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Abstract
Avian pox is a widespread infection in birds caused by genus Avipoxvirus pathogens. It is a noteworthy, potentially lethal disease to wild and domestic hosts. It can produce two different conditions: cutaneous pox, and diphtheritic pox. Here, we carry out an exhaustive review of all cases of avian pox reported from wild birds to analyze the effect and distribution in different avian species. Avian poxvirus strains have been detected in at least 374 wild bird species, a 60% increase on a 1999 review on avian pox hosts. We also analyze epizootic cases and if this disease contributes to wild bird population declines. We frequently observe very high prevalence in wild birds in remote island groups, e.g., Hawaii, Galapagos, etc., representing a major risk for the conservation of their unique endemic avifauna. However, the difference in prevalence between islands and continents is not significant given the few available studies. Morbidity and mortality can also be very high in captive birds, due to high population densities. However, despite the importance of the disease, the current detection rate of new Avipoxvirus strains suggests that diversity is incomplete for this group, and more research is needed to clarify its real extent, particularly in wild birds.
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Wang Y, Zhao H, Liu J, Shao Y, Xing M. Molecular cloning and transcriptional regulation of Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) IFN-α gene. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:323-332. [PMID: 30701479 PMCID: PMC6439081 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-00962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-α (IFN-α) resists viral infections by triggering the transcription of a diverse range of antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, information about the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) IFN-α (PcIFN-α) has not been reported. In this study, a PcIFN-α gene was amplified, which encoded a protein of 193 amino acids with a 26-amino acid signal peptide sharing 72.16-95.70% identity with other avians in Aves. After expression in prokaryote, PcIFN-α was analyzed for its physicochemical property and antiviral activity. Intriguingly, compared with chicken IFN-α, an effective viral infection therapeutic agent, PcIFN-α showed superior anti-VSV, NDV, and AIV activities, which were then abrogated by rabbit anti-PcIFN-α antibodies in vitro. Moreover, PcIFN-α was shown to be highly sensitive to trypsin; however, it remained stable despite changes in pH and temperature. Additionally, PcIFN-α induced the transcriptional or translational levels of Mx1 and ISG12 genes time-dependently. Overall, the present study revealed that PcIFN-α is a potential novel effective therapeutic agent in antiviral defense responses in peafowl, improving understanding of its involvement in bird antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yizhi Shao
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Zhao H, Wang Y, Liu J, Shao Y, Li J, Chai H, Xing M. Retracted: Molecular Characterization and Biological Activity of Interferon-α in Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus). DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:10.1089/dna.2017.3798. [PMID: 28783371 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA and Cell Biology (DNA&CB) is officially retracting the paper by Zhao H, Wang Y, Liu J, Shao Y, Li J, Chai H, Xing M, entitled, "Molecular Characterization and Biological activity of Interferon-α in Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus)," [Epub ahead of print]; 2017, DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3798. The Editor-in-Chief of DNA&CB, Dr. Carol Shoshkes Reiss, was alerted to a discrepancy between the findings in the article by Zhao et al., and those of others, about the absence of expression of ISG15 in chickens. Dr. Reiss requested from the authors a clarification in their observations and inquired about the failure to include relevant citations in the reference section of the paper. Based on the response from the authors, it appeared that they did not have the confidence in the data as they were not able to repeat the experiments, and were also unsure of the molecular probes that were used in the study. Therefore, the Editor has determined that the paper should be officially retracted from DNA and Cell Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Zhao
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhi Shao
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglun Li
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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Hughes L, Wilkins K, Goldsmith CS, Smith S, Hudson P, Patel N, Karem K, Damon I, Li Y, Olson VA, Satheshkumar PS. A rapid Orthopoxvirus purification protocol suitable for high-containment laboratories. J Virol Methods 2017; 243:68-73. [PMID: 28131867 PMCID: PMC9533856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Virus purification in a high-containment setting provides unique challenges due to barrier precautions and operational safety approaches that are not necessary in lower biosafety level (BSL) 2 environments. The need for high risk group pathogen diagnostic assay development, anti-viral research, pathogenesis and vaccine efficacy research necessitates work in BSL-3 and BSL-4 labs with infectious agents. When this work is performed in accordance with BSL-4 practices, modifications are often required in standard