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Adaptive Evolution of the Fox Coronavirus Based on Genome-Wide Sequence Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9627961. [PMID: 35463975 PMCID: PMC9020971 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9627961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To report the first complete fox coronavirus (CoV) genome sequence obtained through genome-wide amplifications and to understand the adaptive evolution of fox CoV. Methods. Anal swab samples were collected from 35 foxes to detect the presence of CoV and obtain the virus sequence. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MrBayes. The possibility of recombination within these sequences was assessed using GARD. Analysis of the levels of selection pressure experienced by these sequences was assessed using methods on both the PAML and Data Monkey platforms. Results. Of the 35 samples, two were positive, and complete genome sequences for the viruses were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis, using Bayesian methods, of these sequences, together with other CoV sequences, revealed that the fox CoV sequences clustered with canine coronavirus (CCoV) sequences, with sequences from other carnivores more distantly related. In contrast to the feline, ferret and mink CoV sequences that clustered into species-specific clades, the fox CoV fell within the CCoV clade. Minimal evidence for recombination was found among the sequences. A total of 7, 3, 14, and 2 positively selected sites were identified in the M, N, S, and 7B genes, respectively, with 99, 111, and 581 negatively selected sites identified in M, N, and S genes, respectively. Conclusion. The complete genome sequence of fox CoV has been obtained for the first time. The results suggest that the genome sequence of fox CoV may have experienced adaptive evolution in the genes replication, entry, and virulence. The number of sites in each gene that experienced negative selection is far greater than the number that underwent positive selection, suggesting that most of the sequence is highly conserved and important for viral survive. However, positive selection at a few sites likely aided these viruses to adapt to new environments.
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2
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Li S, McShea WJ, Wang D, Gu X, Zhang X, Zhang L, Shen X. Retreat of large carnivores across the giant panda distribution range. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1327-1331. [PMID: 32747773 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As both a flagship and umbrella species, the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is one of the most heavily invested species in conservation. Here, we report the wide distribution range retreat of the leopard (Panthera pardus, 81% loss), snow leopard (P. uncia, 38%), wolf (Canis lupus, 77%) and dhole (Cuon alpinus, 95%) from protected areas in the giant panda distribution range since the 1960s. The present findings indicate the insufficiency of giant panda conservation for protecting these large carnivore species and suggest that future conservation efforts should target restoring ecosystems with high trophic complexity to facilitate the recovery of large carnivore populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - William J McShea
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Dajun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- The Forestry and Grassland Administration of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- The Forestry Administration of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education; Institute of Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Callan R, Owens JR, Bi W, Kilham B, Yan X, Qi D, Hou R, Spotila JR, Zhang Z. Free-roaming dogs limit habitat use of giant pandas in nature reserves. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10247. [PMID: 32581315 PMCID: PMC7314740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) were historically hunted using dogs and are currently threatened by free-roaming dogs and their associated diseases. To better understand the spatial magnitude of this threat, we used a GIS approach to investigate edge effects of dogs on giant panda habitat. We first examined two nature reserves with contrasting free-roaming dog populations: Liziping, with many dogs (~0.44/km2), and Daxiangling, with few dogs (~0.14/km2). Spatial analysis indicated that giant pandas at Liziping (but not Daxiangling) showed a shift in habitat use away from populated areas consistent with a risk response to the foray distance of free-roaming dogs (10.9 km path-distance). Most giant panda locations (86%) from the 2014 census in Liziping were clustered around remote “dog-free zones.” Expanding this analysis across the entire giant panda range revealed that 40% of panda habitat is within the foray distance of dogs. Our assessment will inform dog control programs including monitoring, education, veterinary care, and other measures. We recommend that reserves designated for the release of translocated pandas receive priority consideration for dog control efforts. Only by understanding and managing complex interactions between humans, domestic animals, and wild animals can we sustain natural systems in a world increasingly dominated by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramana Callan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, P.R. China
| | - Jacob R Owens
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, P.R. China
| | - Wenlei Bi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, P.R. China.,Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Xia Yan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, P.R. China
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, P.R. China
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, P.R. China.
