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Rätsep E, Ojkic D. Canine distemper virus infection of vaccinal origin in a 14-week-old puppy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:287-290. [PMID: 38362661 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241229436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The body of a 14-wk-old puppy (Canis familiaris) was submitted to the Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Ontario for postmortem examination following a history of intermittent anorexia and lethargy progressing to pyrexia, pruritic skin rash, mucoid nasal discharge, decreased mentation, dysphagia, muscle twitches, and focal seizures. Gross examination revealed rhinitis and pulmonary edema. Histologically, there was fibrinonecrotizing bronchopneumonia, tracheitis, and neutrophilic and lymphohistiocytic rhinitis; rarely within the cortical gray and white matter of the brain were small clusters of glial cells, with rare individual neutrophils in the choroid plexus. Although canine distemper was suspected, none of the usual supportive histologic lesions of distinct syncytial cells, viral inclusion bodies, or demyelinating leukoencephalitis were observed. Lung and brain tissues were PCR-positive for canine distemper virus (CDV), and CDV was detected immunohistochemically in the brain. The agent from the PCR-positive sample from the brain was genotyped and was a 99.9% match to the CDV Rockborn strain, indicating that the disease agent in our case was vaccinal in origin. Our unusual case highlights the possibility of reversion to virulence in a modified-live virus vaccine, and the occurrence of a disease in the absence of a full complement of the usual and compatible histologic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rätsep
- Animal Health Laboratory, Kemptville, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Guelph, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Pekkarinen HM, Karkamo VK, Vainio-Siukola KJ, Hautaniemi MK, Kinnunen PM, Gadd TK, Holopainen RH. Post-vaccinal distemper-like disease in two dog litters with confirmed infection of vaccine virus strain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 105:102114. [PMID: 38142559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Modified live canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccines are widely used and considered both safe and effective. Although there are occasional literature reports of suspected vaccine-induced disease, there are none where the vaccine strain has been identified in affected tissues. Here we describe two such cases in different litters. In litter A, five of ten puppies presented with fever, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea a few days post-vaccination. Four puppies died or were euthanized, and autopsy revealed atypical necrosis of the lymphoid tissue. In litter B, two of five puppies developed typical neurological signs some months post-vaccination and autopsy revealed encephalitis. In all cases, affected organs tested positive for CDV on immunohistochemistry, and CDV RNA extracted from the lesions confirmed the presence of vaccine strain. Since multiple puppies from each litter were affected, it cannot be excluded without further studies that some undiagnosed inherited immunodeficiency disorder may have been involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veera K Karkamo
- Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Paula M Kinnunen
- MSD Animal Health Finland, Keilaniementie 1, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tuija K Gadd
- Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Becker AS, Lopes TRR, Pedroso NH, Silva Júnior JVJ, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Novel high-coverage primers for detection of canine morbillivirus by end-point and real-time RT-PCR assays. J Virol Methods 2024; 323:114853. [PMID: 37979697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a major threat to domestic dogs and wildlife worldwide. Molecular assays are the most sensitive and specific tests to diagnose the disease, however, the high CDV genetic variability may compromise laboratory diagnosis. Herein, we designed a high-coverage primer set for end-point (RT-PCR) and real-time (RT-qPCR) for CDV detection. Initially, we collected 194 complete/near-complete CDV genomes (GenBank) and analyzed them for highly conserved regions for primer design. We then assessed the in silico coverage, analytical sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic performance of RT-PCR/RT-qPCR reactions based on our primers. Furthermore, the coverage of our primers, as well as their analytical sensitivity and diagnostic performance, were compared to a commonly used primer set for CDV detection (named PP-I). Our forward (F) and reverse (R) primers fully matched 100 % (194/194) and 99 % (192/194) of the analyzed sequences, whereas the PP-I F and R primers fully matched 15 % (29/194) and 9 % (18/194) sequences, respectively. The detection limit of our RT-PCR and RT-qPCR was equivalent to that of PP-I primers (0.001 TCID50/mL). Out of 70 clinical samples tested, 38 were positive by our RT-PCR/RT-qPCR assays, whereas reactions with primers PP-I failed to detect 9/28 (32 %) positive samples selected for comparison purposes. In addition, our assays did not amplify other canine viruses associated with respiratory and neurological diseases: canine adenovirus 2, canine parainfluenza virus 2, canine herpesvirus 1 and rabies virus. Overall, we describe a high-coverage primer set for CDV detection, which represents an attractive tool for laboratory diagnosis of canine distemper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Silveira Becker
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thaísa Regina Rocha Lopes
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natália Hettwer Pedroso
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Setor de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Muñoz-Hernández C, Wipf A, Ortega N, Barberá GG, Salinas J, Gonzálvez M, Martínez-Carrasco C, Candela MG. Serological and molecular survey of canine distemper virus in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes): Exploring cut-off values and the use of protein A in ELISA tests. Prev Vet Med 2023; 221:106075. [PMID: 37984159 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The wide distribution and ecological plasticity of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) make it a potential reservoir for many infectious diseases shared with domestic and wild carnivores. One of such diseases is canine distemper, which is caused by an RNA virus and its main domestic reservoir is the dog. However, other carnivores can also participate in its maintenance, as shown by the recent upsurge of reported cases in wildlife in many parts of the world, and by the fact that red foxes may act as true reservoirs for canine distemper virus (CDV). The lack of validated serological tests for wildlife or other non-target species may be a handicap for monitoring this virus. In this study, serological assays were compared in 147 red fox sera using a commercial ELISA validated for its use in dogs and a non-specific modified ELISA with Protein A peroxidase conjugate to detect bound antibodies. In addition, the presence of CDV RNA in brain, spleen, lung, and liver samples from 144 foxes was investigated by a RT-qPCR. Through the comparison of the results of both ELISAs and the use of a finite mixture model of the optical density values obtained by both techniques, we adjusted the cut-off point of the commercial ELISA to obtain the seroprevalence in foxes. The overall seroprevalence detected was 53.7% (79/147) and 57.1% (84/147) by the commercial and modified ELISA, respectively, with a moderate agreement according to Cohen's Kappa statistic (κ = 0.491, z = 5.97, p < 0.0001). CDV RNA was detected in 30 out of 144 foxes, which resulted in 20.8% of CDV-infected foxes. At individual level, the results obtained by relating the serological status and the presence/absence of RNA in different organs were explained in terms of the pathogenesis of the infection. Our results highlight the convenience of adjusting the cut-off point when using an ELISA assay developed in domestic dogs for its use in foxes. Moreover, Protein A is confirmed to be a good alternative to be used in red foxes, presenting a good reactivity towards its IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Muñoz-Hernández
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - A Wipf
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - N Ortega
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - G G Barberá
- Department of Water and Soil Conservation, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario, Espinardo 30100, Spain.
