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Shin HJ, Choi SG, Qu F, Yi MH, Lee CH, Kim SR, Kim HG, Beom J, Yi Y, Kim DK, Joe EH, Song HJ, Kim Y, Kim DW. Peptide-mediated targeted delivery of SOX9 nanoparticles into astrocytes ameliorates ischemic brain injury. Nanoscale 2024; 16:833-847. [PMID: 38093712 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly activated following brain injuries, and their activation influences neuronal survival. Additionally, SOX9 expression is known to increase in reactive astrocytes. However, the role of SOX9 in activated astrocytes following ischemic brain damage has not been clearly elucidated yet. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the role of SOX9 in reactive astrocytes using a poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticle plasmid delivery system in a photothrombotic stroke animal model. We designed PLGA nanoparticles to exclusively enhance SOX9 gene expression in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes. Our observations indicate that PLGA nanoparticles encapsulated with GFAP:SOX9:tdTOM reduce ischemia-induced neurological deficits and infarct volume through the prostaglandin D2 pathway. Thus, the astrocyte-targeting PLGA nanoparticle plasmid delivery system provides a potential opportunity for stroke treatment. Since the only effective treatment currently available is reinstating the blood supply, cell-specific gene therapy using PLGA nanoparticles will open a new therapeutic paradigm for brain injury patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Seung Gyu Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Min-Hee Yi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Geug Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jaewon Beom
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Yoonyoung Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hallym University and Gangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Song
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University and Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Korea
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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2
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Jin U, Park SJ, Lee BG, Kim JB, Kim SJ, Joe EH, Woo HG, Park SM. Critical roles of parkin and PINK1 in coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105211. [PMID: 37574181 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium, often leads to cardiac dysfunction and death. PARKIN (PRKN) and PINK1, well known as Parkinson's disease-associated genes, have been reported to be involved in innate immunity and mitochondrial damage control. Therefore, we investigated the role of parkin and PINK1 in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced viral myocarditis because the etiology of myocarditis is related to abnormal immune response to viral infection and mitochondrial damage. After viral infection, the survival was significantly lower and myocardial damage was more severe in parkin knockout (KO) and PINK1 KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Parkin KO and PINK1 KO showed defective immune cell recruitment and impaired production of antiviral cytokines such as interferon-gamma, allowing increased viral replication. In addition, parkin KO and PINK1 KO mice were more susceptible to CVB3-induced mitochondrial damage than WT mice, resulting in susceptibility to viral-induced cardiac damage. Finally, using publicly available RNA-seq data, we found that pathogenic mutants of the PRKN gene are more common in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis than in controls or the general population. This study will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of CVB3-induced viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uram Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Soo Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Byoung Gil Lee
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Kim
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Goo Woo
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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3
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Kwon MJ, Seo Y, Cho H, Kim HS, Oh YJ, Genişcan S, Kim M, Park HH, Joe EH, Kwon MH, Kang HC, Kim BG. Nanogel-mediated delivery of oncomodulin secreted from regeneration-associated macrophages promotes sensory axon regeneration in the spinal cord. Theranostics 2022; 12:5856-5876. [PMID: 35966584 PMCID: PMC9373827 DOI: 10.7150/thno.73386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning nerve injury enhances axonal regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in part by driving pro-regenerative perineuronal macrophage activation. How these macrophages influence the neuronal capacity of axon regeneration remains elusive. We report that oncomodulin (ONCM) is produced from the regeneration-associated macrophages and strongly influences regeneration of DRG sensory axons. We also attempted to promote sensory axon regeneration by nanogel-mediated delivery of ONCM to DRGs. Methods:In vitro neuron-macrophage interaction model and preconditioning sciatic nerve injury were used to verify the necessity of ONCM in preconditioning injury-induced neurite outgrowth. We developed a nanogel-mediated delivery system in which electrostatic encapsulation of ONCM by a reducible epsilon-poly(L-lysine)-nanogel (REPL-NG) enabled a controlled release of ONCM. Results: Sciatic nerve injury upregulated ONCM in DRG macrophages. ONCM in macrophages was necessary to produce pro-regenerative macrophages in the in vitro model of neuron-macrophage interaction and played an essential role in preconditioning-induced neurite outgrowth. ONCM increased neurite outgrowth in cultured DRG neurons by activating a distinct gene set, particularly neuropeptide-related genes. Increasing extracellularly secreted ONCM in DRGs sufficiently enhanced the capacity of neurite outgrowth. Intraganglionic injection of REPL-NG/ONCM complex allowed sustained ONCM activity in DRG tissue and achieved a remarkable long-range regeneration of dorsal column sensory axons beyond spinal cord lesion. Conclusion: NG-mediated ONCM delivery could be exploited as a therapeutic strategy for promoting sensory axon regeneration following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kwon
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,AI-Superconvergence KIURI Translational Research Center, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Seo
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soon Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Oh
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Simay Genişcan
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Hwan Park
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,AI-Superconvergence KIURI Translational Research Center, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
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Lee SJ, Yoon BS, Hong JM, Joe EH, Lee JS. Effects of co-administration of metformin and evogliptin on cerebral infarct volume in the diabetic rat. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113922. [PMID: 34780772 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes suffer more severe ischemic stroke. A combination of metformin and dipeptidyl peptide-4 inhibitors is commonly prescribed to treat diabetes. Therefore, we aimed to determine if pretreatment with a combination of metformin and evogliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, could reduce cerebral infarct volume in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. After confirming diabetes induction, the rats were treated with vehicle, evogliptin, metformin, or evogliptin/metformin combination for 30 days. Then, stroke was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Infarct volume, oxidative stress, levels of methylglyoxal-modified protein, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), AMPK, and Akt/PI3K pathway-related proteins, and post-stroke pancreatic islet cell volume were evaluated. Compared to vehicle, only the co-administration group had significantly reduced infarct volume from the effects of tMCAO; the regimen also improved glycemic control, whereas the individual treatments did not. Co-administration also significantly reduced methylglyoxal-modified protein level in the core of the brain cortex, and the expression of 4-HNE and 8-OHdG was reduced. Co-administration increased p-Akt levels in the ischemic core and mitigated the suppression of Bcl-2 expression. Plasma GLP-1 and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 levels and brain GLP-1R expression remained unaltered. In the pancreas, islet cell damage was reduced by co-administration. These results reveal that metformin and evogliptin co-administration ameliorates cerebral infarction associated with prolonged glycemic control and pancreatic beta cell sparing. Other potential protective mechanisms may be upregulation of insulin receptor signaling or reduction of methylglyoxal-induced neurotoxicity. The combination of metformin and evogliptin should be tested further for its potential against focal cerebral ischemia in diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Joon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Bok Seon Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji Man Hong
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jin Soo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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Kwon JK, Choi DJ, Yang H, Ko DW, Jou I, Park SM, Joe EH. Kir4.1 is coexpressed with stemness markers in activated astrocytes in the injured brain and a Kir4.1 inhibitor BaCl 2 negatively regulates neurosphere formation in culture. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 25:565-574. [PMID: 34697267 PMCID: PMC8552822 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.6.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are activated in response to brain damage. Here, we found that expression of Kir4.1, a major potassium channel in astrocytes, is increased in activated astrocytes in the injured brain together with upregulation of the neural stem cell markers, Sox2 and Nestin. Expression of Kir4.1 was also increased together with that of Nestin and Sox2 in neurospheres formed from dissociated P7 mouse brains. Using the Kir4.1 blocker BaCl2 to determine whether Kir4.1 is involved in acquisition of stemness, we found that inhibition of Kir4.1 activity caused a concentration-dependent increase in sphere size and Sox2 levels, but had little effect on Nestin levels. Moreover, induction of differentiation of cultured neural stem cells by withdrawing epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor from the culture medium caused a sharp initial increase in Kir4.1 expression followed by a decrease, whereas Sox2 and Nestin levels continuously decreased. Inhibition of Kir4.1 had no effect on expression levels of Sox2 or Nestin, or the astrocyte and neuron markers glial fibrillary acidic protein and β-tubulin III, respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that Kir4.1 may control gain of stemness but not differentiation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kyung Kwon
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Dong-Joo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Haijie Yang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Dong Wan Ko
