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Iqbal I, Saqib F, Mubarak Z, Latif MF, Wahid M, Nasir B, Shahzad H, Sharifi-Rad J, Mubarak MS. Alzheimer's disease and drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier: approaches and challenges. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:313. [PMID: 38849950 PMCID: PMC11161981 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a diverse disease with a complex pathophysiology. The presence of extracellular β-amyloid deposition as neuritic plaques and intracellular accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated tau as neurofibrillary tangles remain the core neuropathologic criteria for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, several recent basic discoveries have revealed significant pathogenic roles for other essential cellular and molecular processes. Previously, there were not so many disease-modifying medications (DMT) available as drug distribution through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is difficult due to its nature, especially drugs of polypeptides nature and proteins. Recently FDA has approved lecanemab as DMT for its proven efficacy. It is also complicated to deliver drugs for diseases like epilepsy or any brain tumor due to the limitations of the BBB. After the advancements in the drug delivery system, different techniques are used to transport the medication across the BBB. Other methods are used, like enhancement of brain blood vessel fluidity by liposomes, infusion of hyperosmotic solutions, and local intracerebral implants, but these are invasive approaches. Non-invasive approaches include the formulation of nanoparticles and their coating with polymers. This review article emphasizes all the above-mentioned techniques, procedures, and challenges to transporting medicines across the BBB. It summarizes the most recent literature dealing with drug delivery across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Iqbal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
- Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department, Govt of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Zobia Mubarak
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department, Govt of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhaj Latif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muqeet Wahid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Nasir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Hamna Shahzad
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mohammad S Mubarak
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
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Zahr NM. Alcohol Use Disorder and Dementia: A Review. Alcohol Res 2024; 44:03. [PMID: 38812709 PMCID: PMC11135165 DOI: 10.35946/arcr.v44.1.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE By 2040, 21.6% of Americans will be over age 65, and the population of those older than age 85 is estimated to reach 14.4 million. Although not causative, older age is a risk factor for dementia: every 5 years beyond age 65, the risk doubles; approximately one-third of those older than age 85 are diagnosed with dementia. As current alcohol consumption among older adults is significantly higher compared to previous generations, a pressing question is whether drinking alcohol increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia. SEARCH METHODS Databases explored included PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. To accomplish this narrative review on the effects of alcohol consumption on dementia risk, the literature covered included clinical diagnoses, epidemiology, neuropsychology, postmortem pathology, neuroimaging and other biomarkers, and translational studies. Searches conducted between January 12 and August 1, 2023, included the following terms and combinations: "aging," "alcoholism," "alcohol use disorder (AUD)," "brain," "CNS," "dementia," "Wernicke," "Korsakoff," "Alzheimer," "vascular," "frontotemporal," "Lewy body," "clinical," "diagnosis," "epidemiology," "pathology," "autopsy," "postmortem," "histology," "cognitive," "motor," "neuropsychological," "magnetic resonance," "imaging," "PET," "ligand," "degeneration," "atrophy," "translational," "rodent," "rat," "mouse," "model," "amyloid," "neurofibrillary tangles," "α-synuclein," or "presenilin." When relevant, "species" (i.e., "humans" or "other animals") was selected as an additional filter. Review articles were avoided when possible. SEARCH RESULTS The two terms "alcoholism" and "aging" retrieved about 1,350 papers; adding phrases-for example, "postmortem" or "magnetic resonance"-limited the number to fewer than 100 papers. Using the traditional term, "alcoholism" with "dementia" resulted in 876 citations, but using the currently accepted term "alcohol use disorder (AUD)" with "dementia" produced only 87 papers. Similarly, whereas the terms "Alzheimer's" and "alcoholism" yielded 318 results, "Alzheimer's" and "alcohol use disorder (AUD)" returned only 40 citations. As pertinent postmortem pathology papers were published in the 1950s and recent animal models of Alzheimer's disease were created in the early 2000s, articles referenced span the years 1957 to 2024. In total, more than 5,000 articles were considered; about 400 are herein referenced. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcohol misuse accelerates brain aging and contributes to cognitive impairments, including those in the mnemonic domain. The consensus among studies from multiple disciplines, however, is that alcohol misuse can increase the risk for dementia, but not necessarily Alzheimer's disease. Key issues to consider include the reversibility of brain damage following abstinence from chronic alcohol misuse compared to the degenerative and progressive course of Alzheimer's disease, and the characteristic presence of protein inclusions in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease, which are absent in the brains of those with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
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Lin Y, Yan J, Guo X, Lin H, Ruan C, Dai Y, Wang S, Cao Y, Xiang Q, Yang M, Liu W, Chen L. Effects of Exercise Training Under Hypoxia Versus Normoxia on Cognitive Function in Clinical and Non-Clinical Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2024; 105:975-987. [PMID: 37660776 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of exercise training under hypoxia versus normoxia on cognitive function in clinical and non-clinical populations. DATA SOURCES From inception to June 13th, 2022, a systematic search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of exercise under hypoxic vs normoxic on cognition in clinical and non-clinical populations were included. The systematic search generated 14,894 relevant studies, of which 12 were finally included. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently extracted data from included studies. Results were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD). Each included study was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 1.0 (RoB1.0) tool. Finally, the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to rate the certainty of evidence for each outcome. DATA SYNTHESIS Overall, 12 studies with a total of 338 participants met the inclusion criteria. The pooled results suggested that hypoxia exercise had a small but not statistically significant positive effect on overall cognitive function (SMD=0.064, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.156-0.284, P=.567, very low-certainty evidence), when compared with normoxic exercise. Regarding the domain-specific cognitive functions, there was a medium and significant positive effect on memory (SMD=0.594, 95% CI: 0.068 to 1.120, P=.027, very low-certainty evidence), while effects on visuospatial function (SMD=0.490, 95% CI: -0.030 to 1.010, P=.065, very low-certainty evidence), attention (SMD=0.037, 95% CI: -0.340 to 0.414, P=.847, very low-certainty evidence), executive function (SMD=0.096, 95% CI: -0.268 to 0.460, P=.605, very low-certainty evidence), and processing speed (SMD=-0.145, 95% CI: -0.528 to 0.239, P=.459, very low-certainty evidence) were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The current pooled results revealed that hypoxic exercise was related to improved cognitive performance. Nevertheless, exercise under hypoxia did not have a significant advantage in cognitive promotion when compared with exercise under normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Jiamin Yan