| | - James R Spotila
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, P.R. China.,Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhihe Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, P.R. China
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4
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Kelman M, Harriott L, Carrai M, Kwan E, Ward MP, Barrs VR. Phylogenetic and Geospatial Evidence of Canine Parvovirus Transmission between Wild Dogs and Domestic Dogs at the Urban Fringe in Australia. Viruses 2020; 12:E663. [PMID: 32575609 PMCID: PMC7354627 DOI: 10.3390/v12060663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important cause of disease in domestic dogs. Sporadic cases and outbreaks occur across Australia and worldwide and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Whether transmission of CPV occurs between owned dogs and populations of wild dogs, including Canis familiaris, Canis lupus dingo and hybrids, is not known. To investigate the role of wild dogs in CPV epidemiology in Australia, PCR was used to detect CPV DNA in tissue from wild dogs culled in the peri-urban regions of two Australian states, between August 2012 and May 2015. CPV DNA was detected in 4.7% (8/170). There was a strong geospatial association between wild-dog CPV infections and domestic-dog CPV cases reported to a national disease surveillance system between 2009 and 2015. Postcodes in which wild dogs tested positive for CPV were 8.63 times more likely to also have domestic-dog cases reported than postcodes in which wild dogs tested negative (p = 0.0332). Phylogenetic analysis of CPV VP2 sequences from wild dogs showed they were all CPV-2a variants characterized by a novel amino acid mutation (21-Ala) recently identified in CPV isolates from owned dogs in Australia with parvoviral enteritis. Wild-dog CPV VP2 sequences were compared to those from owned domestic dogs in Australia. For one domestic-dog case located approximately 10 km from a wild-dog capture location, and reported 3.5 years after the nearest wild dog was sampled, the virus was demonstrated to have a closely related common ancestor. This study provides phylogenetic and geospatial evidence of CPV transmission between wild and domestic dogs in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kelman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Lana Harriott
- Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
| | - Maura Carrai
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Kwan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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Yan X, Owens JR, Wen Y, Su X, Wang Z, Liu S, Zhang D, Callan R, Wenlei B, Qi D, Spotila JR, Hou R, Zhang Z. Dogs and Disease Threats to Giant Pandas in China. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Jacob R. Owens
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Sichuan Agriculture University Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Su
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Zhenghao Wang
- Sichuan Agriculture University Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Songrui Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Ramana Callan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Bi Wenlei
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - James R. Spotila
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental ScienceDrexel University Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Zhihe Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
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Yen SC, Ju YT, Shaner PJL, Chen HL. Spatial and temporal relationship between native mammals and free-roaming dogs in a protected area surrounded by a metropolis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8161. [PMID: 31160614 PMCID: PMC6546781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With rapid urbanization worldwide, anthropogenic impacts such as human settlements and invasive carnivores (dogs Canis familiaris, cats Felis catus) are altering spatial distributions and temporal activity patterns of native species. In this study, we focused on spatiotemporal responses of native mammals to anthropogenic impacts in a protected area surrounded by a large metropolis (i.e. Yangmingshan National Park inside Taipei-Keelung metropolis in northern Taiwan). We collected site use data of 11 mammal species (i.e. dogs, cats, nine native species) between 2012 and 2017 with a camera system comprising 121 camera sites. We quantified anthropogenic disturbances as distance to human settlements and activity levels of free-roaming dogs and cats. Species richness and occurrences of the native mammals increased with increasing distances to human settlements and decreasing activity level of dogs, with the latter having a stronger effect than the former. Diel activity overlap between native mammals and dogs was lower during April–July season, coinciding with the breeding season for several native mammals. In contrast, activity level of cats showed no relationships with species richness, occurrences or diel activities of the native mammals. This study demonstrated negative impacts of human settlements and free-roaming dogs on native mammal communities for protected areas in urban environments, and highlights dog activity as a major anthropogenic threat to wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ching Yen
- Center for General Education, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ten Ju
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, 50, Lane 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen Lee Shaner