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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Lee JH, Han JH, Joe EH, Jou I. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) aggravates ER stress in Parkinson's disease-linked LRRK2 mutant astrocyte by regulating XBP1 SUMOylation. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:51. [PMID: 34229656 PMCID: PMC8261914 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a common feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and several PD-related genes are responsible for ER dysfunction. Recent studies suggested LRRK2-G2019S, a pathogenic mutation in the PD-associated gene LRRK2, cause ER dysfunction, and could thereby contribute to the development of PD. It remains unclear, however, how mutant LRRK2 influence ER stress to control cellular outcome. In this study, we identified the mechanism by which LRRK2-G2019S accelerates ER stress and cell death in astrocytes. Methods To investigate changes in ER stress response genes, we treated LRRK2-wild type and LRRK2-G2019S astrocytes with tunicamycin, an ER stress-inducing agent, and performed gene expression profiling with microarrays. The XBP1 SUMOylation and PIAS1 ubiquitination were performed using immunoprecipitation assay. The effect of astrocyte to neuronal survival were assessed by astrocytes-neuron coculture and slice culture systems. To provide in vivo proof-of-concept of our approach, we measured ER stress response in mouse brain. Results Microarray gene expression profiling revealed that LRRK2-G2019S decreased signaling through XBP1, a key transcription factor of the ER stress response, while increasing the apoptotic ER stress response typified by PERK signaling. In LRRK2-G2019S astrocytes, the transcriptional activity of XBP1 was decreased by PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation. Intriguingly, LRRK2-GS stabilized PIAS1 by increasing the level of small heterodimer partner (SHP), a negative regulator of PIAS1 degradation, thereby promoting XBP1 SUMOylation. When SHP was depleted, XBP1 SUMOylation and cell death were reduced. In addition, we identified agents that can disrupt SHP-mediated XBP1 SUMOylation and may therefore have therapeutic activity in PD caused by the LRRK2-G2019S mutation. Conclusion Our findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism involving XBP1 in LRRK2-G2019S mutant astrocytes, and highlight the importance of the SHP/PIAS1/XBP1 axis in PD models. These findings provide important insight into the basis of the correlation between mutant LRRK2 and pathophysiological ER stress in PD, and suggest a plausible model that explains this connection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00747-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 442-721, South Korea.,Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 442-721, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 442-721, South Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 442-721, South Korea. .,Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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An J, Yang H, Yang E, Chung S, Kim DY, Jou I, Park SM, Kim BG, Chwae YJ, Joe EH. Dying neurons conduct repair processes in the injured brain through osteopontin expression in cooperation with infiltrated blood monocytes. Glia 2020; 69:1037-1052. [PMID: 33300228 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The brain has an intrinsic capacity to repair injury, but the specific mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we found that, despite their incipient death, damaged neurons play a key repair role with the help of monocytes infiltrated from blood. Monocytes phagocytosed damaged and/or dying neurons that expressed osteopontin (OPN), with possible subsequent activation of their inflammasome pathway, resulting in pyroptosis. During this process, monocytes released CD63-positive exosome-like vesicles containing OPN. Importantly, following the exosome-like vesicles, neuron and astrocyte processes elongated toward the injury core. In addition, exosomes prepared from the injured brain contained OPN, and enhanced neurite outgrowth of cultured neurons in an OPN-dependent manner. Thus, our results introduce the concept that neurons in the injured brain that are destined to die perceive the stressful condition and begin the regeneration processes through induction of OPN, ultimately executing the repair process with the help of monocytes recruited from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei An
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Haijie Yang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Esther Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Chwae
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
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8
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Yang H, An J, Choi I, Lee K, Park SM, Jou I, Joe EH. Region-specific astrogliosis: differential vessel formation contributes to different patterns of astrogliosis in the cortex and striatum. Mol Brain 2020; 13:103. [PMID: 32698847 PMCID: PMC7374828 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury causes astrocytes to become reactive (astrogliosis). In this study, we compared astrogliosis in acutely injured cortex and striatum of adult FVB/N mice induced by stereotaxic injection of ATP, a component of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Interestingly, MR analysis showed that same amount of ATP induced smaller damage in the cortex than in the striatum. However, in histological analysis, thick and dense scar-like astrogliosis was found in the injured cortex near meninges within 2 wk., but not in other regions, including the striatum and even the cortex near the corpus callosum for up to 30 d. There was little regional difference in the number of Ki67(+)-proliferating astrocytes or mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines. The most prominent difference between regions with and without scar-like astrogliosis was blood vessel formation. Blood vessels highly expressing collagen 1A1 formed densely near meninges, and astrocytes converged on them. In other regions, however, both blood vessels and astrocytes were relatively evenly distributed. Consistent with this, inhibition of blood vessel formation with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-blocking antibody, Avastin, attenuated scar-like astrogliosis near meninges. These results indicate that region-specific astrogliosis occurs following brain injury, and that blood vessel formation plays a critical role in scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology/Neuroscience Graduate Program, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jiawei An
- Department of Pharmacology/Neuroscience Graduate Program, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Insup Choi
- Department of Pharmacology/Neuroscience Graduate Program, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Kihwang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sang-Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology/Neuroscience Graduate Program, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology/Neuroscience Graduate Program, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology/Neuroscience Graduate Program, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea. .,Department of Brain Science, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.
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9
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Choi YR, Kim JB, Kang SJ, Noh HR, Jou I, Joe EH, Park SM. The dual role of c-src in cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50843. [PMID: 32618125 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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10
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Choi YR, Kim JB, Kang SJ, Noh HR, Jou I, Joe EH, Park SM. The dual role of c-src in cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48950. [PMID: 32372484 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of proteinaceous inclusions called Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in numerous brain regions. Increasing evidence indicates that Lewy pathology progressively involves additional regions of the nervous system as the disease advances, and the prion-like propagation of α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology promotes PD progression. Accordingly, the modulation of α-syn transmission may be important for the development of disease-modifying therapies in patients with PD. Here, we demonstrate that α-syn fibrils induce c-src activation in neurons, which depends on the FcγRIIb-SHP-1/-2-c-src pathway and enhances signals for the uptake of α-syn into neurons. Blockade of c-src activation inhibits the uptake of α-syn and the formation of Lewy body-like inclusions. Furthermore, the blockade of c-src activation also inhibits the release of α-syn via activation of autophagy. The brain-permeable c-src inhibitor, saracatinib, efficiently reduces α-syn propagation into neighboring regions in an in vivo model system. These results suggest a new therapeutic target against progressive PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ree Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seo-Jun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hye Rin Noh
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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11
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Choi DJ, Yang H, Gaire S, Lee KA, An J, Kim BG, Jou I, Park SM, Joe EH. Critical roles of astrocytic-CCL2-dependent monocyte infiltration in a DJ-1 knockout mouse model of delayed brain repair. Glia 2020; 68:2086-2101. [PMID: 32176388 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages play a role in the repair of the injured brain. We previously reported that a deficiency of the Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated gene DJ-1 delays repair of brain injury produced by stereotaxic injection of ATP, a component of damage-associated molecular patterns. Here, we show that a DJ-1 deficiency attenuates monocyte infiltration into the damaged brain owing to a decrease in C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) expression in astrocytes. Like DJ-1-knockout (KO) mice, CCL2 receptor (CCR2)-KO mice showed defects in monocyte infiltration and delayed recovery of brain injury, as determined by 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging analysis and immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase and glial fibrillary acid protein. Notably, transcriptome analyses showed that genes related to regeneration and synapse formation were similarly downregulated in injured brains of DJ-1-KO and CCR2-KO mice compared with the injured wild-type brain. These results indicate that defective astrogliosis in DJ-1-KO mice is associated with decreased CCL2 expression and attenuated monocyte infiltration, resulting in delayed repair of brain injury. Thus, delayed repair of brain injury could contribute to the development of PD. MAIN POINTS: A DJ-1 deficiency attenuates infiltration of monocytes owing to a decrease in CCL2 expression in astrocytes, which in turn led to delay in repair of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Joo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hajie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sushil Gaire
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Keon Ah Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jiawei An
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
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12
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Lee JS, Hong JM, Yoon BS, Son KS, Lee KE, Im DS, Park BN, An YS, Hwang DH, Park CB, Kim BG, Joe EH. Expression of Cellular Receptors in the Ischemic Hemisphere of Mice with Increased Glucose Uptake. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:70-79. [PMID: 32122109 PMCID: PMC7075656 DOI: 10.5607/en.2020.29.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many previous studies have shown reduced glucose uptake in the ischemic brain. In contrast, in a permanent unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO) mouse model, our pilot experiments using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) revealed that a subset of mice exhibited conspicuously high uptake of glucose in the ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 week post-occlusion (asymmetric group), whereas other mice showed symmetric uptake in both hemispheres (symmetric group). Thus, we aimed to understand the discrepancy between the two groups. Cerebral blood flow and histological/metabolic changes were analyzed using laser Doppler flowmetry and immunohistochemistry/Western blotting, respectively. Contrary to the increased glucose uptake observed in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere on FDG PET (p<0.001), cerebral blood flow tended to be lower in the asymmetric group than in the symmetric group (right to left ratio [%], 36.4±21.8 vs. 58.0±24.8, p=0.059). Neuronal death was observed only in the ischemic hemisphere of the asymmetric group. In contrast, astrocytes were more activated in the asymmetric group than in the symmetric group (p<0.05). Glucose transporter-1, and monocarboxylate transporter-1 were also upregulated in the asymmetric group, compared with the symmetric group (p<0.05, respectively). These results suggest that the increased FDG uptake was associated with relatively severe ischemia, and glucose transporter-1 upregulation and astrocyte activation. Glucose metabolism may thus be a compensatory mechanism in the moderately severe ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ji Man Hong