| | - J Salinas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Gonzálvez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - C Martínez-Carrasco
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - M G Candela
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Ad Y, Halperin IM, Olstad EC, Gershwin LJ, Sullivan L, Reagan KL. Clinical assessment of a point-of-care assay to determine protective vaccinal antibody titers to canine viral diseases. Vet J 2023; 298-299:106017. [PMID: 37524148 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Guidelines recommend that dogs are vaccinated for canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine adenovirus (CAV) every 3 years. Alternatively, their antibody titers are measured and vaccines given when titers fall below a protective threshold. In this study, a point-of-care (POC) assay was compared to hemagglutination inhibition (for CPV) and virus neutralization (for CAV and CDV) assays to predict the need for revaccination Ninety-two dogs presented for vaccination were enrolled. The POC assay indicated protective titers against CDV in 79/80, CPV in 89/90, and CAV in 91/91 dogs with reference standard antibody measurements that were over a protective threshold. The sensitivity of the POC assay for to detect protective concentrations of CDV antibodies was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI 95%], 93.3-99.9%). Ten dogs were falsely considered protected against CDV by the POC assay with a specificity of 17% (CI 95%, 3.0-44.8%). The sensitivity of the POC assay for protective concentrations of CPV titers was 99% (CI 95%, 93.9-99.9%). The sensitivity of the POC assay to detect protective concentrations of CAV antibodies was 100% (CI 95%, 95.9-100%). Only classifying high-positive CDV and CPV titers on the POC assay as protective improved assay specificity to 100%, but sensitivity decreased to 51% and 76% respectively. This POC assay had a high sensitivity for the detection of protective antibody titers; however, some dogs were falsely categorized as protected, especially for CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ad
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - I M Halperin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - E C Olstad
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - L J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - L Sullivan
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - K L Reagan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA.
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Egerer A, Schaefer Z, Larson L. A point-of-care dot blot ELISA assay for detection of protective antibody against canine adenovirus, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus is diagnostically accurate. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1928-1933. [PMID: 36198054 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.05.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine diagnostic accuracy of a point-of-care antibody-screening test by determining sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy when compared to reference standard tests for antibody against core vaccine viruses canine adenovirus (CAV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine distemper virus (CDV). A further aim was to provide the practitioner with information to guide selection of vaccinal antibody testing methods. SAMPLES Canine sera from across North America were submitted to a fee-for-service titer-testing laboratory. Samples came from healthy pet dogs with known core vaccination history (n = 431) as well as unvaccinated dogs held in isolation (132). This study examined a total of 563 samples for CDV/CPV and 183 for CAV. PROCEDURES Serum virus neutralization assays determined antibody titers for CDV and CAV. Hemagglutination inhibition assay determined antibody titers against CPV. All sera were also tested by point-of-care dot blot ELISA (index test). RESULTS For all 3 viral antigens, the index test provided sensitivity ranging from 96.03% to 96.75% and specificity ranging from 87.50% to 94.33%. Overall accuracy ranged from 93.43% to 95.91%. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The index test correlates well with reference standard tests and is a reliable, rapid screening test for detection of protective vaccinal antibody against CAV, CDV, and CPV in healthy dogs over 20 weeks of age. An accurate assessment of immunity allows clinicians to administer core vaccines appropriately as needed, avoiding unnecessary risk of adverse vaccine events.
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Geiselhardt F, Peters M, Jo WK, Schadenhofer A, Puff C, Baumgärtner W, Kydyrmanov A, Kuiken T, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S, Osterhaus ADME, Beineke A, Ludlow M. Development and Validation of a Pan-Genotypic Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay To Detect Canine Distemper Virus and Phocine Distemper Virus in Domestic Animals and Wildlife. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0250521. [PMID: 35491822 PMCID: PMC9116185 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02505-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an animal morbillivirus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae and has caused major epizootics with high mortality levels in susceptible wildlife species. In recent years, the documented genetic diversity of CDV has expanded, with new genotypes identified in India, the Caspian Sea, and North America. However, no quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) that has been validated for the detection of all genotypes of CDV is currently available. We have therefore established and characterized a pan-genotypic probe-based RT-qPCR assay based on the detection of a conserved region of the phosphoprotein (P) gene of CDV. This assay has been validated using virus strains representative of six genotypes of CDV in different sample types, including frozen tissue, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections, and virus isolates. The primers and probe target sequences were sufficiently conserved to also enable detection of the phocine distemper virus strains responsible for epizootics in harbor seals in the North Sea in 1988 and 2002. Comparison with two recently published RT-qPCR assays for CDV showed that under equivalent conditions the primers and probe set reported in this study were more sensitive in detecting nucleic acids from an Asia-4 genotype, which displays sequence variation in primer and probe binding sites. In summary, this validated new pan-genotypic RT-qPCR assay will facilitate screening of suspected distemper cases caused by novel genotypes for which full genome sequences are unavailable and have utility in detecting multiple CDV strains in geographical regions where multiple genotypes cocirculate in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Geiselhardt
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo-RIZ), Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Peters
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Westfalen, Arnsberg, Germany
| | - Wendy K. Jo
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo-RIZ), Hannover, Germany
| | - Alina Schadenhofer
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo-RIZ), Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Aidyn Kydyrmanov
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo-RIZ), Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Westfalen, Arnsberg, Germany
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo-RIZ), Hannover, Germany
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Meazzi S, Filipe J, Fiore A, Di Bella S, Mira F, Dall’Ara P. Agreement between In-Clinics and Virus Neutralization Tests in Detecting Antibodies against Canine Distemper Virus (CDV). Viruses 2022; 14:v14030517. [PMID: 35336924 PMCID: PMC8949878 DOI: 10.3390/v14030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Core vaccinations and specific antibody titer evaluations are strongly recommended worldwide by all the vaccination guidelines. Virus neutralization (VN) is considered the gold standard for measuring antibody titer against canine distemper virus, but it is complex and time consuming, and the use of in-clinics tests would allow to obtain quicker results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement of the commercial in-clinics VacciCheck test compared to VN. A total of 106 canine sera were analyzed using both methods. The best agreement was obtained using a protective threshold of ≥1:32. VacciCheck showed 95.5% sensitivity, 87.2% specificity, and 92.5% accuracy. The Cohen’s kappa coefficient between methods was 0.84 (CI 95% 0.73 to 0.95), revealing an optimal agreement between the two methods (p = 0.0073). The evaluation of discordant results reveal that most samples had less than 1.5 dilution difference, and that usually did not affect the classification as protected or non-protected. Results also suggest that, in dubious cases, especially when a protective result is expected, retesting is advisable. In conclusion, VacciCheck may be considered as a reliable instrument that may help the clinician in identifying the best vaccine protocol, avoiding unnecessary vaccination, and thus reducing the incidence of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.); (A.F.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250334174
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.); (A.F.); (P.D.)
| | - Alessandra Fiore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.); (A.F.); (P.D.)
| | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.D.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.D.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Paola Dall’Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.); (A.F.); (P.D.)
