1
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Daniels RS, Galiano M, Ermetal B, Kwong J, Lau CS, Xiang Z, McCauley JW, Lo J. Temporal and Gene Reassortment Analysis of Influenza C Virus Outbreaks in Hong Kong, SAR, China. J Virol 2022; 96:e0192821. [PMID: 34787455 PMCID: PMC8826914 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01928-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2014 to week 07/2020 the Centre for Health Protection in Hong Kong conducted screening for influenza C virus (ICV). A retrospective analysis of ICV detections to week 26/2019 revealed persistent low-level circulation with outbreaks occurring biennially in the winters of 2015 to 2016 and 2017 to 2018 (R. S. Daniels et al., J Virol 94:e01051-20, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01051-20). Here, we report on an outbreak occurring in 2019 to 2020, reinforcing the observation of biennial seasonality in Hong Kong. All three outbreaks occurred in similar time frames, were subsequently dwarfed by seasonal epidemics of influenza types A and B, and were caused by similar proportions of C/Kanagawa/1/76 (K)-lineage and C/São Paulo/378/82 S1- and S2-sublineage viruses. Ongoing genetic drift was observed in all genes, with some evidence of amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) glycoprotein possibly associated with antigenic drift. A total of 61 ICV genomes covering the three outbreaks were analyzed for reassortment, and 9 different reassortant constellations were identified, 1 K-lineage, 4 S1-sublineage, and 4 S2-sublineage, with 6 of these being identified first in the 2019-1920 outbreak (2 S2-lineage and 4 S1-lineage). The roles that virus interference/enhancement, ICV persistent infection, genome evolution, and reassortment might play in the observed seasonality of ICV in Hong Kong are discussed. IMPORTANCE Influenza C virus (ICV) infection of humans is common, with the great majority of people being infected during childhood, though reinfection can occur throughout life. While infection normally results in "cold-like" symptoms, severe disease cases have been reported in recent years. However, knowledge of ICV is limited due to poor systematic surveillance and an inability to propagate the virus in large amounts in the laboratory. Following recent systematic surveillance in Hong Kong SAR, China, and direct ICV gene sequencing from clinical specimens, a 2-year cycle of disease outbreaks (epidemics) has been identified, with gene mixing playing a significant role in ICV evolution. Studies like those reported here are key to developing an understanding of the impact of influenza C virus infection in humans, notably where comorbidities exist and severe respiratory disease can develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S. Daniels
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Galiano
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Burcu Ermetal
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmine Kwong
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi S. Lau
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - John W. McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janice Lo
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Gischke M, Bagato O, Breithaupt A, Scheibner D, Blaurock C, Vallbracht M, Karger A, Crossley B, Veits J, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. The role of glycosylation in the N-terminus of the hemagglutinin of a unique H4N2 with a natural polybasic cleavage site in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. Virulence 2021; 12:666-678. [PMID: 33538209 PMCID: PMC7872060 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1881344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, only low pathogenic (LP) H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been observed to naturally shift to a highly pathogenic (HP) phenotype after mutation of the monobasic hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site (HACS) to polybasic motifs. The LPAIV monobasic HACS is activated by tissue-restricted trypsin-like enzymes, while the HPAIV polybasic HACS is activated by ubiquitous furin-like enzymes. However, glycosylation near the HACS can affect proteolytic activation and reduced virulence of some HPAIV in chickens. In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic HACS was isolated from quails but was LP in chickens. Whether glycosylation sites (GS) near the HACS hinder the evolution of HPAIV H4N2 remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the prevalence of potential GS in the N-terminus of HA1, 2NYT4 and 18NGT20, in all AIV sequences and studied their impact on H4N2 virus fitness. Although the two motifs are conserved, some non-H5/H7 subtypes lack one or both GS. Both sites were glycosylated in this H4N2 virus. Deglycosylation increased trypsin-independent replication in cell culture, cell-to-cell spread and syncytium formation at low-acidic pH, but negatively affected the thermostability and receptor-binding affinity. Alteration of 2NYT4 with or without 18NGT20 enabled systemic spread of the virus to different organs including the brain of chicken embryos. However, all intranasally inoculated chickens did not show clinical signs. Together, although the conserved GS near the HACS are important for HA stability and receptor binding, deglycosylation increased the H4N2 HA-activation, replication and tissue tropism suggesting a potential role for virus adaptation in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Blaurock
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Melina Vallbracht
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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3
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Broszeit F, van Beek RJ, Unione L, Bestebroer TM, Chapla D, Yang JY, Moremen KW, Herfst S, Fouchier RAM, de Vries RP, Boons GJ. Glycan remodeled erythrocytes facilitate antigenic characterization of recent A/H3N2 influenza viruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5449. [PMID: 34521834 PMCID: PMC8440751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During circulation in humans and natural selection to escape antibody recognition for decades, A/H3N2 influenza viruses emerged with altered receptor specificities. These viruses lost the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes critical for antigenic characterization and give low yields and acquire adaptive mutations when cultured in eggs and cells, contributing to recent vaccine challenges. Examination of receptor specificities of A/H3N2 viruses reveals that recent viruses compensated for decreased binding of the prototypic human receptor by recognizing α2,6-sialosides on extended LacNAc moieties. Erythrocyte glycomics shows an absence of extended glycans providing a rationale for lack of agglutination by recent A/H3N2 viruses. A glycan remodeling approach installing functional receptors on erythrocytes, allows antigenic characterization of recent A/H3N2 viruses confirming the cocirculation of antigenically different viruses in humans. Computational analysis of HAs in complex with sialosides having extended LacNAc moieties reveals that mutations distal to the RBD reoriented the Y159 side chain resulting in an extended receptor binding site.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Erythrocytes/virology
- Glycomics/methods
- Glycosides/chemistry
- Glycosides/metabolism
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Microarray Analysis/methods
- Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Sialic Acids/chemistry
- Sialic Acids/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Broszeit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Rosanne J van Beek
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Unione
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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4