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Xiaoqin Guo
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Huawei Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Chendong Ruan
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yaling Dai
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Sinuo Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yajun Cao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Qing Xiang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Minguang Yang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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Ma LY, Song JH, Gao PY, Ou YN, Fu Y, Huang LY, Wang ZT, Zhang DD, Cui RP, Mi YC, Tan L. Amyloid pathology mediates the associations between plasma fibrinogen and cognition in non-demented adults. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38533619 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Though previous studies revealed the potential associations of elevated levels of plasma fibrinogen with dementia, there is still limited understanding regarding the influence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers on these associations. We sought to investigate the interrelationships among fibrinogen, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers, and cognition in non-demented adults. We included 1996 non-demented adults from the Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and LifestylE (CABLE) study and 337 from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. The associations of fibrinogen with AD biomarkers and cognition were explored using multiple linear regression models. The mediation analyses with 10 000 bootstrapped iterations were conducted to explore the mediating effects of AD biomarkers on cognition. In addition, interaction analyses and subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the influence of covariates on the relationships between fibrinogen and AD biomarkers. Participants exhibiting low Aβ42 were designated as A+, while those demonstrating high phosphorylated tau (P-tau) and total tau (Tau) were labeled as T+ and N+, respectively. Individuals with normal measures of Aβ42 and P-tau were categorized as the A-T- group, and those with abnormal levels of both Aβ42 and P-tau were grouped under A+T+. Fibrinogen was higher in the A+ subgroup compared to that in the A- subgroup (p = 0.026). Fibrinogen was higher in the A+T+ subgroup compared to that in the A-T- subgroup (p = 0.011). Higher fibrinogen was associated with worse cognition and Aβ pathology (all p < 0.05). Additionally, the associations between fibrinogen and cognition were partially mediated by Aβ pathology (mediation proportion range 8%-28%). Interaction analyses and subgroup analyses showed that age and ApoE ε4 affect the relationships between fibrinogen and Aβ pathology. Fibrinogen was associated with both cognition and Aβ pathology. Aβ pathology may be a critical mediator for impacts of fibrinogen on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-Hui Song
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pei-Yang Gao
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liang-Yu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuo-Teng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui-Ping Cui
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin-Chu Mi
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Gaster B, Suchsland MZ, Fitzpatrick AL, Liao JM, Belza B, Hsu AP, McKiddy S, Park C, Olivari BS, Singh AP, Raetz J. Evaluating Cognitive Impairment in a Large Health Care System: The Cognition in Primary Care Program. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:493-501. [PMID: 38701141 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Background The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD) is rising. Primary care providers (PCPs) will increasingly be required to play a role in its detection but lack the training to do so. Objective To develop a model for cognitive evaluation which is feasible in primary care and evaluate its implementation in a large health system. Methods The Cognition in Primary Care Program consists of web-based training together with integrated tools built into the electronic record. We implemented the program among PCPs at 14 clinics in a large health system. We (1) surveyed PCPs to assess the impact of training on their confidence to evaluate cognition, (2) measured the number of cognitive assessments they performed, and (3) tracked the number of patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Results Thirty-nine PCPs completed the training which covered how to evaluate cognition. Survey response rate from those PCPs was 74%. Six months after the end of the training, they reported confidence in assessing cognition (mean 4.6 on 5-point scale). Cognitive assessments documented in the health record increased from 0.8 per month before the training to 2.5 in the six months after the training. Patients who were newly diagnosed with MCI increased from 4.2 per month before the training to 6.0 per month in the six months after the training. Conclusions This model for cognitive evaluation in a large health system was shown to increase cognitive testing and increase diagnoses of MCI. Such improvements are essential for the timely detection of ADRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Gaster
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua M Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Basia Belza
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amy P Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah McKiddy
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina Park
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin S Olivari
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Angad P Singh
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jaqueline Raetz