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Stokholm I, Puryear W, Sawatzki K, Knudsen SW, Terkelsen T, Becher P, Siebert U, Olsen MT. Emergence and radiation of distemper viruses in terrestrial and marine mammals. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211969. [PMID: 34702073 PMCID: PMC8548803 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper virus (PDV) are major pathogens to terrestrial and marine mammals. Yet little is known about the timing and geographical origin of distemper viruses and to what extent it was influenced by environmental change and human activities. To address this, we (i) performed the first comprehensive time-calibrated phylogenetic analysis of the two distemper viruses, (ii) mapped distemper antibody and virus detection data from marine mammals collected between 1972 and 2018, and (iii) compiled historical reports on distemper dating back to the eighteenth century. We find that CDV and PDV diverged in the early seventeenth century. Modern CDV strains last shared a common ancestor in the nineteenth century with a marked radiation during the 1930s-1950s. Modern PDV strains are of more recent origin, diverging in the 1970s-1980s. Based on the compiled information on distemper distribution, the diverse host range of CDV and basal phylogenetic placement of terrestrial morbilliviruses, we hypothesize a terrestrial CDV-like ancestor giving rise to PDV in the North Atlantic. Moreover, given the estimated timing of distemper origin and radiation, we hypothesize a prominent role of environmental change such as the Little Ice Age, and human activities like globalization and war in distemper virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iben Stokholm
- Evolutionary Genomics Section, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstraße 6, Büsum 25761, Germany
| | - Wendy Puryear
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Kaitlin Sawatzki
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | | | - Thilde Terkelsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstraße 6, Büsum 25761, Germany
| | - Morten Tange Olsen
- Evolutionary Genomics Section, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Trogu T, Canziani S, Salvato S, Bianchi A, Bertoletti I, Gibelli LR, Alborali GL, Barbieri I, Gaffuri A, Sala G, Sozzi E, Lelli D, Lavazza A, Moreno A. Canine Distemper Outbreaks in Wild Carnivores in Northern Italy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010099. [PMID: 33450828 PMCID: PMC7828270 DOI: 10.3390/v13010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) is a fatal, highly contagious disease of wild and domestic carnivores. In the Alpine territory, several outbreaks have occurred in the past few decades within wild populations. This study investigated the presence of canine distemper virus (CDV) infections in wild carnivores in Lombardy, relating to the different circulating genotypes. From 2018 to 2020, foxes, badgers, and martens collected during passive surveillance were subjected to necropsy and histological examination, showing classical signs and microscopic lesions related to CDV. Pools of viscera from each animal were analysed by molecular methods and immunoelectron microscopy. Total prevalences of 39.7%, 52.6%, and 14.3% were recorded in foxes, badgers, and stone martens, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequences obtained belonged to the European 1 lineage and were divided into two different clades (a and b) according to the geographical conformation of alpine valleys included in the study. Clade a was related to the European outbreaks originating from Germany in 2006–2010, while clade b was closely related to the CDV sequences originating from northeastern Italy during the 2011–2018 epidemic wave. Our results suggest that CDV is currently well adapted to wild carnivores, mostly circulating with subclinical manifestations and without severe impact on the dynamics of these populations.
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Sanchez JN, Hudgens BR. Vaccination and monitoring strategies for epidemic prevention and detection in the Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232705. [PMID: 32421723 PMCID: PMC7233584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease transmission and epidemic prevention are top conservation concerns for wildlife managers, especially for small, isolated populations. Previous studies have shown that the course of an epidemic within a heterogeneous host population is strongly influenced by whether pathogens are introduced to regions of relatively high or low host densities. This raises the question of how disease monitoring and vaccination programs are influenced by spatial heterogeneity in host distributions. We addressed this question by modeling vaccination and monitoring strategies for the Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis), which has a history of substantial population decline due to introduced disease. We simulated various strategies to detect and prevent epidemics of rabies and canine distemper using a spatially explicit model, which was parameterized from field studies. Increasing sentinel monitoring frequency, and to a lesser degree, the number of monitored sentinels from 50 to 150 radio collared animals, reduced the time to epidemic detection and percentage of the fox population infected at the time of detection for both pathogens. Fox density at the location of pathogen introduction had little influence on the time to detection, but a large influence on how many foxes had become infected by the detection day, especially when sentinels were monitored relatively infrequently. The efficacy of different vaccination strategies was heavily influenced by local host density at the site of pathogen entry. Generally, creating a vaccine firewall far away from the site of pathogen entry was the least effective strategy. A firewall close to the site of pathogen entry was generally more effective than a random distribution of vaccinated animals when pathogens entered regions of high host density, but not when pathogens entered regions of low host density. These results highlight the importance of considering host densities at likely locations of pathogen invasion when designing disease management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Sanchez
- Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Hudgens
- Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, California, United States of America
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12
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Gordon CH, Banyard AC, Hussein A, Laurenson MK, Malcolm JR, Marino J, Regassa F, Stewart AME, Fooks AR, Sillero-Zubiri C. Canine distemper in endangered Ethiopian wolves. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:824-32. [PMID: 25898177 PMCID: PMC4412237 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation into mortalities within endangered species can direct conservation efforts. The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) is the world’s rarest canid; ≈500 wolves remain. The largest population is found within the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) in southeastern Ethiopia, where conservation efforts have demonstrated the negative effect of rabies virus on wolf populations. We describe previously unreported infections with canine distemper virus (CDV) among these wolves during 2005–2006 and 2010. Death rates ranged from 43% to 68% in affected subpopulations and were higher for subadult than adult wolves (83%–87% vs. 34%–39%). The 2010 CDV outbreak started 20 months after a rabies outbreak, before the population had fully recovered, and led to the eradication of several focal packs in BMNP’s Web Valley. The combined effect of rabies and CDV increases the chance of pack extinction, exacerbating the typically slow recovery of wolf populations, and represents a key extinction threat to populations of this highly endangered carnivore.
