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Elkin AM, Robbins S, Barros CS, Bossing T. The Critical Balance Between Quiescence and Reactivation of Neural Stem Cells. Biomolecules 2025; 15:672. [PMID: 40427564 PMCID: PMC12108614 DOI: 10.3390/biom15050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2025] [Revised: 04/28/2025] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSC) are multipotent, self-renewing cells that give rise to all neural cell types within the central nervous system. During adulthood, most NSCs exist in a quiescent state which can be reactivated in response to metabolic and signalling changes, allowing for long-term continuous neurogenesis and response to injury. Ensuring a critical balance between quiescence and reactivation is required to maintain the limited NSC reservoir and neural replenishment throughout lifetime. The precise mechanisms and signalling pathways behind this balance are at the focus of current research. In this review, we highlight and discuss recent studies using Drosophila, mammalian and zebrafish models contributing to the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying quiescence and reactivation of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia S. Barros
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK; (A.M.E.); (S.R.)
| | - Torsten Bossing
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK; (A.M.E.); (S.R.)
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2
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Narbonne-Reveau K, Erni A, Eichner N, Sankar S, Kapoor S, Meister G, Cremer H, Maurange C, Beclin C. In vivo AGO-APP identifies a module of microRNAs cooperatively preserving neural progenitors. PLoS Genet 2025; 21:e1011680. [PMID: 40299997 PMCID: PMC12064045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2025] [Accepted: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/01/2025] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are essential regulators of gene expression. Their function is particularly important during neurogenesis, when the production of large numbers of neurons from a limited number of neural stem cells depends on the precise control of determination, proliferation and differentiation. However, microRNAs can target many mRNAs and vice-versa, raising the question of how specificity is achieved to elicit a precise regulatory response. Here we introduce in vivo AGO-APP, a novel approach to purify Argonaute-bound, and therefore active microRNAs from specific cell types. Using AGO-APP in the larval Drosophila central nervous system, we identify a module of microRNAs predicted to redundantly target all iconic genes known to control the transition from neuroblasts to neurons. While microRNA overexpression generally validated predictions, knockdown of individual microRNAs did not induce detectable phenotypes. In contrast, neuroblasts were induced to differentiate precociously when several microRNAs were knocked down simultaneously. Our data supports the concept that at physiological expression levels, the cooperative action of miRNAs allows efficient targeting of entire gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Narbonne-Reveau
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Marseille, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Marseille, France,
| | - Andrea Erni
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Marseille, France
| | - Norbert Eichner
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shobana Sankar
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Marseille, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Marseille, France,
| | - Surbhi Kapoor
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Marseille, France
| | - Gunter Meister
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harold Cremer
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Marseille, France
| | - Cédric Maurange
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Marseille, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Marseille, France,
| | - Christophe Beclin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Marseille, France
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3
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Connell M, Xie Y, Deng X, Chen R, Zhu S. Kin17 regulates proper cortical localization of Miranda in Drosophila neuroblasts by regulating Flfl expression. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113823. [PMID: 38386552 PMCID: PMC10980573 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
During asymmetric division of Drosophila larval neuroblasts, the fate determinant Prospero (Pros) and its adaptor Miranda (Mira) are segregated to the basal cortex through atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) phosphorylation of Mira and displacement from the apical cortex, but Mira localization after aPKC phosphorylation is not well understood. We identify Kin17, a DNA replication and repair protein, as a regulator of Mira localization during asymmetric cell division. Loss of Kin17 leads to aberrant localization of Mira and Pros to the centrosome, cytoplasm, and nucleus. We provide evidence to show that the mislocalization of Mira and Pros is likely due to reduced expression of Falafel (Flfl), a component of protein phosphatase 4 (PP4), and defects in dephosphorylation of serine-96 of Mira. Our work reveals that Mira is likely dephosphorylated by PP4 at the centrosome to ensure proper basal localization of Mira after aPKC phosphorylation and that Kin17 regulates PP4 activity by regulating Flfl expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Connell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Yonggang Xie
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Xiaobing Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Sijun Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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4
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Munroe JA, Doe CQ. Imp is expressed in INPs and newborn neurons where it regulates neuropil targeting in the central complex. Neural Dev 2023; 18:9. [PMID: 38031099 PMCID: PMC10685609 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-023-00177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of neuronal diversity remains incompletely understood. In Drosophila, the central brain is populated by neural stem cells derived from progenitors called neuroblasts (NBs). There are two types of NBs, type 1 and 2. T1NBs have a relatively simple lineage, whereas T2NBs expand and diversify the neural population with the generation of intermediate neural progenitors (INPs), contributing many neurons to the adult central complex, a brain region essential for navigation. However, it is not fully understood how neural diversity is created in T2NB and INP lineages. Imp, an RNA-binding protein, is expressed in T2NBs in a high-to-low temporal gradient, while the RNA-binding protein Syncrip forms an opposing gradient. It remains unknown if Imp expression is carried into INPs; whether it forms a gradient similar to NBs; and whether INP expression of Imp is required for generating neuronal identity or morphology. Here, we show that Imp/Syp are both present in INPs, but not always in opposing gradients. We find that newborn INPs adopt their Imp/Syp levels from their parental T2NBs; that Imp and Syp are expressed in stage-specific high-to-low gradients in INPs. In addition, there is a late INP pulse of Imp. We find that neurons born from old INPs (E-PG and PF-R neurons) have altered morphology following both Imp knock-down and Imp overexpression. We conclude that Imp functions in INPs and newborn neurons to determine proper neuronal morphology and central complex neuropil organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Munroe
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Chris Q Doe
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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5
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Gujar MR, Gao Y, Teng X, Deng Q, Lin KY, Tan YS, Toyama Y, Wang H. Golgi-dependent reactivation and regeneration of Drosophila quiescent neural stem cells. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1933-1949.e5. [PMID: 37567172 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability of stem cells to switch between quiescent and proliferative states is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis and regeneration. In Drosophila, quiescent neural stem cells (qNSCs) extend a primary protrusion, a hallmark of qNSCs. Here, we have found that qNSC protrusions can be regenerated upon injury. This regeneration process relies on the Golgi apparatus that acts as the major acentrosomal microtubule-organizing center in qNSCs. A Golgi-resident GTPase Arf1 and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sec71 promote NSC reactivation and regeneration via the regulation of microtubule growth. Arf1 physically associates with its new effector mini spindles (Msps)/XMAP215, a microtubule polymerase. Finally, Arf1 functions upstream of Msps to target the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin to NSC-neuropil contact sites during NSC reactivation. Our findings have established Drosophila qNSCs as a regeneration model and identified Arf1/Sec71-Msps pathway in the regulation of microtubule growth and NSC reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahekta R Gujar
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yang Gao
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Xiang Teng
- Mechanobiology Institute, Level 5, T-lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Qiannan Deng
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Kun-Yang Lin
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Mechanobiology Institute, Level 5, T-lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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6
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Gujar MR, Gao Y, Teng X, Ding WY, Lin J, Tan YS, Chew LY, Toyama Y, Wang H. Patronin/CAMSAP promotes reactivation and regeneration of Drosophila quiescent neural stem cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56624. [PMID: 37440685 PMCID: PMC10481672 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of stem cells to switch between quiescent and proliferative states is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Drosophila quiescent neural stem cells (qNSCs) extend a primary protrusion that is enriched in acentrosomal microtubules and can be regenerated upon injury. Arf1 promotes microtubule growth, reactivation (exit from quiescence), and regeneration of qNSC protrusions upon injury. However, how Arf1 is regulated in qNSCs remains elusive. Here, we show that the microtubule minus-end binding protein Patronin/CAMSAP promotes acentrosomal microtubule growth and quiescent NSC reactivation. Patronin is important for the localization of Arf1 at Golgi and physically associates with Arf1, preferentially with its GDP-bound form. Patronin is also required for the regeneration of qNSC protrusion, likely via the regulation of microtubule growth. Finally, Patronin functions upstream of Arf1 and its effector Msps/XMAP215 to target the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin to NSC-neuropil contact sites during NSC reactivation. Our findings reveal a novel link between Patronin/CAMSAP and Arf1 in the regulation of microtubule growth and NSC reactivation. A similar mechanism might apply to various microtubule-dependent systems in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahekta R Gujar