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Halldorsson S, Sader K, Turner J, Calder LJ, Rosenthal PB. In situ structure and organization of the influenza C virus surface glycoprotein. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1694. [PMID: 33727554 PMCID: PMC7966785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid-enveloped influenza C virus contains a single surface glycoprotein, the haemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein, that mediates receptor binding, receptor destruction, and membrane fusion at the low pH of the endosome. Here we apply electron cryotomography and subtomogram averaging to describe the structural basis for hexagonal lattice formation by HEF on the viral surface. The conformation of the glycoprotein in situ is distinct from the structure of the isolated trimeric ectodomain, showing that a splaying of the membrane distal domains is required to mediate contacts that form the lattice. The splaying of these domains is also coupled to changes in the structure of the stem region which is involved in membrane fusion, thereby linking HEF's membrane fusion conformation with its assembly on the virus surface. The glycoprotein lattice can form independent of other virion components but we show a major role for the matrix layer in particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Halldorsson
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kasim Sader
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Turner
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley J Calder
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Daniels RS, Tse H, Ermetal B, Xiang Z, Jackson DJ, Guntoro J, Nicod J, Stewart A, Cross KJ, Hussain S, McCauley JW, Lo J. Molecular Characterization of Influenza C Viruses from Outbreaks in Hong Kong SAR, China. J Virol 2020; 94:e01051-20. [PMID: 32817211 PMCID: PMC7565627 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01051-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2014, the Centre for Health Protection in Hong Kong introduced screening for influenza C virus (ICV) as part of its routine surveillance for infectious agents in specimens collected from patients presenting with symptoms of respiratory viral infection, including influenza-like illness (ILI). A retrospective analysis of ICV detections up to week 26 of 2019 revealed persistent low-level circulation, with two outbreaks having occurred in the winters of 2015 to 2016 and 2017 to 2018. These outbreaks occurred at the same time as, and were dwarfed by, seasonal epidemics of influenza types A and B. Gene sequencing studies on stored ICV-positive clinical specimens from the two outbreaks have shown that the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) genes of the viruses fall into two of the six recognized genetic lineages (represented by C/Kanagawa/1/76 and C/São Paulo/378/82), with there being significant genetic drift compared to earlier circulating viruses within both lineages. The location of a number of encoded amino acid substitutions in hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) glycoproteins suggests that antigenic drift may also have occurred. Observations of ICV outbreaks in other countries, with some of the infections being associated with severe disease, indicates that ICV infection has the potential to have significant clinical and health care impacts in humans.IMPORTANCE Influenza C virus infection of humans is common, and reinfection can occur throughout life. While symptoms are generally mild, severe disease cases have been reported, but knowledge of the virus is limited, as little systematic surveillance for influenza C virus is conducted and the virus cannot be studied by classical virologic methods because it cannot be readily isolated in laboratories. A combination of systematic surveillance in Hong Kong SAR, China, and new gene sequencing methods has been used in this study to assess influenza C virus evolution and provides evidence for a 2-year cycle of disease outbreaks. The results of studies like that reported here are key to developing an understanding of the impact of influenza C virus infection in humans and how virus evolution might be associated with epidemics.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Disease Outbreaks
- Epidemiological Monitoring
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/metabolism
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Hong Kong/epidemiology
- Humans
- Infant
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Gammainfluenzavirus/enzymology
- Gammainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Mutation
- Phylogeny
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Retrospective Studies
- Viral Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Daniels
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herman Tse
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Burcu Ermetal
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J Jackson
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Guntoro
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Nicod
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aengus Stewart
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Cross
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saira Hussain
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - John W McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janice Lo
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Abstract
Infections by H1-H16 influenza A viruses require sufficient binding of viral hemagglutinins (HAs) to specific target receptors, glycoconjugates bearing sialyl sugar chains, on the host cell surface. Synthesized sialyl sugar chains targeting sialyl sugar-binding sites in HAs that are immutable as long as the virus does not switch to a different host species might therefore be highly effective candidate drugs for inhibition of the initial required step of virus entry. In this chapter, we describe the following aspects of updated sialyl sugar chains as influenza A virus HA inhibitors (HAIs): (1) mode of terminal sialyl-galactose linkage, (2) molecular length and structure of sialyl glycan receptors, (3) multivalent sialyl sugar chain dimension, (4) clustering of sialyl sugar chains on macromolecular scaffolds, and (5) enhancement of the stability of sialyl sugar chain HA inhibitors. We also discuss about the use of HAI-based combinations that should be considered for future influenza therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
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7
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Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Furuse Y, Shimotai Y, Hongo S, Mizuta K, Nishimura H. Neutralizing Epitopes and Residues Mediating the Potential Antigenic Drift of the Hemagglutinin-Esterase Protein of Influenza C Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:E417. [PMID: 30096880 PMCID: PMC6116000 DOI: 10.3390/v10080417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We mapped the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) antigenic epitopes of the influenza C virus on the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the HE glycoprotein using 246 escape mutants that were selected by a panel of nine anti-HE monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), including seven of the C/Ann Arbor/1/50 virus and two of the C/Yamagata/15/2004 virus. The frequency of variant selection in the presence of anti-HE MAbs was very low, with frequencies ranging from 10-4.62 to 10-7.58 for the C/Ann Arbor/1/50 virus and from 10-7.11 to 10-9.25 for the C/Yamagata/15/2004 virus. Sequencing of mutant HE genes revealed 25 amino acid substitutions at 16 positions in three antigenic sites: A-1, A-2, and A-3, and a newly designated Y-1 site. In the 3D structure, the A-1 site was widely located around the receptor-binding site, the A-2 site was near the receptor-destroying enzyme site, and the Y-1 site was located in the loop on the topside of HE. The hemagglutination inhibition reactions of the MAbs with influenza C viruses, circulating between 1947 and 2016, were consistent with the antigenic-site amino acid changes. We also found some amino acid variations in the antigenic site of recently circulating strains with antigenic changes, suggesting that viruses that have the potential to alter antigenicity continue to circulate in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Kanetsu Sugawara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Yuki Furuse
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan.