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Chow Rd, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang Ling Chen
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd., Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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7
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Zhu Y, Wan QH, Zhang HM, Fang SG. Reproductive Strategy Inferred from Major Histocompatibility Complex-Based Inter-Individual, Sperm-Egg, and Mother-Fetus Recognitions in Giant Pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Cells 2019; 8:cells8030257. [PMID: 30893784 PMCID: PMC6468540 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Few major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-based mate choice studies include all MHC genes at the inter-individual, sperm-egg, and mother-fetus recognition levels. We tested three hypotheses of female mate choice in a 17-year study of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) while using ten functional MHC loci (four MHC class I loci: Aime-C, Aime-F, Aime-I, and Aime-L; six MHC class II loci: Aime-DRA, Aime-DRB3, Aime-DQA1, Aime-DQA2, Aime-DQB1, and Aime-DQB2); five super haplotypes (SuHa, SuHaI, SuHaII, DQ, and DR); and, seven microsatellites. We found female choice for heterozygosity at Aime-C, Aime-I, and DQ and for disassortative mate choice at Aime-C, DQ, and DR at the inter-individual recognition level. High mating success occurred in MHC-dissimilar mating pairs. No significant results were found based on any microsatellite parameters, suggesting that MHCs were the mate choice target and there were no signs of inbreeding avoidance. Our results indicate Aime-DQA1- and Aime-DQA2-associated disassortative selection at the sperm-egg recognition level and a possible Aime-C- and Aime-I-associated assortative maternal immune tolerance mechanism. The MHC genes were of differential importance at the different recognition levels, so all of the functional MHC genes should be included when studying MHC-dependent reproductive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qiu-Hong Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - He-Min Zhang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, No. 98 Tongjiang Road, Dujiangyan 611800, China.
| | - Sheng-Guo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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8
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Serologic Survey of Selected Viral Pathogens in Free-Ranging Eurasian Brown Bears ( Ursus arctos arctos) from Slovakia. J Wildl Dis 2018; 55:499-503. [PMID: 30289326 DOI: 10.7589/2017-11-290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We tested sera of 24 free-ranging European brown bears ( Ursus arctos) from six regions of Slovakia for antibodies to 10 viral agents. We tested sera by an indirect fluorescence antibody test for antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), canine adenovirus, canine parainfluenza virus type 2 (CPIV-2), and canine herpesvirus type 1 (CHV-1). We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to hepatitis E virus, bluetongue virus, West Nile virus (WNV), and Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV). We detected antibodies to CDV, CHV-1, CPV-2, CPIV-2, CCV, WNV, and ADV in seven (29%), three (12%), two (8%), two (8%), one (4%), one (4%), and one (4%) bear, respectively. Evidence of exposure of free-ranging European brown bears to CCV and ADV has not been reported.
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9
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Jiang F. Bioclimatic and altitudinal variables influence the potential distribution of canine parvovirus type 2 worldwide. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4534-4543. [PMID: 29760894 PMCID: PMC5938446 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV‐2) is extremely contagious and causes high rate of morbidity to many wild carnivores. It has three variants (CPV‐2a, CPV‐2b, and CPV‐2c) that are distributed worldwide with different frequencies and levels of genetic and antigenic variability. The disease poses a threat to the healthy survival and reproduction of wildlife. The research on the relationship between CPV‐2 epidemic and environmental variables is lacking. To fill this research gap, we used maximum entropy (MaxEnt) approach with principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the relation between CPV‐2 and environmental variables and to create a world risk map for this disease. According to the PCA results, 18 environmental variables were selected from 68 variables for subsequent analyses. MaxEnt showed that annual mean temperature, isothermality, altitude, November precipitation, maximum temperature of warmest month, and precipitation of warmest quarter were the six most important variables associated with CPV‐2 distribution, with a total of 77.7% percent contribution. The risk of this disease between 18°N and 47°N was high, especially in the east of China and the United States. These results support further prediction of risk factors for this virus to help secure the health and sustainable survival of wild carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- College of Wildlife Resources Northeast Forestry University Harbin Heilongjiang Province China
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10