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yang Gao
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Xiang Teng
- Mechanobiology InstituteSingaporeSingapore
| | - Wei Yung Ding
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jiaen Lin
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Liang Yuh Chew
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Present address:
Temasek LifeSciences LaboratorySingaporeSingapore
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Mechanobiology InstituteSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering ProgrammeNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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7
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An H, Yu Y, Ren X, Zeng M, Bai Y, Liu T, Zheng H, Sang R, Zhang F, Cai Y, Xi Y. Pipsqueak family genes dan/danr antagonize nuclear Pros to prevent neural stem cell aging in Drosophila larval brains. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1160222. [PMID: 37266371 PMCID: PMC10231327 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1160222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell aging is a fundamental question in neurogenesis. Premature nuclear Pros is considered as an indicator of early neural stem cell aging in Drosophila. The underlying mechanism of how neural stem cells prevent premature nuclear Pros remains largely unknown. Here we identified that two pipsqueak family genes, distal antenna (dan) and distal antenna-related (danr), promote the proliferation of neural stem cells (also called neuroblasts, NBs) in third instar larval brains. In the absence of Dan and Danr (dan/danr), the NBs produce fewer daughter cells with smaller lineage sizes. The larval brain NBs in dan/danr clones show premature accumulation of nuclear Prospero (Pros), which usually appears in the terminating NBs at early pupal stage. The premature nuclear Pros leads to NBs cell cycle defects and NB identities loss. Removal of Pros from dan/danr MARCM clones prevents lineage size shrinkage and rescues the loss of NB markers. We propose that the timing of nuclear Pros is after the downregulation of dan/danr in the wt terminating NBs. dan/danr and nuclear Pros are mutually exclusive in NBs. In addition, dan/danr are also required for the late temporal regulator, Grainyhead (Grh), in third instar larval brains. Our study uncovers the novel function of dan/danr in NBs cell fate maintenance. dan/danr antagonize nuclear Pros to prevent NBs aging in Drosophila larval brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanping An
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology of Hanzhong City, Hanzhong Vocational and Technical College, Hanzhong, China
- Department of Teaching and Medical Administration, 3201 Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Hanzhong, China
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- The Women’s Hospital, Institutes of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Xuming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology of Hanzhong City, Hanzhong Vocational and Technical College, Hanzhong, China
| | - Minghua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology of Hanzhong City, Hanzhong Vocational and Technical College, Hanzhong, China
| | - Yu Bai
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Teaching and Medical Administration, 3201 Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Hanzhong, China
| | - Huimei Zheng
- The Women’s Hospital, Institutes of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Sang
- The Women’s Hospital, Institutes of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- The Women’s Hospital, Institutes of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yongmei Xi
- The Women’s Hospital, Institutes of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Wu S, Yang Y, Tang R, Zhang S, Qin P, Lin R, Rafel N, Lucchetta EM, Ohlstein B, Guo Z. Apical-basal polarity precisely determines intestinal stem cell number by regulating Prospero threshold. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112093. [PMID: 36773292 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical-basal polarity and cell-fate determinants are crucial for the cell fate and control of stem cell numbers. However, their interplay leading to a precise stem cell number remains unclear. Drosophila pupal intestinal stem cells (pISCs) asymmetrically divide, generating one apical ISC progenitor and one basal Prospero (Pros)+ enteroendocrine mother cell (EMC), followed by symmetric divisions of each daughter before adulthood, providing an ideal system to investigate the outcomes of polarity loss. Using lineage tracing and ex vivo live imaging, we identify an interlocked polarity regulation network precisely determining ISC number: Bazooka inhibits Pros accumulation by activating Notch signaling to maintain stem cell fate in pISC apical daughters. A threshold of Pros promotes differentiation to EMCs and avoids ISC-like cell fate, and over-threshold of Pros inhibits miranda expression to ensure symmetric divisions in pISC basal daughters. Our work suggests that a polarity-dependent threshold of a differentiation factor precisely controls stem cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ruizhi Tang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Peizhong Qin
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Neus Rafel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elena M Lucchetta
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Benjamin Ohlstein
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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9
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Imp is required for timely exit from quiescence in Drosophila type II neuroblasts. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272177. [PMID: 36520944 PMCID: PMC9754222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells must balance proliferation and quiescence, with excess proliferation favoring tumor formation, and premature quiescence preventing proper organogenesis. Drosophila brain neuroblasts are a model for investigating neural stem cell entry and exit from quiescence. Neuroblasts begin proliferating during embryogenesis, enter quiescence prior to larval hatching, and resume proliferation 12-30h after larval hatching. Here we focus on the mechanism used to exit quiescence, focusing on "type II" neuroblasts. There are 16 type II neuroblasts in the brain, and they undergo the same cycle of embryonic proliferation, quiescence, and proliferation as do most other brain neuroblasts. We focus on type II neuroblasts due to their similar lineage as outer radial glia in primates (both have extended lineages with intermediate neural progenitors), and because of the availability of specific markers for type II neuroblasts and their progeny. Here we characterize the role of Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein (Imp) in type II neuroblast proliferation and quiescence. Imp has previously been shown to promote proliferation in type II neuroblasts, in part by acting antagonistically to another RNA-binding protein called Syncrip (Syp). Here we show that reducing Imp levels delays exit from quiescence in type II neuroblasts, acting independently of Syp, with Syp levels remaining low in both quiescent and newly proliferating type II neuroblasts. We conclude that Imp promotes exit from quiescence, a function closely related to its known role in promoting neuroblast proliferation.
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10
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Dillon N, Cocanougher B, Sood C, Yuan X, Kohn AB, Moroz LL, Siegrist SE, Zlatic M, Doe CQ. Single cell RNA-seq analysis reveals temporally-regulated and quiescence-regulated gene expression in Drosophila larval neuroblasts. Neural Dev 2022; 17:7. [PMID: 36002894 PMCID: PMC9404614 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-022-00163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that generate neural diversity during development remains largely unknown. Here, we use scRNA-seq methodology to discover new features of the Drosophila larval CNS across several key developmental timepoints. We identify multiple progenitor subtypes - both stem cell-like neuroblasts and intermediate progenitors - that change gene expression across larval development, and report on new candidate markers for each class of progenitors. We identify a pool of quiescent neuroblasts in newly hatched larvae and show that they are transcriptionally primed to respond to the insulin signaling pathway to exit from quiescence, including relevant pathway components in the adjacent glial signaling cell type. We identify candidate "temporal transcription factors" (TTFs) that are expressed at different times in progenitor lineages. Our work identifies many cell type specific genes that are candidates for functional roles, and generates new insight into the differentiation trajectory of larval neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Dillon
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, OR, 97403, Eugene, USA
| | - Ben Cocanougher
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chhavi Sood
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, VA, 22904, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, VA, 22904, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, FL, 32080, St. Augustine, USA
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, FL, 32080, St. Augustine, USA
| | - Sarah E Siegrist
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, VA, 22904, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Marta Zlatic
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Dept of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Janelia Research Campus, VA, Ashburn, USA
| | - Chris Q Doe
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, OR, 97403, Eugene, USA.
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11
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Emerging Roles of RNA-Binding Proteins in Neurodevelopment. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10020023. [PMID: 35735914 PMCID: PMC9224834 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) are generated by a relatively small pool of neural stem cells during early development. Spatial and temporal regulation of stem cell behavior relies on precise coordination of gene expression. Well-studied mechanisms include hormone signaling, transcription factor activity, and chromatin remodeling processes. Much less is known about downstream RNA-dependent mechanisms including posttranscriptional regulation, nuclear export, alternative splicing, and transcript stability. These important functions are carried out by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Recent work has begun to explore how RBPs contribute to stem cell function and homeostasis, including their role in metabolism, transport, epigenetic regulation, and turnover of target transcripts. Additional layers of complexity are provided by the different target recognition mechanisms of each RBP as well as the posttranslational modifications of the RBPs themselves that alter function. Altogether, these functions allow RBPs to influence various aspects of RNA metabolism to regulate numerous cellular processes. Here we compile advances in RNA biology that have added to our still limited understanding of the role of RBPs in neurodevelopment.