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wang C, Liu S, Li A, Liu J. Text Dialogue Analysis for Primary Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment: Development and Validation Study. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e51501. [PMID: 38157230 PMCID: PMC10787336 DOI: 10.2196/51501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial intelligence models tailored to diagnose cognitive impairment have shown excellent results. However, it is unclear whether large linguistic models can rival specialized models by text alone. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explored the performance of ChatGPT for primary screening of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and standardized the design steps and components of the prompts. METHODS We gathered a total of 174 participants from the DementiaBank screening and classified 70% of them into the training set and 30% of them into the test set. Only text dialogues were kept. Sentences were cleaned using a macro code, followed by a manual check. The prompt consisted of 5 main parts, including character setting, scoring system setting, indicator setting, output setting, and explanatory information setting. Three dimensions of variables from published studies were included: vocabulary (ie, word frequency and word ratio, phrase frequency and phrase ratio, and lexical complexity), syntax and grammar (ie, syntactic complexity and grammatical components), and semantics (ie, semantic density and semantic coherence). We used R 4.3.0. for the analysis of variables and diagnostic indicators. RESULTS Three additional indicators related to the severity of MCI were incorporated into the final prompt for the model. These indicators were effective in discriminating between MCI and cognitively normal participants: tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (P<.001), difficulty with complex ideas (P<.001), and memory issues (P<.001). The final GPT-4 model achieved a sensitivity of 0.8636, a specificity of 0.9487, and an area under the curve of 0.9062 on the training set; on the test set, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve reached 0.7727, 0.8333, and 0.8030, respectively. CONCLUSIONS ChatGPT was effective in the primary screening of participants with possible MCI. Improved standardization of prompts by clinicians would also improve the performance of the model. It is important to note that ChatGPT is not a substitute for a clinician making a diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Wang
- Department of Medical Informatics, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siru Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Aiqing Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Medical Informatics, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Information Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Warren A. The relationship between perceived stigma and perceived stress in cognitive decline: a survey of persons with mild cognitive impairment and their caregivers. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1293284. [PMID: 38144994 PMCID: PMC10740212 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1293284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While Alzheimer's disease and other causes of dementia have rapidly become a global health crisis with growing incidence that is unabated, the incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) far exceeds that of Alzheimer's disease. Persons with MCI demonstrate some level of cognitive impairment, but daily functions remain intact and there is no certainty that they will develop dementia. Yet, the possibility conjures a considerable amount of fear and anxiety, further fueled by a vast array of misconceptions and stigma. The pervasive nature of this stigma permeates society and culture at many levels. Persons with MCI who are at higher risk for development of dementia may be especially vulnerable to fear and stigma associated with the diagnosis. Based on this premise, the primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived stigma and perceived stress in persons with MCI and their care partners, including the relationship between income and the study variables. The secondary aim was to examine the effect of a combined cognitive rehabilitation and wellness program on these perceptions. Methods Thirty participants were recruited from Mayo Clinic's Health Action to Benefit Independence and Thinking (HABIT) program. MCI (n = 15) and care partner (n = 15) participants completed the Stigma Impact Scale (SIS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) before and after the HABIT program. Results Average SIS and PSS scores decreased in the MCI, care partner, and combined groups, both pre- and post-HABIT. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between perceived stigma and stress, controlling for income. A significant relationship was found between perceived stigma and perceived stress both pre and post-HABIT. Discussion The results suggest a relationship exists between perceived stigma and perceived stress in persons with MCI and their care partners, and an educational program such as HABIT may strengthen this relationship by informing participants of potential challenges that occur in cognitive decline. Understanding these relationships may provide an opportunity to provide tools for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Warren
- The Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
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Wang X, Li F, Tian J, Gao Q, Zhu H. Bayesian estimation for the accuracy of three neuropsychological tests in detecting Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a retrospective analysis of the ADNI database. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:427. [PMID: 37821912 PMCID: PMC10568914 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropathological confirmation serves as the gold standard for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it is usually not available to the living individuals. In addition, the gold standard for diagnosing Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) remains unclear yet. Neuropsychological testing, such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog), is commonly used tests in identifying AD and MCI, offering convenience, affordability, non-invasiveness, and accessibility in clinical settings. We aimed to accurately evaluate the discriminative ability of the three tests administrated at the same visit simultaneously in detecting AD and MCI due to AD in the absence of a gold standard. METHODS A total of 1289 participants aged over 65 were included from the baseline visits of Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Bayesian latent class models, accounting for conditional dependence between MoCA and MMSE, were conducted to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the three tests for detecting AD and MCI. RESULTS In detecting AD, the ADAS-cog had the highest Youden's Index (0.829), followed by the MoCA(0.813) and MMSE(0.796). The ADAS-cog and MoCA showed similar sensitivity (0.922 vs 0.912) and specificity (0.907 vs 0.901), while the MMSE had lower sensitivity (0.874) and higher specificity (0.922). For MCI detection, the ADAS-cog had the highest Youden's Index (0.704) compared to the MoCA (0.614) and MMSE (0.478). The ADAS-cog exhibited the highest sensitivity, closely followed by the MoCA and MMSE (0.869 vs 0.845 vs 0.757), and the ADAS-cog also had good specificity (0.835 vs 0.769 vs 0.721). The estimated true prevalence of AD among individuals aged over 65 was 20.0%, and the estimated true prevalence of MCI due to AD was 24.8%. