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Sheppard EC, Martin CA, Armstrong C, González-Quevedo C, Illera JC, Suh A, Spurgin LG, Richardson DS. Genotype-environment associations reveal genes potentially linked to avian malaria infection in populations of an endemic island bird. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17329. [PMID: 38533805 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Patterns of pathogen prevalence are, at least partially, the result of coevolutionary host-pathogen interactions. Thus, exploring the distribution of host genetic variation in relation to infection by a pathogen within and across populations can provide important insights into mechanisms of host defence and adaptation. Here, we use a landscape genomics approach (Bayenv) in conjunction with genome-wide data (ddRADseq) to test for associations between avian malaria (Plasmodium) prevalence and host genetic variation across 13 populations of the island endemic Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii). Considerable and consistent spatial heterogeneity in malaria prevalence was observed among populations over a period of 15 years. The prevalence of malaria infection was also strongly positively correlated with pox (Avipoxvirus) prevalence. Multiple host loci showed significant associations with malaria prevalence after controlling for genome-wide neutral genetic structure. These sites were located near to or within genes linked to metabolism, stress response, transcriptional regulation, complement activity and the inflammatory response, many previously implicated in vertebrate responses to malarial infection. Our findings identify diverse genes - not just limited to the immune system - that may be involved in host protection against malaria and suggest that spatially variable pathogen pressure may be an important evolutionary driver of genetic divergence among wild animal populations, such as Berthelot's pipit. Furthermore, our data indicate that spatio-temporal variation in multiple different pathogens (e.g. malaria and pox in this case) may have to be studied together to develop a more holistic understanding of host pathogen-mediated evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia A Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claire Armstrong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
| | - Catalina González-Quevedo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
- Grupo Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC-Oviedo, University-Principality of Asturias), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alexander Suh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
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2
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Özgünlük İ, Yücetepe AG, Çetiner B, Keskin O, Özyörük F. Development of a Multiplex PCR Assay for Rapid Differentiation of Fowlpox and Pigeonpox Viruses. Avian Dis 2024; 68:33-37. [PMID: 38687105 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex PCR assay capable of rapidly differentiating two major Avipoxvirus (APV) species, Fowlpox virus (FWPV) and Pigeonpox virus (PGPV), which cause disease in bird species. Despite the importance of a rapid differentiation assay, no such assay exists that can differentiate the APV species without sequencing. To achieve this, species-specific target DNA fragments were selected from the fpv122 gene of FWPV and the HM89_gp120 gene of PGPV, which are unique to each genome. Nine samples collected from unvaccinated chickens, pigeons, and a turkey with typical pox lesions were genetically identified as FWPV and PGPV. The designed primers and target DNA fragments were validated using in silico analyses with the nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. The multiplex PCR assay consisted of species-specific primers and previously described PanAPV primers (genus-specific) and was able to differentiate FWPV and PGPV, consistent with the phylogenetic outputs. This study represents the first successful differentiation of FWPV and PGPV genomes using a conventional multiplex PCR test. This assay has the potential to facilitate the rapid diagnosis and control of APV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Özgünlük
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63200 Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | | | - Burak Çetiner
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63200 Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Oktay Keskin
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63200 Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Fuat Özyörük
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63200 Şanlıurfa, Türkiye,
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3
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Verma RK, Gangwar AK. Characterization of Fowlpox Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:55-74. [PMID: 38801571 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The complex cytoplasmic DNA virus known as the fowlpox virus (FWPV) is a member of the avipoxvirus genus, Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and Family Poxviridae. The large genome size of FWPV makes it a potential vector for the creation of vaccines against a range of serious veterinary and human ailments. It also allows for multiple gene insertion and the generation of abortive infection in mammalian cells. The virus, which causes fowlpox in chickens and turkeys, is mainly transmitted to poultry through aerosols or biting insects. Fowlpox is a highly contagious disease that affects both domestic and wild birds, causing cutaneous and/or diphtheritic illnesses. To control the illness, strict hygiene practices and immunization with FWPV attenuated strains or antigenically similar pigeon pox virus vaccines are employed. Recent years have seen an increase in fowlpox outbreaks in chicken flocks, primarily due to the introduction of novel forms of FWPV. It is believed that the pathogenic characteristics of these strains are enhanced by the integration of reticuloendotheliosis virus sequences of variable lengths into the FWPV genome. The standard laboratory diagnosis of FPV involves histopathological analysis, electron microscopy, virus isolation on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs or cell cultures, and serologic techniques. For quick and consistent diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has proven to be the most sensitive method. PCR is used in concert with restriction endonuclease enzyme analysis (REA) to identify, differentiate, and characterize the molecular makeup of isolates of the fowlpox virus. Sequencing of the amplified fragments is then done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Assistant Professor (Veterinary Microbiology), College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, 224229, India.