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Wang T, Xie Y, Zheng Y, Wang C, Li D, Koehler AV, Gasser RB. Parasites of the Giant Panda: A Risk Factor in the Conservation of a Species. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29530307 PMCID: PMC7103118 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The giant panda, with an estimated population size of 2239 in the world (in 2015), is a global symbol of wildlife conservation that is threatened by habitat loss, poor reproduction and limited resistance to some infectious diseases. Of these factors, some diseases caused by parasites are considered as the foremost threat to its conservation. However, there is surprisingly little published information on the parasites of the giant panda, most of which has been disseminated in the Chinese literature. Herein, we review all peer-reviewed publications (in English or Chinese language) and governmental documents for information on parasites of the giant pandas, with an emphasis on the intestinal nematode Baylisascaris schroederi (McIntosh, 1939) as it dominates published literature. The purpose of this chapter is to: (i) review the parasites recorded in the giant panda and describe what is known about their biology; (ii) discuss key aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and control of key parasites that are reported to cause clinical problems and (iii) conclude by making some suggestions for future research. This chapter shows that we are only just 'scratching the surface' when it comes to parasites and parasitological research of the giant panda. Clearly, there needs to be a concerted research effort to support the conservation of this iconic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Yue Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Youle Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Desheng Li
- China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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11
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Jin Y, Zhang X, Ma Y, Qiao Y, Liu X, Zhao K, Zhang C, Lin D, Fu X, Xu X, Wang Y, Wang H. Canine distemper viral infection threatens the giant panda population in China. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113910-113919. [PMID: 29371956 PMCID: PMC5768373 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated exposure to canine distemper virus (CDV) in eight wild giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and 125 unvaccinated domestic dogs living in and around Foping National Nature Reserve (FNNR), China. Seventy-two percent of unvaccinated domestic dogs (mixed breed) had neutralizing antibodies for CDV due to exposure to the disease. The eight wild giant pandas were naïve to CDV and carried no positive antibody titer. RT-PCR assays for hemagglutinin (H) gene confirmed the presence of CDV in 31 clinically ill dogs from several areas near FNNR. Genomic sequence analysis showed that the 21 canine CDV were highly homologous to each other and belonged to the Asian-1 genotype. They showed high homology with the GP01 strain sequenced from a fatally infected giant panda, suggesting cross-species infection. Observational and GPS tracking data revealed home range overlap in pandas and dogs around FNNR. This study shows that CDV is endemic in domestic dogs near FNNR and that cross-species CDV infection threatens the wild giant panda population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yisheng Ma
- Foping National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi 723400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchao Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Foping National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi 723400, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihui Zhao
- Foping National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi 723400, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Degui Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanan Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zhu Y, Wan QH, Yu B, Ge YF, Fang SG. Patterns of genetic differentiation at MHC class I genes and microsatellites identify conservation units in the giant panda. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:227. [PMID: 24144019 PMCID: PMC4015443 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluating patterns of genetic variation is important to identify conservation units (i.e., evolutionarily significant units [ESUs], management units [MUs], and adaptive units [AUs]) in endangered species. While neutral markers could be used to infer population history, their application in the estimation of adaptive variation is limited. The capacity to adapt to various environments is vital for the long-term survival of endangered species. Hence, analysis of adaptive loci, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, is critical for conservation genetics studies. Here, we investigated 4 classical MHC class I genes (Aime-C, Aime-F, Aime-I, and Aime-L) and 8 microsatellites to infer patterns of genetic variation in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and to further define conservation units. Results Overall, we identified 24 haplotypes (9 for Aime-C, 1 for Aime-F, 7 for Aime-I, and 7 for Aime-L) from 218 individuals obtained from 6 populations of giant panda. We found that the Xiaoxiangling population had the highest genetic variation at microsatellites among the 6 giant panda populations and higher genetic variation at Aime-MHC class I genes than other larger populations (Qinling, Qionglai, and Minshan populations). Differentiation index (FST)-based phylogenetic and Bayesian clustering analyses for Aime-MHC-I and microsatellite loci both supported that most populations were highly