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Pearl JE, Matsumoto N, Hayashi K, Matsuda K, Miura K, Nagai Y, Miyakawa N, Minanimoto T, Saunders RC, Sugase-Miyamoto Y, Richmond BJ, Eldridge MAG. Neural correlates of category learning in monkey inferior temporal cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.568765. [PMID: 38168336 PMCID: PMC10760203 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.568765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We trained two monkeys implanted with multi-electrode arrays to categorize natural images of cats and dogs, in order to observe changes in neural activity related to category learning. We recorded neural activity from area TE, which is required for normal learning of visual categories based on perceptual similarity. Neural activity during a passive viewing task was compared pre- and post-training. After the category training, the accuracy of abstract category decoding improved. Specifically, the proportion of single units with category selectivity increased, and units sustained their category-specific responses for longer. Visual category learning thus appears to enhance category separability in area TE by driving changes in the stimulus selectivity of individual neurons and by recruiting more units to the active network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah E Pearl
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
- Current affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Narihisa Matsumoto
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuko Hayashi
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiji Matsuda
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, (QST), Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Naohisa Miyakawa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, (QST), Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Minanimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, (QST), Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Richard C Saunders
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yasuko Sugase-Miyamoto
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Barry J Richmond
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Mark A G Eldridge
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Eldridge MAG, Pearl JE, Fomani GP, Masseau EC, Fredericks JM, Chen G, Richmond BJ. Visual recognition in rhesus monkeys requires area TE but not TEO. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3098-3106. [PMID: 35770336 PMCID: PMC10016064 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate visual system is often described as a hierarchical feature-conjunction pathway, whereby each level represents an increasingly complex combination of image elements, culminating in the representation of whole coherent images in anterior inferior temporal cortex. Although many models of the ventral visual stream emphasize serial feedforward processing ((Poggio T, Mutch J, Leibo J, Rosasco L, Tacchetti A. The computationalmagic of the ventral stream: sketch of a theory (and why some deep architectures work). TechRep MIT-CSAIL-TR-2012-035. MIT CSAIL, Cambridge, MA. 2012); (Yamins DLK, DiCarlo JJ. Eight open questions in the computational modeling of higher sensory cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2016:37:114-120.)), anatomical studies show connections that bypass intermediate areas and that feedback to preceding areas ((Distler C, Boussaoud D, Desimone R, Ungerleider LG. Cortical connections of inferior temporal area TEO in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol. 1993:334(1):125-150.); (Kravitz DJ, Saleem KS, Baker CI, Mishkin M. A new neural framework for visuospatial processing. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011:12(4):217-230.)). Prior studies on visual discrimination and object transforms also provide evidence against a strictly feed-forward serial transfer of information between adjacent areas ((Kikuchi R, Iwai E. The locus of the posterior subdivision of the inferotemporal visual learning area in the monkey. Brain Res. 1980:198(2):347-360.); (Weiskrantz L, Saunders RC. Impairments of visual object transforms in monkeys. Brain. 1984:107(4):1033-1072.); (Kar K, DiCarlo JJ. Fast recurrent processing via ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is needed by the primate ventral stream for robust Core visual object recognition. Neuron. 2021:109(1):164-176.e5.)). Thus, we sought to investigate whether behaviorally relevant propagation of visual information is as strictly sequential as sometimes supposed. We compared the accuracy of visual recognition after selective removal of specific subregions of inferior temporal cortex-area TEO, area TE, or both areas combined. Removal of TEO alone had no detectable effect on recognition memory, whereas removal of TE alone produced a large and significant impairment. Combined removal of both areas created no additional deficit relative to removal of TE alone. Thus, area TE is critical for rapid visual object recognition, and detailed image-level visual information can reach area TE via a route other than through TEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A G Eldridge
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jonah E Pearl
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Grace P Fomani
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Evan C Masseau
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - J Megan Fredericks
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10014, United States
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Barry J Richmond