| | - A K Gangwar
- Professor and Head Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, 224229, India
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4
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Odagawa T, Inumaru M, Sato Y, Murata K, Higa Y, Tsuda Y. A long-term field study on mosquito vectors of avian malaria parasites in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1391-1398. [PMID: 35979553 PMCID: PMC9586024 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian malaria is a mosquito-borne disease of birds caused by avian
Plasmodium spp. in worldwide scale. Some naïve birds show serious
symptoms which can result in death. Surveillance of vectors and parasites are important to
understand and control this disease. Although avian malaria has been found in Japan,
detailed prevalence and dynamics remained understudied. We aimed to observe annual changes
in the abundance of mosquitoes and the prevalence of avian Plasmodium
parasites in Japan. Mosquitoes were collected using dry ice traps over a 10-year period,
at a fixed research area located in Kanagawa prefecture. Collected mosquitoes were
investigated for the species composition, population size and prevalence of avian
Plasmodium by PCR. Mosquitoes belonging to 13 species in 7 genera were
collected (n=8,965). The dominant species were Aedes
(Ae.) albopictus and Culex
(Cx.) pipiens group (gr.). Seven avian
Plasmodium lineages, all of which were previously known, were detected
from Cx. pipiens gr., Ae. albopictus, and
Tripteroides bambusa. Three genetic lineages were dominant and were
probably transmitted by Cx. pipiens gr. whose could be the primary vector
of these parasites. Annual variations in the seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes and avian
Plasmodium were revealed for the first time during recent 10 years in
Japan. Namely, avian Plasmodium occurrence in the vector population
peaked often in June to July and September to October when the density of the vector
population was presumably high enough for the transmission of avian
Plasmodium upon appearance of infected birds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yukita Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University
| | - Koichi Murata
- Department of Animal Resource Science, Nihon University
| | - Yukiko Higa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Yoshio Tsuda
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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5
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MacDonald AM, Johnson JB, Casalena MJ, Nemeth NM, Kunkel M, Blake M, Brown JD. Active and passive disease surveillance in wild turkeys (
Meleagris gallopavo
) from 2008 to 2018 in Pennsylvania, USA. WILDLIFE SOC B 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. MacDonald
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph 419 Gordon Street Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Joshua B. Johnson
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Avenue Harrisburg PA 17110‐9797 USA
| | - Mary Jo Casalena
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Avenue Harrisburg PA 17110‐9797 USA
| | - Nicole M. Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Melanie Kunkel
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Mitchell Blake
- National Wild Turkey Federation, 770 Augusta Road, Edgefield, SC 29824 USA
| | - Justin D. Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Pennsylvania State University, 115 Henning Building, University Park PA 16802 USA
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6
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Bertelloni F, Ceccherelli R, Marzoni M, Poli A, Ebani VV. Molecular Detection of Avipoxvirus in Wild Birds in Central Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030338. [PMID: 35158662 PMCID: PMC8833646 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Avipoxviruses (APVs) are responsible for diseases in domestic and wild birds. Currently, the disease in domestic animals is under control in many Countries by biosafety and vaccination. In wild birds, small disease events are frequently reported worldwide, but large outbreaks are generally rare. Nevertheless, some aspects of the epidemiology of these viruses are still unclear. In this study, we explored, through molecular investigations, the diffusion of APVs among wild birds, of different orders and species, without typical macroscopic lesions. A high percentage (43.33%) of positive specimens was detected, suggesting high diffusion of the viruses and a possible role of avian wildlife as a reservoir. Aquatic birds, mainly Anseriformes, were more often infected, probably in relation to the environment where they live; in fact, APVs are frequently transmitted by mosquitos, particularly abundant in humid areas. Abstract Avipoxviruses (APVs) are important pathogens of both domestic and wild birds. The associated disease is characterized by skin proliferative lesions in the cutaneous form or by lesions of the first digestive and respiratory tracts in the diphtheritic form. Previous studies investigated these infections in symptomatic wild birds worldwide, including Italy, but data about the circulation of APVs in healthy avian wildlife are not available. The present study tested spleen samples from 300 wild birds without typical lesions to detect Avipoxvirus DNA. Overall, 43.33% of the samples scored positive. Aquatic birds were more frequently infected (55.42%) than other animals (26.40%), and in Anseriformes, high positivity was found (52.87%). The obtained results suggest that wild birds could be asymptomatic carriers of Avipoxviruses, opening new possible epidemiological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Margherita Marzoni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
- Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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7
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Abstract
