1
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Haratipour Z, Foutch D, Blind RD. A novel heuristic of rigid docking scores positively correlates with full-length nuclear receptor LRH-1 regulation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:3065-3080. [PMID: 39185441 PMCID: PMC11342790 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor and validated drug target for several human diseases. LRH-1 activation is regulated by small molecule ligands, which bind to the ligand binding domain (LBD) within the full-length LRH-1. We recently identified 57 compounds that bind LRH-1, and unexpectedly found these compounds regulated either the isolated LBD, or the full-length LRH-1 in cells, with little overlap. Here, we correlated compound binding energy from a single rigid-body scoring function with full-length LRH-1 activity in cells. Although docking scores of the 57 hit compounds did not correlate with LRH-1 regulation in wet lab assays, a subset of the compounds had large differences in binding energy docked to the isolated LBD vs. full-length LRH-1, which we used to empirically derive a new metric of the docking scores we call "ΔΔG". Initial regressions, correlations and contingency analyses all suggest compounds with high ΔΔG values more frequently regulated LRH-1 in wet lab assays. We then docked all 57 compounds to 18 separate crystal structures of LRH-1 to obtain averaged ΔΔG values for each compound, which robustly and reproducibly associated with full-length LRH-1 activity in cells. Network analyses on the 18 crystal structures of LRH-1 suggest unique communication paths exist between the subsets of LRH-1 crystal structures that produced high vs. low ΔΔG values, identifying a structural relationship between ΔΔG and the position of Helix 6, a previously established regulatory helix important for LRH-1 regulation. Together, these data suggest rigid-body computational docking can be used to quickly calculate ΔΔG, which positively correlated with the ability of these 57 hit compounds to regulate full-length LRH-1 in cell-based assays. We propose ΔΔG as a novel computational tool that can be applied to LRH-1 drug screens to prioritize compounds for resource-intense secondary screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Haratipour
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Austin Peay State University, Department of Chemistry
| | - David Foutch
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Raymond D. Blind
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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2
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Cobo I, Paliwal S, Bodas C, Felipe I, Melià-Alomà J, Torres A, Martínez-Villarreal J, Malumbres M, García F, Millán I, Del Pozo N, Park JC, MacDonald RJ, Muñoz J, Méndez R, Real FX. NFIC regulates ribosomal biology and ER stress in pancreatic acinar cells and restrains PDAC initiation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3761. [PMID: 37353485 PMCID: PMC10290102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar cells rely on PTF1 and other transcription factors to deploy their transcriptional program. We identify NFIC as a NR5A2 interactor and regulator of acinar differentiation. NFIC binding sites are enriched in NR5A2 ChIP-Sequencing peaks. Nfic knockout mice have a smaller, histologically normal, pancreas with reduced acinar gene expression. NFIC binds and regulates the promoters of acinar genes and those involved in RNA/protein metabolism, and Nfic knockout pancreata show defective ribosomal RNA maturation. NFIC dampens the endoplasmic reticulum stress program through binding to gene promoters and is required for resolution of Tunicamycin-mediated stress. NFIC is down-regulated during caerulein pancreatitis and is required for recovery after damage. Normal human pancreata with low levels of NFIC transcripts display reduced expression of genes down-regulated in Nfic knockout mice. NFIC expression is down-regulated in mouse and human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Consistently, Nfic knockout mice develop a higher number of mutant Kras-driven pre-neoplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Cobo
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sumit Paliwal
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bodas
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Felipe
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Júlia Melià-Alomà
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torres
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marina Malumbres
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando García
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Millán
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Del Pozo
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ray J MacDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Méndez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Klatt KC, Petviashvili EJ, Moore DD. LRH-1 induces hepatoprotective nonessential amino acids in response to acute liver injury. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:168805. [PMID: 37009899 PMCID: PMC10065065 DOI: 10.1172/jci168805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatic injury is observed in response to various stressors, including trauma, ingestion of hepatic toxins, and hepatitis. Investigations to date have focused on extrinsic and intrinsic signals required for hepatocytes to proliferate and regenerate the liver in response to injury, though there is a more limited understanding of induced stress responses promoting hepatocyte survival upon acute injury. In this issue of the JCI, Sun and colleagues detail a mechanism by which local activation of the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1; NR5A2) directly induces de novo asparagine synthesis and expression of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) in response to injury and show that this response restrains hepatic damage. This work opens up several avenues for inquiry, including the potential for asparagine supplementation to ameliorate acute hepatic injury.
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4
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Zhang J, Guo J, Yang N, Huang Y, Hu T, Rao C. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death in liver injury. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1051. [PMID: 36535923 PMCID: PMC9763476 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is an important intracellular organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and unfolded protein response (UPR) are induced when the body is exposed to adverse external stimuli. It has been established that ERS can induce different cell death modes, including autophagy, apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis, through three major transmembrane receptors on the ER membrane, including inositol requirement enzyme 1α, protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and activating transcription factor 6. These different modes of cell death play an important role in the occurrence and development of various diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, metabolic diseases, and liver injury. As the largest metabolic organ, the liver is rich in enzymes, carries out different functions such as metabolism and secretion, and is the body's main site of protein synthesis. Accordingly, a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum system is present in hepatocytes to help the liver perform its physiological functions. Current evidence suggests that ERS is closely related to different stages of liver injury, and the death of hepatocytes caused by ERS may be key in liver injury. In addition, an increasing body of evidence suggests that modulating ERS has great potential for treating the liver injury. This article provided a comprehensive overview of the relationship between ERS and four types of cell death. Moreover, we discussed the mechanism of ERS and UPR in different liver injuries and their potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Jiafu Guo
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Nannan Yang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Yan Huang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Tingting Hu
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Chaolong Rao
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XState Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
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5
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Carracedo S, Lirussi L, Alsøe L, Segers F, Wang C, Bartosova Z, Bohov P, Tekin NB, Kong XY, Esbensen QY, Chen L, Wennerström A, Kroustallaki P, Ceolotto D, Tönjes A, Berge RK, Bruheim P, Wong G, Böttcher Y, Halvorsen B, Nilsen H. SMUG1 regulates fat homeostasis leading to a fatty liver phenotype in mice. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 120:103410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Michalek S, Goj T, Plazzo AP, Marovca B, Bornhauser B, Brunner T. LRH
‐1/
NR5A2
interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor to regulate glucocorticoid resistance. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54195. [PMID: 35801407 PMCID: PMC9442305 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Michalek
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS‐CB University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Thomas Goj
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Anna Pia Plazzo
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Blerim Marovca
- Division of Oncology and Children's Research Centre University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Beat Bornhauser
- Division of Oncology and Children's Research Centre University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS‐CB University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
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7
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Scott E, Garnham R, Cheung K, Duxfield A, Elliott DJ, Munkley J. Pro-Survival Factor EDEM3 Confers Therapy Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158184. [PMID: 35897761 PMCID: PMC9332126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, and it is primarily driven by androgen steroid hormones. The glycosylation enzyme EDEM3 is controlled by androgen signalling and is important for prostate cancer viability. EDEM3 is a mannosidase that trims mannose from mis-folded glycoproteins, tagging them for degradation through endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Here, we find that EDEM3 is upregulated in prostate cancer, and this is linked to poorer disease-free survival. Depletion of EDEM3 from prostate cancer cells induces an ER stress transcriptomic signature, and EDEM3 overexpression is cyto-protective against ER stressors. EDEM3 expression also positively correlates with genes involved in the unfolded protein response in prostate cancer patients, and its expression can be induced through exposure to radiation. Importantly, the overexpression of EDEM3 promotes radio-resistance in prostate cancer cells and radio-resistance can be reduced through depletion of EDEM3. Our data thus implicate increased levels of EDEM3 with a role in prostate cancer pathology and reveal a new therapeutic opportunity to sensitise prostate tumours to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Scott
- Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.G.); (A.D.); (D.J.E.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Rebecca Garnham
- Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.G.); (A.D.); (D.J.E.)
| | - Kathleen Cheung
- Bioinformatic Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK;
| | - Adam Duxfield
- Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.G.); (A.D.); (D.J.E.)
| | - David J. Elliott
- Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.G.); (A.D.); (D.J.E.)
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.G.); (A.D.); (D.J.E.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (J.M.)