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12
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Gujar MR, Wang H. A fly's eye view of quiescent neural stem cells. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac001. [PMID: 38596705 PMCID: PMC10913722 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The balance between proliferation and quiescence of stem cells is crucial in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the brain have the ability to be reactivated from a reversible quiescent state to generate new neurons. However, how NSCs transit between quiescence and reactivation remains largely elusive. Drosophila larval brain NSCs, also known as neuroblasts, have emerged as an excellent in vivo model to study molecular mechanisms underlying NSC quiescence and reactivation. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the reactivation of quiescent NSCs in Drosophila. We review the most recent advances on epigenetic regulations and microtubule cytoskeleton in Drosophila quiescent NSCs and their cross-talk with signaling pathways that are required in regulating NSC reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahekta R Gujar
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore
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13
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Soares DS, Homem CC, Castro DS. Function of Proneural Genes Ascl1 and Asense in Neurogenesis: How Similar Are They? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:838431. [PMID: 35252201 PMCID: PMC8894194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.838431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proneural genes were initially identified in Drosophila, where pioneer work on these important regulators of neural development was performed, and from which the term proneural function was coined. Subsequently, their counterparts in vertebrates were identified, and their function in neural development extensively characterized. The function of proneural transcription factors in flies and vertebrates is, however, very distinct. In flies, proneural genes play an early role in neural induction, by endowing neural competence to ectodermal cells. In contrast, vertebrate proneural genes are expressed only after neural specification, in neural stem and progenitor cells, where they play key regulatory functions in quiescence, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation. An exception to this scenario is the Drosophila proneural gene asense, which has a late onset of expression in neural stem cells of the developing embryo and larvae, similar to its vertebrate counterparts. Although the role of Asense remains poorly investigated, its expression pattern is suggestive of functions more in line with those of vertebrate proneural genes. Here, we revise our current understanding of the multiple activities of Asense and of its closest vertebrate homologue Ascl1 in neural stem/progenitor cell biology, and discuss possible parallels between the two transcription factors in neurogenesis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo S. Soares
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina C.F. Homem
- CEDOC, Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Catarina C.F. Homem, ; Diogo S. Castro,
| | - Diogo S. Castro
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Catarina C.F. Homem, ; Diogo S. Castro,
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14
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Sood C, Justis VT, Doyle SE, Siegrist SE. Notch signaling regulates neural stem cell quiescence entry and exit in Drosophila. Development 2022; 149:274416. [PMID: 35112131 PMCID: PMC8918809 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells enter and exit quiescence as part of normal developmental programs and to maintain tissue homeostasis in adulthood. Although it is clear that stem cell intrinsic and extrinsic cues, local and systemic, regulate quiescence, it remains unclear whether intrinsic and extrinsic cues coordinate to control quiescence and how cue coordination is achieved. Here, we report that Notch signaling coordinates neuroblast intrinsic temporal programs with extrinsic nutrient cues to regulate quiescence in Drosophila. When Notch activity is reduced, quiescence is delayed or altogether bypassed, with some neuroblasts dividing continuously during the embryonic-to-larval transition. During embryogenesis before quiescence, neuroblasts express Notch and the Notch ligand Delta. After division, Delta is partitioned to adjacent GMC daughters where it transactivates Notch in neuroblasts. Over time, in response to intrinsic temporal cues and increasing numbers of Delta-expressing daughters, neuroblast Notch activity increases, leading to cell cycle exit and consequently, attenuation of Notch pathway activity. Quiescent neuroblasts have low to no active Notch, which is required for exit from quiescence in response to nutrient cues. Thus, Notch signaling coordinates proliferation versus quiescence decisions.
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15
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Deng Q, Tan YS, Chew LY, Wang H. Msps governs acentrosomal microtubule assembly and reactivation of quiescent neural stem cells. EMBO J 2021; 40:e104549. [PMID: 34368973 PMCID: PMC8488572 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of stem cells to switch between quiescence and proliferation is crucial for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Drosophila quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) extend a primary cellular protrusion from the cell body prior to their reactivation. However, the structure and function of this protrusion are not well established. Here, we show that in the protrusion of quiescent NSCs, microtubules are predominantly acentrosomal and oriented plus‐end‐out toward the tip of the primary protrusion. We have identified Mini Spindles (Msps)/XMAP215 as a key microtubule regulator in quiescent NSCs that governs NSC reactivation via regulating acentrosomal microtubule growth and orientation. We show that quiescent NSCs form membrane contact with the neuropil and E‐cadherin, a cell adhesion molecule, localizes to these NSC‐neuropil junctions. Msps and a plus‐end directed motor protein Kinesin‐2 promote NSC cell cycle re‐entry and target E‐cadherin to NSC‐neuropil contact during NSC reactivation. Together, this work establishes acentrosomal microtubule organization in the primary protrusion of quiescent NSCs and the Msps‐Kinesin‐2 pathway that governs NSC reactivation, in part, by targeting E‐cad to NSC‐neuropil contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Deng
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Yuh Chew
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Luo Z, Zhang J, Qiao L, Lu F, Liu Z. Mapping Genome-wide Binding Sites of Prox1 in Mouse Cochlea Using the CUT&RUN Approach. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1703-1707. [PMID: 34351548 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jixiang Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lianyong Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Falong Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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17
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Huang J, Gujar MR, Deng Q, Y Chia S, Li S, Tan P, Sung W, Wang H. Histone lysine methyltransferase Pr-set7/SETD8 promotes neural stem cell reactivation. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50994. [PMID: 33565211 PMCID: PMC8024890 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of neural stem cells (NSCs) to switch between quiescence and proliferation is crucial for brain development and homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that variants of histone lysine methyltransferases including KMT5A are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the function of KMT5A/Pr-set7/SETD8 in the central nervous system is not well established. Here, we show that Drosophila Pr-Set7 is a novel regulator of NSC reactivation. Loss of function of pr-set7 causes a delay in NSC reactivation and loss of H4K20 monomethylation in the brain. Through NSC-specific in vivo profiling, we demonstrate that Pr-set7 binds to the promoter region of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdk1) and Wnt pathway transcriptional co-activator earthbound1/jerky (ebd1). Further validation indicates that Pr-set7 is required for the expression of cdk1 and ebd1 in the brain. Similar to Pr-set7, Cdk1 and Ebd1 promote NSC reactivation. Finally, overexpression of Cdk1 and Ebd1 significantly suppressed NSC reactivation defects observed in pr-set7-depleted brains. Therefore, Pr-set7 promotes NSC reactivation by regulating Wnt signaling and cell cycle progression. Our findings may contribute to the understanding of mammalian KMT5A/PR-SET7/SETD8 during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Huang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Mahekta R Gujar
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Qiannan Deng
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Sook Y Chia
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Present address:
National Neuroscience InstituteSingaporeSingapore
| | - Song Li
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology ProgramDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Cellular and Molecular ResearchNational Cancer CentreSingaporeSingapore
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Wing‐Kin Sung
- Genome Institute of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Computer ScienceNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Department of PhysiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering ProgrammeNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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18
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Gil-Ranedo J, Gonzaga E, Jaworek KJ, Berger C, Bossing T, Barros CS. STRIPAK Members Orchestrate Hippo and Insulin Receptor Signaling to Promote Neural Stem Cell Reactivation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2921-2933.e5. [PMID: 31167138 PMCID: PMC6581792 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells reactivate from quiescence to maintain tissue homeostasis and in response to injury. How the underlying regulatory signals are integrated is largely unknown. Drosophila neural stem cells (NSCs) also leave quiescence to generate adult neurons and glia, a process that is dependent on Hippo signaling inhibition and activation of the insulin-like receptor (InR)/PI3K/Akt cascade. We performed a transcriptome analysis of individual quiescent and reactivating NSCs harvested directly from Drosophila brains and identified the conserved STRIPAK complex members mob4, cka, and PP2A (microtubule star, mts). We show that PP2A/Mts phosphatase, with its regulatory subunit Widerborst, maintains NSC quiescence, preventing premature activation of InR/PI3K/Akt signaling. Conversely, an increase in Mob4 and Cka levels promotes NSC reactivation. Mob4 and Cka are essential to recruit PP2A/Mts into a complex with Hippo kinase, resulting in Hippo pathway inhibition. We propose that Mob4/Cka/Mts functions as an intrinsic molecular switch coordinating Hippo and InR/PI3K/Akt pathways and enabling NSC reactivation. Transcriptional profiling of reactivating versus quiescent NSCs identifies STRIPAK members PP2A/Mts phosphatase inhibits Akt activation, maintaining NSC quiescence Mob4 and Cka target Mts to Hippo to inhibit its activity and promote NSC reactivation Mob4/Cka/Mts coordinate Hippo and InR/PI3K/Akt signaling in NSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Gil-Ranedo
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BU Plymouth, UK
| | - Eleanor Gonzaga
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BU Plymouth, UK
| | - Karolina J Jaworek
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BU Plymouth, UK
| | - Christian Berger
- Institute of Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Torsten Bossing
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BU Plymouth, UK
| | - Claudia S Barros
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BU Plymouth, UK.