Avian pox is a widespread infection in birds caused by genus Avipoxvirus pathogens. It is a noteworthy, potentially lethal disease to wild and domestic hosts. It can produce two different conditions: cutaneous pox, and diphtheritic pox. Here, we carry out an exhaustive review of all cases of avian pox reported from wild birds to analyze the effect and distribution in different avian species. Avian poxvirus strains have been detected in at least 374 wild bird species, a 60% increase on a 1999 review on avian pox hosts. We also analyze epizootic cases and if this disease contributes to wild bird population declines. We frequently observe very high prevalence in wild birds in remote island groups, e.g., Hawaii, Galapagos, etc., representing a major risk for the conservation of their unique endemic avifauna. However, the difference in prevalence between islands and continents is not significant given the few available studies. Morbidity and mortality can also be very high in captive birds, due to high population densities. However, despite the importance of the disease, the current detection rate of new Avipoxvirus strains suggests that diversity is incomplete for this group, and more research is needed to clarify its real extent, particularly in wild birds.
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8
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MacDonald AM, Gibson DJ, Barta JR, Poulson R, Brown JD, Allison AB, Nemeth NM. Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of Avipoxviruses from North American Wild Birds Demonstrates New Insights into Host Specificity and Interspecies Transmission. Avian Dis 2020; 63:427-432. [PMID: 31967425 DOI: 10.1637/12023-010619-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian pox is commonly diagnosed in a variety of North American wild and domestic birds, yet little is known about the evolutionary relationships among the causative poxviruses. This study aimed to determine the phylogenetic relationships among isolates identified in different avian host species to better characterize the host range of specific viral strains and compare the genetic variability within and between viral clades. Skin lesions grossly and microscopically consistent with poxvirus infection from 82 birds collected in Canada, the United States, and the U.S. Virgin Islands were included in this study. A total of 12 avian species were represented; the most common species sampled were wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), and American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). Poxvirus samples from these birds were genotyped using PCR that targeted the 4b core protein gene followed by amplicon sequencing. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of these viruses, in conjunction with publicly available sequences, representing avipoxvirus strains from six continents revealed statistically significant monophyletic clades based on genetic distances of sequences within and between observed clades. Genetic variation within the fowlpox clade was low compared to the canarypox clade. Host and geographic origins of viral isolates revealed overall clustering of viral strains within avian species, with a few exceptions. No genetic differences were observed between viruses from Canada and the United States within individual species. These results are novel in their characterization and comparison of the phylogenetic relationships of poxvirus isolates in wild bird species from North America. Further, we provide new data on the level of host specificity and specific strains circulating in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M MacDonald
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, NIG 2W1, .,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, NIG 2W1, .,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Daniel J Gibson
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, NIG 2W1.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - John R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, NIG 2W1
| | - Rebecca Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Justin D Brown
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Andrew B Allison
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Nicole M Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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9
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Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Harbach RE. A detailed review of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veterinary importance. Acta Trop 2019; 194:106-122. [PMID: 30898616 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are the most significant arthropods of medical importance because of the burden of diseases, such as malaria, encephalitis and filariasis, which are caused by pathogens and parasites they transmit to humans. In 2007, the most recently published checklist of Iranian mosquitoes included 64 species representing seven genera. Public databases were searched to the end of August 2018 for publications concerning the diseases in Iran caused by mosquito-borne pathogens. Pertinent information was extracted and analyzed, and the checklist of Iranian mosquitoes was updated. Six arboviral diseases, two bacterial diseases, four helminthic diseases and two protozoal diseases occur in Iran. The agents of these diseases are biologically or mechanically known or assumed to be transmitted by mosquitoes. The updated checklist of Iranian mosquitoes includes 69 species representing seven or 11 genera depending on the generic classification of aedines. There is no published information about the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of the causal agents of avian malaria, avian pox, bovine ephemeral fever, dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, Sindbis fever, Deraiophoronema evansi infection, lymphatic filariasis, anthrax and tularemia in Iran. There is just one imported case of lymphatic filariasis, which is not endemic in the country. It seems arthropods do not play an important role in the epidemiology of anthrax and ixodid ticks are the main vectors of the tularemia bacterium. In view of the recent finding of only a few adults and larvae of Aedes albopictus in southeastern Iran and the absence of Ae. aegypti, it is not possible to infer the indigenous transmission of the dengue fever virus in Iran. Considering the importance of mosquito-borne diseases in the country, it is necessary to improve vector and vector-borne disease surveillance in order to apply the best integrated vector management interventions as a part of the One Health concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Behzad Norouzi