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8
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Mays SG, D'Agostino EH, Flynn AR, Huang X, Wang G, Liu X, Millings EJ, Okafor CD, Patel A, Cato ML, Cornelison JL, Melchers D, Houtman R, Moore DD, Calvert JW, Jui NT, Ortlund EA. A phospholipid mimetic targeting LRH-1 ameliorates colitis. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1174-1186.e7. [PMID: 35316658 PMCID: PMC11288311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are ligands for nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) that regulate transcriptional programs relevant to normal physiology and disease. Here, we demonstrate that mimicking phospholipid-NR interactions is a robust strategy to improve agonists of liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), a therapeutic target for colitis. Conventional LRH-1 modulators only partially occupy the binding pocket, leaving vacant a region important for phospholipid binding and allostery. Therefore, we constructed a set of molecules with elements of natural phospholipids appended to a synthetic LRH-1 agonist. We show that the phospholipid-mimicking groups interact with the targeted residues in crystal structures and improve binding affinity, LRH-1 transcriptional activity, and conformational changes at a key allosteric site. The best phospholipid mimetic markedly improves colonic histopathology and disease-related weight loss in a murine T cell transfer model of colitis. This evidence of in vivo efficacy for an LRH-1 modulator in colitis represents a leap forward in agonist development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Autumn R Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guohui Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Millings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anamika Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael L Cato
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John W Calvert
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nathan T Jui
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Lang A, Isigkeit L, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Merk D. The Medicinal Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of LRH-1 Modulators. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16956-16973. [PMID: 34839661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ligand-activated transcription factor liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is involved in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, including cholesterol and glucose balance. Preliminary evidence points to therapeutic potential of LRH-1 modulation in diabetes, hepatic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, atherosclerosis, and certain cancers, but because of a lack of suitable ligands, pharmacological control of LRH-1 has been insufficiently studied. Despite the availability of considerable structural knowledge on LRH-1, only a few ligand chemotypes have been developed, and potent, selective, and bioavailable tools to explore LRH-1 modulation in vivo are lacking. In view of the therapeutic potential of LRH-1 in prevalent diseases, improved chemical tools are needed to probe the beneficial and adverse effects of pharmacological LRH-1 modulation in sophisticated preclinical models and to further elucidate the receptor's molecular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Lang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Isigkeit
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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10
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Sandhu N, Rana S, Meena K. Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (NR5A2): role in health and diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8155-8170. [PMID: 34643922 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are the regulatory molecules that mediate cellular signals as they interact with specific DNA sequences. NR5A2 is a member of NR5A subfamily having four members (Nr5a1-Nr5a4). NR5A2 shows involvement in diverse biological processes like reverse cholesterol transport, embryonic stem cell pluripotency, steroidogenesis, development and differentiation of embryo, and adult homeostasis. NR5A2 haploinsufficiency has been seen associated with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancer. There is a close relationship between the progression of pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis, NR5A2 serving a common link. NR5A2 activity is regulated by intracellular phospholipids, transcriptional coregulators and post-translational modifications. The specific ligand of NR5A2 is unknown hence called an orphan receptor, but specific phospholipids such as dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine and diundecanoyl phosphatidylcholine act as a ligand and they are established drug targets in various diseases. This review will focus on the NR5A2 structure, regulation of its activity, and role in biological processes and diseases. In future, need more emphasis on discovering small molecule agonists and antagonist, which act as a drug target for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sandhu
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Satyavati Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kiran Meena
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India.
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11
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Gkikas D, Stellas D, Polissidis A, Manolakou T, Kokotou MG, Kokotos G, Politis PK. Nuclear receptor NR5A2 negatively regulates cell proliferation and tumor growth in nervous system malignancies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2015243118. [PMID: 34561301 PMCID: PMC8488649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015243118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nervous system malignancies are characterized by rapid progression and poor survival rates. These clinical observations underscore the need for novel therapeutic insights and pharmacological targets. To this end, here, we identify the orphan nuclear receptor NR5A2/LRH1 as a negative regulator of cancer cell proliferation and promising pharmacological target for nervous system-related tumors. In particular, clinical data from publicly available databases suggest that high expression levels of NR5A2 are associated with favorable prognosis in patients with glioblastoma and neuroblastoma tumors. Consistently, we experimentally show that NR5A2 is sufficient to strongly suppress proliferation of both human and mouse glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cells without inducing apoptosis. Moreover, short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of the basal expression levels of NR5A2 in glioblastoma cells promotes their cell cycle progression. The antiproliferative effect of NR5A2 is mediated by the transcriptional induction of negative regulators of the cell cycle, CDKN1A (encoding for p21cip1), CDKN1B (encoding for p27kip1) and Prox1 Interestingly, two well-established agonists of NR5A2, dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) and diundecanoyl phosphatidylcholine, are able to mimic the antiproliferative action of NR5A2 in human glioblastoma cells via the induction of the same critical genes. Most importantly, treatment with DLPC inhibits glioblastoma tumor growth in vivo in heterotopic and orthotopic xenograft mouse models. These data indicate a tumor suppressor role of NR5A2 in the nervous system and render this nuclear receptor a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of nervous tissue-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, 265 04, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitris Stellas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 116 35, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexia Polissidis
- Centre for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Manolakou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27, Athens, Greece;
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12
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Lee JH, Han JH, Joe EH, Jou I. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) aggravates ER stress in Parkinson's disease-linked LRRK2 mutant astrocyte by regulating XBP1 SUMOylation. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:51. [PMID: 34229656 PMCID: PMC8261914 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a common feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and several PD-related genes are responsible for ER dysfunction. Recent studies suggested LRRK2-G2019S, a pathogenic mutation in the PD-associated gene LRRK2, cause ER dysfunction, and could thereby contribute to the development of PD. It remains unclear, however, how mutant LRRK2 influence ER stress to control cellular outcome. In this study, we identified the mechanism by which LRRK2-G2019S accelerates ER stress and cell death in astrocytes. Methods To investigate changes in ER stress response genes, we treated LRRK2-wild type and LRRK2-G2019S astrocytes with tunicamycin, an ER stress-inducing agent, and performed gene expression profiling with microarrays. The XBP1 SUMOylation and PIAS1 ubiquitination were performed using immunoprecipitation assay. The effect of astrocyte to neuronal survival were assessed by astrocytes-neuron coculture and slice culture systems. To provide in vivo proof-of-concept of our approach, we measured ER stress response in mouse brain. Results Microarray gene expression profiling revealed that LRRK2-G2019S decreased signaling through XBP1, a key transcription factor of the ER stress response, while increasing the apoptotic ER stress response typified by PERK signaling. In LRRK2-G2019S astrocytes, the transcriptional activity of XBP1 was decreased by PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation. Intriguingly, LRRK2-GS stabilized PIAS1 by increasing the level of small heterodimer partner (SHP), a negative regulator of PIAS1 degradation, thereby promoting XBP1 SUMOylation. When SHP was depleted, XBP1 SUMOylation and cell death were reduced. In addition, we identified agents that can disrupt SHP-mediated XBP1 SUMOylation and may therefore have therapeutic activity in PD caused by the LRRK2-G2019S mutation. Conclusion Our findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism involving XBP1 in LRRK2-G2019S mutant astrocytes, and highlight the importance of the SHP/PIAS1/XBP1 axis in PD models. These findings provide important insight into the basis of the correlation between mutant LRRK2 and pathophysiological ER stress in PD, and suggest a plausible model that explains this connection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00747-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 442-721, South Korea.,Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 442-721, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 442-721, South Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 442-721, South Korea. .,Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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13
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Sun Y, Demagny H, Schoonjans K. Emerging functions of the nuclear receptor LRH-1 in liver physiology and pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166145. [PMID: 33862147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors play pleiotropic roles in cell differentiation, development, proliferation, and metabolic processes to govern liver physiology and pathology. The nuclear receptor, liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2), originally identified in the liver as a regulator of bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis, was recently recognized to coordinate a multitude of other hepatic metabolic processes, including glucose and lipid processing, methyl group sensing, and cellular stress responses. In this review, we summarize the physiological and pathophysiological functions of LRH-1 in the liver, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. This review also focuses on the recent advances highlighting LRH-1 as an attractive target for liver-associated diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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14