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Bok Seon Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Keoung Sun Son
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Kyung Eon Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Doo Soon Im
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Bok-Nam Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Young-Sil An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Hwang
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Chan Bae Park
- Department of Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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13
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An J, Yang H, Joe EH. Expression and roles of osteopontin in injured brain. IBRO Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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14
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Joe EH, Choi DJ, An J, Lee KA, Kim BG, Jou I, Park SM. Deficiency of DJ-1 delays monocyte infiltration and repair of injured brain. IBRO Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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15
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Joe EH, Choi DJ, An J, Eun JH, Jou I, Park S. Astrocytes, Microglia, and Parkinson's Disease. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:77-87. [PMID: 29731673 PMCID: PMC5934545 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia support well-being and well-function of the brain through diverse functions in both intact and injured brain. For example, astrocytes maintain homeostasis of microenvironment of the brain through up-taking ions and neurotransmitters, and provide growth factors and metabolites for neurons, etc. Microglia keep surveying surroundings, and remove abnormal synapses or respond to injury by isolating injury sites and expressing inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, their loss and/or functional alteration may be directly linked to brain diseases. Since Parkinson's disease (PD)-related genes are expressed in astrocytes and microglia, mutations of these genes may alter the functions of these cells, thereby contributing to disease onset and progression. Here, we review the roles of astrocytes and microglia in intact and injured brain, and discuss how PD genes regulate their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea
| | - Dong-Joo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea
| | - Jiawei An
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Eun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea
| | - Sangmyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16944, Korea
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16
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Choi DJ, Eun JH, Kim BG, Jou I, Park SM, Joe EH. A Parkinson's disease gene, DJ-1, repairs brain injury through Sox9 stabilization and astrogliosis. Glia 2017; 66:445-458. [PMID: 29105838 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Defects in repair of damaged brain accumulate injury and contribute to slow-developing neurodegeneration. Here, we report that a deficiency of DJ-1, a Parkinson's disease (PD) gene, delays repair of brain injury due to destabilization of Sox9, a positive regulator of astrogliosis. Stereotaxic injection of ATP into the brain striatum produces similar size of acute injury in wild-type and DJ-1-knockout (KO) mice. However, recovery of the injury is delayed in KO mice, which is confirmed by 9.4T magnetic resonance imaging and tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining. DJ-1 regulates neurite outgrowth from damaged neurons in a non-cell autonomous manner. In DJ-1 KO brains and astrocytes, Sox9 protein levels are decreased due to enhanced ubiquitination, resulting in defects in astrogliosis and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor/ brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in injured brain and astrocytes. These results indicate that DJ-1 deficiency causes defects in astrocyte-mediated repair of brain damage, which may contribute to the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Joo Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Eun
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, Korea
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17
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Choi I, Byun JW, Park SM, Jou I, Joe EH. LRRK2 Inhibits FAK Activity by Promoting FERM-mediated Autoinhibition of FAK and Recruiting the Tyrosine Phosphatase, SHP-2. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:269-276. [PMID: 27790061 PMCID: PMC5081473 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.5.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) causes an autosomal dominant and late-onset familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, we reported that LRRK2 directly binds to and phosphorylates the threonine 474 (T474)-containing Thr-X-Arg(Lys) (TXR) motif of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of FAK at tyrosine (Y) 397 residue (pY397-FAK), which is a marker of its activation. Mechanistically, however, it remained unclear how T474-FAK phosphorylation suppressed FAK activation. Here, we report that T474-FAK phosphorylation could inhibit FAK activation via at least two different mechanisms. First, T474 phosphorylation appears to induce a conformational change of FAK, enabling its N-terminal FERM domain to autoinhibit Y397 phosphorylation. This is supported by the observation that the levels of pY397-FAK were increased by deletion of the FERM domain and/or mutation of the FERM domain to prevent its interaction with the kinase domain of FAK. Second, pT474-FAK appears to recruit SHP-2, which is a phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylating pY397-FAK. We found that mutation of T474 into glutamate (T474E-FAK) to mimic phosphorylation induced more strong interaction with SHP-2 than WT-FAK, and that pharmacological inhibition of SHP-2 with NSC-87877 rescued the level of pY397 in HEK293T cells. These results collectively show that LRRK2 suppresses FAK activation through diverse mechanisms that include the promotion of autoinhibition and/or the recruitment of phosphatases, such as SHP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Byun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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18
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Park S, Han S, Choi I, Kim B, Park SP, Joe EH, Suh YH. Interplay between Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) and p62/SQSTM-1 in Selective Autophagy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163029. [PMID: 27631370 PMCID: PMC5025236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The deposit of polyubiquitinated aggregates has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and growing evidence indicates that selective autophagy plays a critical role in the clearance of ubiquitin-positive protein aggregates by autophagosomes. The selective autophagic receptor p62/SQSTM-1, which associates directly with both ubiquitin and LC3, transports ubiquitin conjugates to autophagosomes for degradation. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a PD-associated protein kinase, is tightly controlled by autophagy-lysosome degradation as well as by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. However, little is known about the degradation of ubiquitinated LRRK2 via selective autophagy. In the present study, we found that p62/SQSTM-1 physically interacts with LRRK2 as a selective autophagic receptor. The overexpression of p62 leads to the robust degradation of LRRK2 through the autophagy-lysosome pathway. In addition, LRRK2 indirectly regulates Ser351 and Ser403 phosphorylation of p62. Of particular interest, the interaction between phosphorylated p62 and Keap1 is reduced by LRRK2 overexpression. Therefore, we propose that the interplay between LRRK2 and p62 may contribute to the pathophysiological function and homeostasis of LRRK2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwook Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health, Kyungwoon University, Gumi, 39160, South Korea
- * E-mail: (YHS); (SP)
| | - Seulki Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Insup Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Beomsue Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Seung Pyo Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Suh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- * E-mail: (YHS); (SP)
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19
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Kim JM, Cha SH, Choi YR, Jou I, Joe EH, Park SM. DJ-1 deficiency impairs glutamate uptake into astrocytes via the regulation of flotillin-1 and caveolin-1 expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28823. [PMID: 27346864 PMCID: PMC4922019 DOI: 10.1038/srep28823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Although the cause of PD is still poorly understood, mutations in many genes including SNCA, parkin, PINK1, LRRK2, and DJ-1 have been identified in the familial forms of PD. It was recently proposed that alterations in lipid rafts may cause the neurodegeneration shown in PD. Here, we observe that DJ-1 deficiency decreased the expression of flotillin-1 (flot-1) and caveolin-1 (cav-1), the main protein components of lipid rafts, in primary astrocytes and MEF cells. As a mechanism, DJ-1 regulated flot-1 stability by direct interaction, however, decreased cav-1 expression may not be a direct effect of DJ-1, but rather as a result of decreased flot-1 expression. Dysregulation of flot-1 and cav-1 by DJ-1 deficiency caused an alteration in the cellular cholesterol level, membrane fluidity, and alteration in lipid rafts-dependent endocytosis. Moreover, DJ-1 deficiency impaired glutamate uptake into astrocytes, a major function of astrocytes in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis, by altering EAAT2 expression. This study will be helpful to understand the role of DJ-1 in the pathogenesis of PD, and the modulation of lipid rafts through the regulation of flot-1 or cav-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Mo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seon-Heui Cha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yu Ree Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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20
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Oh SM, Chang MY, Song JJ, Rhee YH, Joe EH, Lee HS, Yi SH, Lee SH. Combined Nurr1 and Foxa2 roles in the therapy of Parkinson's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:171. [PMID: 26882244 PMCID: PMC4734846 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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21
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Choi I, Woo JH, Jou I, Joe EH. PINK1 Deficiency Decreases Expression Levels of mir-326, mir-330, and mir-3099 during Brain Development and Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:14-23. [PMID: 26924929 PMCID: PMC4766110 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) is a Parkinson's disease (PD) gene. We examined miRNAs regulated by PINK1 during brain development and neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation, and found that lvels of miRNAs related to tumors and inflammation were different between 1-day-old-wild type (WT) and PINK1-knockout (KO) mouse brains. Notably, levels of miR-326, miR-330 and miR-3099, which are related to astroglioma, increased during brain development and NSC differentiation, and were significantly reduced in the absence of PINK1. Interestingly, in the presence of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), which pushes differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes, miR-326, miR-330, and miR-3099 levels in KO NSCs were also lower than those in WT NSCs. Furthermore, mimics of all three miRNAs increased expression of the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) during differentiation of KO NSCs, but inhibitors of these miRNAs decreased GFAP expression in WT NSCs. Moreover, these miRNAs increased the translational efficacy of GFAP through the 3'-UTR of GFAP mRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that PINK1 deficiency reduce expression levels of miR-326, miR-330 and miR-3099, which may regulate GFAP expression during NSC differentiation and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Joo Hong Woo