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ralph E Harbach
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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10
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Yeo G, Wang Y, Chong SM, Humaidi M, Lim XF, Mailepessov D, Chan S, How CB, Lin YN, Huangfu T, Fernandez CJ, Hapuarachchi HC, Yap G. Characterization of Fowlpox virus in chickens and bird-biting mosquitoes: a molecular approach to investigating Avipoxvirus transmission. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:838-850. [PMID: 30907721 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pox is a highly contagious avian disease, yet relatively little is known about the epidemiology and transmission of Avipoxviruses. Using a molecular approach, we report evidence for a potential link between birds and field-caught mosquitoes in the transmission of Fowlpox virus (FWPV) in Singapore. Comparison of fpv167 (P4b), fpv126 (VLTF-1), fpv175-176 (A11R-A12L) and fpv140 (H3L) gene sequences revealed close relatedness between FWPV strains obtained from cutaneous lesions of a chicken and four pools of Culex pseudovishnui, Culex spp. (vishnui group) and Coquellitidea crassipes caught in the vicinity of the study site. Chicken-derived viruses characterized during two separate infections two years later were also identical to those detected in the first event, suggesting repeated transmission of closely related FWPV strains in the locality. Since the study location is home to resident and migratory birds, we postulated that wild birds could be the source of FWPV and that bird-biting mosquitoes could act as bridging mechanical vectors. Therefore, we determined whether the FWPV-positive mosquito pools (n=4) were positive for avian DNA using a polymerase chain reaction-sequencing assay. Our findings confirmed the presence of avian host DNA in all mosquito pools, suggesting a role for Cx. pseudovishnui, Culex spp. (vishnui group) and Cq. crassipes mosquitoes in FWPV transmission. Our study exemplifies the utilization of molecular tools to understand transmission networks of pathogens affecting avian populations, which has important implications for the design of effective control measures to minimize disease burden and economic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Yeo
- 1Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Yifan Wang
- 2Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6, Perahu Road, Singapore 718827, Singapore
| | - Shin Min Chong
- 2Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6, Perahu Road, Singapore 718827, Singapore
| | - Mahathir Humaidi
- 1Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Xiao Fang Lim
- 1Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore.,†Present address: Duke-NUS Medical School, 8, College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Diyar Mailepessov
- 1Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Sharon Chan
- 3Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve, National Parks Board, 301, Neo Tiew Cresent, 301, Neo Tiew Cresent, Singapore 718925, Singapore.,‡Present address: Conservation Division, Central Nature Reserve, National Parks Board, 6, Island Club Road, Singapore 578775, Singapore
| | - Choon Beng How
- 3Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve, National Parks Board, 301, Neo Tiew Cresent, 301, Neo Tiew Cresent, Singapore 718925, Singapore
| | - Yueh Nuo Lin
- 2Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6, Perahu Road, Singapore 718827, Singapore
| | - Taoqi Huangfu
- 2Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6, Perahu Road, Singapore 718827, Singapore
| | - Charlene Judith Fernandez
- 2Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6, Perahu Road, Singapore 718827, Singapore
| | | | - Grace Yap
- 1Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore.,§Present address: Control of Operations Branch 2, National Environment Agency, 40, Scotts Road, Singapore 228231, Singapore
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11
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Samuel MD, Woodworth BL, Atkinson CT, Hart PJ, LaPointe DA. The epidemiology of avian pox and interaction with avian malaria in Hawaiian forest birds. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Samuel
- U.S. Geological Survey; Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Bethany L. Woodworth
- U.S. Geological Survey; Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center; Hawaiʻi National Park; Hawaiʻi 96718 USA
- University of New England; Biddeford Maine 04005 USA
| | - Carter T. Atkinson
- U.S. Geological Survey; Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center; Hawaiʻi National Park; Hawaiʻi 96718 USA
| | | | - Dennis A. LaPointe
- U.S. Geological Survey; Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center; Hawaiʻi National Park; Hawaiʻi 96718 USA
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12