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Setogawa T, Eldridge MAG, Fomani GP, Saunders RC, Richmond BJ. Contributions of the Monkey Inferior Temporal Areas TE and TEO to Visual Categorization. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4891-4900. [PMID: 33987672 PMCID: PMC8491680 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to categorize images is thought to depend on neural processing within the ventral visual stream. Recently, we reported that after removal of architectonic area TE, the terminal region of the ventral stream, monkeys were still able to categorize images as cats or dogs moderately well. Here, we investigate the contribution of TEO, the architectonically defined region located one step earlier than area TE in the ventral stream. Bilateral removal of TEO caused only a mild impairment in categorization. However, combined TE + TEO removal was followed by a severe, long-lasting impairment in categorization. All of the monkeys tested, including those with combined TE + TEO removals, had normal low-level visual functions, such as visual acuity. These results support the conclusion that categorization based on visual similarity is processed in parallel in TE and TEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Setogawa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mark A G Eldridge
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grace P Fomani
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard C Saunders
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barry J Richmond
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Eldridge MAG, Hines BE, Murray EA. The visual prefrontal cortex of anthropoids: interaction with temporal cortex in decision making and its role in the making of "visual animals". Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021; 41:22-29. [PMID: 33796638 PMCID: PMC8009333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ventral prefrontal cortex (PFC) of primates-a region strongly implicated in decision making-receives highly processed visual sensory inputs from the inferior temporal cortex (ITC) and perirhinal cortex (PRC) and can therefore be considered visual PFC. Usually, the functions of temporal cortex and visual PFC have been discussed in separate literatures. By considering them together, we aim to clarify the ways in which fronto-temporal networks guide decision making. After discussing the ways in which visual PFC interacts with temporal cortex to promote decision making, we offer specific predictions about the selective roles of the ITC- and PRC-based fronto-temporal networks. Finally, we suggest that an increased reliance on visual PFC in anthropoid primates led to our emergence as 'visual' animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A G Eldridge
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brendan E Hines
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elisabeth A Murray
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Guo Z, Fan C, Li T, Gesang L, Yin W, Wang N, Weng X, Gong Q, Zhang J, Wang J. Neural network correlates of high-altitude adaptive genetic variants in Tibetans: A pilot, exploratory study. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2406-2430. [PMID: 32128935 PMCID: PMC7267913 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although substantial progress has been made in the identification of genetic substrates underlying physiology, neuropsychology, and brain organization, the genotype–phenotype associations remain largely unknown in the context of high‐altitude (HA) adaptation. Here, we related HA adaptive genetic variants in three gene loci (EGLN1, EPAS1, and PPARA) to interindividual variance in a set of physiological characteristics, neuropsychological tests, and topological attributes of large‐scale structural and functional brain networks in 135 indigenous Tibetan highlanders. Analyses of individual HA adaptive single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed that specific SNPs selectively modulated physiological characteristics (erythrocyte level, ratio between forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity, arterial oxygen saturation, and heart rate) and structural network centrality (the left anterior orbital gyrus) with no effects on neuropsychology or functional brain networks. Further analyses of genetic adaptive scores, which summarized the overall degree of genetic adaptation to HA, revealed significant correlations only with structural brain networks with respect to local interconnectivity of the whole networks, intermodule communication between the right frontal and parietal module and the left occipital module, nodal centrality in several frontal regions, and connectivity strength of a subnetwork predominantly involving in intramodule edges in the right temporal and occipital module. Moreover, the associations were dependent on gene loci, weight types, or topological scales. Together, these findings shed new light on genotype–phenotype interactions under HA hypoxia and have important implications for developing new strategies to optimize organism and tissue responses to chronic hypoxia induced by extreme environments or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyue Guo
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Cunxiu Fan
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Li
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Luobu Gesang
- Institute of High Altitude Medicine, Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wu Yin
- Department of Radiology, Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ningkai Wang
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuchu Weng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou, China
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