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the ADAS-cog and MoCA are reliable tools for detecting AD and MCI, while the MMSE may be less sensitive in detecting these conditions. A large underdiagnosis of the MCI and Alzheimer's population still remains in clinical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xi Toutiao You Anmenwai, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjie Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xi Toutiao You Anmenwai, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xi Toutiao You Anmenwai, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xi Toutiao You Anmenwai, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiping Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xi Toutiao You Anmenwai, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory for Gene-Environment and Reproductive Health, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Cui L, Zhang Z, Huang L, Li Q, Guo YH, Guo QH. Dual-stage cognitive assessment: a two-stage screening for cognitive impairment in primary care. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:368. [PMID: 37231438 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging population has led to an increased proportion of older adults and cognitively impaired. We designed a brief and flexible two-stage cognitive screening scale, the Dual-Stage Cognitive Assessment (DuCA), for cognitive screening in primary care settings. METHOD In total, 1,772 community-dwelling participants were recruited, including those with normal cognition (NC, n = 1,008), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 633), and Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 131), and administered a neuropsychological test battery and the DuCA. To improve performance, the DuCA combines visual and auditory memory tests for an enhanced memory function test. RESULTS The correlation coefficient between DuCA-part 1 and DuCA-total was 0.84 (P < 0.001). The correlation coefficients of DuCA-part 1 with Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic (MoCA-B) were 0.66 (P < 0.001) and 0.85 (P < 0.001), respectively. The correlation coefficients of DuCA-total with ACE-III and MoCA-B were 0.78 (P < 0.001) and 0.83 (P < 0.001), respectively. DuCA-Part 1 showed a similar discrimination ability for MCI from NC (area under curve [AUC] = 0.87, 95%CI 0.848-0.883) as ACE III (AUC = 0.86, 95%CI 0.838-0.874) and MoCA-B (AUC = 0.85, 95%CI 0.830-0.868). DuCA-total had a higher AUC (0.93, 95%CI: 0.917-0.942). At different education levels, the AUC was 0.83-0.84 for DuCA-part 1, and 0.89-0.94 for DuCA-total. DuCA-part 1 and DuCA-total's ability to discriminate AD from MCI was 0.84 and 0.93, respectively. CONCLUSION DuCA-Part 1 would aid rapid screening and supplemented with the second part for a complete assessment. DuCA is suited for large-scale cognitive screening in primary care, saving time and eliminating the need for extensively training assessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Qinjie Li
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yi-Han Guo
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Qi-Hao Guo
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Rodriguez-Espinosa N, Moro Miguel A, Rodriguez-Perez MDC, Almeida-Gonzalez D, Cabrera de Leon A. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and waist-to-hip ratio in middle-aged postmenopausal women are the main factors associated with semantic verbal fluency 12 years later. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1106629. [PMID: 37255942 PMCID: PMC10226530 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1106629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have analized the effect of vascular risk factors and lifestyle habits affecting the middle age of postmenopausal women on later cognitive performance in old age. We have carried out an observational study to identify those factors and whether they differ from those acting in men. Postmenopausal women and males, both aged 40-60 years old at recruitment, from a community dwelling cohort were included. Data for this study were collected from the first visit at recruitment (2001 to 2005). Participants were interviewed with a questionnaire on their health-related antecedents and underwent a physical exam. The cohort was contacted again for a new presential visit between 2014 and 2015. A semantic verbal fluency test was included in this new visit protocol as a brief measure of cognition. Besides educational attainment, Mediterranean diet adherence 20th percentile (OR = 1.93; 95%CI = 1.07-3.47) and waist to hip ratio 80th percentile (OR = 1.81; 95%CI = 1.10-2,98) were the main factors associated to low semantic fluency performance in postmenopausal women, while declared diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.24; 95%CI = 1.16-4,33), HOMA 2 insulin resistance index (OR = 1.77; 95%CI =1.04-3,02), light physical activity in leisure time (OR = 0.41; 95%CI = 0.19-0,93) and recommended moderate to vigorous physical activity (OR = 2.09; 95%CI = 1.23-3.56) did in men. Factors in middle age that explain semantic verbal fluency in old age are different between postmenopausal women and men. Menopause related fat redistribution may be a precondition for other vascular risk factors. The effect of Mediterranean diet on cognition deserves new specific studies centered on postmenopausal women as group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Rodriguez-Espinosa
- Unidad de Neurología de la Memoria, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Adoración Moro Miguel
- Unidad de Neurología de la Memoria, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez
- Unidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Delia Almeida-Gonzalez
- Sección de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio Cabrera de Leon
- Unidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Area de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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11
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Esophageal motility disorders in symptomatic patients and its relation to age. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:69. [PMID: 36906548 PMCID: PMC10007782 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although swallowing disorders can impact individuals of any age, some are unique to the elderly, and others are frequent. Some disorders, such as achalasia, are diagnosed by esophageal manometry studies, which assess lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and relaxation, peristalsis in the esophageal body, and contraction wave characteristics. This research aimed to evaluate esophageal motility dysfunction in symptomatic patients and its relation to age. METHODS Conventional esophageal manometry was performed on 385 symptomatic patients who were divided into two groups; Group A (age < 65 years old) and Group B (age ≥ 65 years). The geriatric assessment for Group B included cognitive, functional, and clinical frailty scales (CFS). Additionally, a nutritional assessment was done for all patients. RESULTS About one-third of the patients (33%) had achalasia, in which manometric results were significantly higher in Group B (43.4%) than in Group A (28.7%) (P = 0.016). The resting lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, as determined by manometry examination, was significantly lower in Group A than in Group B. In contrast, complete LES relaxation percentage and normal esophageal body peristalsis were significantly higher in Group A than in Group B. Patients who exhibited evidence of achalasia in the manometric study had a significantly increased risk of established malnutrition and functional impairment. CONCLUSIONS Achalasia is a prevalent cause of dysphagia in elderly patients, placing them at risk of malnutrition and functional impairment. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach is vital when providing care for this population.