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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22
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Choi I, Choi DJ, Yang H, Woo JH, Chang MY, Kim JY, Sun W, Park SM, Jou I, Lee SH, Joe EH. Erratum to: PINK1 expression increases during brain development and stem cell differentiation, and affects the development of GFAPpositive astrocytes. Mol Brain 2016; 9:18. [PMID: 26879756 PMCID: PMC4753649 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong-Joo Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Haijie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 442-721, Korea
| | - Joo Hong Woo
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea
| | - Sang-Myun Park
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 442-721, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 442-721, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 442-721, Korea. .,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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23
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Abstract
Use of the physiological mechanisms promoting midbrain DA (mDA) neuron survival seems an appropriate option for developing treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD). mDA neurons are specifically marked by expression of the transcription factors Nurr1 and Foxa2. We show herein that Nurr1 and Foxa2 interact to protect mDA neurons against various toxic insults, but their expression is lost during aging and degenerative processes. In addition to their proposed cell-autonomous actions in mDA neurons, forced expression of these factors in neighboring glia synergistically protects degenerating mDA neurons in a paracrine mode. As a consequence of these bimodal actions, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery of Nurr1 and Foxa2 in a PD mouse model markedly protected mDA neurons and motor behaviors associated with nigrostriatal DA neurotransmission. The effects of the combined gene delivery were dramatic, highly reproducible, and sustained for at least 1 year, suggesting that expression of these factors is a promising approach in PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Rhee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Phamacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seob Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Yi
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Choi I, Choi DJ, Yang H, Woo JH, Chang MY, Kim JY, Sun W, Park SM, Jou I, Lee SH, Lee SH, Joe EH. PINK1 expression increases during brain development and stem cell differentiation, and affects the development of GFAP-positive astrocytes. Mol Brain 2016; 9:5. [PMID: 26746235 PMCID: PMC4706723 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutation of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) causes autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite of its ubiquitous expression in brain, its roles in non-neuronal cells such as neural stem cells (NSCs) and astrocytes were poorly unknown. Results We show that PINK1 expression increases from embryonic day 12 to postnatal day 1 in mice, which represents the main period of brain development. PINK1 expression also increases during neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation. Interestingly, expression of GFAP (a marker of astrocytes) was lower in PINK1 knockout (KO) mouse brain lysates compared to wild-type (WT) lysates at postnatal days 1-8, whereas there was little difference in the expression of markers for other brain cell types (e.g., neurons and oligodendrocytes). Further experiments showed that PINK1-KO NSCs were defective in their differentiation to astrocytes, producing fewer GFAP-positive cells compared to WT NSCs. However, the KO and WT NSCs did not differ in their self-renewal capabilities or ability to differentiate to neurons and oligodendrocytes. Interestingly, during differentiation of KO NSCs there were no defects in mitochondrial function, and there were not changes in signaling molecules such as SMAD1/5/8, STAT3, and HES1 involved in differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes. In brain sections, GFAP-positive astrocytes were more sparsely distributed in the corpus callosum and substantia nigra of KO animals compared with WT. Conclusion Our study suggests that PINK1 deficiency causes defects in GFAP-positive astrogliogenesis during brain development and NSC differentiation, which may be a factor to increase risk for PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-016-0186-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
| | - Dong-Joo Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
| | - Haijie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 442-721, Korea.
| | - Joo Hong Woo
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
| | - Sang-Myun Park
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 442-721, Korea.
| | - Ilo Jou
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 442-721, Korea.
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 442-721, Korea. .,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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25
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Cha SH, Choi YR, Heo CH, Kang SJ, Joe EH, Jou I, Kim HM, Park SM. Loss of parkin promotes lipid rafts-dependent endocytosis through accumulating caveolin-1: implications for Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:63. [PMID: 26627850 PMCID: PMC4666086 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, resulting in motor dysfunctions. While most PD is sporadic in nature, a significant subset can be linked to either autosomal dominant or recessive mutations. PARK2, encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase, parkin, is the most frequently mutated gene in autosomal recessive early onset PD. It has recently been reported that PD-associated gene products such as PINK1, α-synuclein, LRRK2, and DJ-1, as well as parkin associate with lipid rafts, suggesting that the dysfunction of these proteins in lipid rafts may be a causal factor of PD. Therefore here, we examined the relationship between lipid rafts-related proteins and parkin. Results We identified caveolin-1 (cav-1), which is one of the major constituents of lipid rafts at the plasma membrane, as a substrate of parkin. Loss of parkin function was found to disrupt the ubiquitination and degradation of cav-1, resulting in elevated cav-1 protein level in cells. Moreover, the total cholesterol level and membrane fluidity was altered by parkin deficiency, causing dysregulation of lipid rafts-dependent endocytosis. Further, cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein was facilitated by parkin deficiency. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that alterations in lipid rafts by the loss of parkin via cav-1 may be a causal factor of PD, and cav-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Heui Cha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yu Ree Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Cheol-Ho Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seo-Jun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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26
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Choi I, Kim B, Byun JW, Baik SH, Huh YH, Kim JH, Mook-Jung I, Song WK, Shin JH, Seo H, Suh YH, Jou I, Park SM, Kang HC, Joe EH. LRRK2 G2019S mutation attenuates microglial motility by inhibiting focal adhesion kinase. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8255. [PMID: 26365310 PMCID: PMC4647842 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to brain injury, microglia rapidly extend processes that isolate lesion sites and protect the brain from further injury. Here we report that microglia carrying a pathogenic mutation in the Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated gene, G2019S-LRRK2 (GS-Tg microglia), show retarded ADP-induced motility and delayed isolation of injury, compared with non-Tg microglia. Conversely, LRRK2 knockdown microglia are highly motile compared with control cells. In our functional assays, LRRK2 binds to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and phosphorylates its Thr–X–Arg/Lys (TXR/K) motif(s), eventually attenuating FAK activity marked by decreased pY397 phosphorylation (pY397). GS-LRRK2 decreases the levels of pY397 in the brain, microglia and HEK cells. In addition, treatment with an inhibitor of LRRK2 kinase restores pY397 levels, decreased pTXR levels and rescued motility of GS-Tg microglia. These results collectively suggest that G2019S mutation of LRRK2 may contribute to the development of PD by inhibiting microglial response to brain injury. In response to brain injury, microglia extend processes to isolate the lesion. Here Choi et al. show that microglia expressing a pathogenic mutation in the Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2 gene show reduced motility and delayed lesion isolation in vitro and in vivo due to attenuated focal adhesion kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Beomsue Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Byun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Baik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Yun Hyun Huh
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Woo Keun Song
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
| | - Young Ho Suh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Ho Chul Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
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Woo JH, Lee JH, Kim H, Park SJ, Joe EH, Jou I. Control of Inflammatory Responses: a New Paradigm for the Treatment of Chronic Neuronal Diseases. Exp Neurobiol 2015; 24:95-102. [PMID: 26113788 PMCID: PMC4479815 DOI: 10.5607/en.2015.24.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'inflammation' was first introduced by Celsus almost 2000 years ago. Biological and medical researchers have shown increasing interest in inflammation over the past few decades, in part due to the emerging burden of chronic and degenerative diseases resulting from the increased longevity that has arisen thanks to modern medicine. Inflammation is believed to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of degenerative brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, researchers have sought to combat such diseases by controlling inflammatory responses. In this review, we describe the endogenous inflammatory stimulators and signaling pathways in the brain. In particular, our group has focused on the JAK-STAT pathway, identifying anti-inflammatory targets and testing the effects of various anti-inflammatory drugs. This work has shown that the JAK-STAT pathway and its downstream are negatively regulated by phosphatases (SHP2 and MKP-1), inhibitory proteins (SOCS1 and SOCS3) and a nuclear receptor (LXR). These negative regulators are controlled at various levels (e.g. transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational). Future study of these proteins could facilitate the manipulation of the inflammatory response, which plays ubiquitous, diverse and ambivalent roles under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hong Woo
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Jee Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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28