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Ferreira BC, Ecco R, Couto RM, Coelho HE, Rossi DA, Beletti ME, Silva PL. Outbreak of cutaneous form of avian poxvirus disease in previously pox-vaccinated commercial turkeys. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study describes an outbreak of avian poxvirus disease in previously pox-vaccinated turkeys in Brazil. The turkeys had suggestive gross lesions of cutaneous avian poxvirus in the skin of the head and cervical area without changes in the flock mortality rates. In the slaughterhouse, 30 carcasses were removed from the slaughter line to collect tissue from cutaneous lesions for histological analyses and characterization of the virus. The virus was identified by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent gene sequencing. Acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and hydropic degeneration were seen on skin histopathology. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger) on keratinocytes were observed in 46.6% of the samples. Avian poxvirus DNA was detected on PCR in 83.3% of the total samples. PCR associated with histopathology had 93.3% of positivity for avian poxvirus. In the phylogenetic study, samples show 100% matching suggesting that the outbreak occurred by a single viral strain and was different from those strains affecting other wild birds such as canaries and sparrows. A single mutation (Adenine for Guanine) was detected in our study’s strain and in the strains of turkey, chickens, and vaccine strains published in GenBank. Also, when the sequence strain of the present study and sequences from GenBank of canarypox and sparrowpox strains were aligned, a Thymine was found replacing the Adenine or Guanine. The in ovo vaccination method as single-use in turkeys of this study apparently did not provide adequate protection against avianpox disease, but additional vaccination administered by wing-web when turkeys were 45-60 days old in the new flocks controlled the disease. In the subsequent year, new cases of this disease were not found. It was not possible to confirm the source of the virus strain, but infection with a field strain derived from chickens is one possibility, considering the poultry farm population in the area and biosecurity aspects. For wide characterization of avipoxvirus and differentiation among strains, the complete sequence of the viral genome is required.
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13
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MacDonald AM, Jardine CM, Campbell GD, Nemeth NM. Mortality and Disease in Wild Turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) in Ontario, Canada, from 1992 to 2014: A Retrospective Review. Avian Dis 2017; 60:644-8. [PMID: 27610724 DOI: 10.1637/11376-012216-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Wild turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) were extirpated from Ontario, Canada, in the early 1900s due to unregulated over-hunting and habitat loss. Despite a successful reintroduction program and strong population numbers, information regarding the health of wild turkeys in Ontario is scarce. A 22-yr (1992-2014) retrospective study was performed to evaluate diagnostic data, including the cause(s) and contributors to death, in wild turkeys submitted to the Ontario-Nunavut node of the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (n = 56). Noninfectious diagnostic findings (39/56; 69.6%) were more common than infectious, with emaciation recognized most frequently (n = 19; 33.9%) followed by trauma (n = 11, 19.6%). The majority of deaths due to emaciation occurred in winter and spring (17/18; 94.4%), which is consistent with lack of access to or availability of food resources. Morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases was diagnosed in 16 (28.6%) wild turkeys. Avian poxvirus was the most common infectious cause of disease (n = 7; 12.5%), followed by bacterial infections (n = 5; 8.9%), the most common of which was Pasteurella multocida . Zinc phosphide toxicosis (n = 7; 12.5%) occurred in two incidents involving multiple birds. This study aims to provide baseline data that can be used for reference and comparison in future wild turkey disease surveillance and population monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M MacDonald
- A Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, NIG 2W1
| | - Claire M Jardine
- A Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, NIG 2W1.,B Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, NIG 2W1
| | - G Douglas Campbell
- A Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, NIG 2W1.,B Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, NIG 2W1
| | - Nicole M Nemeth
- A Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, NIG 2W1.,B Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, NIG 2W1
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A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF CAUSES OF SKIN LESIONS IN WILD TURKEYS (MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO) IN THE EASTERN USA, 1975-2013. J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:582-91. [PMID: 27195689 DOI: 10.7589/2015-05-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin lesions of Wild Turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo ) are a common cause of concern to wildlife biologists and the general public and are a frequent reason for submission to diagnostic laboratories. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the causes, occurrence, and epidemiologic patterns of skin lesions in Wild Turkeys in the eastern US. Skin lesions were diagnosed in 30% (n=199) of the 660 Wild Turkey samples submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study diagnostic service from 1975 to 2013. Avian pox was the most frequent cause of skin lesions (66%, n=131), followed by bacterial dermatitis (22%, n=44), ectoparasitism-related dermatitis (3%, n=6), fungal dermatitis (2.5%, n=5), and neoplasia (2.0%, n=4). Although the gross appearance of skin lesions is often insufficient to determine the etiology, the anatomic distribution of lesions and temporal occurrence of certain diseases may offer insights into likely causes. Cases with lesions involving or restricted to the head and neck were much more likely to be caused by avian pox than other etiologies. Similarly, lesions restricted to the feet were more likely to be of bacterial origin. Skin lesions observed in the fall and winter were more likely to be caused by avian pox, whereas bacterial dermatitis was more frequently observed in the spring and summer. This retrospective study provides a summary of the causes of skin lesions in Wild Turkeys and serves as a useful reference to diagnosticians and biologists when evaluating Wild Turkeys with skin lesions.