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8
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Atwater J, Mattes DS, Streit B, von Bojničić-Kninski C, Loeffler FF, Breitling F, Fuchs H, Hirtz M. Combinatorial Synthesis of Macromolecular Arrays by Microchannel Cantilever Spotting (µCS). Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1801632. [PMID: 29938845 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surface-bound microarrays of multiple oligo- and macromolecules (e.g., peptides, DNA) offer versatile options in biomedical applications like drug screening, DNA analysis, or medical diagnostics. Combinatorial syntheses of these molecules in situ can save significant resources in regard to processing time and material use. Furthermore, high feature densities are needed to enable high-throughput and low sample volumes as generally regarded in combinatorial chemistry. Here, a scanning-probe-lithography-based approach for the combinatorial in situ synthesis of macromolecules is presented in microarray format. Feature sizes below 40 µm allow for the creation of high-density arrays with feature densities of 62 500 features per cm2 . To demonstrate feasibility of this approach for biomedical applications, a multiplexed array of functional protein tags (HA- and FLAG-tag) is synthesized, and selective binding of respective epitope recognizing antibodies is shown. This approach uses only small amounts of base chemicals for synthesis and can be further parallelized, therefore, opening up a route to flexible, highly dense, and cost-effective microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn Atwater
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry Doane University, 014 Boswell Ave, Crete, NE, 68333, USA
| | - Daniela S Mattes
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bettina Streit
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Clemens von Bojničić-Kninski
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Felix F Loeffler
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Frank Breitling
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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9
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Worch R, Dudek A, Krupa J, Szymaniec A, Setny P. Charged N-terminus of Influenza Fusion Peptide Facilitates Membrane Fusion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E578. [PMID: 29443945 PMCID: PMC5855800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of hemagglutinin precursor (HA0) by cellular proteases results in the formation of two subunits, HA1 and HA2. The N-terminal fragment of HA2, named a fusion peptide (HAfp), possess a charged, amine N-terminus. It has been shown that the N-terminus of HAfp stabilizes the structure of a helical hairpin observed for a 23-amino acid long peptide (HAfp1-23), whose larger activity than HAfp1-20 has been demonstrated recently. In this paper, we analyze the effect of N-terminal charge on peptide-mediated fusion efficiency and conformation changes at the membrane interface by comparison with the corresponding N-acetylated peptides of 20- and 23-amino acid lengths. We found that higher fusogenic activities of peptides with unmodified amino termini correlates with their ability to form helical hairpin structures oriented perpendicularly to the membrane plane. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that acetylated peptides adopt open and surface-bound conformation more often, which induced less disorder of the phospholipid chains, as compared to species with unmodified amino termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz Worch
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lotników 32/46 Avenue, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anita Dudek
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Krupa
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lotników 32/46 Avenue, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Szymaniec
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lotników 32/46 Avenue, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Setny
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Klingen TR, Reimering S, Loers J, Mooren K, Klawonn F, Krey T, Gabriel G, McHardy AC. Sweep Dynamics (SD) plots: Computational identification of selective sweeps to monitor the adaptation of influenza A viruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:373. [PMID: 29321538 PMCID: PMC5762865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring changes in influenza A virus genomes is crucial to understand its rapid evolution and adaptation to changing conditions e.g. establishment within novel host species. Selective sweeps represent a rapid mode of adaptation and are typically observed in human influenza A viruses. We describe Sweep Dynamics (SD) plots, a computational method combining phylogenetic algorithms with statistical techniques to characterize the molecular adaptation of rapidly evolving viruses from longitudinal sequence data. SD plots facilitate the identification of selective sweeps, the time periods in which these occurred and associated changes providing a selective advantage to the virus. We studied the past genome-wide adaptation of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A (pH1N1) and seasonal H3N2 influenza A (sH3N2) viruses. The pH1N1 influenza virus showed simultaneous amino acid changes in various proteins, particularly in seasons of high pH1N1 activity. Partially, these changes resulted in functional alterations facilitating sustained human-to-human transmission. In the evolution of sH3N2 influenza viruses, we detected changes characterizing vaccine strains, which were occasionally revealed in selective sweeps one season prior to the WHO recommendation. Taken together, SD plots allow monitoring and characterizing the adaptive evolution of influenza A viruses by identifying selective sweeps and their associated signatures.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Computational Biology/methods
- Evolution, Molecular
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Models, Molecular
- Phylogeny
- Protein Conformation
- Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Klingen
- Department for Computational Biology of Infection Research1, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Reimering
- Department for Computational Biology of Infection Research1, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens Loers
- Department for Computational Biology of Infection Research1, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kyra Mooren
- Department for Computational Biology of Infection Research1, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Viral Zoonoses and Adaptation, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alice C McHardy
- Department for Computational Biology of Infection Research1, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.