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19
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Keegan SE, Hughes SC. Role of nuclear-cytoplasmic protein localization during Drosophila neuroblast development. Genome 2020; 64:75-85. [PMID: 32526151 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear-cytoplasmic localization is an efficient way to regulate transcription factors and chromatin remodelers. Altering the location of existing protein pools also facilitates a more rapid response to changes in cell activity or extracellular signals. There are several examples of proteins that are regulated by nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling, which are required for Drosophila neuroblast development. Disruption of the localization of homologs of these proteins has also been linked to several neurodegenerative disorders in humans. Drosophila has been used extensively to model the neurodegenerative disorders caused by aberrant nucleo-cytoplasmic localization. Here, we focus on the role of alternative nucleo-cytoplasmic protein localization in regulating proliferation and cell fate decisions in the Drosophila neuroblast and in neurodegenerative disorders. We also explore the analogous role of RNA binding proteins and mRNA localization in the context of regulation of nucleo-cytoplasmic localization during neural development and a role in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Keegan
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah C Hughes
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Samuels TJ, Arava Y, Järvelin AI, Robertson F, Lee JY, Yang L, Yang CP, Lee T, Ish-Horowicz D, Davis I. Neuronal upregulation of Prospero protein is driven by alternative mRNA polyadenylation and Syncrip-mediated mRNA stabilisation. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio049684. [PMID: 32205310 PMCID: PMC7225087 DOI: 10.1242/bio.049684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During Drosophila and vertebrate brain development, the conserved transcription factor Prospero/Prox1 is an important regulator of the transition between proliferation and differentiation. Prospero level is low in neural stem cells and their immediate progeny, but is upregulated in larval neurons and it is unknown how this process is controlled. Here, we use single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridisation to show that larval neurons selectively transcribe a long prospero mRNA isoform containing a 15 kb 3' untranslated region, which is bound in the brain by the conserved RNA-binding protein Syncrip/hnRNPQ. Syncrip binding increases the stability of the long prospero mRNA isoform, which allows an upregulation of Prospero protein production. Adult flies selectively lacking the long prospero isoform show abnormal behaviour that could result from impaired locomotor or neurological activity. Our findings highlight a regulatory strategy involving alternative polyadenylation followed by differential post-transcriptional regulation.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin J Samuels
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Yoav Arava
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Biology Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Aino I Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Jeffrey Y Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ching-Po Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147 USA
| | - Tzumin Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147 USA
| | - David Ish-Horowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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21
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Waking up quiescent neural stem cells: Molecular mechanisms and implications in neurodevelopmental disorders. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008653. [PMID: 32324743 PMCID: PMC7179833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are crucial for development, regeneration, and repair of the nervous system. Most NSCs in mammalian adult brains are quiescent, but in response to extrinsic stimuli, they can exit from quiescence and become reactivated to give rise to new neurons. The delicate balance between NSC quiescence and activation is important for adult neurogenesis and NSC maintenance. However, how NSCs transit between quiescence and activation remains largely elusive. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the reactivation of quiescent NSCs. We review recent advances on signaling pathways originated from the NSC niche and their crosstalk in regulating NSC reactivation. We also highlight new intrinsic paradigms that control NSC reactivation in Drosophila and mammalian systems. We also discuss emerging evidence on modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders using NSCs.
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22
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Tzortzopoulos A, Thomaidou D, Gaitanou M, Matsas R, Skoulakis E. Expression of Mammalian BM88/CEND1 in Drosophila Affects Nervous System Development by Interfering with Precursor Cell Formation. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:979-995. [PMID: 31079319 PMCID: PMC6864003 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We used Drosophila melanogaster as an experimental model to express mouse and pig BM88/CEND1 (cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation 1) in order to investigate its potential functional effects on Drosophila neurogenesis. BM88/CEND1 is a neuron-specific protein whose function is implicated in triggering cells to exit from the cell cycle and differentiate towards a neuronal phenotype. Transgenic flies expressing either mouse or pig BM88/CEND1 in the nervous system had severe neuronal phenotypes with variable expressivity at various stages of embryonic development. In early embryonic stage 10, BM88/CEND1 expression led to an increase in the neural-specific antigenicity of neuroectoderm at the expense of precursor cells [neuroblasts (Nbs) and ganglion mother cells (GMCs)] including the defective formation and differentiation of the MP2 precursors, whereas at later stages (12-15), protein accumulation induced gross morphological defects primarily in the CNS accompanied by a reduction of Nb and GMC markers. Furthermore, the neuronal precursor cells of embryos expressing BM88/CEND1 failed to carry out proper cell-cycle progression as revealed by the disorganized expression patterns of specific cell-cycle markers. BM88/CEND1 accumulation in the Drosophila eye affected normal eye disc development by disrupting the ommatidia. Finally, we demonstrated that expression of BM88/CEND1 modified/reduced the levels of activated MAP kinase indicating a functional effect of BM88/CEND1 on the MAPK signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that the expression of mammalian BM88/CEND1 in Drosophila exerts specific functional effects associated with neuronal precursor cell formation during embryonic neurogenesis and proper eye disc development. This study also validates the use of Drosophila as a powerful model system in which to investigate gene function and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitra Thomaidou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gaitanou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimios Skoulakis
- "Alexander Fleming" Biomedical Sciences Research Centre, 16672, Athens, Greece
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23
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He B, Buescher M, Farnworth MS, Strobl F, Stelzer EHK, Koniszewski NDB, Muehlen D, Bucher G. An ancestral apical brain region contributes to the central complex under the control of foxQ2 in the beetle Tribolium. eLife 2019; 8:e49065. [PMID: 31625505 PMCID: PMC6837843 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic control of anterior brain development is highly conserved throughout animals. For instance, a conserved anterior gene regulatory network specifies the ancestral neuroendocrine center of animals and the apical organ of marine organisms. However, its contribution to the brain in non-marine animals has remained elusive. Here, we study the function of the Tc-foxQ2 forkhead transcription factor, a key regulator of the anterior gene regulatory network of insects. We characterized four distinct types of Tc-foxQ2 positive neural progenitor cells based on differential co-expression with Tc-six3/optix, Tc-six4, Tc-chx/vsx, Tc-nkx2.1/scro, Tc-ey, Tc-rx and Tc-fez1. An enhancer trap line built by genome editing marked Tc-foxQ2 positive neurons, which projected through the primary brain commissure and later through a subset of commissural fascicles. Eventually, they contributed to the central complex. Strikingly, in Tc-foxQ2 RNAi knock-down embryos the primary brain commissure did not split and subsequent development of midline brain structures stalled. Our work establishes foxQ2 as a key regulator of brain midline structures, which distinguish the protocerebrum from segmental ganglia. Unexpectedly, our data suggest that the central complex evolved by integrating neural cells from an ancestral anterior neuroendocrine center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng He
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology, GZMBUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Marita Buescher
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology, GZMBUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Max Stephen Farnworth
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology, GZMBUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Göttingen Graduate Center for Molecular BiosciencesNeurosciences and BiophysicsGöttingenGermany
| | - Frederic Strobl
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS)Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Ernst HK Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS)Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Nikolaus DB Koniszewski
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology, GZMBUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Dominik Muehlen
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology, GZMBUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Gregor Bucher
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology, GZMBUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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24
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Harding K, White K. Decoupling developmental apoptosis and neuroblast proliferation in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2019; 456:17-24. [PMID: 31390535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and cell death are opposing but fundamental aspects of development that must be tightly controlled to ensure proper tissue organization and organismal health. Developmental apoptosis of abdominal neuroblasts in the Drosophila ventral nerve cord is controlled by multiple upstream spatial and temporal signals, which have also been implicated in control of cell proliferation. It has therefore remained unclear whether developmental apoptosis is linked to active cell proliferation. Previous investigations into this topic have focused on the effect of cell cycle arrests on exogenous induction of apoptosis, and thus have not addressed whether potential effects of the cell cycle lie with the sensing of damage signals or the execution of apoptosis itself. In this report, we show that developmental apoptosis is not inhibited by cell cycle arrest, and that endogenous cell death occurs independently of cell cycle phase. We also find that ectopic neuroblasts rescued from cell death retain the competency to respond to quiescence cues at the end of embryogenesis. In addition, we observe multiple quiescence types in neuroblasts, and we show that cell death mutant embryos display a specific loss of presumptive G2 quiescent abdominal neuroblasts at the end of embryogenesis. This study demonstrates that upstream control of neuroblast proliferation and apoptosis represent independent mechanisms of regulating stem cell fate, and that execution of apoptosis occurs in a cell cycle-independent manner. Our findings also indicate that a subset of G2Q-fated abdominal neuroblasts are eliminated from the embryo through a non-apoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Harding