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Russell RE, Franson JC. Causes of mortality in eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center 1975-2013. WILDLIFE SOC B 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin E. Russell
- United States Geological Survey; National Wildlife Health Center; Madison WI 53711 USA
| | - J. Christian Franson
- United States Geological Survey; National Wildlife Health Center; Madison WI 53711 USA
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Hess C, Maegdefrau-Pollan B, Bilic I, Liebhart D, Richter S, Mitsch P, Hess M. Outbreak of Cutaneous Form of Poxvirus on a Commercial Turkey Farm Caused by the Species Fowlpox. Avian Dis 2011; 55:714-8. [DOI: 10.1637/9771-050511-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Biogeographical patterns and co-occurrence of pathogenic infection across island populations of Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii). Oecologia 2011; 168:691-701. [PMID: 21983713 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens can exert strong selective forces upon host populations. However, before we can make any predictions about the consequences of pathogen-mediated selection, we first need to determine whether patterns of pathogen distribution are consistent over spatiotemporal scales. We used molecular techniques to screen for a variety of blood pathogens (avian malaria, pox and trypanosomes) over a three-year time period across 13 island populations of the Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii). This species has only recently dispersed across its range in the North Atlantic, with little subsequent migration, providing an ideal opportunity to examine the causes and effects of pathogenic infection in populations in the early stages of differentiation. We screened 832 individuals, and identified two strains of Plasmodium, four strains of Leucocytozoon, and one pox strain. We found strong differences in pathogen prevalence across populations, ranging from 0 to 65%, and while some fluctuations in prevalence occurred, these differences were largely stable over the time period studied. Smaller, more isolated islands harboured fewer pathogen strains than larger, less isolated islands, indicating that at the population level, colonization and extinction play an important role in determining pathogen distribution. Individual-level analyses confirmed the island effect, and also revealed a positive association between Plasmodium and pox infection, which could have arisen due to dual transmission of the pathogens by the same vectors, or because one pathogen lowers resistance to the other. Our findings, combined with an effect of infection on host body condition, suggest that Berthelot's pipits are subject to different levels of pathogen-mediated selection both across and within populations, and that these selective pressures are consistent over time.