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11
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Hassan AO, Amen O, Sayedahmed EE, Vemula SV, Amoah S, York I, Gangappa S, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Adenovirus vector-based multi-epitope vaccine provides partial protection against H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186244. [PMID: 29023601 PMCID: PMC5638338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza virus subtypes in humans reveals their pandemic potential. Although human-to-human transmission has been limited, the genetic reassortment of the avian and human/porcine influenza viruses or mutations in some of the genes resulting in virus replication in the upper respiratory tract of humans could generate novel pandemic influenza viruses. Current vaccines do not provide cross protection against antigenically distinct strains of the H5, H7, and H9 influenza viruses. Therefore, newer vaccine approaches are needed to overcome these potential threats. We developed an egg-independent, adenovirus vector-based, multi-epitope (ME) vaccine approach using the relatively conserved immunogenic domains of the H5N1 influenza virus [M2 ectodomain (M2e), hemagglutinin (HA) fusion domain (HFD), T-cell epitope of nucleoprotein (TNP). and HA α-helix domain (HαD)]. Our ME vaccine induced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and caused a significant reduction in the viral loads in the lungs of vaccinated mice that were challenged with antigenically distinct H5, H7, or H9 avian influenza viruses. These results suggest that our ME vaccine approach provided broad protection against the avian influenza viruses. Further improvement of this vaccine will lead to a pre-pandemic vaccine that may lower morbidity, hinder transmission, and prevent mortality in a pandemic situation before a strain-matched vaccine becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Omar Amen
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Sai V. Vemula
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Samuel Amoah
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ian York
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKM); (SS)
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKM); (SS)
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12
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Patterson D, Schwarz B, Avera J, Western B, Hicks M, Krugler P, Terra M, Uchida M, McCoy K, Douglas T. Sortase-Mediated Ligation as a Modular Approach for the Covalent Attachment of Proteins to the Exterior of the Bacteriophage P22 Virus-like Particle. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2114-2124. [PMID: 28612603 PMCID: PMC6708598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles are unique platforms well suited for the construction of nanomaterials with broad-range applications. The research presented here describes the development of a modular approach for the covalent attachment of protein domains to the exterior of the versatile bacteriophage P22 virus-like particle (VLP) via a sortase-mediated ligation strategy. The bacteriophage P22 coat protein was genetically engineered to incorporate an LPETG amino acid sequence on the C-terminus, providing the peptide recognition sequence utilized by the sortase enzyme to catalyze peptide bond formation between the LPETG-tagged protein and a protein containing a polyglycine sequence on the N-terminus. Here we evaluate attachment of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the head domain of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein by genetically producing polyglycine tagged proteins. Attachment of both proteins to the exterior of the P22 VLP was found to be highly efficient as judged by SDS-PAGE densitometry. These results enlarge the tool kit for modifying the P22 VLP system and provide new insights for other VLPs that have an externally displayed C-terminus that can use the described strategy for the modular modification of their external surface for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75799, United States
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47407, United States
| | - John Avera
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47407, United States
| | - Brian Western
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75799, United States
| | - Matthew Hicks
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75799, United States
| | - Paul Krugler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75799, United States
| | - Matthew Terra
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75799, United States
| | - Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47407, United States
| | - Kimberly McCoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47407, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47407, United States
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13
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Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is exceptionally contagious and still a major cause of death in child.However, recently significant progress towards the elimination of measles has been made through increased vaccination coverage of measles-containing vaccines. The hemagglutinin (H) protein of MeV interacts with a cellular receptor, and this interaction is the first step of infection. MeV uses two different receptors, signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) and nectin-4 expressed on immune cells and epithelial cells, respectively. The interactions of MeV with these receptors nicely explain the immune suppressive and high contagious properties of MeV. Binding of the H protein to a receptor triggers conformational changes in the fusion (F) protein, inducing fusion between viral and host plasma membranes for entry. The stalk region of the H protein plays a key role in the F protein-triggering. Recent studies of the H protein epitopes have revealed that the receptor binding site of the H protein constitutes a major neutralizing epitope. The interaction with two proteinaceous receptors probably imposes strong functional constraints on this epitope for amino acid changes. This would be a reason why measles vaccines, which are derived from MV strains isolated more than 60 years ago, are still highly effective against all MV strains currently circulating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maino Tahara
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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14
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Mazzariol S, Centelleghe C, Beffagna G, Povinelli M, Terracciano G, Cocumelli C, Pintore A, Denurra D, Casalone C, Pautasso A, Di Francesco CE, Di Guardo G. Mediterranean Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) Threatened by Dolphin MorbilliVirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2016. [PMID: 26812485 PMCID: PMC4734534 DOI: 10.3201/eid2202.150882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2011-2013, dolphin morbillivirus was molecularly identified in 4 stranded fin whales from the Mediterranean Sea. Nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and hemagglutinin gene sequences of the identified strain were highly homologous with those of a morbillivirus that caused a 2006-2007 epidemic in the Mediterranean. Dolphin morbillivirus represents a serious threat for fin whales.