protocols. Classical virus purification techniques are difficult to execute in a BSL-3 or BSL-4 laboratory because of the work practices used in these environments. Orthopoxviruses are a family of viruses that, in some cases, requires work in a high-containment laboratory and due to size do not lend themselves to simpler purification methods. Current CDC purification techniques of orthopoxviruses uses 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, commonly known as Genetron®. Genetron® is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) that has been shown to be detrimental to the ozone and has been phased out and the limited amount of product makes it no longer a feasible option for poxvirus purification purposes. Here we demonstrate a new Orthopoxvirus purification method that is suitable for high-containment laboratories and produces virus that is not only comparable to previous purification methods, but improves on purity and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hughes
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Kimberly Wilkins
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Cynthia S Goldsmith
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Scott Smith
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Paul Hudson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Nishi Patel
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kevin Karem
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Inger Damon
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Victoria A Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - P S Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Weli SC, Tryland M. Avipoxviruses: infection biology and their use as vaccine vectors. Virol J 2011; 8:49. [PMID: 21291547 PMCID: PMC3042955 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avipoxviruses (APVs) belong to the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily of the Poxviridae family. APVs are distributed worldwide and cause disease in domestic, pet and wild birds of many species. APVs are transmitted by aerosols and biting insects, particularly mosquitoes and arthropods and are usually named after the bird species from which they were originally isolated. The virus species Fowlpox virus (FWPV) causes disease in poultry and associated mortality is usually low, but in flocks under stress (other diseases, high production) mortality can reach up to 50%. APVs are also major players in viral vaccine vector development for diseases in human and veterinary medicine. Abortive infection in mammalian cells (no production of progeny viruses) and their ability to accommodate multiple gene inserts are some of the characteristics that make APVs promising vaccine vectors. Although abortive infection in mammalian cells conceivably represents a major vaccine bio-safety advantage, molecular mechanisms restricting APVs to certain hosts are not yet fully understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge relating to APVs, including classification, morphogenesis, host-virus interactions, diagnostics and disease, and also highlights the use of APVs as recombinant vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Weli
- National Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.
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Khan A, Yousaf A, Khan MZ, Siddique M, Gul S, Mahmood F. Cutaneous form of pox infection among captive peafowl (Pavo cristatus) chicks. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:65-70. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450802638061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
There are numerous causative agents of avian conjunctivitis, many of which are associated with systemic disease. A thorough evaluation of the patient's history and habitat is mandatory, and a complete physical examination and ophthalmic examination are required. The owner should be informed at the initial visit that an orderly sequential approach for obtaining diagnostic specimens is required and that a protracted course of treatment may be required to bring about complete, long-lasting resolution of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Abrams
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
Respiratory conditions constitute many of the diseases affecting all avian species, including gallinaceous birds. Clinical signs and gross lesions of different respiratory diseases are often similar, and establishing a definitive diagnosis may require ancillary laboratory testing. Determination of a specific diagnosis allows practitioners to select the most effective therapies and to prescribe a management program that prevents recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Wigle
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
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Arai S, Arai C, Fujimaki M, Iwamoto Y, Kawarada M, Saito Y, Nomura Y, Suzuki T. Cutaneous tumour-like lesions due to poxvirus infection in Chilean flamingos. J Comp Pathol 1991; 104:439-41. [PMID: 1651962 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous tumour-like growths were observed on the face and other areas of the body surface of young Chilean flamingos. In the cells of these lesions, avian pox-specific cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed by light microscopy and virus particles were detected under an electron-microscope. It was diagnosed as avian pox.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, AZABU University, Kanagawa, Japan
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