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13
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14
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Russian, US vets collaborate on distemper threat to tigers. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:9-10. [PMID: 22303554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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15
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Richards TR, Whelan NC, Pinard CL, Alcala FC, Wolfe KC. Optic neuritis caused by canine distemper virus in a Jack Russell terrier. Can Vet J 2011; 52:398-402. [PMID: 21731093 PMCID: PMC3058652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An atypical case of canine distemper (CD) was diagnosed in a vaccinated healthy adult dog. The patient was presented circling, seizuring, and blind. Postmortem examination resulted in a diagnosis of CD. Optic neuritis was diagnosed, a finding not previously described in the context of CD virus infection presenting solely with neurological signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Qin Q, Li D, Zhang H, Hou R, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Zhang J, Wei F. Serosurvey of selected viruses in captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China. Vet Microbiol 2009; 142:199-204. [PMID: 19913371 PMCID: PMC7117238 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples from 92 giant pandas in three captive facilities were tested for antibodies against five viruses of carnivores. Antibody titers against canine distemper virus (CDV) in two facilities in which giant pandas were vaccinated were variable. The canine adenovirus (CAV-1) and canine parvovirus (CPV) titers in vaccinated group were both positive, but titers were not high and varied among individual except one vaccinated panda had extremely high CAV-1 titer, indicating infection with the field virus following vaccination. Our results suggest that the vaccines used for these giant pandas do not elicit consistent antibody titers. Antibody titers against CDV, CPV and CAV-1 in unvaccinated giant pandas were highly variable, especially CPV titer. Almost half of sera were CPV antibody positive, and CPV titers were high enough to suggest infection with the virus. Canine coronavirus (CCV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) titers were not detected in all serum samples. The results of this study emphasize the need for research on infectious diseases of giant pandas and development of suitable vaccines for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datunlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
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17
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Abstract
A 2-month-old mongrel dog had multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia, and hemorrhagic enteritis. Immunohistochemistry detected antigens of Clostridium piliforme in the intestine and liver, and antigens of canine distemper virus within the lung, urinary bladder, brain, spleen, and liver. Furthermore, uncharacterized intralesional coccidian protozoa were observed within the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Headley
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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18
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Nava AFD, Cullen L, Sana DA, Nardi MS, Filho JDR, Lima TF, Abreu KC, Ferreira F. First evidence of canine distemper in Brazilian free-ranging felids. Ecohealth 2008; 5:513-8. [PMID: 19259737 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-008-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Serum samples from 19 jaguars (Panthera onca), nine pumas (Puma concolor), and two ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) were collected between January 1999 and March of 2005 and tested for presence of canine distemper virus (CDV). All cats were free-ranging animals living in two protected areas in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. In addition, 111 domestic dogs from nearby areas were sampled for CDV. Our results show the first evidence of CDV exposure in Brazilian free-ranging felids. From the 30 samples analyzed, six jaguars and one puma were tested seropositive for CDV. All seropositive large felids were from Ivinhema State Park, resulting in 31.5% of the sampled jaguars or 60% of the total jaguar population in Ivinhema State Park, and 11.28% of the sampled pumas. From the total 111 domestic dogs sampled, 45 were tested seropositive for CDV. At Morro do Diabo State Park, 34.6% of the dogs sampled were positive for CDV, and 100% at Ivinhema State Park. Canine distemper virus in wild felids seems to be related with home range use and in close association with domestic dogs living in nearby areas.
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Latha D, Geetha M, Ramadass P, Narayanan RB. Development of recombinant nucleocapsid protein based IgM-ELISA for the early detection of distemper infection in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:278-86. [PMID: 17659785 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An IgM-ELISA based on a 16-kDa recombinant protein produced for the conserved and functional middle region of nucleocapsid protein of Canine distemper virus was developed. Out of 70 serum samples from distemper-suspected and vaccinated dogs analyzed, 34 serum samples (49%) were positive. The specificity of this ELISA was confirmed by blocking and adsorption experiments. The IgM-ELISA based on the recombinant nucleocapsid protein showed a strong correlation (r=0.857, p<0.0001 at 95% CI) and good agreement (kappa=0.714) with the conventional Vero cell culture distemper antigen based IgM-ELISA. The percent positivity was more in dogs with systemic signs (62%) by recombinant nucleocapsid protein IgM-ELISA. Out of 70 clinical serum samples, 69 samples were used along with 4 control sera used in the IgM-ELISA for the detection of viral RNA by Slot blot hybridization and 26 of them (36%) were positive. Fifty-one percent agreement was observed between the recombinant nucleocapsid protein IgM-ELISA and Slot blot hybridization. The analysis of clinical history of the dogs with systemic signs supported the application of IgM-ELISA over Slot blot hybridization in the early detection of distemper infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Latha
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai 600025, India
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20
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Burtscher H, Url A. Evidence of canine distemper and suggestion of preceding parvovirus-myocarditis in a Eurasian badger (Meles meles). J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 38:139-42. [PMID: 17469291 DOI: 10.1638/05-016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An approximately 1.5-yr-old free-ranging male Eurasian badger (Meles meles) from the eastern part of Austria had macroscopic and microscopic lesions consistent with canine distemper virus infection, including nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis, interstitial pneumonia with accumulation of macrophages in alveoli that contained intranuclear inclusion bodies, vesicular exanthema of the ventral abdomen, and atrophy of lymphoid tissues. Canine distemper virus-antigen was demonstrable in a variety of organs by using immunohistology. In addition, there were widespread areas of fibrosis in the myocardium that were rich in collagen and paucicellular. Because such changes are comparable with sequelae of the acute cardiac form of canine parvovirus (CPV) infection in dogs, it was speculated that this badger may have experienced CPV myocarditis as a cub but that the corresponding antigen or DNA was not detectable due to resolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Burtscher
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Rodriguez-Tovar LE, Ramírez-Romero R, Valdez-Nava Y, Nevárez-Garza AM, Zárate-Ramos JJ, López A. Combined distemper-adenoviral pneumonia in a dog. Can Vet J 2007; 48:632-4. [PMID: 17616064 PMCID: PMC1876197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A 3 1/2-month-old pug with oculonasal discharge and seizures was submitted for postmortem examination. Grossly, the lungs had cranioventral consolidation, and microscopically, 2 distinct types of inclusion bodies compatible with Canine distemper virus and Canine adenovirus type 2. Presence of both viruses was confirmed via immunohistochemical staining.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alfonso López
- Address all correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Alfonso López; e-mail:
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22
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Latha D, Geetha M, Ramadass P, Narayanan RB. Evaluation of ELISA based on the conserved and functional middle region of nucleocapsid protein to detect distemper infection in dogs. Vet Microbiol 2007; 120:251-60. [PMID: 17224247 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 287bp fragment from the middle region of the nucleocapsid protein of canine distemper virus (CDV) was amplified from the conjunctival samples of distemper-infected dogs and was cloned into pRSET B vector. The recombinant protein was expressed as a 16-kDa-fusion protein with histidine tag in E. coli. Sera of distemper-infected and vaccinated dogs contained IgG antibodies against the purified recombinant protein as observed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and showed a strong correlation (r=0.882, p<0.0001 at 95% CI) and good agreement (kappa=0.718) with the conventional tissue culture viral antigen based ELISA. Further, the results of recombinant protein based ELISA and Western blotting with the sera from the infected and vaccinated dogs correlated well (kappa=0.8226). These findings recommend the use of the recombinant protein in the serodiagnosis of canine distemper virus infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Latha
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai, India
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23
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Rosatte R, Wandeler A, Muldoon F, Campbell D. Porcupine quills in raccoons as an indicator of rabies, distemper, or both diseases: disease management implications. Can Vet J 2007; 48:299-300. [PMID: 17436909 PMCID: PMC1800957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A relationship was detected between the presence of embedded porcupine quills and the diagnosis of rabies in raccoons in eastern Canada during 1999-2004. No relationship was found between the presence of quills in raccoons and the diagnosis of canine distemper. Raccoons with embedded quills should be submitted for rabies testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Rosatte
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Rabies Research and Development Unit, Trent University, Science Complex, P.O. Box 4840, Peterborough, Ontario.