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15
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Mazzariol S, Centelleghe C, Beffagna G, Povinelli M, Terracciano G, Cocumelli C, Pintore A, Denurra D, Casalone C, Pautasso A, Di Francesco CE, Di Guardo G. Mediterranean Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) Threatened by Dolphin MorbilliVirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:302-5. [PMID: 26812485 DOI: 10.3201/eid2202.15-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2011-2013, dolphin morbillivirus was molecularly identified in 4 stranded fin whales from the Mediterranean Sea. Nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and hemagglutinin gene sequences of the identified strain were highly homologous with those of a morbillivirus that caused a 2006-2007 epidemic in the Mediterranean. Dolphin morbillivirus represents a serious threat for fin whales.
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16
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Wang M, Ludwig K, Böttcher C, Veit M. The role of stearate attachment to the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein HEF of influenza C virus. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:692-704. [PMID: 26518983 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The only spike of influenza C virus, the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein (HEF) combines receptor binding, receptor hydrolysis and membrane fusion activities. Like other hemagglutinating glycoproteins of influenza viruses HEF is S-acylated, but only with stearic acid at a single cysteine located at the cytosol-facing end of the transmembrane region. Previous studies established the essential role of S-acylation of hemagglutinin for replication of influenza A and B virus by affecting budding and/or membrane fusion, but the function of acylation of HEF was hitherto not investigated. Using reverse genetics we rescued a virus containing non-stearoylated HEF, which was stable during serial passage and showed no competitive fitness defect, but the growth rate of the mutant virus was reduced by one log. Deacylation of HEF does neither affect the kinetics of its plasma membrane transport nor the protein composition of virus particles. Cryo-electron microscopy showed that the shape of viral particles and the hexagonal array of spikes typical for influenza C virus were not influenced by this mutation indicating that virus budding was not disturbed. However, the extent and kinetics of haemolysis were reduced in mutant virus at 37°C, but not at 33°C, the optimal temperature for virus growth, suggesting that non-acylated HEF has a defect in membrane fusion under suboptimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Wang
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Research Center of Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Research Center of Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Influenza C virus, a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, causes flu-like disease but typically only with mild symptoms. Humans are the main reservoir of the virus, but it also infects pigs and dogs. Very recently, influenza C-like viruses were isolated from pigs and cattle that differ from classical influenza C virus and might constitute a new influenza virus genus. Influenza C virus is unique since it contains only one spike protein, the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein HEF that possesses receptor binding, receptor destroying and membrane fusion activities, thus combining the functions of Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A and B viruses. Here we briefly review the epidemiology and pathology of the virus and the morphology of virus particles and their genome. The main focus is on the structure of the HEF protein as well as on its co- and post-translational modification, such as N-glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, S-acylation and proteolytic cleavage into HEF1 and HEF2 subunits. Finally, we describe the functions of HEF: receptor binding, esterase activity and membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Wang
- Institute of Virology, Veterinary Medicine, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Veterinary Medicine, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Beljanski V, Chiang C, Kirchenbaum GA, Olagnier D, Bloom CE, Wong T, Haddad EK, Trautmann L, Ross TM, Hiscott J. Enhanced Influenza Virus-Like Particle Vaccination with a Structurally Optimized RIG-I Agonist as Adjuvant. J Virol 2015; 89:10612-24. [PMID: 26269188 PMCID: PMC4580177 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01526-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The molecular interaction between viral RNA and the cytosolic sensor RIG-I represents the initial trigger in the development of an effective immune response against infection with RNA viruses, resulting in innate immune activation and subsequent induction of adaptive responses. In the present study, the adjuvant properties of a sequence-optimized 5'-triphosphate-containing RNA (5'pppRNA) RIG-I agonist (termed M8) were examined in combination with influenza virus-like particles (VLP) (M8-VLP) expressing H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) as immunogens. In combination with VLP, M8 increased the antibody response to VLP immunization, provided VLP antigen sparing, and protected mice from a lethal challenge with H5N1 influenza virus. M8-VLP immunization also led to long-term protective responses against influenza virus infection in mice. M8 adjuvantation of VLP increased endpoint and antibody titers and inhibited influenza virus replication in lungs compared with approved or experimental adjuvants alum, AddaVax, and poly(I·C). Uniquely, immunization with M8-VLP stimulated a TH1-biased CD4 T cell response, as determined by increased TH1 cytokine levels in CD4 T cells and increased IgG2 levels in sera. Collectively, these data demonstrate that a sequence-optimized, RIG-I-specific agonist is a potent adjuvant that can be utilized to increase the efficacy of influenza VLP vaccination and dramatically improve humoral and cellular mediated protective responses against influenza virus challenge. IMPORTANCE The development of novel adjuvants to increase vaccine immunogenicity is an important goal that seeks to improve vaccine efficacy and ultimately prevent infections that endanger human health. This proof-of-principle study investigated the adjuvant properties of a sequence-optimized 5'pppRNA agonist (M8) with enhanced capacity to stimulate antiviral and inflammatory gene networks using influenza virus-like particles (VLP) expressing HA and NA as immunogens. Vaccination with VLP in combination with M8 increased anti-influenza virus antibody titers and protected animals from lethal influenza virus challenge, highlighting the potential clinical use of M8 as an adjuvant in vaccine development. Altogether, the results describe a novel immunostimulatory agonist targeted to the cytosolic RIG-I sensor as an attractive vaccine adjuvant candidate that can be used to increase vaccine efficacy, a pressing issue in children and the elderly population.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/chemistry