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12
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Statsenko Y, Meribout S, Habuza T, Almansoori TM, Gorkom KNV, Gelovani JG, Ljubisavljevic M. Patterns of structure-function association in normal aging and in Alzheimer's disease: Screening for mild cognitive impairment and dementia with ML regression and classification models. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:943566. [PMID: 36910862 PMCID: PMC9995946 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.943566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The combined analysis of imaging and functional modalities is supposed to improve diagnostics of neurodegenerative diseases with advanced data science techniques. Objective To get an insight into normal and accelerated brain aging by developing the machine learning models that predict individual performance in neuropsychological and cognitive tests from brain MRI. With these models we endeavor to look for patterns of brain structure-function association (SFA) indicative of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's dementia. Materials and methods We explored the age-related variability of cognitive and neuropsychological test scores in normal and accelerated aging and constructed regression models predicting functional performance in cognitive tests from brain radiomics data. The models were trained on the three study cohorts from ADNI dataset-cognitively normal individuals, patients with MCI or dementia-separately. We also looked for significant correlations between cortical parcellation volumes and test scores in the cohorts to investigate neuroanatomical differences in relation to cognitive status. Finally, we worked out an approach for the classification of the examinees according to the pattern of structure-function associations into the cohorts of the cognitively normal elderly and patients with MCI or dementia. Results In the healthy population, the global cognitive functioning slightly changes with age. It also remains stable across the disease course in the majority of cases. In healthy adults and patients with MCI or dementia, the trendlines of performance in digit symbol substitution test and trail making test converge at the approximated point of 100 years of age. According to the SFA pattern, we distinguish three cohorts: the cognitively normal elderly, patients with MCI, and dementia. The highest accuracy is achieved with the model trained to predict the mini-mental state examination score from voxel-based morphometry data. The application of the majority voting technique to models predicting results in cognitive tests improved the classification performance up to 91.95% true positive rate for healthy participants, 86.21%-for MCI and 80.18%-for dementia cases. Conclusion The machine learning model, when trained on the cases of this of that group, describes a disease-specific SFA pattern. The pattern serves as a "stamp" of the disease reflected by the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Statsenko
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Big Data Analytics Center (BIDAC), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarah Meribout
- Department of Medicine, University of Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Tetiana Habuza
- Big Data Analytics Center (BIDAC), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb M. Almansoori
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Klaus Neidl-Van Gorkom
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juri G. Gelovani
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Milos Ljubisavljevic
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Abu Dhabi Precision Medicine Virtual Research Institute (ADPMVRI), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) plagues 6.5 million Americans 65+, yet treatments are lacking. The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet has been developed to address the expansive impact of dementias on the general public. This systematic review evaluated the impact of the MIND diet on cognition in those with pathologies across the dementia spectrum. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the application of the MIND diet for prevention and/or treatment of dementia. METHODS PubMed was used to conduct a search using the MIND diet and terms related to cognition. Articles were excluded if they were published prior to 2018, studied a population without dementia or significant risk factors, or did not include those 65 + . The overall quality of each source was analyzed based on the cognitive test(s) used, the selection of subjects, and the sample size. RESULTS The search generated 33 papers, which yielded 11 articles after screening. Of these studies, one was conducted on those with mild cognitive impairment, one with AD, two with general dementia, and seven with at-risk individuals. All the studies found a positive correlation between adherence and some form of cognitive functioning, but results were mixed for specific cognitive domains. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the MIND diet may be a useful long-term treatment option for those with various dementia pathologies. However, more research is needed on subjects with onset dementias. Additionally, there is a need for more research into the mechanisms behind the common comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Healy
- James Madison University, College of Health and Behavioral Studies, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
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14
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White JP, Schembri A, Prenn-Gologranc C, Ondrus M, Katina S, Novak P, Lim YY, Edgar C, Maruff P. Sensitivity of Individual and Composite Test Scores from the Cogstate Brief Battery to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Due to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1781-1799. [PMID: 38007647 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cogstate Brief Battery (CBB) is a computerized cognitive test battery used commonly to identify cognitive deficits related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, AD and normative samples used to understand the sensitivity of the CBB to AD in the clinic have been limited, as have the outcome measures studied. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the sensitivity of CBB outcomes, including potential composite scores, to cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia due to AD, in carefully selected samples. METHODS Samples consisted of 4,871 cognitively unimpaired adults and 184 adults who met clinical criteria for MCI (Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) = 0.5) or dementia (CDR > 0.5) due to AD and CBB naive. Speed and accuracy measures from each test were examined, and theoretically- and statistically-derived composites were created. Sensitivity and specificity of classification of cognitive impairment were compared between outcomes. RESULTS Individual CBB measures of learning and working memory showed high discriminability for AD-related cognitive impairment for CDR 0.5 (AUCs ∼ 0.79-0.88), and CDR > 0.5 (AUCs ∼ 0.89-0.96) groups. Discrimination ability for theoretically derived CBB composite measures was high, particularly for the Learning and Working Memory (LWM) composite (CDR 0.5 AUC = 0.90, CDR > 0.5 AUC = 0.97). As expected, statistically optimized linear composite measures showed strong discrimination abilities albeit similar to the LWM composite. CONCLUSIONS In older adults, the CBB is effective for discriminating cognitive impairment due to MCI or AD-dementia from unimpaired cognition with the LWM composite providing the strongest sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stanislav Katina
- AXON Neuroscience CRM Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novak
- AXON Neuroscience CRM Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Yen Ying Lim
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Edgar
- Cogstate Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- Cogstate Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Acosta Benito MÁ, García Pliego RA, Baena Díez JM, Gorroñogoitia Iturbe A, Herreros Herreros Y, De Hoyos Alonso MDC, Magán Tapia P, Martin Lesende I. [PAPPS update on older people 2022]. Aten Primaria 2022; 54 Suppl 1:102438. [PMID: 36435582 PMCID: PMC9705221 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2022.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article examines the latest available evidence on preventive activities in the elderly, including sleep disorders, physical exercise, deprescription, cognitive disorders and dementias, nutrition, social isolation and frailty.