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Kristin White
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
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25
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Ly PT, Tan YS, Koe CT, Zhang Y, Xie G, Endow S, Deng WM, Yu F, Wang H. CRL4Mahj E3 ubiquitin ligase promotes neural stem cell reactivation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000276. [PMID: 31170139 PMCID: PMC6553684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of neural stem cells (NSCs) to transit between quiescence and proliferation is crucial for brain development and homeostasis. Drosophila Hippo pathway maintains NSC quiescence, but its regulation during brain development remains unknown. Here, we show that CRL4Mahj, an evolutionarily conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, is essential for NSC reactivation (exit from quiescence). We demonstrate that damaged DNA-binding protein 1 (DDB1) and Cullin4, two core components of Cullin4-RING ligase (CRL4), are intrinsically required for NSC reactivation. We have identified a substrate receptor of CRL4, Mahjong (Mahj), which is necessary and sufficient for NSC reactivation. Moreover, we show that CRL4Mahj forms a protein complex with Warts (Wts/large tumor suppressor [Lats]), a kinase of the Hippo signaling pathway, and Mahj promotes the ubiquitination of Wts. Our genetic analyses further support the conclusion that CRL4Mahj triggers NSC reactivation by inhibition of Wts. Given that Cullin4B mutations cause mental retardation and cerebral malformation, similar regulatory mechanisms may be applied to the human brain. During the transition from quiescence to reactivation of neural stem cells, the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4Mahj promotes their reactivation by inhibiting Wts, a core kinase of Hippo signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thao Ly
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yingjie Zhang
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gengqiang Xie
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sharyn Endow
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Wu D, Wu L, An H, Bao H, Guo P, Zhang B, Zheng H, Zhang F, Ge W, Cai Y, Xi Y, Yang X. RanGAP-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport of Prospero regulates neural stem cell lifespan in Drosophila larval central brain. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12854. [PMID: 30549175 PMCID: PMC6351831 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
By the end of neurogenesis in Drosophila pupal brain neuroblasts (NBs), nuclear Prospero (Pros) triggers cell cycle exit and terminates NB lifespan. Here, we reveal that in larval brain NBs, an intrinsic mechanism facilitates import and export of Pros across the nuclear envelope via a Ran‐mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport system. In rangap mutants, the export of Pros from the nucleus to cytoplasm is impaired and the nucleocytoplasmic transport of Pros becomes one‐way traffic, causing an early accumulation of Pros in the nuclei of the larval central brain NBs. This nuclear Pros retention initiates NB cell cycle exit and leads to a premature decrease of total NB numbers. Our data indicate that RanGAP plays a crucial role in this intrinsic mechanism that controls NB lifespan during neurogenesis. Our study may provide insights into understanding the lifespan of neural stem cells during neurogenesis in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics The Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Genetics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Litao Wu
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics The Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Genetics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Huanping An
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics The Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Genetics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Hongcun Bao
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics The Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Genetics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics The Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Genetics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics The Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Genetics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Huimei Zheng
- Institute of Genetics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Wanzhong Ge
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics The Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Genetics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory National University of Singapore Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Yongmei Xi
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics The Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Genetics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics The Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Genetics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomic Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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27
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Jia M, Meng D, Chen M, Li T, Zhang YQ, Yao A. Drosophila homolog of the intellectual disability-related long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 is required for neuroblast proliferation. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:5-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Olson PD, Zarowiecki M, James K, Baillie A, Bartl G, Burchell P, Chellappoo A, Jarero F, Tan LY, Holroyd N, Berriman M. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling and spatial expression analyses identify signals and switches of development in tapeworms. EvoDevo 2018; 9:21. [PMID: 30455861 PMCID: PMC6225667 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tapeworms are agents of neglected tropical diseases responsible for significant health problems and economic loss. They also exhibit adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle that confound comparisons of their development with other animals. Identifying the genetic factors regulating their complex ontogeny is essential to understanding unique aspects of their biology and for advancing novel therapeutics. Here we use RNA sequencing to identify up-regulated signalling components, transcription factors and post-transcriptional/translational regulators (genes of interest, GOI) in the transcriptomes of Larvae and different regions of segmented worms in the tapeworm Hymenolepis microstoma and combine this with spatial gene expression analyses of a selection of genes. RESULTS RNA-seq reads collectively mapped to 90% of the > 12,000 gene models in the H. microstoma v.2 genome assembly, demonstrating that the transcriptome profiles captured a high percentage of predicted genes. Contrasts made between the transcriptomes of Larvae and whole, adult worms, and between the Scolex-Neck, mature strobila and gravid strobila, resulted in 4.5-30% of the genes determined to be differentially expressed. Among these, we identified 190 unique GOI up-regulated in one or more contrasts, including a large range of zinc finger, homeobox and other transcription factors, components of Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog and TGF-β/BMP signalling, and post-transcriptional regulators (e.g. Boule, Pumilio). Heatmap clusterings based on overall expression and on select groups of genes representing 'signals' and 'switches' showed that expression in the Scolex-Neck region is more similar to that of Larvae than to the mature or gravid regions of the adult worm, which was further reflected in large overlap of up-regulated GOI. CONCLUSIONS Spatial expression analyses in Larvae and adult worms corroborated inferences made from quantitative RNA-seq data and in most cases indicated consistency with canonical roles of the genes in other animals, including free-living flatworms. Recapitulation of developmental factors up-regulated during larval metamorphosis suggests that strobilar growth involves many of the same underlying gene regulatory networks despite the significant disparity in developmental outcomes. The majority of genes identified were investigated in tapeworms for the first time, setting the stage for advancing our understanding of developmental genetics in an important group of flatworm parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Olson
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Magdalena Zarowiecki
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Katherine James
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Andrew Baillie
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Georgie Bartl
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Phil Burchell
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Azita Chellappoo
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Francesca Jarero
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Li Ying Tan
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Matt Berriman
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
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29
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Harding K, White K. Drosophila as a Model for Developmental Biology: Stem Cell-Fate Decisions in the Developing Nervous System. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:E25. [PMID: 30347666 PMCID: PMC6315890 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells face a diversity of choices throughout their lives. At specific times, they may decide to initiate cell division, terminal differentiation, or apoptosis, or they may enter a quiescent non-proliferative state. Neural stem cells in the Drosophila central nervous system do all of these, at stereotypical times and anatomical positions during development. Distinct populations of neural stem cells offer a unique system to investigate the regulation of a particular stem cell behavior, while comparisons between populations can lead us to a broader understanding of stem cell identity. Drosophila is a well-described and genetically tractable model for studying fundamental stem cell behavior and the mechanisms that underlie cell-fate decisions. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the factors that contribute to distinct stem cell-fate decisions within the context of the Drosophila nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Harding
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kristin White