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24
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Demeter Z, Lakatos B, Palade EA, Kozma T, Forgách P, Rusvai M. Genetic diversity of Hungarian canine distemper virus strains. Vet Microbiol 2007; 122:258-69. [PMID: 17350769 PMCID: PMC7117499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To achieve proper diagnosis of dogs based on acute clinical symptoms and poorly preserved field samples taken from animals that died due to canine distemper (CD), a new differential diagnostic test has been developed based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this study, more than 150 samples collected from dogs showing respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological signs suggesting canine distemper virus (CDV) infection were examined. The samples consisted of urine, blood and nasal swabs collected from clinically ill patients, sent to our laboratory by clinicians from various veterinary clinics throughout Hungary. Various organs collected during the necropsy of dogs with pathological changes that suggested CDV infection were also included. Three distinct PCRs were designed. For diagnostic purposes, a primer pair specific to a 409 bases-long segment within the conservative part of the large polymerase region (L) of the CDV genome was designed. Using this test, out of the 150 analyzed samples, 46 (30.66%) proved to be positive for CDV, indicating that CDV still represents a high risk to the canine population in Hungary. For the phylogenetical analysis, a primer pair that completely encompasses the hemagglutinin (H) gene of the CDV genome was designed. The amplicons of this region were sequenced in both directions using the appropriate primers. Our results indicate that several different CDV genotypes are currently present in Hungary. Nine of the analyzed Hungarian strains turned out to belong to the so-called Arctic group of CDVs, and were most closely related to non-European strains from North America, China and Greenland, as well as to the phocine distemper virus 2 (PDV-2) isolated from Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica). One of the Hungarian strains showed high similarity to other European isolates from Denmark, Germany, Italy and Turkey, as well as to other isolates from geographically more distant regions, such as the USA. Three Hungarian strains seem to join a new cluster that is formed by only a couple of strains, one isolated from a mink in Denmark, and another from a dog in North America. Using a third set of primers, a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay has also been designed for the fast and reliable differentiation of the wild-type CDVs from the vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Demeter
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Szent István University, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, István u 2, Hungary.
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25
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Martella V, Elia G, Lucente MS, Decaro N, Lorusso E, Banyai K, Blixenkrone-Møller M, Lan NT, Yamaguchi R, Cirone F, Carmichael LE, Buonavoglia C. Genotyping canine distemper virus (CDV) by a hemi-nested multiplex PCR provides a rapid approach for investigation of CDV outbreaks. Vet Microbiol 2007; 122:32-42. [PMID: 17275219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CDV is a highly contagious viral pathogen causing a lethal systemic disease in dogs and other carnivores. Several lineages or genotypes of CDV exist that are variously distributed throughout several continents. Legal or uncontrolled trading of animals may modify the epidemiology of CDV, introducing novel strains in CDV-naïve areas or accounting for the resurgence of CDV in areas where vaccine prophylaxis was effective and successful to control the disease. A hemi-nested PCR system was developed to genotype strains of the major CDV lineages, America-1, Europe, Asia-1, Asia-2 and Arctic. The assay was tested using a collection of 27 laboratory and vaccine strains and of 36 field CDV strains. Distinct lineages could be differentiated by specific primers targeted to the H gene. The method could be useful for molecular epidemiological studies of CDV, providing a tool for large-scale studies, and for the diagnosis of vaccine-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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26
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Liang CT, Chueh LL, Pang VF, Zhuo YX, Liang SC, Yu CK, Chiang H, Lee CC, Liu CH. A Non-biotin Polymerized Horseradish-peroxidase Method for the Immunohistochemical Diagnosis of Canine Distemper. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:57-64. [PMID: 17258225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a modified non-biotin polymerized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immunohistochemical method for the diagnosis of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection from formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissues. This method confirmed infection in seven of eight (87.5%) suspected cases. Labelled CDV antigen was observed in the following sites: cerebrum, cerebellum, meninges, glial cells, neurons, vascular endothelium, periventricular areas and pericytes, and choroid plexus; grey and white matter and central canal of the spinal cord; renal pelvis and tubular epithelium, and urinary bladder epithelium; macrophages and lymphocytes in splenic white pulp and lymph nodes; skin epidermis; bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar macrophages; hepatic Kupffer cells, and gastric and intestinal mucosal epithelium; stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue and oesophagus. With the non-biotin HRP detection system, pretreatment by autoclaving followed by microwave heating gave better labelling results than did microwave pretreatment alone. No obvious difference was noted between the labelling results produced by the non-biotin HRP detection system and the Super Sensitive Link-Label IHC detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Liang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei 115
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27
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Hammer AS, Dietz HH, Hamilton-Dutoit S. Immunohistochemical detection of 3 viral infections in paraffin-embedded tissue from mink (Mustela vison): a tissue-microarray-based study. Can J Vet Res 2007; 71:8-13. [PMID: 17193876 PMCID: PMC1635994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were developed and tested for the detection of 3 viral infections in archived paraffin-embedded mink tissue. Specimens had been obtained from mink with diagnoses of acute Aleutian disease (AD), mink parvoviral enteritis (MVE), or canine distemper (CD) made by means of routine diagnostic procedures. To improve the efficiency and reduce the costs of IHC analyses, tissue microarray (TMA) technology was used. Representative cores 2 mm in diameter from each tissue specimen and from positive- and negative-control specimens were collected in a TMA block. Immunohistochemical reactions to viral antigens were assessed and graded. Positive reactions were found in 91% of the 32 specimens from mink with AD, 53% to 80% of the 60 specimens from mink with MVE, and all 66 of the specimens from mink with CD. To validate the use of TMAs, the IHC methods were applied to whole-mount paraffin-embedded sections of 10 of the positive specimens for each disease, together with whole-mount sections of small intestine and lung tissue from 2 healthy mink. The IHC grading of the TMA cores and the whole-mount sections from the same animal corresponded completely. These results suggest that IHC demonstration of viral antigen allows rapid and reliable diagnosis of the 3 viral infections in mink and is a potential supplement to histologic diagnostic procedures. The TMA technique proved useful for screening large numbers of samples for expression of specific viral antigens, while reducing overall costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sofie Hammer
- Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, 2 Hangoevej, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
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28
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Moretti LD, Da Silva AV, Ribeiro MG, Paes AC, Langoni H. Toxoplasma gondii genotyping in a dog co-infected with distemper virus and ehrlichiosis rickettsia. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006; 48:359-63. [PMID: 17221136 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652006000600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a toxoplasmosis, erhlichiosis and distemper co-infection in a dog with an exuberant neuropathological clinical picture. Primary involvement was discussed based on information collected in the analysis of the clinical case, such as neurological impairment, epidemiological data, poor immunoprophylactic scheme of the dog affected and the role of these diseases on immunosuppression. Canine distemper and ehrlichiosis were diagnosed based on epidemiologic data, clinical signs, hematological and cytological evaluation. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated and genetically characterized as Type I using restriction analysis (RFLP) with SAG-2 genes. Immunosuppression features of both dogs and human beings are discussed, as well as implications on animal and public health. This is the first report on toxoplasmosis, ehrlichiosis and distemper co-infection in a dog in Brazil, associated with genotyping determination of the T. gondii strain involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro d'Arc Moretti
- Serviço de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Rua 13 de Maio 1558, São Paulo 01327-002, SP, Brazil.