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16
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Ham Y, Bae S, Lee H, Ha Y, Choi H, Park JH, Park HY, Hong I. Item-level psychometrics of the Ascertain Dementia Eight-Item Informant Questionnaire. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270204. [PMID: 35789335 PMCID: PMC9255723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the item-level psychometrics of the Ascertain Dementia Eight-Item Informant Questionnaire (AD-8) by examining its dimensionality, rating scale integrity, item fit statistics, item difficulty hierarchy, item-person match, and precision. We used confirmatory factor analysis and the Rasch rating scale model for analyzing the data extracted from the proxy versions of the 2019 and 2020 National Health and Aging Trends Study, USA. A total of 403 participants were included in the analysis. The confirmatory factor analysis with a 1-factor model using the robust weighted least squares (WLSMV) estimator indicated a unidimensional measurement structure (χ2 = 41.015, df = 20, p = 0.004; root mean square error of approximation = 0.051; comparative fit index = 0.995; Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.993;). The findings indicated that the AD-8 has no misfitting items and no differential item functioning across sex and gender. The items were evenly distributed in the item difficulty rating (range: −2.30 to 0.98 logits). While there were floor effects, the AD-8 revealed good reliability (Rasch person reliability = 0.67, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89). The Rasch analysis reveals that the AD-8 has excellent psychometric properties that can be used as a screening assessment tool in clinical settings allowing clinicians to measure dementia both quickly and efficiently. To summarize, the AD-8 could be a useful primary screening tool to be used with additional diagnostic testing, if the patient is accompanied by a reliable informant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeajin Ham
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeong Bae
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heerim Lee
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaena Ha
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesu Choi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyuk Park
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Hae Yean Park
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Ickpyo Hong
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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17
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Holmes AA, Tripathi S, Katz E, Mondesire-Crump I, Mahajan R, Ritter A, Arroyo-Gallego T, Giancardo L. A novel framework to estimate cognitive impairment via finger interaction with digital devices. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac194. [PMID: 35950091 PMCID: PMC9356723 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring cognitive function is essential for characterizing brain health and tracking cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s Disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Current tools to accurately evaluate cognitive impairment typically rely on a battery of questionnaires administered during clinical visits which is essential for the acquisition of repeated measurements in longitudinal studies. Previous studies have shown that the remote data collection of passively monitored daily interaction with personal digital devices can measure motor signs in the early stages of synucleinopathies, as well as facilitate longitudinal patient assessment in the real-world scenario with high patient compliance. This was achieved by the automatic discovery of patterns in the time series of keystroke dynamics, i.e. the time required to press and release keys, by machine learning algorithms. In this work, our hypothesis is that the typing patterns generated from user-device interaction may reflect relevant features of the effects of cognitive impairment caused by neurodegeneration. We use machine learning algorithms to estimate cognitive performance through the analysis of keystroke dynamic patterns that were extracted from mechanical and touchscreen keyboard use in a dataset of cognitively normal (n = 39, 51% male) and cognitively impaired subjects (n = 38, 60% male). These algorithms are trained and evaluated using a novel framework that integrates items from multiple neuropsychological and clinical scales into cognitive subdomains to generate a more holistic representation of multifaceted clinical signs. In our results, we see that these models based on typing input achieve moderate correlations with verbal memory, non-verbal memory and executive function subdomains [Spearman’s ρ between 0.54 (P < 0.001) and 0.42 (P < 0.001)] and a weak correlation with language/verbal skills [Spearman’s ρ 0.30 (P < 0.05)]. In addition, we observe a moderate correlation between our typing-based approach and the Total Montreal Cognitive Assessment score [Spearman’s ρ 0.48 (P < 0.001)]. Finally, we show that these machine learning models can perform better by using our subdomain framework that integrates the information from multiple neuropsychological scales as opposed to using the individual items that make up these scales. Our results support our hypothesis that typing patterns are able to reflect the effects of neurodegeneration in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease and that this new subdomain framework both helps the development of machine learning models and improves their interpretability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shikha Tripathi
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
| | | | | | - Rahul Mahajan
- nQ Medical , Cambridge, MA 02142 , USA
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital , Boston, MA 02115 , USA
| | - Aaron Ritter
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic , Las Vegas, NV 89106 , USA
| | | | - Luca Giancardo
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
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18
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Wang YL, Sun M, Wang FZ, Wang X, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Li R, Jiang J, Wang L, Li W, Sun Y, Chen J, Zhang C, Shi B, Liu J, Liu X, Xu J. Mediation of the APOE Associations With Cognition Through Cerebral Blood Flow: The CIBL Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:928925. [PMID: 35847686 PMCID: PMC9279129 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.928925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a strong genetic risk factor for aging-related cognitive decline. However, the causal connection between ε4 alleles and cognition is not well understood. The objective of this study was to identify the roles of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in cognitive-related brain areas in mediating the associations of APOE with cognition. Methods The multiple linear regression analyses were conducted on 369 subjects (mean age of 68.8 years; 62.9% of women; 29.3% of APOE ε4 allele carriers). Causal mediation analyses with 5,000 bootstrapped iterations were conducted to explore the mediation effects. Result APOE ε4 allele was negatively associated with cognition (P < 0.05) and CBF in the amygdala, hippocampus, middle temporal gyrus, posterior cingulate, and precuneus (all P < 0.05). The effect of the APOE genotype on cognition was partly mediated by the above CBF (all P < 0.05). Conclusion CBF partially mediates the potential links between APOE genotype and cognition. Overall, the APOE ε4 allele may lead to a dysregulation of the vascular structure and function with reduced cerebral perfusion, which in turn leads to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengfan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Ze Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Jia
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiwei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglong Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Key Specialty, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Baolin Shi