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Cobo I, Iglesias M, Flández M, Verbeke C, Del Pozo N, Llorente M, Lawlor R, Luchini C, Rusev B, Scarpa A, Real FX. Epithelial Nr5a2 heterozygosity cooperates with mutant Kras in the development of pancreatic cystic lesions. J Pathol 2021; 253:174-185. [PMID: 33079429 DOI: 10.1002/path.5570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are an increasingly important public health problem. The majority of these lesions are benign but some progress to invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). There is a dearth of mouse models of these conditions. The orphan nuclear receptor NR5A2 regulates development, differentiation, and inflammation. Germline Nr5a2 heterozygosity sensitizes mice to the oncogenic effects of mutant Kras in the pancreas. Here, we show that - unlike constitutive Nr5a2+/- mice - conditional Nr5a2 heterozygosity in pancreatic epithelial cells, combined with mutant Kras (KPN+/- ), leads to a dramatic replacement of the pancreatic parenchyma with cystic structures and an accelerated development of high-grade PanINs and PDAC. Timed histopathological analyses indicated that in KPN+/- mice PanINs precede the formation of cystic lesions and the latter precede PDAC. A single episode of acute caerulein pancreatitis is sufficient to accelerate the development of cystic lesions in KPN+/- mice. Epithelial cells of cystic lesions of KPN+/- mice express MUC1, MUC5AC, and MUC6, but lack expression of MUC2, CDX2, and acinar markers, indicative of a pancreato-biliary/gastric phenotype. In accordance with this, in human samples we found a non-significantly decreased expression of NR5A2 in mucinous tumours, compared with conventional PDAC. These results highlight that the effects of loss of one Nr5a2 allele are time- and cell context-dependent. KPN+/- mice represent a new model to study the formation of cystic pancreatic lesions and their relationship with PanINs and classical PDAC. Our findings suggest that pancreatitis could also contribute to acceleration of cystic tumour progression in patients. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Cobo
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Iglesias
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Flández
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caroline Verbeke
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Natalia Del Pozo
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Llorente
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Lawlor
- ARC - Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchini
- ARC - Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Borislav Rusev
- ARC - Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC - Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Mays SG, Stec J, Liu X, D'Agostino EH, Whitby RJ, Ortlund EA. Enantiomer-specific activities of an LRH-1 and SF-1 dual agonist. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22279. [PMID: 33335203 PMCID: PMC7747700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is an important consideration in drug development: it can influence recognition of the intended target, pharmacokinetics, and off-target effects. Here, we investigate how chirality affects the activity and mechanism of action of RJW100, a racemic agonist of the nuclear receptors liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1). LRH-1 and SF-1 modulators are highly sought as treatments for metabolic and neoplastic diseases, and RJW100 has one of the few scaffolds shown to activate them. However, enantiomer-specific effects on receptor activation are poorly understood. We show that the enantiomers have similar binding affinities, but RR-RJW100 stabilizes both receptors and is 46% more active than SS-RJW100 in LRH-1 luciferase reporter assays. We present an LRH-1 crystal structure that illuminates striking mechanistic differences: SS-RJW100 adopts multiple configurations in the pocket and fails to make an interaction critical for activation by RR-RJW100. In molecular dynamics simulations, SS-RJW100 attenuates intramolecular signalling important for coregulator recruitment, consistent with previous observations that it weakly recruits coregulators in vitro. These studies provide a rationale for pursuing enantiomerically pure RJW100 derivatives: they establish RR-RJW100 as the stronger LRH-1 agonist and identify a potential for optimizing the SS-RJW100 scaffold for antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Carrer Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Józef Stec
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, SO17, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 82831, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Emma H D'Agostino
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard J Whitby
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, SO17, United Kingdom
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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16
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Mav D, Phadke DP, Balik-Meisner MR, Merrick BA, Auerbach S, Niemeijer M, Huppelschoten S, Baze A, Parmentier C, Richert L, van de Water B, Shah RR, Paules RS. Utility of Extrapolating Human S1500+ Genes to the Whole Transcriptome: Tunicamycin Case Study. Bioinform Biol Insights 2020; 14:1177932220952742. [PMID: 33088175 PMCID: PMC7545517 DOI: 10.1177/1177932220952742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The TempO-Seq S1500+ platform(s), now available for human, mouse, rat, and zebrafish, measures a discrete number of genes that are representative of biological and pathway co-regulation across the entire genome in a given species. While measurement of these genes alone provides a direct assessment of gene expression activity, extrapolating expression values to the whole transcriptome (~26 000 genes in humans) can estimate measurements of non-measured genes of interest and increases the power of pathway analysis algorithms by using a larger background gene expression space. Here, we use data from primary hepatocytes of 54 donors that were treated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer tunicamycin and then measured on the human S1500+ platform containing ~3000 representative genes. Measurements for the S1500+ genes were then used to extrapolate expression values for the remaining human transcriptome. As a case study of the improved downstream analysis achieved by extrapolation, the “measured only” and “whole transcriptome” (measured + extrapolated) gene sets were compared. Extrapolation increased the number of significant genes by 49%, bringing to the forefront many that are known to be associated with tunicamycin exposure. The extrapolation procedure also correctly identified established tunicamycin-related functional pathways reflected by coordinated changes in interrelated genes while maintaining the sample variability observed from the “measured only” genes. Extrapolation improved the gene- and pathway-level biological interpretations for a variety of downstream applications, including differential expression analysis, gene set enrichment pathway analysis, DAVID keyword analysis, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and NextBio correlated compound analysis. The extrapolated data highlight the role of metabolism/metabolic pathways, the ER, immune response, and the unfolded protein response, each of which are key activities associated with tunicamycin exposure that were unrepresented or underrepresented in one or more of the analyses of the original “measured only” dataset. Furthermore, the inclusion of the extrapolated genes raised “tunicamycin” from third to first upstream regulator in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and from sixth to second most correlated compound in NextBio analysis. Therefore, our case study suggests an approach to extend and enhance data from the S1500+ platform for improved insight into biological mechanisms and functional outcomes of diseases, drugs, and other perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Mav
- Sciome LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - B Alex Merrick
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanna Huppelschoten
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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17
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Michalek S, Brunner T. Nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk: On the role of the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2) in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, cell survival, and cancer. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:592-610. [PMID: 32931651 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is an orphan nuclear receptor with widespread activities in the regulation of development, stemness, metabolism, steroidogenesis, and proliferation. Many of the LRH-1-regulated processes target the mitochondria and associated activities. While under physiological conditions, a balanced LRH-1 expression and regulation contribute to the maintenance of a physiological equilibrium, deregulation of LRH-1 has been associated with inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanism(s) of how LRH-1 regulates metabolic processes, cell survival, and cancer in a nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk, and evaluate its potential as a pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Michalek
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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18
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Cornelison JL, Cato ML, Johnson AM, D'Agostino EH, Melchers D, Patel AB, Mays SG, Houtman R, Ortlund EA, Jui NT. Development of a new class of liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) agonists by photoredox conjugate addition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127293. [PMID: 32631515 PMCID: PMC7701997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
LRH-1 is a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid metabolism and homeostasis, making it an attractive target for the treatment of diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Building on recent structural information about ligand binding from our labs, we have designed a series of new LRH-1 agonists that further engage LRH-1 through added polar interactions. While the current synthetic approach to this scaffold has, in large part, allowed for decoration of the agonist core, significant variation of the bridgehead substituent is mechanistically precluded. We have developed a new synthetic approach to overcome this limitation, identified that bridgehead substitution is necessary for LRH-1 activation, and described an alternative class of bridgehead substituents for effective LRH-1 agonist development. We determined the crystal structure of LRH-1 bound to a bridgehead-modified compound, revealing a promising opportunity to target novel regions of the ligand binding pocket to alter LRH-1 target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael L Cato
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Alyssa M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Emma H D'Agostino
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Diana Melchers
- Precision Medicine Lab, Pivot Park, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Building, Office1131/lab1333, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Anamika B Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Suzanne G Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - René Houtman
- Precision Medicine Lab, Pivot Park, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Building, Office1131/lab1333, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Nathan T Jui
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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19
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Zhou Y, Dong B, Kim KH, Choi S, Sun Z, Wu N, Wu Y, Scott J, Moore DD. Vitamin D Receptor Activation in Liver Macrophages Protects Against Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mice. Hepatology 2020; 71:1453-1466. [PMID: 31381163 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, whether triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic factors, can be resolved by the unfolded protein response (UPR). Sustained UPR activation leads to cell death and inflammatory response and contributes to liver disease progression. Hepatic tissue macrophages are key players in orchestrating liver inflammation, and ER stress can enhance macrophage activation. However, it is not well defined how the interplay between ER stress and inflammation is regulated during hepatic stress response. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here we demonstrate that vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation mitigates hepatic ER stress response, whereas VDR knockout mice undergo persistent UPR activation and apoptosis in response to chemical ER stress inducer. Moreover, VDR deficiency promotes hepatic macrophage infiltration and increases gene expression and systematic levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α. VDR expression is induced in hepatic macrophages by ER stress, and VDR plays a dual regulatory role in macrophages by protecting against ER stress and promoting anti-inflammatory polarization. Co-culture with VDR-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages suppresses UPR target genes in primary hepatocytes treated with ER stress inducers. Thus, the immunomodulatory functions of VDR in macrophages are critical in hepatic ER stress resolution in mice. CONCLUSIONS VDR signaling in macrophages regulates a shift between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activation during ER stress-induced inflammation to promote hepatic ER stress resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Bingning Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sungwoo Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Program in Development Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jessica Scott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Program in Development Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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20