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunization
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neuraminidase/chemistry
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Oligoribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligoribonucleotides/genetics
- Oligoribonucleotides/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/mortality
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Survival Analysis
- Th1-Th2 Balance/drug effects
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Beljanski
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Cindy Chiang
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Greg A Kirchenbaum
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - David Olagnier
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Chalise E Bloom
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Terianne Wong
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - John Hiscott
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
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19
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Wang Y, Ma Y, Xu X, Hao S, Han Y, Yao W, Zhao Z. [Genetic Characterization of Hemagglutinin on Measles Virus Epidemic Strain Genotype H1a in Liaoning Province (China) from 1997 to 2014]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2015; 31:410-419. [PMID: 26524914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To wished to characterize the hemagglutinin (H) gene of the measles virus epidemic strain H1a in Liaoning Province (China) from 1997-2014 to provide a basis for the control and elimination of measles. All 63 measles virus strains were the H1a genotype. Fragments of the H gene (1854 nucleotides) and nucleoprotein (N) gene (450 nucleotides) were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the PCR products sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetic-trees were constructed with reference strains of the genotype-H measles virus downloaded from GenBank, including Chinese measles virus strains isolated in 1993-1994 and the vaccine reference strains S-191 and C-47. Sixty-three strains of the measles virus in 1997-2014 belonged to genotype H1a. The mean evolutionary rate for gene N-450 was higher than that for the H gene. All 63 strains of the measles virus were mutated from: serine (Ser S) to asparagine (Asn N) in the 240th amino acid; arginine (Arg R) to glycine (Gly G) in the 243th; and tyrosine (Tyr Y) to Asn N in the 481th amino acid. All measles virus strains in cluster 2 were mutated from proline (Pro P) to leucine (Leu L) in the 397th amino acid. The other neutralization sites showed no apparent difference when comparing the nucleotides/amino acids of the H gene of S191 vaccine strains.
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20
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Ghosh U, Xie L, Jia L, Liang S, Weliky DP. Closed and Semiclosed Interhelical Structures in Membrane vs Closed and Open Structures in Detergent for the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Fusion Peptide and Correlation of Hydrophobic Surface Area with Fusion Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7548-51. [PMID: 26039158 PMCID: PMC4481145 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ∼25 N-terminal "HAfp" residues of the HA2 subunit of the influenza virus hemagglutinin protein are critical for fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes at low pH. Earlier studies of HAfp in detergent support (1) N-helix/turn/C-helix structure at pH 5 with open interhelical geometry and N-helix/turn/C-coil structure at pH 7; or (2) N-helix/turn/C-helix at both pHs with closed interhelical geometry. These different structures led to very different models of HAfp membrane location and different models of catalysis of membrane fusion by HAfp. In this study, the interhelical geometry of membrane-associated HAfp is probed by solid-state NMR. The data are well-fitted to a population mixture of closed and semiclosed structures. The two structures have similar interhelical geometries and are planar with hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces. The different structures of HAfp in detergent vs membrane could be due to the differences in interaction with the curved micelle vs flat membrane with better geometric matching between the closed and semiclosed structures and the membrane. The higher fusogenicity of longer sequences and low pH is correlated with hydrophobic surface area and consequent increased membrane perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjayini Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Lihui Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - David P. Weliky
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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21
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Langereis MA, Bakkers MJG, Deng L, Padler-Karavani V, Vervoort SJ, Hulswit RJG, van Vliet ALW, Gerwig GJ, de Poot SAH, Boot W, van Ederen AM, Heesters BA, van der Loos CM, van Kuppeveld FJM, Yu H, Huizinga EG, Chen X, Varki A, Kamerling JP, de Groot RJ. Complexity and Diversity of the Mammalian Sialome Revealed by Nidovirus Virolectins. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1966-78. [PMID: 26095364 PMCID: PMC5292239 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias), 9-carbon-backbone sugars, are among the most complex and versatile molecules of life. As terminal residues of glycans on proteins and lipids, Sias are key elements of glycotopes of both cellular and microbial lectins and thus act as important molecular tags in cell recognition and signaling events. Their functions in such interactions can be regulated by post-synthetic modifications, the most common of which is differential Sia-O-acetylation (O-Ac-Sias). The biology of O-Ac-Sias remains mostly unexplored, largely because of limitations associated with their specific in situ detection. Here, we show that dual-function hemagglutinin-esterase envelope proteins of nidoviruses distinguish between a variety of closely related O-Ac-Sias. By using soluble forms of hemagglutinin-esterases as lectins and sialate-O-acetylesterases, we demonstrate differential expression of distinct O-Ac-sialoglycan populations in an organ-, tissue- and cell-specific fashion. Our findings indicate that programmed Sia-O-acetylation/de-O-acetylation may be critical to key aspects of cell development, homeostasis, and/or function. Virolectins detect and distinguish between closely related O-Ac-Sias in situ O-Ac-sialoglycans occur in nature in a diversity not appreciated so far O-Ac-Sias are differentially expressed in a species-, tissue-, and cell-specific fashion There is extensive cell-to-cell variability in O-Ac-Sia expression in vivo and in vitro
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A Langereis
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J G Bakkers
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lingquan Deng
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben J G Hulswit
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arno L W van Vliet