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Palade E, Biró N, Dobos-Kovács M, Demeter Z, Mándoki M, Rusvai M. Poxvirus infection in Hungarian great tits (Parus major): case report. Acta Vet Hung 2008; 56:539-46. [PMID: 19149108 DOI: 10.1556/avet.56.2008.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
From a total of 1819 great tits (Parus major) ringed in 2007 in Pilis Mountains, Hungary, 15 birds presented nodular proliferative lesions on different areas of the head and eyelids, suggesting a poxvirus infection. Three birds were submitted for analysis. The presence of avipoxvirus infection was confirmed by histopathology, electron microscopy (EM) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based technique. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a 428 base pairs (bp) fragment of the viral 4b core protein gene revealed 100% identity between two of the Hungarian isolates (PM9 HUN, PM33 HUN) and two great tit poxvirus strains isolated in Norway in 1973 (GTV A256, GTV A311). The third Hungarian isolate (PM34 HUN) was more closely related to a different Norwegian isolate (GTVA310) than to the Hungarian isolates. The nucleotide sequence analysis of a shorter fragment of the viral 4b core protein (227 bp) gene revealed 100% identity between the Hungarian isolates, the same Norwegian isolates and a great tit poxvirus strain detected in Austria in 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Palade
- 1 Szent István University Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science H-1400 Budapest P.O. Box 2 Hungary
| | - Nóra Biró
- 2 Budaörsi Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory Budaörs Hungary
| | - Mihály Dobos-Kovács
- 1 Szent István University Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science H-1400 Budapest P.O. Box 2 Hungary
| | - Zoltán Demeter
- 1 Szent István University Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science H-1400 Budapest P.O. Box 2 Hungary
| | - Míra Mándoki
- 1 Szent István University Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science H-1400 Budapest P.O. Box 2 Hungary
| | - Miklós Rusvai
- 1 Szent István University Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science H-1400 Budapest P.O. Box 2 Hungary
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Rampin T, Pisoni G, Manarolla G, Gallazzi D, Sironi G. Epornitic of avian pox in common buzzards (Buteo buteo): virus isolation and molecular biological characterization. Avian Pathol 2007; 36:161-5. [PMID: 17479378 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701216647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Six common buzzards from a bird rescue centre showed wart-like lesions on their toes. The lesions consisted of multiple crusty and proliferative nodules surrounded by skin swelling. Histologically, epithelial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia with ballooning degeneration and large intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies consistent with avipoxvirus infection were seen. The virus was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs. Positive chorioallantoic membranes and samples of skin lesions were submitted for polymerase chain reaction. Molecular characterization based on the 4b core protein indicates a 100% homology of the isolated poxvirus with avian poxviruses belonging to subclade A2. However, analysis of fpv139 locus does not reveal similarities of the isolate with other avian poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rampin
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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Keyghobadi N, Lapointe D, Fleischer RC, Fonseca DM. Fine-scale population genetic structure of a wildlife disease vector: the southern house mosquito on the island of Hawaii. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:3919-30. [PMID: 17054493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, is a widespread tropical and subtropical disease vector. In the Hawaiian Islands, where it was introduced accidentally almost two centuries ago, it is considered the primary vector of avian malaria and pox. Avian malaria in particular has contributed to the extinction and endangerment of Hawaii's native avifauna, and has altered the altitudinal distribution of native bird populations. We examined the population genetic structure of Cx. quinquefasciatus on the island of Hawaii at a smaller spatial scale than has previously been attempted, with particular emphasis on the effects of elevation on population genetic structure. We found significant genetic differentiation among populations and patterns of isolation by distance within the island. Elevation per se did not have a limiting effect on gene flow; however, there was significantly lower genetic diversity among populations at mid elevations compared to those at low elevations. A recent sample taken from just above the predicted upper altitudinal distribution of Cx. quinquefasciatus on the island of Hawaii was confirmed as being a temporary summer population and appeared to consist of individuals from more than one source population. Our results indicate effects of elevation gradients on genetic structure that are consistent with known effects of elevation on population dynamics of this disease vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusha Keyghobadi
- Genetics Program, 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20008, USA.
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Nakamura K, Waseda K, Yamamoto Y, Yamada M, Nakazawa M, Hata E, Terazaki T, Enya A, Imada T, Imai K. Pathology of Cutaneous Fowlpox with Amyloidosis in Layer Hens Inoculated with Fowlpox Vaccine. Avian Dis 2006; 50:152-6. [PMID: 16618002 DOI: 10.1637/7408-071305r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous fowlpox occurring in vaccinated layer hens was investigated pathologically and microbiologically. Anorexia, decrease of egg production, increased mortality, yellow scabs on faces, and alopecia of feathered skins with yellow scabs were observed in affected hens. Histologically, proliferative and necrotic dermatitis with eosinophilic ring-shaped cytoplasmic inclusions (Bollinger bodies) and clumps of gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus hyicus) were noted in the affected birds. Fowlpox lesions were primarily observed in the feathered skins. Proliferation of feather follicle epidermal cells, with cytoplasmic inclusions and degeneration of the feather, and bacterial clumps in the feather follicles were noted in the affected skins. Ultrastructurally, characteristic fowlpox viral particles were observed in the cytoplasmic inclusions of hyperplastic epidermal cells. Amyloid deposition was observed in the Disse space of the liver, splenic sinus, and lamina propria of the bronchiolar, bronchial, and tracheal areas. Amyloidosis could be one factor inducing the fowlpox infection in vaccinated chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuyasu Nakamura
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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