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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30
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Hakes AE, Otsuki L, Brand AH. A newly discovered neural stem cell population is generated by the optic lobe neuroepithelium during embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 2018; 145:145/18/dev166207. [PMID: 30254066 PMCID: PMC6176933 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells must balance symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to generate a functioning brain of the correct size. In both the developing Drosophila visual system and mammalian cerebral cortex, symmetrically dividing neuroepithelial cells transform gradually into asymmetrically dividing progenitors that generate neurons and glia. As a result, it has been widely accepted that stem cells in these tissues switch from a symmetric, expansive phase of cell divisions to a later neurogenic phase of cell divisions. In the Drosophila optic lobe, this switch is thought to occur during larval development. However, we have found that neuroepithelial cells start to produce neuroblasts during embryonic development, demonstrating a much earlier role for neuroblasts in the developing visual system. These neuroblasts undergo neurogenic divisions, enter quiescence and are retained post-embryonically, together with neuroepithelial cells. Later in development, neuroepithelial cells undergo further cell divisions before transforming into larval neuroblasts. Our results demonstrate that the optic lobe neuroepithelium gives rise to neurons and glia over 60 h earlier than was thought previously. Highlighted Article: Two types of neural stem cell, with distinct proliferation modes, act side by side to generate the Drosophila optic lobe, challenging current dogma that they act sequentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Hakes
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Leo Otsuki
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Andrea H Brand
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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31
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Huang J, Wang H. Hsp83/Hsp90 Physically Associates with Insulin Receptor to Promote Neural Stem Cell Reactivation. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:883-896. [PMID: 30245208 PMCID: PMC6178561 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to exit quiescence and reactivate in response to physiological stimuli. In the Drosophila brain, insulin receptor (InR)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway triggers NSC reactivation. However, intrinsic mechanisms that control the InR/PI3K/Akt pathway during reactivation remain unknown. Here, we have identified heat shock protein 83 (Hsp83/Hsp90), a molecular chaperone, as an intrinsic regulator of NSC reactivation. Hsp83 is both necessary and sufficient for NSC reactivation by promoting the activation of InR pathway in larval brains in the presence of dietary amino acids. Both Hsp83 and its co-chaperone Cdc37 physically associate with InR. Finally, reactivation defects observed in brains depleted of hsp83 were rescued by over-activation of the InR/PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting that Hsp83 functions upstream of the InR/PI3K/Akt pathway during NSC reactivation. Given the conservation of Hsp83 and the InR pathway, our finding may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying mammalian NSC reactivation. Hsp83/Hsp90 and its co-chaperone Cdc37 are required for NSC reactivation Hsp83 overexpression results in premature NSC reactivation on fed condition Hsp83 and Cdc37 physically associate with InR Hsp83 and Cdc37 are required for the activation of InR pathway in NSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Huang
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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32
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Drosophila nucleostemin 3 is required to maintain larval neuroblast proliferation. Dev Biol 2018; 440:1-12. [PMID: 29679561 PMCID: PMC6278609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells must maintain proliferation during tissue development, repair and homeostasis, yet avoid tumor formation. In Drosophila, neural stem cells (neuroblasts) maintain proliferation during embryonic and larval development and terminate cell cycle during metamorphosis. An important question for understanding how tissues are generated and maintained is: what regulates stem cell proliferation versus differentiation? We performed a genetic screen which identified nucleostemin 3 (ns3) as a gene required to maintain neuroblast proliferation. ns3 is evolutionarily conserved with yeast and human Lsg1, which encode putative GTPases and are essential for organism growth and viability. We found NS3 is cytoplasmic and it is required to retain the cell cycle repressor Prospero in neuroblast cytoplasm via a Ran-independent pathway. NS3 is also required for proper neuroblast cell polarity and asymmetric cell division. Structure-function analysis further shows that the GTP-binding domain and acidic domain are required for NS3 function in neuroblast proliferation. We conclude NS3 has novel roles in regulating neuroblast cell polarity and proliferation.
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33
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Shaw RE, Kottler B, Ludlow ZN, Buhl E, Kim D, Morais da Silva S, Miedzik A, Coum A, Hodge JJ, Hirth F, Sousa-Nunes R. In vivo expansion of functionally integrated GABAergic interneurons by targeted increase in neural progenitors. EMBO J 2018; 37:e98163. [PMID: 29728368 PMCID: PMC6028031 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A central hypothesis for brain evolution is that it might occur via expansion of progenitor cells and subsequent lineage-dependent formation of neural circuits. Here, we report in vivo amplification and functional integration of lineage-specific circuitry in Drosophila Levels of the cell fate determinant Prospero were attenuated in specific brain lineages within a range that expanded not only progenitors but also neuronal progeny, without tumor formation. Resulting supernumerary neural stem cells underwent normal functional transitions, progressed through the temporal patterning cascade, and generated progeny with molecular signatures matching source lineages. Fully differentiated supernumerary gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons formed functional connections in the central complex of the adult brain, as revealed by in vivo calcium imaging and open-field behavioral analysis. Our results show that quantitative control of a single transcription factor is sufficient to tune neuron numbers and clonal circuitry, and provide molecular insight into a likely mechanism of brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Shaw
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Kottler
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zoe N Ludlow
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edgar Buhl
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Morais da Silva
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alina Miedzik
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antoine Coum
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Jl Hodge
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Frank Hirth
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rita Sousa-Nunes
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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34
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Abstract
A small pool of neural progenitors generates the vast diversity of cell types in the CNS. Spatial patterning specifies progenitor identity, followed by temporal patterning within progenitor lineages to expand neural diversity. Recent work has shown that in Drosophila, all neural progenitors (neuroblasts) sequentially express temporal transcription factors (TTFs) that generate molecular and cellular diversity. Embryonic neuroblasts use a lineage-intrinsic cascade of five TTFs that switch nearly every neuroblast cell division; larval optic lobe neuroblasts also use a rapid cascade of five TTFs, but the factors are completely different. In contrast, larval central brain neuroblasts undergo a major molecular transition midway through larval life, and this transition is regulated by a lineage-extrinsic cue (ecdysone hormone signaling). Overall, every neuroblast lineage uses a TTF cascade to generate diversity, illustrating the widespread importance of temporal patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Q Doe
- Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403;
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35
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Otsuki L, Brand AH. Cell cycle heterogeneity directs the timing of neural stem cell activation from quiescence. Science 2018; 360:99-102. [PMID: 29622651 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan8795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Quiescent stem cells in adult tissues can be activated for homeostasis or repair. Neural stem cells (NSCs) in Drosophila are reactivated from quiescence in response to nutrition by the insulin signaling pathway. It is widely accepted that quiescent stem cells are arrested in G0 In this study, however, we demonstrate that quiescent NSCs (qNSCs) are arrested in either G2 or G0 G2-G0 heterogeneity directs NSC behavior: G2 qNSCs reactivate before G0 qNSCs. In addition, we show that the evolutionarily conserved pseudokinase Tribbles (Trbl) induces G2 NSCs to enter quiescence by promoting degradation of Cdc25String and that it subsequently maintains quiescence by inhibiting Akt activation. Insulin signaling overrides repression of Akt and silences trbl transcription, allowing NSCs to exit quiescence. Our results have implications for identifying and manipulating quiescent stem cells for regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Otsuki
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - A H Brand
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
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36
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Development of Concurrent Retinotopic Maps in the Fly Motion Detection Circuit. Cell 2018; 173:485-498.e11. [PMID: 29576455 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how complex brain wiring is produced during development is a daunting challenge. In Drosophila, information from 800 retinal ommatidia is processed in distinct brain neuropiles, each subdivided into 800 matching retinotopic columns. The lobula plate comprises four T4 and four T5 neuronal subtypes. T4 neurons respond to bright edge motion, whereas T5 neurons respond to dark edge motion. Each is tuned to motion in one of the four cardinal directions, effectively establishing eight concurrent retinotopic maps to support wide-field motion. We discovered a mode of neurogenesis where two sequential Notch-dependent divisions of either a horizontal or a vertical progenitor produce matching sets of two T4 and two T5 neurons retinotopically coincident with pairwise opposite direction selectivity. We show that retinotopy is an emergent characteristic of this neurogenic program and derives directly from neuronal birth order. Our work illustrates how simple developmental rules can implement complex neural organization.