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Gerwig
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie A H de Poot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Boot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Marie van Ederen
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chris M van der Loos
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Free University Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric G Huizinga
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raoul J de Groot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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22
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Mateo M, Navaratnarajah CK, Cattaneo R. Structural basis of efficient contagion: measles variations on a theme by parainfluenza viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 5:16-23. [PMID: 24492202 PMCID: PMC4028398 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A quartet of attachment proteins and a trio of fusion protein subunits play the cell entry concert of parainfluenza viruses. While many of these viruses bind sialic acid to enter cells, wild type measles binds exclusively two tissue-specific proteins, the lymphatic receptor signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), and the epithelial receptor nectin-4. SLAM binds near the stalk-head junction of the hemagglutinin. Nectin-4 binds a hydrophobic groove located between blades 4 and 5 of the hemagglutinin β-propeller head. The mutated vaccine strain hemagglutinin binds in addition the ubiquitous protein CD46, which explains attenuation. The measles virus entry concert has four movements. Andante misterioso: the virus takes over the immune system. Allegro con brio: it rapidly spreads in the upper airway's epithelia. 'Targeting' fugue: the versatile orchestra takes off. Presto furioso: the virus exits the host with thunder. Be careful: music is contagious.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/metabolism
- Humans
- Measles/genetics
- Measles/metabolism
- Measles/virology
- Measles virus/chemistry
- Measles virus/genetics
- Measles virus/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mateo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, and Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Graduate School, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chanakha K Navaratnarajah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, and Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Graduate School, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, and Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Graduate School, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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23
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Zhao J, Zhang H, Bai X, Martella V, Hu B, Sun Y, Zhu C, Zhang L, Liu H, Xu S, Shao X, Wu W, Yan X. Emergence of canine distemper virus strains with two amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin protein, detected from vaccinated carnivores in North-Eastern China in 2012-2013. Vet J 2014; 200:191-4. [PMID: 24618397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A total of 16 strains of canine distemper virus (CDV) were detected from vaccinated minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs in four provinces in North-Eastern China between the end of 2011 and 2013. Upon sequence analysis of the haemagglutinin gene and comparison with wild-type CDV from different species in the same geographical areas, two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in 10 CDV strains, which led to amino acid changes at positions 542 (isoleucine to asparagine) and 549 (tyrosine to histidine) of the haemagglutinin protein coding sequence. The change at residue 542 generated a potentially novel N-glycosylation site. Masking of antigenic epitopes by sugar moieties might represent a mechanism for evasion of virus neutralising antibodies and reduced protection by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Bo Hu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Yangang Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Chunsheng Zhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Xiqun Shao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Xijun Yan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
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24
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Markussen T, Sindre H, Jonassen CM, Tengs T, Kristoffersen AB, Ramsell J, Numanovic S, Hjortaas MJ, Christiansen DH, Dale OB, Falk K. Ultra-deep pyrosequencing of partial surface protein genes from infectious Salmon Anaemia virus (ISAV) suggest novel mechanisms involved in transition to virulence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81571. [PMID: 24303056 PMCID: PMC3841194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncultivable HPR0 strains of infectious salmon anaemia viruses (ISAVs) infecting gills are non-virulent putative precursors of virulent ISAVs (vISAVs) causing systemic disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The transition to virulence involves two molecular events, a deletion in the highly polymorphic region (HPR) of the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene and a Q266→L266 substitution or insertion next to the putative cleavage site (R267) in the fusion protein (F). We have performed ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS) of these gene regions from healthy fish positive for HPR0 virus carrying full-length HPR sampled in a screening program, and a vISAV strain from an ISA outbreak at the same farming site three weeks later, and compared the mutant spectra. As the UDPS data shows the presence of both HE genotypes at both sampling times, and the outbreak strain was unlikely to be directly related to the HPR0 strain, this is the first report of a double infection with HPR0s and vISAVs. For F amplicon reads, mutation frequencies generating L266 codons in screening samples and Q266 codons in outbreak samples were not higher than at any random site. We suggest quasispecies heterogeneity as well as RNA structural properties are linked to transition to virulence. More specifically, a mechanism where selected single point mutations in the full-length HPR alter the RNA structure facilitating single- or sequential deletions in this region is proposed. The data provides stronger support for the deletion hypothesis, as opposed to recombination, as the responsible mechanism for generating the sequence deletions in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turhan Markussen
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Hilde Sindre
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Torstein Tengs
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jon Ramsell
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sanela Numanovic
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monika J. Hjortaas
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Debes H. Christiansen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Food and Veterinary Authority, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Ole Bendik Dale