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Choi HK, Choi Y, Kang H, Lim EJ, Park SY, Lee HS, Park JM, Moon J, Kim YJ, Choi I, Joe EH, Choi KC, Yoon HG. PINK1 positively regulates HDAC3 to suppress dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1127-41. [PMID: 25305081 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular basis of neuronal cell death is a central issue in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Dysregulation of p53 levels has been implicated in neuronal apoptosis. The role of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in suppressing p53-dependent apoptosis has been recently emphasized; however, the molecular basis of modulation of p53 function by HDAC3 remains unclear. Here we show that PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), which is linked to autosomal recessive early-onset familial Parkinson's disease, phosphorylates HDAC3 at Ser-424 to enhance its HDAC activity in a neural cell-specific manner. PINK1 prevents H2O2-induced C-terminal cleavage of HDAC3 via phosphorylation of HDAC3 at Ser-424, which is reversed by protein phosphatase 4c. PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of HDAC3 enhances its direct association with p53 and causes subsequent hypoacetylation of p53. Genetic deletion of PINK1 partly impaired the suppressive role of HDAC3 in regulating p53 acetylation and transcriptional activity. However, depletion of HDAC3 fully abolished the PINK1-mediated p53 inhibitory loop. Finally, ectopic expression of phosphomometic-HDAC3(S424E) substantially overcomes the defective action of PINK1 against oxidative stress in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Together, our results uncovered a mechanism by which PINK1-HDAC3 network mediates p53 inhibitory loop in response to oxidative stress-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Kyoung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Fertility Center of CHA General Hospital, CHA Research Institute and
| | - HeeBum Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Lim
- Applied Bioscience, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, South Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Seob Lee
- Applied Bioscience, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, South Korea
| | - Ji-Min Park
- Applied Bioscience, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, South Korea
| | - Jisook Moon
- Applied Bioscience, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Jung Kim
- ILSONG Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Rm 607, ILSONG Bldg, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
| | - Insup Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, South Korea and
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, South Korea and
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Poongnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
| | - Ho-Geun Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea,
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29
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Kim JH, Jou I, Joe EH. Suppression of miR-155 Expression in IFN-γ-Treated Astrocytes and Microglia by DJ-1: A Possible Mechanism for Maintaining SOCS1 Expression. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:148-54. [PMID: 24963279 PMCID: PMC4065828 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that DJ-1, encoded by a Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated gene, inhibits expression of proinflammatory mediators in interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-treated astrocytes and microglia through inhibition of STAT1 activation. Here, using microglia and astrocytes cultured from wild-type (WT) and DJ-1-knockout (KO) mouse brains, we examined how DJ-1 regulates suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), a negative feedback regulator of STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) that is also induced by STAT1. We found that IFN-γ significantly increased SOCS1 mRNA expression in WT microglia and astrocytes, but not in KO cells, although STAT1 was highly activated in these latter cells. We further found that SOCS mRNA stability was decreased in DJ-1-KO cells, an effect that appeared to be mediated by the microRNA, miR-155. IFN-γ increased the levels of miR-155 in DJ-1-KO cells but not in WT cells. In addition, an miR-155 inhibitor rescued SOCS1 expression and decreased STAT1 activation in DJ-1-KO cells. Taken together, these results suggest that DJ-1 efficiently regulates inflammation by maintaining SOCS1 expression through regulation of miR-155 levels, even under conditions in which STAT1 activation is decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
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Jeong HK, Ji KM, Min KJ, Choi I, Choi DJ, Jou I, Joe EH. Astrogliosis is a possible player in preventing delayed neuronal death. Mol Cells 2014; 37:345-55. [PMID: 24802057 PMCID: PMC4012084 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitigating secondary delayed neuronal injury has been a therapeutic strategy for minimizing neurological symptoms after several types of brain injury. Interestingly, secondary neuronal loss appeared to be closely related to functional loss and/or death of astrocytes. In the brain damage induced by agonists of two glutamate receptors, N-ethyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA), NMDA induced neuronal death within 3 h, but did not increase further thereafter. However, in the KA-injected brain, neuronal death was not obviously detectable even at injection sites at 3 h, but extensively increased to encompass the entire hemisphere at 7 days. Brain inflammation, a possible cause of secondary neuronal damage, showed little differences between the two models. Importantly, however, astrocyte behavior was completely different. In the NMDA-injected cortex, the loss of glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing (GFAP+) astrocytes was confined to the injection site until 7 days after the injection, and astrocytes around the damage sites showed extensive gliosis and appeared to isolate the damage sites. In contrast, in the KA-injected brain, GFAP+ astrocytes, like neurons, slowly, but progressively, disappeared across the entire hemisphere. Other markers of astrocytes, including S100β, glutamate transporter EAAT2, the potassium channel Kir4.1 and glutamine synthase, showed patterns similar to that of GFAP in both NMDA- and KA-injected cortexes. More importantly, astrocyte disappearance and/or functional loss preceded neuronal death in the KA-injected brain. Taken together, these results suggest that loss of astrocyte support to neurons may be a critical cause of delayed neuronal death in the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hey-Kyeong Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Min
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
| | - Insup Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
| | - Dong-Joo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721,
Korea
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31
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Jeong HK, Jou I, Joe EH. Absence of Delayed Neuronal Death in ATP-Injected Brain: Possible Roles of Astrogliosis. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:308-14. [PMID: 24465146 PMCID: PMC3897692 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.4.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although secondary delayed neuronal death has been considered as a therapeutic target to minimize brain damage induced by several injuries, delayed neuronal death does not occur always. In this study, we investigated possible mechanisms that prevent delayed neuronal death in the ATP-injected substantia nigra (SN) and cortex, where delayed neuronal death does not occur. In both the SN and cortex, ATP rapidly induced death of the neurons and astrocytes in the injection core area within 3 h, and the astrocytes in the penumbra region became hypertropic and rapidly surrounded the damaged areas. It was observed that the neurons survived for up to 1-3 months in the area where the astrocytes became hypertropic. The damaged areas of astrocytes gradually reduced at 3 days, 7 days, and 1-3 months. Astrocyte proliferation was detectable at 3-7 days, and vimentin was expressed in astrocytes that surrounded and/or protruded into the damaged sites. The NeuN-positive cells also reappeared in the injury sites where astrocytes reappeared. Taken together, these results suggest that astroycte survival and/or gliosis in the injured brain may be critical for neuronal survival and may prevent delayed neuronal death in the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hey-Kyeong Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Neuroscience Graduate Program in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Neuroscience Graduate Program in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Neuroscience Graduate Program in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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32
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Kim JH, Choi DJ, Jeong HK, Kim J, Kim DW, Choi SY, Park SM, Suh YH, Jou I, Joe EH. DJ-1 facilitates the interaction between STAT1 and its phosphatase, SHP-1, in brain microglia and astrocytes: A novel anti-inflammatory function of DJ-1. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 60:1-10. [PMID: 23969237 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Importantly, altered astrocyte and microglial functions could contribute to neuronal death in PD. In this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which DJ-1 (PARK7), an early onset autosomal-recessive PD gene, negatively regulates inflammatory responses of astrocytes and microglia by facilitating the interaction between STAT1 and its phosphatase, SHP-1 (Src-homology 2-domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1). Astrocytes and microglia cultured from DJ-1-knockout (KO) mice exhibited increased expression of inflammatory mediators and phosphorylation levels of STAT1 (p-STAT1) in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) compared to cells from wild-type (WT) mice. DJ-1 deficiency also attenuated IFN-γ-induced interactions of SHP-1 with p-STAT1 and STAT1, measured 1 and 12h after IFN-γ treatment, respectively. Subsequent experiments showed that DJ-1 directly interacts with SHP-1, p-STAT1, and STAT1. Notably, DJ-1 bound to SHP-1 independently of IFN-γ, whereas the interactions of DJ-1 with p-STAT1 and STAT1 were dependent on IFN-γ. Similar results were obtained in brain slice cultures, where IFN-γ induced much stronger STAT1 phosphorylation and inflammatory responses in KO slices than in WT slices. Moreover, IFN-γ treatment induced neuronal damage in KO slices. Collectively, these findings suggest that DJ-1 may function as a scaffold protein that facilitates SHP-1 interactions with p-STAT1 and STAT1, thereby preventing extensive and prolonged STAT1 activation. Thus, the loss of DJ-1 function may increase the risk of PD by enhancing brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-hyeon Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Republic of Korea; National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Republic of Korea; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Republic of Korea
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Kim KS, Kim JS, Park JY, Suh YH, Jou I, Joe EH, Park SM. DJ-1 associates with lipid rafts by palmitoylation and regulates lipid rafts-dependent endocytosis in astrocytes. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4805-17. [PMID: 23847046 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease. Several genes have been associated with familial type PD, providing tremendous insights into the pathogenesis of PD. Gathering evidence supports the view that these gene products may operate through common molecular pathways. Recent reports suggest that many PD-associated gene products, such as α-synuclein, LRRK2, parkin and PINK1, associate with lipid rafts and lipid rafts may be associated with neurodegeneration. Here, we observed that DJ-1 protein also associated with lipid rafts. Palmitoylation of three cysteine residues (C46/53/106) and C-terminal region of DJ-1 were required for this association. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the localization of DJ-1 into lipid rafts in astrocytes. The LPS-TLR4 signaling was more augmented in DJ-1 knock-out astrocytes by the impairment of TLR4 endocytosis. Furthermore, lipid rafts-dependent endocytosis including the endocytosis of CD14, which play a major role in regulating TLR4 endocytosis was also impaired, but clathrin-dependent endocytosis was not. This study provides a novel function of DJ-1 in lipid rafts, which may contribute the pathogenesis of PD. Moreover, it also provides the possibility that many PD-related proteins may operate through common molecular pathways in lipid rafts.