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29
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Amude AM, Alfieri AA, Alfieri AF. Clinicopathological findings in dogs with distemper encephalomyelitis presented without characteristic signs of the disease. Res Vet Sci 2006; 82:416-22. [PMID: 17084426 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The clinical diagnosis of distemper is difficult in dogs presented with nervous deficits in the absence of extraneural signs and myoclonus. The aim of this study is to verify how the clinicopathological findings may suggest distemper encephalomyelitis in such cases. We prospectively investigated 20 necropsied dogs presented with neurological signs without those characteristic signs of distemper at the time of hospital admission. Eight out of 20 dogs were diagnosed with distemper encephalomyelitis at post mortem by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and histological examination. Cerebellar and/or vestibular signs progressing to tetraparesis/plegia were frequent neurological signs. Abnormalities in hematologic findings were non-specific, nevertheless the cerebrospinal fluid evaluation could suggest canine distemper virus (CDV) infection by a lymphocytic pleocytosis. At post mortem chronic CDV encephalomyelitis was predominant. Our clinical results, as well as the predominance of chronic encephalomyelitis, differ from other studies about CDV encephalomyelitis with naturally infected dogs presenting extraneural signs and myoclonus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Amude
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, 86051-990 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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30
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Kim D, Jeoung SY, Ahn SJ, Lee JH, Pak SI, Kwon HM. Comparison of tissue and fluid samples for the early detection of canine distemper virus in experimentally infected dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:877-9. [PMID: 16953092 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical utility of various specimens was examined for the early diagnosis of canine distemper (CD). Seven healthy dogs at 17 weeks of age were experimentally infected with a field isolate of canine distemper virus. The RT-PCR was carried out to detect CDV NP gene. Dogs showed mild fever and leukopenia, however, typical clinical signs of CD were not seen through the experimental period. CDV amplicons were detected more, earlier and for longer period in the conjunctival swabs than in the other samples employed. These results suggested that conjunctival swab samples, which are easy to obtain and non-invasive, would be the most suitable and practical specimen for the early antemortem diagnosis of CDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Kim
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon, Republic of Korea
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31
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Amude AM, Alfieri AA, Alfieri AF. Antemortem Diagnosis of CDV Infection by RT-PCR in Distemper Dogs with Neurological Deficits without the Typical Clinical Presentation. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:679-87. [PMID: 16838210 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In dogs with neurological disturbances without myoclonus and extraneural signs, the clinical diagnosis of distemper is difficult perform. Considering the great infectious potential of the disease, the possibility of carrying out an antemortem diagnosis of distemper is important, particularly in hospitalized patients with neurological disease. The present study was carried out to evaluate RT-PCR for antemortem CDV detection in hospitalized dogs with neurological disturbances without the typical findings of distemper. We investigated five dogs with canine distemper virus (CDV) encephalomyelitis, in which the clinical diagnosis was not performed owing to the absence of characteristic signs of the disease, such as myoclonus and systemic signs. We observed an apparent high sensitivity of RT-PCR in urine samples for detection of CDV: four out of five urine samples were RT-PCR positive. The results of the present study suggest that urine is a good biological sample for antemortem CDV detection by RT-PCR in dogs with distemper encephalomyelitis in which the clinical diagnosis is likely to be difficult owing to the absence of suggestive distemper signs. The use of two different body fluids (urine and CSF) may increase the RT-PCR sensitivity for antemortem diagnosis of distemper in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Amude
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Elia G, Decaro N, Martella V, Cirone F, Lucente MS, Lorusso E, Di Trani L, Buonavoglia C. Detection of canine distemper virus in dogs by real-time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2006; 136:171-6. [PMID: 16750863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus is the etiological agent of a severe disease in dogs and many other carnivores. Clinical diagnosis of canine distemper is difficult due to the broad spectrum of signs that may be confounded with other respiratory and enteric diseases of dogs. Accordingly, a laboratory confirmation is required for suspected cases. In this study a real-time RT-PCR assay was developed for detection and quantitation of canine distemper virus. The assay exhibited high specificity as all the negative controls (no-template-controls and samples from healthy sero-negative dogs) and other canine pathogens were not misdetected. Up to 1 x 10(2) copies of RNA were detected by the TaqMan assay, thus revealing a high sensitivity. Quantitative TaqMan was validated on clinical samples, including various tissues and organs collected from dogs naturally infected by canine distemper virus. Urines, tonsil, conjunctival swabs and whole blood were found to contain high virus loads and therefore proved to be suitable targets for detection of canine distemper virus RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Elia
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, S.p. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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33
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Saito TB, Alfieri AA, Wosiacki SR, Negrão FJ, Morais HSA, Alfieri AF. Detection of canine distemper virus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the urine of dogs with clinical signs of distemper encephalitis. Res Vet Sci 2006; 80:116-9. [PMID: 15878186 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a prospective study we evaluated the use of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in urine samples to diagnose canine distemper virus in dogs with progressive neurological disease. A fragment of the nucleoprotein gene of canine distemper virus was amplified from the urine of 22 distemper dogs. The body fluids and leukocytes of 12 asymptomatic dogs were RT-PCR negative. RT-PCR of urine samples was more sensitive than serum and leukocytes and at least as sensitive as cerebrospinal fluid to screen for distemper in dogs with neurological signs and extraneural systemic signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Saito
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 6001, CEP: 86.051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Scurrell
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA
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35
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Abstract
A 7-month-old dog was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil with a 1-week history of seizure-like activity and compulsive walking. Neurological deficits included seizures, nystagmus, absence of a menace reaction, depressed postural reactions, spastic tetraparesis, opisthotonos, and spasticity of the thoracic limbs. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation showed severe lymphocytic pleocytosis (554 cells/microL, with 70% lymphocytes) and a protein concentration of 17 mg/dL. The histopathologic findings in cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem obtained at necropsy were compatible with acute encephalomyelitis caused by canine distemper virus (CDV). Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), CDV RNA was detected in both CSF and fragments of fresh brain tissue. The results indicated that CDV was the agent responsible for the clinical and laboratory presentation. Severe pleocytosis with lymphocyte predominance is an unusual finding in canine distemper and must be differentiated from granulomatous meningoencephalitis. RT-PCR on CSF is a useful, fast, and specific method to diagnose CDV infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M Amude
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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36