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37
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Hannaford MR, Ramat A, Loyer N, Januschke J. aPKC-mediated displacement and actomyosin-mediated retention polarize Miranda in Drosophila neuroblasts. eLife 2018; 7:29939. [PMID: 29364113 PMCID: PMC5783611 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell fate assignment in the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates often hinges on the unequal distribution of molecules during progenitor cell division. We address asymmetric fate determinant localization in the developing Drosophila nervous system, specifically the control of the polarized distribution of the cell fate adapter protein Miranda. We reveal a step-wise polarization of Miranda in larval neuroblasts and find that Miranda’s dynamics and cortical association are differently regulated between interphase and mitosis. In interphase, Miranda binds to the plasma membrane. Then, before nuclear envelope breakdown, Miranda is phosphorylated by aPKC and displaced into the cytoplasm. This clearance is necessary for the subsequent establishment of asymmetric Miranda localization. After nuclear envelope breakdown, actomyosin activity is required to maintain Miranda asymmetry. Therefore, phosphorylation by aPKC and differential binding to the actomyosin network are required at distinct phases of the cell cycle to polarize fate determinant localization in neuroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Robert Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Ramat
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Loyer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Januschke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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38
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Morrison CA, Chen H, Cook T, Brown S, Treisman JE. Glass promotes the differentiation of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types in the Drosophila eye. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007173. [PMID: 29324767 PMCID: PMC5783423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulators can specify different cell types from a pool of equivalent progenitors by activating distinct developmental programs. The Glass transcription factor is expressed in all progenitors in the developing Drosophila eye, and is maintained in both neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Glass is required for neuronal progenitors to differentiate as photoreceptors, but its role in non-neuronal cone and pigment cells is unknown. To determine whether Glass activity is limited to neuronal lineages, we compared the effects of misexpressing it in neuroblasts of the larval brain and in epithelial cells of the wing disc. Glass activated overlapping but distinct sets of genes in these neuronal and non-neuronal contexts, including markers of photoreceptors, cone cells and pigment cells. Coexpression of other transcription factors such as Pax2, Eyes absent, Lozenge and Escargot enabled Glass to induce additional genes characteristic of the non-neuronal cell types. Cell type-specific glass mutations generated in cone or pigment cells using somatic CRISPR revealed autonomous developmental defects, and expressing Glass specifically in these cells partially rescued glass mutant phenotypes. These results indicate that Glass is a determinant of organ identity that acts in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells to promote their differentiation into functional components of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Morrison
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Cook
- Center of Molecular Medicine and Genomics and Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Stuart Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Treisman
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Syed MH, Mark B, Doe CQ. Playing Well with Others: Extrinsic Cues Regulate Neural Progenitor Temporal Identity to Generate Neuronal Diversity. Trends Genet 2017; 33:933-942. [PMID: 28899597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During neurogenesis, vertebrate and Drosophila progenitors change over time as they generate a diverse population of neurons and glia. Vertebrate neural progenitors have long been known to use both progenitor-intrinsic and progenitor-extrinsic cues to regulate temporal patterning. In contrast, virtually all temporal patterning mechanisms discovered in Drosophila neural progenitors (neuroblasts) involve progenitor-intrinsic temporal transcription factor cascades. Recent results, however, have revealed several extrinsic pathways that regulate Drosophila neuroblast temporal patterning: nutritional cues regulate the timing of neuroblast proliferation/quiescence and a steroid hormone cue that is required for temporal transcription factor expression. Here, we discuss newly discovered extrinsic cues regulating neural progenitor temporal identity in Drosophila, highlight conserved mechanisms, and raise open questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak Hussain Syed
- Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Brandon Mark
- Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Chris Q Doe
- Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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40
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Li S, Koe CT, Tay ST, Tan ALK, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Tan P, Sung WK, Wang H. An intrinsic mechanism controls reactivation of neural stem cells by spindle matrix proteins. Nat Commun 2017; 8:122. [PMID: 28744001 PMCID: PMC5526931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The switch between quiescence and proliferation is central for neurogenesis and its alteration is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as microcephaly. However, intrinsic mechanisms that reactivate Drosophila larval neural stem cells (NSCs) to exit from quiescence are not well established. Here we show that the spindle matrix complex containing Chromator (Chro) functions as a key intrinsic regulator of NSC reactivation downstream of extrinsic insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling. Chro also prevents NSCs from re-entering quiescence at later stages. NSC-specific in vivo profiling has identified many downstream targets of Chro, including a temporal transcription factor Grainy head (Grh) and a neural stem cell quiescence-inducing factor Prospero (Pros). We show that spindle matrix proteins promote the expression of Grh and repress that of Pros in NSCs to govern their reactivation. Our data demonstrate that nuclear Chro critically regulates gene expression in NSCs at the transition from quiescence to proliferation. The spindle matrix proteins, including Chro, are known to regulate mitotic spindle assembly in the cytoplasm. Here the authors show that in Drosophila larval brain, Chro promotes neural stem cell (NSC) reactivation and prevents activated NSCs from entering quiescence, and that Chro carries out such a role by regulating the expression of key transcription factors in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Chwee Tat Koe
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Su Ting Tay
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Angie Lay Keng Tan
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Shenli Zhang
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.,Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome 02-01, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Wing-Kin Sung
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome 02-01, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.,Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117417, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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41
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Tripathi BK, Das R, Mukherjee A, Mutsuddi M. Interaction of Spoonbill with Prospero in Drosophila: Implications in neuroblast development. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28722203 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Identification of Spoon as a suppressor of SCA8 associated neurodegeneration provides us a hint about its role in neuronal development and maintenance. However, a detailed molecular characterization of spoon has not yet been reported. Here, we describe spatial expression pattern of Spoon during Drosophila development. Quantitative real time-PCR and fluorescent RNA-RNA in situ hybridization indicate that Spoon is expressed at relatively high levels in larval brain and photoreceptors of eye-antennal discs. Immunostaining reveals that Spoon is subcellularly localized in the cytoplasm and is also membrane bound. Strong expression is also seen in adult ovary and testes. Spoon on immunostaining exhibits unique pattern of expression in larval brain. We observed that Spoon in the neuroblasts colocalizes with Prospero, a transcription factor regulating genes involved in neuroblast self-renewal or cell-cycle control. Co-immunoprecipitation suggests that Spoon and Prospero reside in the same protein complex. Using Drosophila model of SCA8 RNA neuropathy we have also shown that loss of Prospero hinders the suppression of SCA8 associated neurodegeneration by Spoonbill, suggesting Prospero and Spoon might genetically interact and function together. Our study presents Spoon as a novel interacting partner of Prospero and this might be critical in determining the polarized localization of cell fate determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin K Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Rituparna Das
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
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42
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Monedero Cobeta I, Salmani BY, Thor S. Anterior-Posterior Gradient in Neural Stem and Daughter Cell Proliferation Governed by Spatial and Temporal Hox Control. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1161-1172. [PMID: 28392108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A readily evident feature of animal central nervous systems (CNSs), apparent in all vertebrates and many invertebrates alike, is its "wedge-like" appearance, with more cells generated in anterior than posterior regions. This wedge could conceivably be established by an antero-posterior (A-P) gradient in the number of neural progenitor cells, their proliferation behaviors, and/or programmed cell death (PCD). However, the contribution of each of these mechanisms, and the underlying genetic programs, are not well understood. Building upon recent progress in the Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) ventral nerve cord (VNC), we address these issues in a comprehensive manner. We find that, although PCD plays a role in controlling cell numbers along the A-P axis, the main driver of the wedge is a gradient of daughter proliferation, with divisions directly generating neurons (type 0) being more prevalent posteriorly and dividing daughters (type I) more prevalent anteriorly. In addition, neural progenitor (NB) cell-cycle exit occurs earlier posteriorly. The gradient of type I > 0 daughter proliferation switch and NB exit combine to generate radically different average lineage sizes along the A-P axis, differing by more than 3-fold in cell number. We find that the Hox homeotic genes, expressed in overlapping A-P gradients and with a late temporal onset in NBs, trigger the type I > 0 daughter proliferation switch and NB exit. Given the highly evolutionarily conserved expression of overlapping Hox homeotic genes in the CNS, our results point to a common mechanism for generating the CNS wedge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Monedero Cobeta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, 58185 Linkoping, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan Thor
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, 58185 Linkoping, Sweden.
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43
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Drosophila melanogaster Neuroblasts: A Model for Asymmetric Stem Cell Divisions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 61:183-210. [PMID: 28409305 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a fundamental mechanism to generate cell diversity, giving rise to daughter cells with different developmental potentials. ACD is manifested in the asymmetric segregation of proteins or mRNAs, when the two daughter cells differ in size or are endowed with different potentials to differentiate into a particular cell type (Horvitz and Herskowitz, Cell 68:237-255, 1992). Drosophila neuroblasts, the neural stem cells of the developing fly brain, are an ideal system to study ACD since this system encompasses all of these characteristics. Neuroblasts are intrinsically polarized cells, utilizing polarity cues to orient the mitotic spindle, segregate cell fate determinants asymmetrically, and regulate spindle geometry and physical asymmetry. The neuroblast system has contributed significantly to the elucidation of the basic molecular mechanisms underlying ACD. Recent findings also highlight its usefulness to study basic aspects of stem cell biology and tumor formation. In this review, we will focus on what has been learned about the basic mechanisms underlying ACD in fly neuroblasts.