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Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Gauthier BR. Time for a paradigm shift in treating type 1 diabetes mellitus: coupling inflammation to islet regeneration. Metabolism 2020; 104:154137. [PMID: 31904355 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that targets the destruction of islet beta-cells resulting in insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia and death if untreated. Despite advances in medical devices and longer-acting insulin, there is still no robust therapy to substitute and protect beta-cells that are lost in T1DM. Attempts to refrain from the autoimmune attack have failed to achieve glycemic control in patients highlighting the necessity for a paradigm shift in T1DM treatment. Paradoxically, beta-cells are present in T1DM patients indicating a disturbed equilibrium between the immune attack and beta-cell regeneration reminiscent of unresolved wound healing that under normal circumstances progression towards an anti-inflammatory milieu promotes regeneration. Thus, the ultimate T1DM therapy should concomitantly restore immune self-tolerance and replenish the beta-cell mass similar to wound healing. Recently the agonistic activation of the nuclear receptor LRH-1/NR5A2 was shown to induce immune self-tolerance, increase beta-cell survival and promote regeneration through a mechanism of alpha-to-beta cell phenotypic switch. This trans-regeneration process appears to be facilitated by a pancreatic anti-inflammatory environment induced by LRH-1/NR5A2 activation. Herein, we review the literature on the role of LRH1/NR5A2 in immunity and islet physiology and propose that a cross-talk between these cellular compartments is mandatory to achieve therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, 28029 Spain.
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21
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Choi S, Dong B, Lin CCJ, Heo MJ, Ho Kim K, Sun Z, Wagner M, Suh JM, Wang MC, Moore DD, Moore DD. Methyl-Sensing Nuclear Receptor Liver Receptor Homolog-1 Regulates Mitochondrial Function in Mouse Hepatocytes. Hepatology 2020; 71:1055-1069. [PMID: 31355949 PMCID: PMC6987012 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1; NR5A2) is a nuclear receptor that regulates metabolic homeostasis in the liver. Previous studies identified phosphatidylcholines as potential endogenous agonist ligands for LRH-1. In the liver, distinct subsets of phosphatidylcholine species are generated by two different pathways: choline addition to phosphatidic acid through the Kennedy pathway and trimethylation of phosphatidylethanolamine through phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PEMT). APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we report that a PEMT-LRH-1 pathway specifically couples methyl metabolism and mitochondrial activities in hepatocytes. We show that the loss of Lrh-1 reduces mitochondrial number, basal respiration, beta-oxidation, and adenosine triphosphate production in hepatocytes and decreases expression of mitochondrial biogenesis and beta-oxidation genes. In contrast, activation of LRH-1 by its phosphatidylcholine agonists exerts opposite effects. While disruption of the Kennedy pathway does not affect the LRH-1-mediated regulation of mitochondrial activities, genetic or pharmaceutical inhibition of the PEMT pathway recapitulates the effects of Lrh-1 knockdown on mitochondria. Furthermore, we show that S-adenosyl methionine, a cofactor required for PEMT, is sufficient to induce Lrh-1 transactivation and consequently mitochondrial biogenesis. CONCLUSIONS A PEMT-LRH-1 axis regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and beta-oxidation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Choi
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Bingning Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chih-Chun Janet Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mi Jeong Heo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Meng C. Wang
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA;,Correspondence: David D. Moore, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA, Phone: 713-798-3313, Fax: 713-798-3017, , Meng C. Wang, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA, Phone: 713-798-1566,
| | - David D. Moore
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA;,Correspondence: David D. Moore, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA, Phone: 713-798-3313, Fax: 713-798-3017, , Meng C. Wang, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA, Phone: 713-798-1566,
| | - David D. Moore
- Program in Developmental Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
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22
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Mays SG, Flynn AR, Cornelison JL, Okafor CD, Wang H, Wang G, Huang X, Donaldson HN, Millings EJ, Polavarapu R, Moore DD, Calvert JW, Jui NT, Ortlund EA. Development of the First Low Nanomolar Liver Receptor Homolog-1 Agonist through Structure-guided Design. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11022-11034. [PMID: 31419141 PMCID: PMC10026690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a key regulator of metabolism and inflammation, the orphan nuclear hormone receptor, liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), has potential as a therapeutic target for diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Discovery of LRH-1 modulators has been difficult, in part due to the tendency for synthetic compounds to bind unpredictably within the lipophilic binding pocket. Using a structure-guided approach, we exploited a newly discovered polar interaction to lock agonists in a consistent orientation. This enabled the discovery of the first low nanomolar LRH-1 agonist, one hundred times more potent than the best previous modulator. We elucidate a novel mechanism of action that relies upon specific polar interactions deep in the LRH-1 binding pocket. In an organoid model of IBD, the new agonist increases expression of LRH-1-controlled steroidogenic genes and promotes anti-inflammatory gene expression changes. These studies constitute major progress in developing LRH-1 modulators with potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G. Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Autumn R. Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | - C. Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Guohui Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Heather N. Donaldson
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Millings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Rohini Polavarapu
- Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - David D. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John W. Calvert
- Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Nathan T. Jui
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Corresponding Author Eric A. Ortlund, 1525 Clifton Rd. G235, Atlanta, GA 30322,
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23
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Abstract
Cells utilize multiple mechanisms to support endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. The unfolded protein response, UPRER, is engaged during proteotoxic challenges to either mitigate ER stress or promote apoptosis. In a CRISPR-based genetic screen, Schinzel et al. (2019) identified TMEM2 as a mediator of ER stress tolerance independent of the individual branches of the canonical UPRER and linked this path to nematode longevity.
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24
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Xu L, Chen Z, Shao K, Wang Y, Cui L, Guo N. Rational discovery of novel type-III FTF antagonists to competitively suppress TIF-2 coactivation in liver cancer. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 39:304-311. [PMID: 31755335 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1690513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Keke Shao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yungang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Leilei Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Naizhou Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
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25
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Babagana M, Kichina JV, Slabodkin H, Johnson S, Maslov A, Brown L, Attwood K, Nikiforov MA, Kandel ES. The role of polo-like kinase 3 in the response of BRAF-mutant cells to targeted anticancer therapies. Mol Carcinog 2019; 59:5-14. [PMID: 31571292 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The activation of oncogenic mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade via mutations in BRAF is often observed in human melanomas. Targeted inhibitors of BRAF (BRAFi), alone or as a part of a combination therapy, offer a significant benefit to such patients. Unfortunately, some cases are initially nonresponsive to these drugs, while others become refractory in the course of treatment, underscoring the need to understand and mitigate the underlying resistance mechanisms. We report that interference with polo-like kinase 3 (PLK3) reduces the tolerance of BRAF-mutant melanoma cells to BRAFi, while increased PLK3 expression has the opposite effect. Accordingly, PLK3 expression correlates with tolerance to BRAFi in a panel of BRAF-mutant cell lines and is elevated in a subset of recurring BRAFi-resistant melanomas. In PLK3-expressing cells, R406, a kinase inhibitor whose targets include PLK3, recapitulates the sensitizing effects of genetic PLK3 inhibitors. The findings support a role for PLK3 as a predictor of BRAFi efficacy and suggest suppression of PLK3 as a way to improve the efficacy of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamat Babagana
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Julia V Kichina
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Hannah Slabodkin
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sydney Johnson
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Alexei Maslov
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lorin Brown
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mikhail A Nikiforov
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Eugene S Kandel
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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26
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Regulation of liver receptor homologue-1 by DDB2 E3 ligase activity is critical for hepatic glucose metabolism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5304. [PMID: 30923324 PMCID: PMC6438966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) plays a critical role in hepatic metabolism and disease. Here we show that LRH-1 protein stability is regulated by the cullin 4 (CUL4) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. We found that DNA damage-binding protein 2 (DDB2) directly interacts with LRH-1 and functions as a substrate recognition component of CUL4-DDB1 to promote LRH-1 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In human hepatoma (HepG2) cells, we observed that protein levels of endogenous LRH-1 are increased by insulin without a change in mRNA levels of LRH-1. However, overexpression of DDB2 impaired the insulin-stimulated increase in LRH-1 levels. In addition, DDB2 overexpression decreased LRH-1 transcriptional activation and expression of target genes, such as glucokinase, whereas knockdown of DDB2 increased the expression of glucokinase. Finally, we demonstrated that DDB2 knockdown increases glucose uptake and intracellular levels of glucose-6-phosphate in HepG2 cells. Our study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism of LRH-1 activity and suggests a role for DDB2 in hepatic glucose metabolism.