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Jeong HK, Ji K, Min K, Joe EH. Brain inflammation and microglia: facts and misconceptions. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:59-67. [PMID: 23833554 PMCID: PMC3699675 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
THE INFLAMMATION THAT ACCOMPANIES ACUTE INJURY HAS DUAL FUNCTIONS: bactericidal action and repair. Bactericidal functions protect damaged tissue from infection, and repair functions are initiated to aid in the recovery of damaged tissue. Brain injury is somewhat different from injuries in other tissues in two respects. First, many cases of brain injury are not accompanied by infection: there is no chance of pathogens to enter in ischemia or even in traumatic injury if the skull is intact. Second, neurons are rarely regenerated once damaged. This raises the question of whether bactericidal inflammation really occurs in the injured brain; if so, how is this type of inflammation controlled? Many brain inflammation studies have been conducted using cultured microglia (brain macrophages). Even where animal models have been used, the behavior of microglia and neurons has typically been analyzed at or after the time of neuronal death, a time window that excludes the inflammatory response, which begins immediately after the injury. Therefore, to understand the patterns and roles of brain inflammation in the injured brain, it is necessary to analyze the behavior of all cell types in the injured brain immediately after the onset of injury. Based on our experience with both in vitro and in vivo experimental models of brain inflammation, we concluded that not only microglia, but also astrocytes, blood inflammatory cells, and even neurons participate and/or regulate brain inflammation in the injured brain. Furthermore, brain inflammation played by these cells protects neurons and repairs damaged microenvironment but not induces neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hey-Kyeong Jeong
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea. ; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea. ; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea. ; National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea
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Bae SK, Heo CH, Choi DJ, Sen D, Joe EH, Cho BR, Kim HM. A Ratiometric Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe Reveals Reduction in Mitochondrial H2S Production in Parkinson’s Disease Gene Knockout Astrocytes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9915-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja404004v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Keun Bae
- Division of Energy Systems Research,
Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Heo
- Division of Energy Systems Research,
Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Dong Joo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology/Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721,
Korea
| | - Debabrata Sen
- Division of Energy Systems Research,
Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology/Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721,
Korea
| | - Bong Rae Cho
- Department of Chemistry,
Korea
University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Kim
- Division of Energy Systems Research,
Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
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36
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Jeong HK, Ji KM, Kim J, Jou I, Joe EH. Repair of astrocytes, blood vessels, and myelin in the injured brain: possible roles of blood monocytes. Mol Brain 2013; 6:28. [PMID: 23758980 PMCID: PMC3684510 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-6-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in injured tissue has both repair functions and cytotoxic consequences. However, the issue of whether brain inflammation has a repair function has received little attention. Previously, we demonstrated monocyte infiltration and death of neurons and resident microglia in LPS-injected brains (Glia. 2007. 55:1577; Glia. 2008. 56:1039). Here, we found that astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, myelin, and endothelial cells disappeared in the damage core within 1–3 d and then re-appeared at 7–14 d, providing evidence of repair of the brain microenvironment. Since round Iba-1+/CD45+ monocytes infiltrated before the repair, we examined whether these cells were involved in the repair process. Analysis of mRNA expression profiles showed significant upregulation of repair/resolution-related genes, whereas proinflammatory-related genes were barely detectable at 3 d, a time when monocytes filled injury sites. Moreover, Iba-1+/CD45+ cells highly expressed phagocytic activity markers (e.g., the mannose receptors, CD68 and LAMP2), but not proinflammatory mediators (e.g., iNOS and IL1β). In addition, the distribution of round Iba-1+/CD45+ cells was spatially and temporally correlated with astrocyte recovery. We further found that monocytes in culture attracted astrocytes by releasing soluble factor(s). Together, these results suggest that brain inflammation mediated by monocytes functions to repair the microenvironment of the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hey-Kyeong Jeong
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 443-721, Korea
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37
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Yoo SW, Chang DY, Lee HS, Kim GH, Park JS, Ryu BY, Joe EH, Lee YD, Kim SS, Suh-Kim H. Immune following suppression mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in the ischemic brain is mediated by TGF-β. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 58:249-57. [PMID: 23759293 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to enhance the recovery of brain functions following ischemic injury. Although immune modulation has been suggested to be one of the mechanisms, the molecular mechanisms underlying improved recovery has not been clearly identified. Here, we report that MSCs secrete transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) to suppress immune propagation in the ischemic rat brain. Ischemic stroke caused global death of resident cells in the infarcted area, elevated the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) level, and evoked massive infiltration of circulating CD68+ immune cells through the impaired blood-brain barrier. Transplantation of MSCs at day 3 post-ischemia blocked the subsequent upregulation of MCP-1 in the ischemic area and the infiltration of additional CD68+ immune cells. MSC-conditioned media decreased the migration and MCP-1 production of freshly isolated immune cells in vitro, and this effect was blocked by an inhibitor of TGF-β signaling or an anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody. Finally, transplantation of TGF-β1-silenced MSCs failed to attenuate the infiltration of CD68+ cells into the ischemic brain, and was associated with only minor improvements in motor function. These results indicate that TGF-β is key to the ability of MSCs to beneficially attenuate immune reactions in the ischemic brain. Our findings offer insight into the interactions between allogeneic MSCs and the host immune system, reinforcing the prospective clinical value of using MSCs in the treatment of neurological disorders involving inflammation-mediated secondary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Wan Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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Moon MY, Kim HJ, Li Y, Kim JG, Jeon YJ, Won HY, Kim JS, Kwon HY, Choi IG, Ro E, Joe EH, Choe M, Kwon HJ, Kim HC, Kim YS, Park JB. Involvement of small GTPase RhoA in the regulation of superoxide production in BV2 cells in response to fibrillar Aβ peptides. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1861-9. [PMID: 23707391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrillar amyloid-beta (fAβ) peptide causes neuronal cell death, which is known as Alzheimer's disease. One of the mechanisms for neuronal cell death is the activation of microglia which releases toxic compounds like reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to fAβ. We observed that fAβ rather than soluble form blocked BV2 cell proliferation of microglial cell line BV2, while N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a scavenger of superoxide, prevented the cells from death, suggesting that cell death is induced by ROS. Indeed, both fAβ1-42 and fAβ25-35 induced superoxide production in BV2 cells. fAβ25-35 produced superoxide, although fAβ25-35 is not phagocytosed into BV2 cells. Thus, superoxide production by fAβ does not seem to be dependent on phagocytosis of fAβ. Herein we studied how fAβ produces superoxide in BV2. Transfection of dominant negative (DN) RhoA (N19) cDNA plasmid, small hairpin (sh)-RhoA forming plasmid, and Y27632, an inhibitor of Rho-kinase, abrogated the superoxide formation in BV2 cells stimulated by fAβ. Furthermore, fAβ elevated GTP-RhoA level as well as Rac1 and Cdc42. Tat-C3 toxin, sh-RhoA, and Y27632 inhibited the phosphorylation of p47(PHOX). Moreover, peritoneal macrophages from p47(PHOX) (-/-) knockout mouse could not produce superoxide in response to fAβ. These results suggest that RhoA closely engages in the regulation of superoxide production induced by fAβ through phosphorylation of p47(PHOX) in microglial BV2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Choi I, Kim J, Jeong HK, Kim B, Jou I, Park SM, Chen L, Kang UJ, Zhuang X, Joe EH. PINK1 deficiency attenuates astrocyte proliferation through mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced AKT and increased p38 MAPK activation, and downregulation of EGFR. Glia 2013; 61:800-12. [PMID: 23440919 PMCID: PMC3657120 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PINK1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1), a familial Parkinson's disease (PD)-related gene, is expressed in astrocytes, but little is known about its role in this cell type. Here, we found that astrocytes cultured from PINK1-knockout (KO) mice exhibit defective proliferative responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fetal bovine serum. In PINK1-KO astrocytes, basal and EGF-induced p38 activation (phosphorylation) were increased whereas EGF receptor (EGFR) expression and AKT activation were decreased. p38 inhibition (SB203580) or knockdown with small interfering RNA (siRNA) rescued EGFR expression and AKT activation in PINK1-KO astrocytes. Proliferation defects in PINK1-KO astrocytes appeared to be linked to mitochondrial defects, manifesting as decreased mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species level, decreased glucose-uptake capacity, and decreased ATP production. Mitochondrial toxin (oligomycin) and a glucose-uptake inhibitor (phloretin) mimicked the PINK1-deficiency phenotype, decreasing astrocyte proliferation, EGFR expression and AKT activation, and increasing p38 activation. In addition, the proliferation defect in PINK1-KO astrocytes resulted in a delay in the wound healing process. Taken together, these results suggest that PINK1 deficiency causes astrocytes dysfunction, which may contribute to the development of PD due to delayed astrocytes-mediated repair of microenvironment in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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40