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Lan NT, Yamaguchi R, Inomata A, Furuya Y, Uchida K, Sugano S, Tateyama S. Comparative analyses of canine distemper viral isolates from clinical cases of canine distemper in vaccinated dogs. Vet Microbiol 2006; 115:32-42. [PMID: 16504421 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of three isolates of canine distemper virus (CDV) isolated from three dogs with a vaccination history were compared with the same analyses of vaccine virus isolated from a vaccine used for dogs. The three dogs showed clinical signs of a recent major type of CD in Japan, including oculonasal discharge and diarrhea, and pathological findings including non-suppurative encephalitis, pneumonia, mild gastroenteritis and lymphoid depletion. Inclusion bodies were in the stomach without inflammation and encephalitis was without clinical signs. One of the highest titers of CDV in different organs of the three dogs was commonly systemic lymphatic organs, including the spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils. New isolates of CDV joined to the clades of the Asia 1 group that is far from the vaccine group. These results surely indicate that wild strains of CDV from dogs with a vaccination history were not reversed vaccine virus, and that the dogs showed characteristics of recent CD in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Lan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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37
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Abstract
Reverse transcription loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) was used to detect canine distemper virus (CDV) genomic RNA. A set of four primers, two outer and two inner, were designed from CDV genomic RNA targeting the nucleocapsid protein gene. The optimal reaction time and temperature for LAMP were determined to be 60 min at 65°C. The relative sensitivity and specificity of RT‐LAMP was found to be 100% and 93.3%, respectively, based on 50 canine blood samples and using RT‐PCR as the gold standard. The detection limit of the RT‐LAMP method was 100 times lower than with RT‐PCR (10‐1TCID50 ml−1 versus 10TCID50 ml−1). In addition to the advantage resulting from the visual detection of the end‐product, the LAMP method is fast, requiring only 1 h to complete the assay. The LAMP method is a viable alternative to RT‐PCR for diagnosing CDV infection in dogs. The LAMP method might be useful as an on site diagnostic assay for detecting CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. S. Cho
- Address of authors: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500‐757, Korea
| | - N. Y. Park
- Address of authors: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500‐757, Korea
- Corresponding author: Tel.: +82 62 530 2843; fax: +82 62 530 2847; E‐mail:
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Damián M, Morales E, Salas G, Trigo FJ. Immunohistochemical detection of antigens of distemper, adenovirus and parainfluenza viruses in domestic dogs with pneumonia. J Comp Pathol 2005; 133:289-93. [PMID: 16202422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lungs of 35 dogs that died in Mexico from acute or subacute pneumonia were examined immunohistochemically for canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus (CAV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CpiV), to determine their frequency and occurrence and possible associations. CDV was identified in 27 (77%) cases, CAV in 20 (57%) and CpiV in 18 (51%). The most frequent dual association was that between CDV and CpiV (five cases; 14%). All three viruses, however, were identified in the same lung in 10 cases. Immunolabelling occurred in alveolar macrophages, monocytes, pneumocytes, epithelial cells and syncytial cells. It was concluded that immunohistochemistry is a useful diagnostic tool in canine respiratory disease to complement histopathological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Damián
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Husbandry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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39
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Abstract
Two pairs of primers were prepared, both localized within the sequences of the nucleoprotein gene (NP) of canine distemper virus (CDV). A number of experiments were done to optimize the conditions of RT-PCR and nested PCR methods. The nucleic acids of the Onderstepoort, Rockborn, Snyder Hill and Lederle strains of CDV could be detected with these primers. However, they did not react with the sequences of the Edmonston strain of the measles virus. The detection limit for RT-PCR was 10 TCID50 and for nested PCR 0.1 TCID50 of CDV. The RT-PCR was able to demonstrate the nucleic acid of CDV in the blood of all seven puppies vaccinated with a modified live virus. Blood samples of 23 dogs clinically suspected of distemper were examined by RT-PCR combined with nested PCR, and the results were compared with the detection of the CDV antigen in the smears from the mucous membranes by the direct immunofluorescence (IF) test. Of the 23 dogs, 12 were positive in nested PCR, six in the IF assay, and only two in single RT-PCR. It is concluded that nested PCR seems to be the most sensitive method for ante-mortem diagnosis of canine distemper, especially in its subacute or chronic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jóźwik
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, ul. Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Oyedele OI, Oluwayelu DO, Cadmus SIB, Odemuyiwa SO, Adu FD. Protective levels of canine distemper virus antibody in an urban dog population using plaque reduction neutralization test. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2004; 71:227-30. [PMID: 15580772 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v71i3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood samples from 50 dogs were collected at three veterinary clinics in Ibadan and Abuja, Nigeria and the serum from each sample was evaluated serologically for neutralizing antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) by the highly sensitive plaque reduction (PRN) neutralization assay. Thirteen dogs had plaque reduction neutralization titres of 0-100, seven had titres of 100-1,000 while 30 had titres ranging from 1,000-6,000. The PRN titres of vaccinated dogs were found to be significantly higher than unvaccinated dogs. The widespread use of the highly reproducible PRN test for the evaluation of antibody response to CDV may be very important in the generation of international CDV positive serum standards that should help to improve pre-and post-vaccination testing of dogs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Oyedele
- Department of Virology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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41
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Stanton JB, Brown CC, Poet S, Lipscomb TP, Saliki J, Frasca S. Retrospective differentiation of canine distemper virus and phocine distemper virus in phocids. J Wildl Dis 2004; 40:53-9. [PMID: 15137488 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-40.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from one Caspian seal (Phoca caspica), one harp seal (Phoca groenlandica), one hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), and one harbor seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina) were used to compare the utility of immunohistochemistry (IHC) versus that of a novel seminested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and differentiate canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper virus (PDV). Four antibodies made against PDV were able to detect both viruses. Two antibodies made against cetacean morbillivirus (CMV) did not label antigens from either CDV or PDV. A third anti-CMV antibody inconsistently stained CDV antigens but did not label PDV antigens. The seminested RT-PCR was able to detect RNA of the phosphoprotein gene in all positive cases. Nucleotide sequence analyses of seminested RT-PCR products were used to differentiate CDV RNA from PDV RNA. From these data, it was determined that IHC using antibodies generated against PDV provided a rapid means of detection for both CDV and PDV antigens; however, differentiation between CDV and PDV was achieved only with the RT-PCR assay.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Base Sequence
- Distemper/diagnosis
- Distemper/virology
- Distemper Virus, Canine/classification
- Distemper Virus, Canine/genetics
- Distemper Virus, Canine/immunology
- Distemper Virus, Canine/isolation & purification
- Distemper Virus, Phocine/classification
- Distemper Virus, Phocine/genetics
- Distemper Virus, Phocine/immunology
- Distemper Virus, Phocine/isolation & purification
- Immunohistochemistry/veterinary
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Retrospective Studies
- Seals, Earless/virology
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Stanton
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- T Barrett
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF
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43