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27
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EZH2 is overexpressed in transitional preplasmablasts and is involved in human plasma cell differentiation. Leukemia 2019; 33:2047-2060. [PMID: 30755708 PMCID: PMC6756037 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) play a major role in the defense of the host organism against pathogens. We have shown that PC generation can be modeled using multi-step culture systems that reproduce the sequential cell differentiation occurring in vivo. Using this unique model, we investigated the role of EZH2 during PC differentiation (PCD) using H3K27me3 and EZH2 ChIP-binding profiles. We then studied the effect of the inhibition of EZH2 enzymatic activity to understand how EZH2 regulates the key functions involved in PCD. EZH2 expression significantly increases in preplasmablasts with H3K27me3 mediated repression of genes involved in B cell and plasma cell identity. EZH2 was also found to be recruited to H3K27me3-free promoters of transcriptionally active genes known to regulate cell proliferation. Inhibition the catalytic activity of EZH2 resulted in B to PC transcriptional changes associated with PC maturation induction, as well as higher immunoglobulin secretion. Altogether, our data suggest that EZH2 is involved in the maintenance of preplasmablast transitory immature proliferative state that supports their amplification.
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28
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Abstract
The clinical onset of type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas and is caused by autoantigen-induced inflammation (insulitis) of the islets of Langerhans. The current standard of care for type 1 diabetes mellitus patients allows for management of the disease with exogenous insulin, but patients eventually succumb to many chronic complications such as limb amputation, blindness, and kidney failure. New therapeutic approaches now on the horizon are looking beyond glycemic management and are evaluating new strategies from protecting and regenerating endogenous islets to treating the underlying autoimmunity through selective modulation of key immune cell populations. Currently, there are no effective treatments for the autoimmunity that causes the disease, and strategies that aim to delay or prevent the onset of the disease will play an important role in the future of diabetes research. In this review, we summarize many of the key efforts underway that utilize molecular approaches to selectively modulate this disease and look at new therapeutic paradigms that can transform clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sheehy
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Sean Quinnell
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Arturo J. Vegas
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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29
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Joo MS, Koo JH, Kim TH, Kim YS, Kim SG. LRH1-driven transcription factor circuitry for hepatocyte identity: Super-enhancer cistromic analysis. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:488-503. [PMID: 30638865 PMCID: PMC6413675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The injured liver loses normal function, with concomitant decrease of key identity genes. Super-enhancers contribute to mammalian cell identity. Here, we identified core transcription factors (TFs) that are active in hepatocytes, using genome-wide analysis and hierarchical ordering of super-enhancer distribution. METHODS Expression of core TFs was assessed in a cohort of patients with hepatitis or cirrhosis and animal models. Quantitative PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and hydrodynamic gene delivery methods were used to assess gene regulation and hepatocyte viability. RNA-sequencing data were generated to investigate the role of LRH1 in hepatocyte protection from injury. RESULTS Network analysis of super-enhancer-associated gene interactions and expression arrays for cohorts of patients with hepatitis and cirrhosis enabled us to identify a super-enhancer-associated network, and LRH1, HNF4α, PPARα, and RXRα as core TFs. In mouse models, expression of core TFs was robustly inhibited by single and multiple challenge(s) with liver toxicant. RNA-seq analysis revealed changes in expression in the super-enhancer-associated genes sensitively biased toward repression by intoxication. LRH1 gene delivery prevented the loss of hepatic super-enhancer-associated signaling circuitry in toxicant-challenged mice, and protected the liver from injury, indicating the role of LRH1 in hepatocyte identity and viability. In hepatocytes, overexpression of each core TF promoted induction of other TFs. CONCLUSION Overall, this study identified LRH1-driven pathway as a circuitry responsible for hepatocyte identity by using cistromic analysis, improving our understanding of liver pathophysiology and identifying novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sung Joo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Koo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seok Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Flynn AR, Mays SG, Ortlund EA, Jui NT. Development of Hybrid Phospholipid Mimics as Effective Agonists for Liver Receptor Homologue-1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1051-1056. [PMID: 30344916 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Liver Receptor Homologue-1 (LRH-1) is an emerging drug target for metabolic disorders. The most effective known LRH-1 modulators are phospholipids or synthetic hexahydropentalene compounds. While both classes have micromolar efficacy, they target different portions of the ligand binding pocket and activate LRH-1 through different mechanisms. Guided by crystallographic data, we combined aspects of both ligand classes into a single scaffold, resulting in the most potent and efficacious LRH-1 agonists to date.
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31
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Liu X, Guo GL, Kong B, Hilburn DB, Hubchak SC, Park S, LeCuyer B, Hsieh A, Wang L, Fang D, Green RM. Farnesoid X receptor signaling activates the hepatic X-box binding protein 1 pathway in vitro and in mice. Hepatology 2018; 68:304-316. [PMID: 29377207 PMCID: PMC6033648 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bile acids are endogenous ligands of the nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and pharmacological FXR modulators are under development for the treatment of several liver disorders. The inositol-requiring enzyme 1α/X-box binding protein 1 (IRE1α/XBP1) pathway of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is a protective cellular signaling pathway activated in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We investigated the role of FXR signaling in activation of the hepatic XBP1 pathway. Mice were treated with deoxycholic acid (DCA), cholestyramine, GW4064, or underwent bile duct ligation (BDL), and hepatic UPR activation was measured. Huh7-Ntcp and HepG2 cells were treated with FXR agonists, inhibitor, small interfering RNA (siRNA), or small heterodimer partner (SHP) siRNA to determine the mechanisms of IRE1α/XBP1 pathway activation. DCA feeding and BDL increased and cholestyramine decreased expression of hepatic XBP1 spliced (XBP1s). XBP1 pathway activation increased in Huh7-Ntcp and HepG2 cells treated with bile acids, 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA) or GW4064. This effect decreased with FXR knockdown and treatment with the FXR inhibitor guggulsterone. FXR agonists increased XBP1 splicing and phosphorylated IRE1α (p-IRE1α) expression. Overexpression of SHP similarly increased XBP1 splicing, XBP1s, and p-IRE1α protein expression. SHP knockdown attenuated FXR agonist-induced XBP1s and p-IRE1α protein expression. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays demonstrate a physical interaction between overexpressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-SHP and FLAG-IRE1α in HEK293T cells. Mice treated with GW4064 had increased, and FXR and SHP null mice had decreased, basal Xbp1s gene expression. CONCLUSION FXR signaling activates the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway in vivo and in vitro. FXR pathway activation increases XBP1 splicing and enhances p-IRE1α expression. These effects are mediated, at least in part, by SHP. IRE1α/XBP1 pathway activation by bile acids and pharmacological FXR agonists may be protective during liver injury and may have therapeutic implications for liver diseases. (Hepatology 2018;68:304-316).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - David B. Hilburn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Susan C. Hubchak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Seong Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Brian LeCuyer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Antony Hsieh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, and the Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Richard M. Green
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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32
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LRH-1 agonism favours an immune-islet dialogue which protects against diabetes mellitus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1488. [PMID: 29662071 PMCID: PMC5902555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is due to the selective destruction of islet beta cells by immune cells. Current therapies focused on repressing the immune attack or stimulating beta cell regeneration still have limited clinical efficacy. Therefore, it is timely to identify innovative targets to dampen the immune process, while promoting beta cell survival and function. Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) is a nuclear receptor that represses inflammation in digestive organs, and protects pancreatic islets against apoptosis. Here, we show that BL001, a small LRH-1 agonist, impedes hyperglycemia progression and the immune-dependent inflammation of pancreas in murine models of T1DM, and beta cell apoptosis in islets of type 2 diabetic patients, while increasing beta cell mass and insulin secretion. Thus, we suggest that LRH-1 agonism favors a dialogue between immune and islet cells, which could be druggable to protect against diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by beta cell loss because of an autoimmune attack. Here the authors show that an agonist for LRH-1/NR5A2, a nuclear receptor known to be protective against beta cell apoptosis, inhibits immune-mediated inflammation and hyperglycemia in T1DM mouse models.