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Min KJ, Jeong HK, Kim B, Hwang DH, Shin HY, Nguyen AT, Kim JH, Jou I, Kim BG, Joe EH. Spatial and temporal correlation in progressive degeneration of neurons and astrocytes in contusion-induced spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:100. [PMID: 22632146 PMCID: PMC3418552 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes acute neuronal death followed by delayed secondary neuronal damage. However, little is known about how microenvironment regulating cells such as microglia, astrocytes, and blood inflammatory cells behave in early SCI states and how they contribute to delayed neuronal death. METHODS We analyzed the behavior of neurons and microenvironment regulating cells using a contusion-induced SCI model, examining early (3-6 h) to late times (14 d) after the injury. RESULTS At the penumbra region close to the damaged core (P1) neurons and astrocytes underwent death in a similar spatial and temporal pattern: both neurons and astrocytes died in the medial and ventral regions of the gray matter between 12 to 24 h after SCI. Furthermore, mRNA and protein levels of transporters of glutamate (GLT-1) and potassium (Kir4.1), functional markers of astrocytes, decreased at about the times that delayed neuronal death occurred. However, at P1 region, ramified Iba-1+ resident microglia died earlier (3 to 6 h) than neurons (12 to 24 h), and at the penumbra region farther from the damaged core (P2), neurons were healthy where microglia were morphologically activated. In addition, round Iba-1/CD45-double positive monocyte-like cells appeared after neurons had died, and expressed phagocytic markers, including mannose receptors, but rarely expressed proinflammatory mediators. CONCLUSION Loss of astrocyte function may be more critical for delayed neuronal death than microglial activation and monocyte infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Min
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, san-5 Woncheon-dong Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 442-721, Korea
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Kim JH, Min KJ, Seol W, Jou I, Joe EH. Astrocytes in injury states rapidly produce anti-inflammatory factors and attenuate microglial inflammatory responses. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1161-71. [PMID: 21039520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are known to be a primary inflammatory cell type in the brain. However, microglial inflammatory responses are attenuated in the injured brain compared to those in cultured pure microglia. In the present study, we found that astrocytes challenged by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) or H(2) O(2) released soluble factor(s) and attenuated microglial inflammatory responses. Conditioned medium prepared from astrocytes treated with OGD (OGD-ACM) or H(2) O(2) (H(2) O(2) -ACM) significantly reduced the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced microglial inflammatory mediators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase, at both the mRNA and protein levels. The anti-inflammatory effect of astrocytes appeared very rapidly (within 5min), but was not closely correlated with the extent of astrocyte damage. Both OGD-ACM and H(2) O(2) -ACM inhibited STAT nuclear signaling, as evidenced by a reduction in both STAT-1/3 binding to the IFN-γ-activated site and IFN-γ-activated site promoter activity. However, both phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT-1/3 was unchanged in IFN-γ-treated microglia. The active component(s) in OGD-ACM were smaller than 3kDa, and displayed anti-inflammatory effects independent of protein synthesis. These results suggest that, in the injured brain, astrocytes may act as a controller to rapidly suppress microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyeon Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Lee SY, Kim B, Jeong HK, Min KJ, Liu T, Park JY, Joe EH, Jou I. Enhanced phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase alpha expression and PI(4,5)P2 production in LPS-stimulated microglia. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:600-7. [PMID: 20659513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the major glial cells responsible for immune responses against harmful substances in the central nervous system. Type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase alpha (PIP5Kalpha) and its lipid product, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI[4,5]P(2)), regulate important cell surface functions. Here, we report that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly enhanced PIP5Kalpha mRNA and protein expression levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in microglia. Furthermore, LPS stimulation led to a robust increase in PI(4,5)P(2) in the plasma membrane, demonstrated by PI(4,5)P(2) immunostaining or PI(4,5)P(2) imaging using a PI(4,5)P(2)-specific probe, tubby (R332H), fused to yellow fluorescent protein. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p42/44 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway inhibitors clearly reduced PIP5Kalpha expression, indicating that these pathways are necessary for LPS-induced PIP5Kalpha expression. In addition, inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB and Sp1 transcription factors interfered with the LPS-induced upregulation of PIP5Kalpha. Delivery of PI(4,5)P(2) into microglia increased the expression of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. These findings indicate that PIP5Kalpha upregulation and the subsequent rise in PI(4,5)P(2) in LPS-stimulated microglia may positively regulate microglial inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yoon Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
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Ji KA, Eu MY, Kang SH, Gwag BJ, Jou I, Joe EH. Differential neutrophil infiltration contributes to regional differences in brain inflammation in the substantia nigra pars compacta and cortex. Glia 2008; 56:1039-47. [PMID: 18381656 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain inflammation is a suggested risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Interestingly, severe inflammation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) accelerates the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease. In this study, we examined the underlying mechanisms of severe inflammation in the SNpc by comparing the inflammatory process with that in the cortex. In intact brain, the densities of CD11b(+) microglia were similar in the SNpc and cortex. However, lipopolysaccharide injection enhanced the CD11b(+) cell number in the SNpc, but not in the cortex. Previously, we reported that CD11b and myeloperoxidase (MPO) double-positive neutrophils infiltrate the SNpc following LPS injection (GLIA 55:1577-88). Notably, the MPO(+) neutrophil number increased dramatically in the SNpc, but only slightly in the cortex. The extent of neutrophil infiltration appeared to correlate with neuronal damage. We confirmed that loss of neurons in the SNpc was significantly reduced in neutropenic rats versus normal rats following LPS injection. In addition, the densities of astrocytes were much lower in the intact SNpc, compared with the cortex. Furthermore, after LPS injection, damage of endothelial cells and astrocytes, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was more pronounced in the SNpc. These results collectively suggest that excessive neutrophil infiltration and environmental factors, such as lower astrocyte density and higher BBB permeability, contribute to severe inflammation and neuronal death in the SNpc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ae Ji
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Kim B, Lee JH, Yang MS, Jou I, Joe EH. Retinoic acid enhances prostaglandin E2 production through increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in rat brain microglia. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:1353-60. [PMID: 18183617 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a well-known antiinflammatory agent. In this study, we show that RA has a dual effect on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in inflammatory activated microglia, the resident brain macrophages. After treatment of microglia with LPS or thrombin, COX-2 expression was induced in two phases, specifically, an initial increase at about 12 hr after stimulation followed by a decrease, and another increase at about 48-72 hr. However, PGE(2) and 15d-PGJ(2) were detected at about 12 hr, and the levels continuously increased thereafter. Interestingly, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) suppressed the expression of early-phase COX-2 but augmented late-phase COX-2 and inhibited iNOS in the whole time sequence. ATRA enhanced PGE(2) production but had little effect on 15d-PGJ(2). Moreover, ATRA selectively up-regulated the expression of a PGE(2) synthase, mPGES-1, but had little effect on the PGD(2) synthase, H-PGDS. The results collectively suggest that ATRA modulates microglial responses to inflammatory stimulators, particularly at the late phase, via enhancement of COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomsue Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, Korea