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Shin YJ, Cho KO, Cho HS, Kang SK, Kim HJ, Kim YH, Park HS, Park NY. Comparison of one-step RT-PCR and a nested PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus in clinical samples. Aust Vet J 2004; 82:83-6. [PMID: 15088966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb14651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of canine distemper virus (CDV) by nested PCR using clinical specimens. DESIGN A nested PCR was developed, compared to a one-step RT-PCR and validated. PROCEDURE Two sets of specific primers for a one-step RT-PCR and a nested PCR, targeting a 640 bp fragment and a 297 bp fragment, respectively, were selected from the highly conserved region of the nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene of CDV. The nested PCR and the one-step RT-PCR were used to amplify a part of the CDV NP gene of a CDV vaccinal strain and samples of urine, blood, nasal discharge and saliva from 29 dogs suspected of suffering CD. RESULTS Both the one-step RT-PCR and the nested PCR reacted with the CDV vaccinal strain, but not with canine parvovirus. The expected 640 bp fragment of the NP gene was detected in 11/22 (50.0%) blood, 10/20 (50.0%) urine, 5/25 (20.0%) saliva and 6/27 (22.2%) nasal swab samples by one-step RT-PCR, whereas the nested PCR amplified an expected 297 bp fragment of the NP gene in 18/22 (81.8%) blood, 15/20 (75.0%) urine, 14/25 (56%) saliva and 19/27 (70.3%) nasal swab samples. CONCLUSION The nested PCR detected CDV in blood, urine, nasal swab and saliva more frequently than did the one-step RT-PCR. Therefore, this assay should be a useful aid to antemortem diagnosis of CDV infections in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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44
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Hammer AS, Dietz HH, Andersen TH, Nielsen L, Blixenkrone-Moeller M. Distemper virus as a cause of central nervous disease and death in badgers (Meles meles
) in Denmark. Vet Rec 2004; 154:527-30. [PMID: 15134165 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.17.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During the summer of 2002 a distemper-like disease was observed in the free-ranging badger population in Denmark. It was characterised by grand seizures, abnormal behaviour and death; the badgers all had severe chronic pneumonia and some had non-suppurative encephalomyelitis. In this study, eight of the affected badgers were examined by gross pathological, histological, immunohistological, bacteriological, parasitological and virological methods, and were diagnosed with distemper; canine distemper virus was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Hammer
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200 Arhus, Denmark
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45
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Decaro N, Camero M, Greco G, Zizzo N, Tinelli A, Campolo M, Pratelli A, Buonavoglia C. Canine distemper and related diseases: report of a severe outbreak in a kennel. New Microbiol 2004; 27:177-81. [PMID: 15164629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of canine distemper in a kennel of German shepherds in the province of Bari is reported. Six 42-day-old pups developed typical signs of canine distemper (fever, conjunctivitis, respiratory distress and enteritis) and died within 7-10 days. Neurological symptoms were observed only in one pup. Four additional pups, which had shown no sign of illness, were separated and vaccinated, but two of these developed a severe, fatal nervous form 15 days later. Post-mortem examination, carried out on two pups which died without neurological signs, showed pneumonia and enteritis, more severe in one of the two examined pups. Smears from the brain and the conjunctiva of both dogs tested positive for canine distemper virus (CDV) by an immunofluorescent assay, confirmed by the identification of viral RNA using RT-PCR. Bordetella bronchiseptica and a canine adenovirus strain, characterized as canine adenovirus type 2 by a differential PCR assay, were isolated from the lungs of the pup showing the most pronounced lesions. Furthermore, canine coronavirus was detected by PCR in the intestinal content of this pup, suggesting a multifactorial aetiology of the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Decaro
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Valenzano, BA, Italy
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46
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Takayama N. [Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis after being bitten by a ferret suspected to have rabies, case report]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2004; 78:274-6. [PMID: 15103911 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
A woman bought two ferrets from a pet shop. These ferrets became brutal soon, excreted a large amount of saliva and then died. One of these ferrets had bitten the owner's hand before it died. As for the ferret, rabies and distemper were suspected. To receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis the woman visited our vaccine clinic. To clarify the ferret's cause of death virological examinations were requested to Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health. The rabies examination of the ferret that had bitten the owner was performed according the law. However the tests of the other ferret that had not bitten the owner was not done though it was suspected to die from rabies, because the law does not mention such a case like the latter ferret. The virological tests concerning distemper were not accepted by the Institute, so the examination was done at a private laboratory. These two ferrets were diagnosed to have had distemper from the results. It is clearly shown from this bite-accident that the legal system where the cause of the animal's death required is extremely incomplete in Japan.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scagliarini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Pathology, University of Bologna Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bo), Italy.
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48
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Soma T, Ishii H, Hara M, Ohe K, Hagimori I, Ishikawa Y, Taneno A. Detection of canine distemper virus antigen in canine serum and its application to diagnosis. Vet Rec 2003; 153:499-501. [PMID: 14601797 DOI: 10.1136/vr.153.16.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) antigen was detected in the serum of dogs by an ELISA and the results of this assay were compared with an anti-CDV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody test. In paired sera from 26 naturally infected dogs, the antigen-positive rate was 26.9 per cent at the first examination and 11.5 per cent at the second examination two to three weeks later. The antigen was detected in three of the 10 dogs which were negative for anti-CDV IgM antibody at the first examination. It could also be detected in the serum of between eight and two of 40 specific pathogen-free dogs vaccinated against CDV, for up to four weeks after they were vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Soma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Marupi Lifetech, 103 Fushiocho, Ikeda, Osaka 563-0011, Japan
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49
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Maes RK, Wise AG, Fitzgerald SD, Ramudo A, Kline J, Vilnis A, Benson C. A canine distemper outbreak in Alaska: diagnosis and strain characterization using sequence analysis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2003; 15:213-20. [PMID: 12735343 DOI: 10.1177/104063870301500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with modified-live vaccines has been very effective in reducing the incidence of canine distemper, a disease that can be devastating in unvaccinated populations. A diagnostic submission to the Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, involved a case in which several hundred dogs in an Alaskan town died in a suspected canine distemper outbreak. Cytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, consistent with canine distemper virus (CDV) infection, were found in urinary bladder, spleen, lung, and salivary gland. Direct fluorescent antibody test gave results that could be considered positive for canine distemper. Because of the condition of the tissues received, the histopathology and fluorescent antibody-staining results were suggestive but not conclusive of CDV. In this study, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and DNA sequencing were used to confirm the presence of canine distemper virus in these tissues and to perform molecular characterization of the virus. Immunohistochemistry showed the presence of the virus in spleen, lung, and salivary gland. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR in brain, spleen, liver, lung, and kidney, both with nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein (P)-gene-specific primers. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of a 540-bp P-gene fragment of the Alaskan strain with corresponding sequences of 2 vaccine and 7 wild-type CDV strains showed that the virus responsible for the outbreak was closely related to a virulent strain of distemper virus from Siberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger K Maes
- Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mos
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, PO Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
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