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangrong Liu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Xu,
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19
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Jin G. Intervention of population health management innovation on economy based on cognitive computing. Inf Process Manag 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Hu H, Fu JT, Bi YL, Ma YH, Huang YY, Wang X, Tan L, Yu JT. Tau Pathologies Mediate the Association of Cigarette Smoking with Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults Without Dementia: The CABLE Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:1849-1859. [PMID: 35253762 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although cigarette smoking is an important modifiable factor of cognitive impairment, the roles of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) core pathologies in modulating this process have not been fully delineated. Objective: This study aimed to explore associations of cigarette smoking with cognition and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers. Methods: A total of 1,079 non-demented participants were included from the Chinese Alzheimer’s Biomarker and LifestylE (CABLE) study. Associations of cigarette smoking with cognition and CSF AD biomarkers were explored by multiple linear regression models. The mediation analyses with 10,000 bootstrapped iterations were conducted to explore the mediation effects. Results: Heavy cigarette smokers (pack-years > 20) had poorer global cognition as well as higher levels of CSF p-tau and t-tau compared with the non-smokers (p < 0.01). Time-dose effect analysis among smokers also suggested that both cognitive impairment and tau pathologies markedly deteriorated with greater cumulative cigarette exposure, independently of the Aβ pathology (p < 0.01). In addition, smokers with older age or APOE ɛ4 showed more obvious influences on CSF tau pathologies but not on cognition. Overall, the influence of smoking on cognition was partially mediated by tau pathologies (estimated proportion: 12%), which still remained in late-life (10% ∼11%) and increased in APOE ɛ4 carriers (18% ∼24%). Encouragingly, long-term smoking cessation mitigated both cognitive impairment and tau pathologies (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Cigarette smoking was associated with both cognitive impairment and tau pathologies, which were accompanied by time-dose effects. Tau pathology might be a key mediator for influences of cigarette smoking on cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun-Ting Fu
- Department of Neurology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yan-Lin Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
| | - Ya-Hui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu-Yuan Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Hemrungrojn S, Tangwongchai S, Charoenboon T, Panasawat M, Supasitthumrong T, Chaipresertsud P, Maleevach P, Likitjaroen Y, Phanthumchinda K, Maes M. Use of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Thai Version to Discriminate Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment from Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Controls: Machine Learning Results. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2021; 50:183-194. [PMID: 34325427 DOI: 10.1159/000517822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is an effective and applicable screening instrument to confirm the diagnosis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy controls (HCs). OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the following: (a) Thai translation of the MoCA (MoCA-Thai) and (b) delineate the key features of aMCI based on the MoCA subdomains. METHODS This study included 60 HCs, 61 aMCI patients, and 60 AD patients. The MoCA-Thai shows adequate psychometric properties including internal consistency, concurrent validity, test-retest validity, and inter-rater reliability. RESULTS The MoCA-Thai may be employed as a diagnostic criterion to make the diagnosis of aMCI, whereby aMCI patients are discriminated from HC with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUC-ROC) curve of 0.813 and from AD patients with an AUC-ROC curve of 0.938. The best cutoff scores of the MoCA-Thai to discriminate aMCI from HC is ≤24 and from AD > 16. Neural network analysis showed that (a) aberrations in recall was the most important feature of aMCI versus HC with impairments in language and orientation being the second and third most important features and (b) aberrations in visuospatial skills and executive functions were the most important features of AD versus aMCI and that impairments in recall, language, and orientation but not attention, concentration, and working memory, further discriminated AD from aMCI. CONCLUSIONS The MoCA-Thai is an appropriate cognitive assessment tool to be used in the Thai population for the diagnosis of aMCI and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solaphat Hemrungrojn
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, .,Cognitive Fitness Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,
| | | | - Thammanard Charoenboon
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Prathumthani, Thailand
| | - Muthita Panasawat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Prathumthani, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Yuttachai Likitjaroen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kammant Phanthumchinda
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv and Technological Center for Emergency Medicine, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Nagaraj S, Duong TQ. Deep Learning and Risk Score Classification of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1079-1090. [PMID: 33646166 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many neurocognitive and neuropsychological tests are used to classify early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) from cognitive normal (CN). This can make it challenging for clinicians to make efficient and objective clinical diagnoses. It is possible to reduce the number of variables needed to make a reasonably accurate classification using machine learning. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to develop a deep learning algorithm to identify a few significant neurocognitive tests that can accurately classify these four groups. We also derived a simplified risk-stratification score model for diagnosis. METHODS Over 100 variables that included neuropsychological/neurocognitive tests, demographics, genetic factors, and blood biomarkers were collected from 383 EMCI, 644 LMCI, 394 AD patients, and 516 cognitive normal from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. A neural network algorithm was trained on data split 90% for training and 10% testing using 10-fold cross-validation. Prediction performance used area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic analysis. We also evaluated five different feature selection methods. RESULTS The five feature selection methods consistently yielded the top classifiers to be the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale - Sum of Boxes, Delayed total recall, Modified Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite with Trails test, Modified Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite with Digit test, and Mini-Mental State Examination. The best classification model yielded an AUC of 0.984, and the simplified risk-stratification score yielded an AUC of 0.963 on the test dataset. CONCLUSION The deep-learning algorithm and simplified risk score accurately classifies EMCI, LMCI, AD and CN patients using a few common neurocognitive tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Nagaraj
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tim Q Duong
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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23