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Min KJ, Kim JH, Jou I, Joe EH. Adenosine induces hemeoxygenase-1 expression in microglia through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2. Glia 2008; 56:1028-37. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ji KA, Yang MS, Jeong HK, Min KJ, Kang SH, Jou I, Joe EH. Resident microglia die and infiltrated neutrophils and monocytes become major inflammatory cells in lipopolysaccharide-injected brain. Glia 2007; 55:1577-88. [PMID: 17823975 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Generally, it has been accepted that microglia play important roles in brain inflammation. However, recently several studies suggested possible infiltration of blood neutrophils and monocytes into the brain. To understand contribution of microglia and blood inflammatory cells to brain inflammation, the behavior of microglia, neutrophils, and monocytes was investigated in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-injected substantia nigra pars compacta, cortex, and hippocampus of normal and/or leukopenic rats using specific markers of neutrophils (myeloperoxidase, MPO), and microglia and monocytes (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1, Iba-1), as well as a general marker for these inflammatory cells (CD11b). CD11b-immunopositive (CD11b(+)) cells and Iba-1(+) cells displayed similar behavior in intact and LPS-injected brain at 6 h after the injection. Interestingly, however, CD11b(+) cells and Iba-1(+) cells displayed significantly different behavior at 12 h: Iba-1(+) cells disappeared while CD11b(+) cells became round in shape. We found that CD11b/Iba-1-double positive (CD11b(+)/Iba-1(+)) ramified microglia died within 6 h after LPS injection. The round CD11b(+) cells detected at 12 h were MPO(+). These CD11b(+)/MPO(+) cells were not found in leukopenic rats, suggestive of neutrophil infiltration. MPO(+) neutrophils expressed inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1beta, cyclooxygenase-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, but died within 18 h. CD11b(+) cells detected at 24 h appeared to be infiltrated monocytes, since these cells were once labeled with Iba-1 and were not found in leukopenic rats. Furthermore, transplanted monocytes were detectable in LPS-injected brain. These results suggest that at least a part of neutrophils and monocytes could have been misinterpreted as activated microglia in inflamed brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ae Ji
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Abstract
Gangliosides participate in various cellular events of the central nervous system and have been closely implicated in many neuronal diseases. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological activity of gangliosides are poorly understood. Here we report that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) may mediate the ganglioside-triggered inflammation in glia, brain resident immune cells. Gangliosides rapidly altered the cell surface expression of TLR4 in microglia and astrocytes within 3 hours. Using TLR4-specific siRNA and a dominant-negative TLR4 gene, we clearly demonstrate the functional importance of TLR4 in ganglioside-triggered activation of glia. Inhibition of TLR4 expression by TLR4-siRNA suppressed nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-binding activity, NF-kappaB-dependent luciferase activity, and transcription of inflammatory cytokines after exposure to gangliosides. Transient transfection of dominant-negative TLR4 also attenuated NF-kappaB-binding activity and interleukin-6 promoter activity. In contrast, these activities were slightly elevated in cells with wild-type TLR4. In addition, CD14 was required for ganglioside-triggered activation of glia, and lipid raft formation may be associated with ganglioside-stimulated signal propagation. Taken together, these results suggest that TLR4 may provide an explanation for the pathological ability of gangliosides to cause inflammatory conditions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilo Jou
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-721, Korea
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Hwang SY, Jung JS, Kim TH, Lim SJ, Oh ES, Kim JY, Ji KA, Joe EH, Cho KH, Han IO. Ionizing radiation induces astrocyte gliosis through microglia activation. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 21:457-67. [PMID: 16202616 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of microglia in radiation-induced astrocyte gliosis. We found that a single dose of 15 Gy radiation to a whole rat brain increased immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes 6 h later, and even more so 24 h later, indicating the initiation of gliosis. While irradiation of cultured rat astrocytes had little effect, irradiation of microglia-astrocyte mixed-cultures displayed altered astrocyte phenotype into more processed, which is another characteristic of gliosis. Experiments using microglia-conditioned media indicated this astrocyte change was due to factors released from irradiated microglia. Irradiation of cultured mouse microglial cells induced a dose-dependent increase in mRNA levels for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10, which are usually associated with microglia activation. Consistent with these findings, irradiation of microglia activated NF-kappaB, a transcription factor that regulates microglial activation. Addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2: a metabolic product of the COX-2 enzyme) to primary cultured rat astrocytes resulted in phenotypic changes similar to those observed in mixed-culture experiments. Therefore, it appears that PGE(2) released from irradiated microglia is a key mediator of irradiation-induced gliosis or astrocyte phenotype change. These data suggest that radiation-induced microglial activation and resultant production of PGE2 seems to be associated with an underlying cause of inflammatory complications associated with radiation therapy for malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Hwang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
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Abstract
Little is known about the underlying mechanisms responsible for the death of activated microglia and the functional consequences of the death of these cells, especially in vivo. We show here that intracortical injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to upregulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) immunoreactivity, followed by a substantial loss of microglia 3 days later, as visualized by complement receptor type 3 (OX-42) immunostaining and tomato lectin staining. Cells positive for caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated fluorescein-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) were also localized within LPS-activated microglia. IL-4 immunoreactivity was detected as early as 12 hr post-LPS, disappearing at 72 hr. Surprisingly, IL-4 immunoreactivity was detected exclusively in microglia, but not in astrocytes or neurons. In addition, IL-4-neutralizing antibodies markedly increased the survival of activated microglia at 3 days post-LPS. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was sustained in parallel in activated microglia, consequently increasing neuronal cell death. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show the endogenous expression of IL-4 in LPS-activated microglia in vivo. Our findings suggest that IL-4 may regulate brain inflammation by inducing the death of activated microglia in vivo and increasing neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Park
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Lee JH, Park EJ, Kim OS, Kim HY, Joe EH, Jou I. Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase is required for the LPS-induced activation of STAT1 inflammatory signaling in rat brain glial cells. Glia 2005; 50:66-79. [PMID: 15630703 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PKR, the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated serine/threonine kinase, has been implicated as an important component of host responses to infection and various situations of cellular stress. The involvement of PKR in signal transduction and regulation of transcription suggested to us that it may play an important role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of STAT1 in rat brain immune cells. We found that LPS rapidly stimulated the phosphorylation of PKR within 5 min, followed by phosphorylation of STAT1 at 2 h in rat primary microglia and astrocyte. Using 2-aminopurine (2-AP), a pharmacological inhibitor of PKR, and PKR-specific short interfering RNA (siRNA), we demonstrated that activation of PKR was essential for LPS-induced activation of STAT1. Inhibition of PKR activity by 2-AP resulted in suppression not only of STAT1 phosphorylation, but also of nuclear factors binding activity to GAS/ISRE elements. 2-AP also significantly suppressed the downstream events of LPS-stimulated STAT1 phosphorylation, including STAT-mediated transcriptional responses and generation of nitric oxide, a hallmark of brain inflammation. Consistent with these results, transfection of PKR-specific siRNA markedly attenuated all the STAT1 dependent inflammatory signaling responses tested. We further revealed that activation of PKR by LPS led to the induction of IFN-beta through activation of NF-kappaB, triggering the phosphorylation of STAT1 in rat brain glial cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that PKR functions as an essential modulator in LPS-induced STAT inflammatory signaling events, and provides new insight into endotoxin-induced CNS diseases following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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