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33
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Cobo I, Martinelli P, Flández M, Bakiri L, Zhang M, Carrillo-de-Santa-Pau E, Jia J, Sánchez-Arévalo Lobo VJ, Megías D, Felipe I, Del Pozo N, Millán I, Thommesen L, Bruland T, Olson SH, Smith J, Schoonjans K, Bamlet WR, Petersen GM, Malats N, Amundadottir LT, Wagner EF, Real FX. Transcriptional regulation by NR5A2 links differentiation and
inflammation in the pancreas. Nature 2018; 554:533-537. [PMID: 29443959 PMCID: PMC6121728 DOI: 10.1038/nature25751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation increases the risk of several cancer types. The
current notion is that the control of inflammatory responses relies on
transcriptional networks distinct from those involved in cell differentiation
1–3. The orphan nuclear receptor NR5A2
participates in a wide variety of processes including cholesterol and glucose
metabolism in the liver, resolution of ER stress, intestinal glucocorticoid
production, pancreatic development, and acinar differentiation 4–8. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vicinity
of NR5A2 have been associated with the risk of pancreatic
adenocarcinoma (PDAC) through genome wide association studies 9,10. In mice, Nr5a2 heterozygosity
sensitizes the pancreas to damage, impairs regeneration, and cooperates with
mutant KRas in tumor progression 11. Through global transcriptomic analysis,
we describe here an epithelial cell-autonomous basal pre-inflammatory state in
the pancreas of Nr5a2+/−
mice that is reminiscent of early stages of pancreatitis-induced inflammation
and is conserved in histologically normal human pancreata with reduced NR5A2
mRNA expression. In Nr5a2+/−
mice, Nr5a2 undergoes a dramatic transcriptional switch relocating from
differentiation-specific to inflammatory genes thereby promoting AP-1-dependent
gene transcription. Pancreatic deletion of c-Jun rescues the
pre-inflammatory phenotype, Nr5a2 binding to inflammatory gene promoters, and
the defective regenerative response to damage. These findings support the notion
that, in the pancreas, the same transcriptional networks involved in
differentiation-specific functions suppress inflammatory programmes. These
networks can be subverted to foster inflammation upon genetic or environmental
constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Cobo
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Martinelli
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Flández
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Genes, Development, and Disease Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mingfeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Jinping Jia
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Diego Megías
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Felipe
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Del Pozo
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Millán
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liv Thommesen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sara H Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jill Smith
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | | | - William R Bamlet
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Gloria M Petersen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Núria Malats
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain.,Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laufey T Amundadottir
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Genes, Development, and Disease Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Rutkowski DT. Liver function and dysfunction - a unique window into the physiological reach of ER stress and the unfolded protein response. FEBS J 2018; 286:356-378. [PMID: 29360258 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) improves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein folding in order to alleviate stress. Yet it is becoming increasingly clear that the UPR regulates processes well beyond those directly involved in protein folding, in some cases by mechanisms that fall outside the realm of canonical UPR signaling. These pathways are highly specific from one cell type to another, implying that ER stress signaling affects each tissue in a unique way. Perhaps nowhere is this more evident than in the liver, which-beyond being a highly secretory tissue-is a key regulator of peripheral metabolism and a uniquely proliferative organ upon damage. The liver provides a powerful model system for exploring how and why the UPR extends its reach into physiological processes that occur outside the ER, and how ER stress contributes to the many systemic diseases that involve liver dysfunction. This review will highlight the ways in which the study of ER stress in the liver has expanded the view of the UPR to a response that is a key guardian of cellular homeostasis outside of just the narrow realm of ER protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thomas Rutkowski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA
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35
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miR-1275 controls granulosa cell apoptosis and estradiol synthesis by impairing LRH-1/CYP19A1 axis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:246-257. [PMID: 29378329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
miR-1275 is one of the microRNAs (miRNAs) that are differentially expressed during follicular atresia in pig ovaries, as identified by a miRNA microarray assay in our previous study [1]. However, its functions in follicular atresia remain unknown. In this study, we showed that miR-1275 promotes early apoptosis of porcine granulosa cells (pGCs) and the initiation of follicular atresia, and inhibits E2 release and expression of CYP19A1, the key gene in E2 production. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays revealed that liver receptor homolog (LRH)-1, not CYP19A1, is a direct functional target of miR-1275. In vitro overexpression and knockdown experiments showed that LRH-1 significantly repressed apoptosis and induced E2 secretion and CYP19A1 expression in pGCs. LRH-1, whose expression was regulated by miR-1275, prevented apoptosis in pGCs. Furthermore, luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that LRH-1 protein bound to the CYP19A1 promoter and increased its activity. Our findings suggest that miR-1275 attenuates LRH-1 expression by directly binding to its 3'UTR. This prevents the interaction of LRH-1 protein with the CYP19A1 promoter, represses E2 synthesis, promotes pGC apoptosis, and initiates follicular atresia in porcine ovaries.