differentiated. The Qinling population was the most genetically differentiated. Conclusions The giant panda showed a relatively higher level of genetic diversity at MHC class I genes compared with endangered felids. Using all of the loci, we found that the 6 giant panda populations fell into 2 ESUs: Qinling and non-Qinling populations. We defined 3 MUs based on microsatellites: Qinling, Minshan-Qionglai, and Daxiangling-Xiaoxiangling-Liangshan. We also recommended 3 possible AUs based on MHC loci: Qinling, Minshan-Qionglai, and Daxiangling-Xiaoxiangling-Liangshan. Furthermore, we recommend that a captive breeding program be considered for the Qinling panda population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sheng-Guo Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, No, 388 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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13
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Wright N, Jackson FR, Niezgoda M, Ellison JA, Rupprecht CE, Nel LH. High prevalence of antibodies against canine adenovirus (CAV) type 2 in domestic dog populations in South Africa precludes the use of CAV-based recombinant rabies vaccines. Vaccine 2013; 31:4177-82. [PMID: 23867013 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies in dogs can be controlled through mass vaccination. Oral vaccination of domestic dogs would be useful in the developing world, where greater vaccination coverage is needed especially in inaccessible areas or places with large numbers of free-roaming dogs. From this perspective, recent research has focused on development of new recombinant vaccines that can be administered orally in a bait to be used as adjunct for parenteral vaccination. One such candidate, a recombinant canine adenovirus type 2 vaccine expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (CAV2-RG), is considered a promising option for dogs, given host specificity and safety. To assess the potential use of this vaccine in domestic dog populations, we investigated the prevalence of antibodies against canine adenovirus type 2 in South African dogs. Blood was collected from 241 dogs from the Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. Sampled dogs had not previously been vaccinated against canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV1) or canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2). Animals from both provinces had a high percentage of seropositivity (45% and 62%), suggesting that CAV2 circulates extensively among domestic dog populations in South Africa. Given this finding, we evaluated the effect of pre-existing CAV-specific antibodies on the efficacy of the CAV2-RG vaccine delivered via the oral route in dogs. Purpose-bred Beagle dogs, which received prior vaccination against canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and CAV, were immunized by oral administration of CAV2-RG. After rabies virus (RABV) infection all animals, except one vaccinated dog, developed rabies. This study demonstrated that pre-existing antibodies against CAV, such as naturally occurs in South African dogs, inhibits the development of neutralizing antibodies against RABV when immunized with a CAV-based rabies recombinant vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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14
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Guo L, Yang SL, Chen SJ, Zhang Z, Wang C, Hou R, Ren Y, Wen X, Cao S, Guo W, Hao Z, Quan Z, Zhang M, Yan QG. Identification of canine parvovirus with the Q370R point mutation in the VP2 gene from a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Virol J 2013; 10:163. [PMID: 23706032 PMCID: PMC3680276 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we sequenced and phylogenetic analyses of the VP2 genes from twelve canine parvovirus (CPV) strains obtained from eleven domestic dogs and a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China. A novel canine parvovirus (CPV) was detected from the giant panda in China. Results Nucleotide and phylogenetic analysis of the capsid protein VP2 gene classified the CPV as a new CPV-2a type. Substitution of Gln for Arg at the conserved 370 residue in CPV presents an unusual variation in the new CPV-2a amino acid sequence of the giant panda and is further evidence for the continuing evolution of the virus. Conclusions These findings extend the knowledge on CPV molecular epidemiology of particular relevance to wild carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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15
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Qiu W, Zheng Y, Zhang S, Fan Q, Liu H, Zhang F, Wang W, Liao G, Hu R. Canine distemper outbreak in rhesus monkeys, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:1541-3. [PMID: 21801646 PMCID: PMC3381540 DOI: 10.3201/eid1708.101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, canine distemper outbreaks have occurred in rhesus monkeys at a
breeding farm in Guangxi, People’s Republic of China. Approximately
10,000 animals were infected (25%–60% disease incidence); 5%–30%
of infected animals died. The epidemic was controlled by vaccination. Amino acid
sequence analysis of the virus indicated a unique strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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16