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Hu H, Meng L, Bi YL, Zhang W, Xu W, Shen XN, Ou YN, Ma YH, Dong Q, Tan L, Yu JT. Tau pathologies mediate the association of blood pressure with cognitive impairment in adults without dementia: The CABLE study. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:53-64. [PMID: 34031984 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study delineated the interrelationships among blood pressure (BP), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) core biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cognition. METHODS The linear regression analyses were conducted in 1546 non-demented participants (mean age of 61.58 years, range 40 to 89 years; 40% female; average days of BP measurement, 9.10 days). Mediation analyses with 10,000 bootstrapped iterations were used to explore the mediation effects. RESULTS A clear age-related pattern of BP was delineated. Mid-life hypertension (especially systolic BP), late-life lower diastolic BP, as well as mid- and late-life higher pulse pressure were associated with cognitive impairment and tau-related biomarkers. BP variability was associated only with cognition but not with CSF biomarkers. Overall, the associations between BP and cognition were partially mediated (proportion: 11% to 30%) by tau pathologies, independently of amyloid pathology. DISCUSSION Tau pathologies might play important roles in the relationship between BP and cognition, with significant age- and BP-type dependences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Meng
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan-Lin Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- From Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Hui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- From Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- From Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Rizzo MR, Paolisso G. SARS-CoV-2 Emergency and Long-Term Cognitive Impairment in Older People. Aging Dis 2021; 12:345-352. [PMID: 33815868 PMCID: PMC7990368 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection has spread to all continents, affecting particularly older people. The complexity of SARS-CoV2 infection is still under study. Despite respiratory involvement is the main clinical manifestation of COVID-19, neurological manifestations are common. Although it is obvious to give priority to infectious emergency and the infectious disease itself, at present, however, data on potential long-term damages generally and on long-term cognitive functions impairment of older COVID-19 survivors have yet to be investigated. Because the hypothesis on the involvement of SARS-CoV-2 on the long-term cognitive decline pathogenesis would seem difficult to prove, we wanted to explore the brain mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, in order to provide more in-depth analysis and to draw attention to a topic relevant to basic scientific research and, more generally, to the elderly population.Looking forward, we argue that an early clinical and instrumental cognitive assessment can help prevent and slow down this possible complication or at least improve the quality of life for older people Covid-19 survivor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Rizzo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Piazza Miraglia, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Piazza Miraglia, Naples, Italy
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25
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Lancioni GE, Desideri L, Singh NN, O'Reilly MF, Sigafoos J, De Caro MF, Taurisano P. Use of technology to sustain mobility in older people with cognitive impairment and dementia: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2021:1-15. [PMID: 33751919 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2021.1900935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper provides a review of studies that evaluated technology devices to sustain various forms of mobility in older people with cognitive impairment or dementia and mobility problems (e.g., inability to ambulate or difficulties to orient with consequent failures to reach relevant destinations). METHODS A literature search was performed for English language articles indexed in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. This search was then supplemented with an ancestral and forward search. The search covered the period ranging between January 2010 and October 2020. RESULTS Twenty-seven articles were included in the review. They were divided into four groups according to whether they aimed to promote (a) supported ambulation, (b) use of safe power wheelchair, (c) ambulation guided by orientation cues, and (d) ambulation with GPS-based assistance. The studies were coded in terms of the objective pursued, technology used, participants involved, strategies applied to assess the technology, and outcome reported. CONCLUSION A variety of technology devices are available to address the mobility problems of older people with cognitive impairment or dementia. The devices' accessibility and usability differ widely. Data on their impact are still largely preliminary and new systematic research is needed.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONA variety of mobility problems may afflict older people with cognitive impairment or dementia and curtail their opportunities to freely move indoor or outdoor.Technology devices have been developed to (a) promote forms of supported ambulation, (b) facilitate safe use of power wheelchairs, (c) deliver orientation/navigation cues, and (d) ensure tracking and possible assistance.The technology devices differ in terms of accessibility and affordability, with some of them readily available and others at a developmental stage.Data on the effectiveness of the various technology devices in reducing the impact of the mobility problems are still largely preliminary and new systematic research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio E Lancioni
- Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Nirbhay N Singh
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mark F O'Reilly
- Department of Special Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jeff Sigafoos
- School of Education, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Maria F De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Taurisano
- Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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26
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Lazar RM, Howard VJ, Kernan WN, Aparicio HJ, Levine DA, Viera AJ, Jordan LC, Nyenhuis DL, Possin KL, Sorond FA, White CL. A Primary Care Agenda for Brain Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Stroke 2021; 52:e295-e308. [PMID: 33719523 DOI: 10.1161/str.0000000000000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A healthy brain is critical for living a longer and fuller life. The projected aging of the population, however, raises new challenges in maintaining quality of life. As we age, there is increasing compromise of neuronal activity that affects functions such as cognition, also making the brain vulnerable to disease. Once pathology-induced decline begins, few therapeutic options are available. Prevention is therefore paramount, and primary care can play a critical role. The purpose of this American Heart Association scientific statement is to provide an up-to-date summary for primary care providers in the assessment and modification of risk factors at the individual level that maintain brain health and prevent cognitive impairment. Building on the 2017 American Heart Association/American Stroke Association presidential advisory on defining brain health that included "Life's Simple 7," we describe here modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline, including depression, hypertension, physical inactivity, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, poor diet, smoking, social isolation, excessive alcohol use, sleep disorders, and hearing loss. These risk factors include behaviors, conditions, and lifestyles that can emerge before adulthood and can be routinely identified and managed by primary care clinicians.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj C Shah
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois (R.C.S., D.A.B.)
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois (R.C.S., D.A.B.)
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