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Nicholls HT, Hornick JL, Cohen DE. Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein/StarD2 promotes microvesicular steatosis and liver injury in murine experimental steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G50-G61. [PMID: 28385694 PMCID: PMC5538832 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00379.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mice fed a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet develop steatohepatitis that recapitulates key features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in humans. Phosphatidylcholine is the most abundant phospholipid in the surfactant monolayer that coats and stabilizes lipid droplets within cells, and choline is required for its major biosynthetic pathway. Phosphatidylcholine-transfer protein (PC-TP), which exchanges phosphatidylcholines among membranes, is enriched in hepatocytes. PC-TP also regulates fatty acid metabolism through interactions with thioesterase superfamily member 2. We investigated the contribution of PC-TP to steatohepatitis induced by the MCD diet. Pctp-/- and wild-type control mice were fed the MCD diet for 5 wk and were then euthanized for histopathologic and biochemical analyses, as well as determinations of mRNA and protein expression. Whereas all mice developed steatohepatitis, plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were only elevated in wild-type mice, indicating that Pctp-/- mice were protected from MCD diet-induced hepatocellular injury. Reduced hepatotoxicity due to the MCD diet in the absence of PC-TP expression was further evidenced by decreased activation of c-Jun and reduced plasma concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 21. Despite similar total hepatic concentrations of phosphatidylcholines and other lipids, the relative abundance of microvesicular lipid droplets within hepatocytes was reduced in Pctp-/- mice. Considering that the formation of larger lipid droplets may serve to protect against lipotoxicity in NASH, our findings suggest a pathogenic role for PC-TP that could be targeted in the management of this condition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Phosphatidylcholine-transfer protein (PC-TP) is a highly specific phosphatidylcholine-binding protein that we previously showed to regulate hepatocellular nutrient metabolism through its interacting partner thioesterase superfamily member 2 (Them2). This study identifies a pathogenic role for PC-TP, independent of Them2, in the methionine- and choline-deficient diet model of experimental steatohepatitis. Our current observations suggest that PC-TP promotes liver injury by mediating the intermembrane transfer of phosphatidylcholines, thus stabilizing more pathogenic microvesicular lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley T. Nicholls
- 1Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Jason L. Hornick
- 2Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David E. Cohen
- 1Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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Lee JS, Bae S, Kang HS, Im SS, Moon YA. Liver receptor homolog-1 regulates mouse superoxide dismutase 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Xu P, Oosterveer MH, Stein S, Demagny H, Ryu D, Moullan N, Wang X, Can E, Zamboni N, Comment A, Auwerx J, Schoonjans K. LRH-1-dependent programming of mitochondrial glutamine processing drives liver cancer. Genes Dev 2017; 30:1255-60. [PMID: 27298334 PMCID: PMC4911925 DOI: 10.1101/gad.277483.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Xu et al. identify the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) as a key regulator in the process of hepatic tumorigenesis through the coordination of a noncanonical glutamine pathway that is reliant on the mitochondrial and cytosolic transaminases glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1), which fuel anabolic metabolism. Various tumors develop addiction to glutamine to support uncontrolled cell proliferation. Here we identify the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) as a key regulator in the process of hepatic tumorigenesis through the coordination of a noncanonical glutamine pathway that is reliant on the mitochondrial and cytosolic transaminases glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1), which fuel anabolic metabolism. In particular, we show that gain and loss of function of hepatic LRH-1 modulate the expression and activity of mitochondrial glutaminase 2 (GLS2), the first and rate-limiting step of this pathway. Acute and chronic deletion of hepatic LRH-1 blunts the deamination of glutamine and reduces glutamine-dependent anaplerosis. The robust reduction in glutaminolysis and the limiting availability of α-ketoglutarate in turn inhibit mTORC1 signaling to eventually block cell growth and proliferation. Collectively, these studies highlight the importance of LRH-1 in coordinating glutamine-induced metabolism and signaling to promote hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xu
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maaike H Oosterveer
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, NL-9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sokrates Stein
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Norman Moullan
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xu Wang
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emine Can
- Institute of the Physics of Biological Systems, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Comment
- Institute of the Physics of Biological Systems, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mays SG, Okafor CD, Tuntland ML, Whitby RJ, Dharmarajan V, Stec J, Griffin PR, Ortlund EA. Structure and Dynamics of the Liver Receptor Homolog 1-PGC1 α Complex. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:1-11. [PMID: 28363985 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC1α) regulates energy metabolism by directly interacting with transcription factors to modulate gene expression. Among the PGC1α binding partners is liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1; NR5A2), an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that controls lipid and glucose homeostasis. Although PGC1α is known to bind and activate LRH-1, mechanisms through which PGC1α changes LRH-1 conformation to drive transcription are unknown. Here, we used biochemical and structural methods to interrogate the LRH-1-PGC1α complex. Purified, full-length LRH-1, as well as isolated ligand binding domain, bound to PGC1α with higher affinity than to the coactivator, nuclear receptor coactivator-2 (Tif2), in coregulator peptide recruitment assays. We present the first crystal structure of the LRH-1-PGC1α complex, which depicts several hydrophobic contacts and a strong charge clamp at the interface between these partners. In molecular dynamics simulations, PGC1α induced correlated atomic motion throughout the entire LRH-1 activation function surface, which was dependent on charge-clamp formation. In contrast, Tif2 induced weaker signaling at the activation function surface than PGC1α but promoted allosteric signaling from the helix 6/β-sheet region of LRH-1 to the activation function surface. These studies are the first to probe mechanisms underlying the LRH-1-PGC1α interaction and may illuminate strategies for selective therapeutic targeting of PGC1α-dependent LRH-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - C Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Micheal L Tuntland
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Richard J Whitby
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Venkatasubramanian Dharmarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Józef Stec
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.).
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Lee JM. Nuclear Receptors Resolve Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress to Improve Hepatic Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Metab J 2017; 41:10-19. [PMID: 28236381 PMCID: PMC5328691 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2017.41.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress culminating in proteotoxicity contributes to the development of insulin resistance and progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacologic interventions targeting several different nuclear receptors have emerged as potential treatments for insulin resistance. The mechanistic basis for these antidiabetic effects has primarily been attributed to multiple metabolic and inflammatory functions. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the association of ER stress with insulin resistance and the role of nuclear receptors in promoting ER stress resolution and improving insulin resistance in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Man Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
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41
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Walker AK. 1-Carbon Cycle Metabolites Methylate Their Way to Fatty Liver. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:63-72. [PMID: 27789099 PMCID: PMC5183509 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver is a complex disease often accompanying metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hepatosteatosis may have roots in multiple metabolic abnormalities. However, metabolic dysfunction in the 1-carbon cycle (1CC), which produces the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), induces hepatic lipogenesis in model systems. Human diseases where 1CC or PC synthesis is disrupted, such as alcoholism, congenital lipodystrophy, or cystic fibrosis, often present with fatty liver. Given that the 1CC is clearly linked to this disease, it is critical to understand how the individual metabolites drive mechanisms increasing stored hepatic lipids. In this review, I summarize evidence that ties the 1CC to fatty liver disease along with data proposing mechanisms for increased lipogenesis or decreased lipid export by phosphatidylcholine.
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Mays SG, Okafor CD, Whitby RJ, Goswami D, Stec J, Flynn AR, Dugan MC, Jui NT, Griffin PR, Ortlund EA. Crystal Structures of the Nuclear Receptor, Liver Receptor Homolog 1, Bound to Synthetic Agonists. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25281-25291. [PMID: 27694446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog 1 (NR5A2, LRH-1) is an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that regulates diverse biological processes, including metabolism, proliferation, and the resolution of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Although preclinical and cellular studies demonstrate that LRH-1 has great potential as a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases and cancer, development of LRH-1 modulators has been difficult. Recently, systematic modifications to one of the few known chemical scaffolds capable of activating LRH-1 failed to improve efficacy substantially. Moreover, mechanisms through which LRH-1 is activated by synthetic ligands are entirely unknown. Here, we use x-ray crystallography and other structural methods to explore conformational changes and receptor-ligand interactions associated with LRH-1 activation by a set of related agonists. Unlike phospholipid LRH-1 ligands, these agonists bind deep in the pocket and do not interact with residues near the mouth nor do they expand the pocket like phospholipids. Unexpectedly, two closely related agonists with similar efficacies (GSK8470 and RJW100) exhibit completely different binding modes. The dramatic repositioning is influenced by a differential ability to establish stable face-to-face π-π-stacking with the LRH-1 residue His-390, as well as by a novel polar interaction mediated by the RJW100 hydroxyl group. The differing binding modes result in distinct mechanisms of action for the two agonists. Finally, we identify a network of conserved water molecules near the ligand-binding site that are important for activation by both agonists. This work reveals a previously unappreciated complexity associated with LRH-1 agonist development and offers insights into rational design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Mays
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, and
| | - C Denise Okafor
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, and
| | - Richard J Whitby
- the School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and
| | | | - Józef Stec
- the School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Autumn R Flynn
- the Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Michael C Dugan
- the Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Nathan T Jui
- the Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Eric A Ortlund
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, and