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Wang F, Yan X, Chai X, Zhang H, Zhao J, Wen Y, Wu W. Differentiation of canine distemper virus isolates in fur animals from various vaccine strains by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism according to phylogenetic relations in china. Virol J 2011; 8:85. [PMID: 21352564 PMCID: PMC3056815 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to effectively identify the vaccine and field strains of Canine distemper virus (CDV), a new differential diagnostic test has been developed based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). We selected an 829 bp fragment of the nucleoprotein (N) gene of CDV. By RFLP analysis using BamHI, field isolates were distinguishable from the vaccine strains. Two fragments were obtained from the vaccine strains by RT-PCR-RFLP analysis while three were observed in the field strains. An 829 nucleotide region of the CDV N gene was analyzed in 19 CDV field strains isolated from minks, raccoon dogs and foxes in China between 2005 and 2007. The results suggest this method is precise, accurate and efficient. It was also determined that three different genotypes exist in CDV field strains in fur animal herds of the north of China, most of which belong to Asian type. Mutated field strains, JSY06-R1, JSY06-R2 and JDH07-F1 also exist in Northern China, but are most closely related to the standard virulent strain A75/17, designated in Arctic and America-2 genetype in the present study, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxue Wang
- Jilin Zhongte Biotechnological Co, Ltd, Jilin 132109, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Tao Y, Zeng B, Xu L, Yue B, Yang D, Zou F. Interferon-γ of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): Complementary DNA Cloning, Expression, and Phylogenetic Analysis. DNA Cell Biol 2010; 29:41-5. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.0909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Tao
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Xu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangdong Zou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Gao FS, Hu GX, Xia XZ, Gao YW, Bai YD, Zou XH. Isolation and identification of a canine coronavirus strain from giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). J Vet Sci 2009; 10:261-3. [PMID: 19687628 PMCID: PMC2801125 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2009.10.3.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) died of unknown causes in a Chinese zoo. The clinical disease profile suggested that the pandas may have suffered a viral infection. Therefore, a series of detection including virus isolation, electron microscopy, cytobiological assay, serum neutralization and RT-PCR were used to identify the virus. It was determined that the isolated virus was a canine coronavirus (CCV), on the basis of coronavirus, neutralization by canine anti-CCV serum, and 84.3% to 100% amino acid sequence similarity with CCV. The results suggest that the affected pandas had been infected with CCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Shan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Bioengineering, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
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19
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Qin Q, Li D, Zhang H, Hou R, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Zhang J, Wei F. Serosurvey of selected viruses in captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China. Vet Microbiol 2009; 142:199-204. [PMID: 19913371 PMCID: PMC7117238 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples from 92 giant pandas in three captive facilities were tested for antibodies against five viruses of carnivores. Antibody titers against canine distemper virus (CDV) in two facilities in which giant pandas were vaccinated were variable. The canine adenovirus (CAV-1) and canine parvovirus (CPV) titers in vaccinated group were both positive, but titers were not high and varied among individual except one vaccinated panda had extremely high CAV-1 titer, indicating infection with the field virus following vaccination. Our results suggest that the vaccines used for these giant pandas do not elicit consistent antibody titers. Antibody titers against CDV, CPV and CAV-1 in unvaccinated giant pandas were highly variable, especially CPV titer. Almost half of sera were CPV antibody positive, and CPV titers were high enough to suggest infection with the virus. Canine coronavirus (CCV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) titers were not detected in all serum samples. The results of this study emphasize the need for research on infectious diseases of giant pandas and development of suitable vaccines for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datunlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
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20
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Fiorello CV, Deem SL, Gompper ME, Dubovi EJ. Seroprevalence of pathogens in domestic carnivores on the border of Madidi National Park, Bolivia. Anim Conserv 2004; 7:45-54. [PMID: 32313442 PMCID: PMC7159408 DOI: 10.1017/s1367943003001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2003] [Accepted: 07/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The importance of diseases of domestic animals in the conservation of wildlife is increasingly being recognised. Wild carnivores are susceptible to many of the pathogens carried by domestic dogs and cats and some of these pathogens have caused disease outbreaks and severe population declines in threatened species. The risk of disease spillover from domestic to wild carnivores in South America has not been extensively investigated. This study examined the disease