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44
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Pinto-Teixeira F, Konstantinides N, Desplan C. Programmed cell death acts at different stages of Drosophila neurodevelopment to shape the central nervous system. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2435-2453. [PMID: 27404003 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nervous system development is a process that integrates cell proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death (PCD). PCD is an evolutionary conserved mechanism and a fundamental developmental process by which the final cell number in a nervous system is established. In vertebrates and invertebrates, PCD can be determined intrinsically by cell lineage and age, as well as extrinsically by nutritional, metabolic, and hormonal states. Drosophila has been an instrumental model for understanding how this mechanism is regulated. We review the role of PCD in Drosophila central nervous system development from neural progenitors to neurons, its molecular mechanism and function, how it is regulated and implemented, and how it ultimately shapes the fly central nervous system from the embryo to the adult. Finally, we discuss ideas that emerged while integrating this information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Pinto-Teixeira
- Department of Biology, New York University 1009 Silver Center 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, UAE
| | - Nikolaos Konstantinides
- Department of Biology, New York University 1009 Silver Center 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University 1009 Silver Center 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, UAE
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45
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Bivik C, MacDonald RB, Gunnar E, Mazouni K, Schweisguth F, Thor S. Control of Neural Daughter Cell Proliferation by Multi-level Notch/Su(H)/E(spl)-HLH Signaling. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005984. [PMID: 27070787 PMCID: PMC4829154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch pathway controls proliferation during development and in adulthood, and is frequently affected in many disorders. However, the genetic sensitivity and multi-layered transcriptional properties of the Notch pathway has made its molecular decoding challenging. Here, we address the complexity of Notch signaling with respect to proliferation, using the developing Drosophila CNS as model. We find that a Notch/Su(H)/E(spl)-HLH cascade specifically controls daughter, but not progenitor proliferation. Additionally, we find that different E(spl)-HLH genes are required in different neuroblast lineages. The Notch/Su(H)/E(spl)-HLH cascade alters daughter proliferation by regulating four key cell cycle factors: Cyclin E, String/Cdc25, E2f and Dacapo (mammalian p21CIP1/p27KIP1/p57Kip2). ChIP and DamID analysis of Su(H) and E(spl)-HLH indicates direct transcriptional regulation of the cell cycle genes, and of the Notch pathway itself. These results point to a multi-level signaling model and may help shed light on the dichotomous proliferative role of Notch signaling in many other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bivik
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Ryan B. MacDonald
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Erika Gunnar
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Khalil Mazouni
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA2578, Paris, France
| | | | - Stefan Thor
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
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46
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Molecular Control of Atypical Protein Kinase C: Tipping the Balance between Self-Renewal and Differentiation. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1455-64. [PMID: 26992354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Complex organisms are faced with the challenge of generating and maintaining diverse cell types, ranging from simple epithelia to neurons and motile immune cells [1-3]. To meet this challenge, a complex set of regulatory pathways controls nearly every aspect of cell growth and function, including genetic and epigenetic programming, cytoskeleton dynamics, and protein trafficking. The far reach of cell fate specification pathways makes it particularly catastrophic when they malfunction, both during development and for tissue homeostasis in adult organisms. Furthermore, the therapeutic promise of stem cells derives from their ability to deftly navigate the multitude of pathways that control cell fate [4]. How the molecular components making up these pathways function to specify cell fate is beginning to become clear. Work from diverse systems suggests that the atypical Protein Kinase C (aPKC) is a key regulator of cell fate decisions in metazoans [5-7]. Here, we examine some of the diverse physiological outcomes of aPKC's function in differentiation, along with the molecular pathways that control aPKC and those that are responsive to changes in its catalytic activity.
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47
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Ayeni JO, Audibert A, Fichelson P, Srayko M, Gho M, Campbell SD. G2 phase arrest prevents bristle progenitor self-renewal and synchronizes cell division with cell fate differentiation. Development 2016; 143:1160-9. [PMID: 26893341 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developmentally regulated cell cycle arrest is a fundamental feature of neurogenesis, whose significance is poorly understood. During Drosophila sensory organ (SO) development, primary progenitor (pI) cells arrest in G2 phase for precisely defined periods. Upon re-entering the cell cycle in response to developmental signals, these G2-arrested precursor cells divide and generate specialized neuronal and non-neuronal cells. To study how G2 phase arrest affects SO lineage specification, we forced pI cells to divide prematurely. This produced SOs with normal neuronal lineages but supernumerary non-neuronal cell types because prematurely dividing pI cells generate a secondary pI cell that produces a complete SO and an external precursor cell that undergoes amplification divisions. pI cells are therefore able to undergo self-renewal before transit to a terminal mode of division. Regulation of G2 phase arrest thus serves a dual role in SO development: preventing progenitor self-renewal and synchronizing cell division with developmental signals. Cell cycle arrest in G2 phase temporally coordinates the precursor cell proliferation potential with terminal cell fate determination to ensure formation of organs with a normal set of sensory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Ayeni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Agnès Audibert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, IBPS-UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pierre Fichelson
- CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Martin Srayko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Michel Gho
- CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Shelagh D Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
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48
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The Hippo signalling pathway maintains quiescence in Drosophila neural stem cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10510. [PMID: 26821647 PMCID: PMC4740179 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells control their mitotic activity to decide whether to proliferate or to stay in quiescence. Drosophila neural stem cells (NSCs) are quiescent at early larval stages, when they are reactivated in response to metabolic changes. Here we report that cell-contact inhibition of growth through the canonical Hippo signalling pathway maintains NSC quiescence. Loss of the core kinases hippo or warts leads to premature nuclear localization of the transcriptional co-activator Yorkie and initiation of growth and proliferation in NSCs. Yorkie is necessary and sufficient for NSC reactivation, growth and proliferation. The Hippo pathway activity is modulated via inter-cellular transmembrane proteins Crumbs and Echinoid that are both expressed in a nutrient-dependent way in niche glial cells and NSCs. Loss of crumbs or echinoid in the niche only is sufficient to reactivate NSCs. Finally, we provide evidence that the Hippo pathway activity discriminates quiescent from non-quiescent NSCs in the Drosophila nervous system. Drosophila neural stem cells (NSCs) are quiescent at early larval stages but how this is regulated is unclear. Here, Ding et al. show that quiescence of NSCs is mediated by cell-contact inhibition via the Hippo pathway transmembrane proteins Crumbs and Echinoid, which in turn are regulated by nutrient levels.
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49
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Yang CP, Fu CC, Sugino K, Liu Z, Ren Q, Liu LY, Yao X, Lee LP, Lee T. Transcriptomes of lineage-specific Drosophila neuroblasts profiled by genetic targeting and robotic sorting. Development 2015; 143:411-21. [PMID: 26700685 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A brain consists of numerous distinct neurons arising from a limited number of progenitors, called neuroblasts in Drosophila. Each neuroblast produces a specific neuronal lineage. To unravel the transcriptional networks that underlie the development of distinct neuroblast lineages, we marked and isolated lineage-specific neuroblasts for RNA sequencing. We labeled particular neuroblasts throughout neurogenesis by activating a conditional neuroblast driver in specific lineages using various intersection strategies. The targeted neuroblasts were efficiently recovered using a custom-built device for robotic single-cell picking. Transcriptome analysis of mushroom body, antennal lobe and type II neuroblasts compared with non-selective neuroblasts, neurons and glia revealed a rich repertoire of transcription factors expressed among neuroblasts in diverse patterns. Besides transcription factors that are likely to be pan-neuroblast, many transcription factors exist that are selectively enriched or repressed in certain neuroblasts. The unique combinations of transcription factors present in different neuroblasts may govern the diverse lineage-specific neuron fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Po Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Chi-Cheng Fu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ken Sugino
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Qingzhong Ren
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ling-Yu Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Xiaohao Yao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Luke P Lee
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tzumin Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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50
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Yasugi T, Nishimura T. Temporal regulation of the generation of neuronal diversity in Drosophila. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 58:73-87. [PMID: 26690868 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the construction of complex neural networks, the generation of neurons and glia must be tightly regulated both spatially and temporally. One of the major issues in neural development is the generation of a large variety of neurons and glia over time from a relatively small number of neural stem cells. In Drosophila, neural stem cells, called neuroblasts (NBs), have been used as a useful model system to uncover the molecular and cellular machinery involved in the establishment of neural diversity. NBs divide asymmetrically and produce another self-renewing progenitor cell and a differentiating cell. NBs are subdivided into several types based on their location in the central nervous system. Each type of NB has specific features related to the timing of cell generation, cell cycle progression, temporal patterning for neuronal specification, and termination mechanism. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the proliferation of NBs and generate a large variety of neuronal and glia subtypes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yasugi
- Laboratory for Growth Control Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Growth Control Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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