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Nuclear receptor NR5A2 is involved in the calreticulin gene regulation during renal fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1774-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Jesus Cortez F, Suzawa M, Irvy S, Bruning JM, Sablin E, Jacobson MP, Fletterick RJ, Ingraham HA, England PM. Disulfide-Trapping Identifies a New, Effective Chemical Probe for Activating the Nuclear Receptor Human LRH-1 (NR5A2). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159316. [PMID: 27467220 PMCID: PMC4965143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional efforts relying on high-throughput physical and virtual screening of large compound libraries have failed to yield high-efficiency chemical probes for many of the 48 human nuclear receptors. Here, we investigated whether disulfide-trapping, an approach new to nuclear receptors, would provide effective lead compounds targeting human liver receptor homolog 1 (hLRH-1, NR5A2). Despite the fact that hLRH-1 contains a large ligand binding pocket and binds phospholipids with high affinity, existing synthetic hLRH-1 ligands are of limited utility due to poor solubility, low efficacy or significant off-target effects. Using disulfide-trapping, we identified a lead compound that conjugates with remarkably high-efficiency to a native cysteine residue (Cys346) lining the hydrophobic cavity in the ligand binding domain of hLRH-1. Guided by computational modeling and cellular assays, the lead compound was elaborated into ligands PME8 and PME9 that bind hLRH-1 reversibly (no cysteine reactivity) and increase hLRH-1 activity in cells. When compared with the existing hLRH-1 synthetic agonist RJW100, both PME8 and PME9 showed comparable induction of the LRH-1 dependent target gene CYP24A1 in human HepG2 cells, beginning as early as 3 h after drug treatment. The induction is specific as siRNA-mediated knock-down of hLRH-1 renders both PME8 and PME9 ineffective. These data show that PME8 and PME9 are potent activators of hLRH-1 and suggest that with further development this lead series may yield useful chemical probes for manipulating LRH-1 activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Jesus Cortez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States of America
| | - Miyuki Suzawa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States of America
| | - Sam Irvy
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States of America
| | - John M. Bruning
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States of America
| | - Elena Sablin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Fletterick
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States of America
| | - Holly A. Ingraham
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HAI); (PME)
| | - Pamela M. England
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HAI); (PME)
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Helmke C, Becker S, Strebhardt K. The role of Plk3 in oncogenesis. Oncogene 2016; 35:135-47. [PMID: 25915845 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The polo-like kinases (Plks) encompass a family of five serine/threonine protein kinases that play essential roles in many cellular processes involved in the control of the cell cycle, including entry into mitosis, DNA replication and the response to different types of stress. Plk1, which has been validated as a cancer target, came into the focus of many pharmaceutical companies for the development of small-molecule inhibitors as anticancer agents. Recently, FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has granted a breakthrough therapy designation to the Plk inhibitor BI 6727 (volasertib), which provided a survival benefit for patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia. However, the various ATP-competitive inhibitors of Plk1 that are currently in clinical development also inhibit the activities of Plk2 and Plk3, which are considered as tumor suppressors. Plk3 contributes to the control and progression of the cell cycle while acting as a mediator of apoptosis and various types of cellular stress. The aberrant expression of Plk3 was found in different types of tumors. Recent progress has improved our understanding of Plk3 in regulating stress signaling and tumorigenesis. When using ATP-competitive Plk1 inhibitors, the biological roles of Plk1-related family members like Plk3 in cancer cells need to be considered carefully to improve treatment strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Helmke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - S Becker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - K Strebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Wagner M, Choi S, Panzitt K, Mamrosh JL, Lee JM, Zaufel A, Xiao R, Wooton-Kee R, Ståhlman M, Newgard CB, Borén J, Moore DD. Liver receptor homolog-1 is a critical determinant of methyl-pool metabolism. Hepatology 2016; 63:95-106. [PMID: 26267291 PMCID: PMC5662191 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Balance of labile methyl groups (choline, methionine, betaine, and folate) is important for normal liver function. Quantitatively, a significant use of labile methyl groups is in the production of phosphatidylcholines (PCs), which are ligands for the nuclear liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1). We studied the role of LRH-1 in methyl-pool homeostasis and determined its metabolic effects using the methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet, which depletes methyl groups and results in a deleterious decrease in the PC-to-phosphatidylethanolamine ratio. We found that MCD diet-fed, liver-specific LRH-1 knockout mice (Lrh-1(-/-) ) do not show the expected decreased methyl-pool and PC/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio and are resistant to the hepatitis and fibrosis normally induced by the diet. Adaptive responses observed in wild-type mice on the MCD diet were also observed in Lrh-1(-/-) mice on a normal diet. This includes reduced expression of the highly active glycine-n-methyltransferase and the biliary phospholipid floppase multidrug-resistance protein 2 (Mdr2/Abcb4), resulting in reduced consumption of methyl groups and biliary PC secretion. In vitro studies confirm that Gnmt and Mdr2 are primary LRH-1 target genes. Additional similarities between hepatic gene expression profiles in MCD diet-fed wild-type and untreated Lrh-1(-/-) mice suggest that methyl-pool deficiency decreases LRH-1 activity, and this was confirmed by in vitro functional results in cells maintained in MCD medium. CONCLUSION LRH-1 is a novel transcriptional regulator of methyl-pool balance; when the methyl-pool is depleted, decreased LRH-1 transactivation suppresses expression of key genes to minimize loss of labile methyl groups. (Hepatology 2016;63:95-106).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wagner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sungwoo Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katrin Panzitt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jennifer L. Mamrosh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alex Zaufel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruth Wooton-Kee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David D. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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47
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Musille PM, Kossmann BR, Kohn JA, Ivanov I, Ortlund EA. Unexpected Allosteric Network Contributes to LRH-1 Co-regulator Selectivity. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1411-26. [PMID: 26553876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) are unusual signaling hormones sensed by the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), which has evolved a novel allosteric pathway to support appropriate interaction with co-regulators depending on ligand status. LRH-1 plays an important role in controlling lipid and cholesterol homeostasis and is a potential target for the treatment of metabolic and neoplastic diseases. Although the prospect of modulating LRH-1 via small molecules is exciting, the molecular mechanism linking PL structure to transcriptional co-regulator preference is unknown. Previous studies showed that binding to an activating PL ligand, such as dilauroylphosphatidylcholine, favors LRH-1's interaction with transcriptional co-activators to up-regulate gene expression. Both crystallographic and solution-based structural studies showed that dilauroylphosphatidylcholine binding drives unanticipated structural fluctuations outside of the canonical activation surface in an alternate activation function (AF) region, encompassing the β-sheet-H6 region of the protein. However, the mechanism by which dynamics in the alternate AF influences co-regulator selectivity remains elusive. Here, we pair x-ray crystallography with molecular modeling to identify an unexpected allosteric network that traverses the protein ligand binding pocket and links these two elements to dictate selectivity. We show that communication between the alternate AF region and classical AF2 is correlated with the strength of the co-regulator interaction. This work offers the first glimpse into the conformational dynamics that drive this unusual PL-mediated nuclear hormone receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Musille
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 and
| | - Bradley R Kossmann
- the Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Jeffrey A Kohn
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 and
| | - Ivaylo Ivanov
- the Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 and
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48
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Stein S, Schoonjans K. Molecular basis for the regulation of the nuclear receptor LRH-1. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 33:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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49
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Wang H, Tian C, Fan XY, Chen LN, Lv Y, Sun J, Zhao YJ, Zhang LB, Wang J, Shi Q, Gao C, Chen C, Shao QX, Dong XP. Polo-like kinase 3 (PLK3) mediates the clearance of the accumulated PrP mutants transiently expressed in cultured cells and pathogenic PrP(Sc) in prion infected cell line via protein interaction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 62:24-35. [PMID: 25724737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) family has long been known to be critical for cell cycle and recent studies have pointed to new dimensions of PLKs function in the nervous system. Our previous study has verified that the levels of PLK3 in the brain are severely downregulated in prion-related diseases. However, the associations of PLKs with prion protein remain unclear. In the present study, we confirmed that PrP protein constitutively interacts with PLK3 as determined by both in vitro and in vivo assays. Both the kinase domain and polo-box domain of PLK3 were proved to bind PrP proteins expressed in mammalian cell lines. Overexpression of PLK3 did not affect the level of wild-type PrP, but significantly decreased the levels of the mutated PrPs in cultured cells. The kinase domain appeared to be responsible for the clearance of abnormally aggregated PrPs, but this function seemed to be independent of its kinase activity. RNA-mediated knockdown of PLK3 obviously aggravated the accumulation of cytosolic PrPs. Moreover, PLK3 overexpression in a scrapie infected cell line caused notable reduce of PrP(Sc) level in a dose-dependent manner, but had minimal effect on the expression of PrP(C) in its normal partner cell line. Our findings here confirmed the molecular interaction between PLK3 and PrP and outlined the regulatory activity of PLK3 on the degradation of abnormal PrPs, even its pathogenic isoform PrP(Sc). We, therefore, assume that the recovery of PLK3 in the early stage of prion infection may be helpful to prevent the toxic accumulation of PrP(Sc) in the brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Immunology, and the Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University Medical School, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chan Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xue-Yu Fan
- Department of Immunology, and the Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University Medical School, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yan Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yang-Jing Zhao
- Department of Immunology, and the Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University Medical School, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu-bin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, and the Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University Medical School, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qi-Xiang Shao
- Department of Immunology, and the Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University Medical School, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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50
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Abstract
The development of atherosclerosis is countered by the reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Stein et al. (2014) establish LRH-1 as an important regulator of reverse cholesterol transport and identify SUMOylation as a primary mode of LRH-1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Priest
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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