exposure of domestic carnivores living near a protected area in Bolivia. Forty dogs and 14 cats living in three towns on the eastern border of Madidi National Park were sampled. High levels of exposure to canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, Sarcoptes scabiei and Toxoplasma gondii were found among domestic dogs, with similarly high levels of exposure to feline parvovirus, feline calicivirus and T. gondii being found among domestic cats. If contact occurs between domestic and wild carnivores, disease spillover may represent an important risk for the persistence of wild carnivores in the region. Additional research is therefore necessary to determine if wild carnivores living in proximity to these domestic carnivore populations are being exposed to these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine V Fiorello
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Field Veterinary Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 185th Street and Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Field Veterinary Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 185th Street and Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Matthew E Gompper
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, 302 ABNR, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211-7240, USA
| | - Edward J Dubovi
- Cornell University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Section of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, P.O. Box 5786, Ithaca, NY 14852-5786, USA
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21
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Jun Q, Xian-zhu X, Song-tao Y, De-sheng L, Gui-xue H, Yu-wei G, He-ting S, Zhong-pen Z, Zhi-jing X, Fang Y, Wen-qi H, Gen H. Serological survey on canine coronavirus antibodies in giant pandas by virus neutralization test. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH 2004; 15:295-297. [PMID: 32214748 PMCID: PMC7088830 DOI: 10.1007/bf02844956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to survey the infectious situation of canine coronavirus (CCV) in giant panda population, a virus neutralization test detecting specific antibodies against CCV in giant panda's sera was established by using two-fold dilutions of serum and 100 TCID50 of the virus. The 62 sera samples of giant pandas, which were gathered from zoos and reserve region of Sichuan Province, China were detected. The neutralization antibody titer of 1:4 was recognized as the positive criterion, 8 sera samples were detected to be positive, and the positive rate was 12.9%. The titers of neutralizing antibody ranged from 1:8 to 1:32. It was the first comprehensive investigation on neutralization antibodies against CCV in giant panda population in China. The results of study showed that the infection of CCV in giant panda population was universal, which has posed a threat to the health of giant panda. Therefore, it is incumbent on us to study safe and effective vaccines to protect giant panda against CCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Jun
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, 843300 Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xia Xian-zhu
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yang Song-tao
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Li De-sheng
- Research & Conservation Center for Giant Panda of China, 623006 Sichuan, Wolong, P. R. China
| | - Hu Gui-xue
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jinling Agricultural University, 1301162 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Gao Yu-wei
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Sun He-ting
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Zhong-pen
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xie Zhi-jing
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - He Wen-qi
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Huang Gen
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
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López-Peña M, Vázquez S, Alemañ N, López-Beceiro A, Muñoz F, Pereira JL, Nieto JM. Canine distemper in a genet (Gennetta gennetta), associated with endogenous lipid pneumonia. J Comp Pathol 2001; 124:207-11. [PMID: 11222019 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2000.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the histological and immunohistochemical findings in an adult male genet (Gennetta gennetta) which died a few hours after being found lying in a forest in Lugo (north-western Spain). Subpleural, yellowish, firm foci were found in the lung. Histopathological examination confirmed a diagnosis of endogenous lipid pneumonia. Microscopical lesions that gave rise to a suspicion of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection included lymphoid depletion, non-suppurative encephalitis and demyelination in the central nervous system, and the presence of inclusion bodies in renal tubules. Immunohistochemical examination was performed with the streptavidin-biotin-complex method and a monoclonal antibody against the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of CDV. Antigen was detected in epithelial, nervous and lymphoid cells in several organs. This would appear to be the first report of distemper-like infection in a genet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López-Peña
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Rof Codina, Facultade de Veterinaria de Lugo, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-27002 Lugo, Spain
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