects
- Proteomics/methods
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/pharmacology
- Nucleolin
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley L. Kaufman
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2006, Australia
- Molecular Neuropathology, Brain and Mind Centre, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Yiping Jenkins
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Munther Alomari
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - O. Giles Best
- Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Dana Pascovici
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Swetlana Mactier
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen P. Mulligan
- Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Paul A. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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