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Falk
- Department of Health Surveillance, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Shore DA, Yang H, Balish AL, Shepard SS, Carney PJ, Chang JC, Davis CT, Donis RO, Villanueva JM, Klimov AI, Stevens J. Structural and antigenic variation among diverse clade 2 H5N1 viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75209. [PMID: 24086467 PMCID: PMC3785507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic variation among circulating H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses mandates the continuous production of strain-specific pre-pandemic vaccine candidates and represents a significant challenge for pandemic preparedness. Here we assessed the structural, antigenic and receptor-binding properties of three H5N1 HPAI virus hemagglutinins, which were recently selected by the WHO as vaccine candidates [A/Egypt/N03072/2010 (Egypt10, clade 2.2.1), A/Hubei/1/2010 (Hubei10, clade 2.3.2.1) and A/Anhui/1/2005 (Anhui05, clade 2.3.4)]. These analyses revealed that antigenic diversity among these three isolates was restricted to changes in the size and charge of amino acid side chains at a handful of positions, spatially equivalent to the antigenic sites identified in H1 subtype viruses circulating among humans. All three of the H5N1 viruses analyzed in this study were responsible for fatal human infections, with the most recently-isolated strains, Hubei10 and Egypt10, containing multiple residues in the receptor-binding site of the HA, which were suspected to enhance mammalian transmission. However, glycan-binding analyses demonstrated a lack of binding to human α2-6-linked sialic acid receptor analogs for all three HAs, reinforcing the notion that receptor-binding specificity contributes only partially to transmissibility and pathogenesis of HPAI viruses and suggesting that changes in host specificity must be interpreted in the context of the host and environmental factors, as well as the virus as a whole. Together, our data reveal structural linkages with phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of recently emerged H5N1 virus clades and should assist in interpreting the significance of future changes in antigenic and receptor-binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Shore
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Balish
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samuel S. Shepard
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Carney
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jessie C. Chang
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Charles T. Davis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Villanueva
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexander I. Klimov
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Cong Y, Zarlenga DS, Richt JA, Wang X, Wang Y, Suo S, Wang J, Ren Y, Ren X. Evolution and homologous recombination of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene sequences from porcine torovirus. Virus Genes 2013; 47:66-74. [PMID: 23749172 PMCID: PMC7088831 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to gain new insights into the evolution, homologous recombination, and selection pressures imposed on the porcine torovirus (PToV), by examining the changes in the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene. The most recent common ancestor of PToV was estimated to have emerged 62 years ago based upon HE gene sequence data obtained from PToV isolates originating from Spain, South Korea, Netherlands, Hungary, and Italy and using the HE gene of Bovine torovirus isolates Niigata1 (AB661456) and Niigata3 (AB661458) as outgroups. The HE gene sequence data segregated all the PToV isolates into two well-supported monophyletic groups; however, various isolates from Spain, Italy, and South Korea did not segregate geographically suggesting very recent translocation of the viruses to these localities. Evidence of recombination was observed between two South Korean isolates that partitioned into two distinct subclades. Data further suggest that most of the nucleotides in the HE gene are under negative selection; however, changes within codon 237 showed an evidence of positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Dante S. Zarlenga
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Siqingaowa Suo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- Centre for Animal Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Technical Services and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Yudong Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
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27
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Costello DA, Hsia CY, Millet JK, Porri T, Daniel S. Membrane fusion-competent virus-like proteoliposomes and proteinaceous supported bilayers made directly from cell plasma membranes. Langmuir 2013; 29:6409-6419. [PMID: 23631561 DOI: 10.1021/la400861u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles are useful materials for studying virus-host interactions in a safe manner. However, the standard production of pseudovirus based on the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) backbone is an intricate procedure that requires trained laboratory personnel. In this work, a new strategy for creating virus-like proteoliposomes (VLPLs) and virus-like supported bilayers (VLSBs) is presented. This strategy uses a cell blebbing technique to induce the formation of nanoscale vesicles from the plasma membrane of BHK cells expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) fusion protein of influenza X-31. These vesicles and supported bilayers contain HA and are used to carry out single particle membrane fusion events, monitored using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The results of these studies show that the VLPLs and VLSBs contain HA proteins that are fully competent to carry out membrane fusion, including the formation of a fusion pore and the release of fluorophores loaded into vesicles. This new strategy for creating spherical and planar geometry virus-like membranes has many potential applications. VLPLs could be used to study fusion proteins of virulent viruses in a safe manner, or they could be used as therapeutic delivery particles to transport beneficial proteins coexpressed in the cells to a target cell. VLSBs could facilitate high throughput screening of antiviral drugs or pathogen-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Costello
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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28
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Zhang X, Lu G, Qi J, Li Y, He Y, Xu X, Shi J, Zhang CWH, Yan J, Gao GF. Structure of measles virus hemagglutinin bound to its epithelial receptor nectin-4. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:67-72. [PMID: 23202587 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus is a major public health concern worldwide. Three measles virus cell receptors have been identified so far, and the structures of the first two in complex with measles virus hemagglutinin (MV-H) have been reported. Nectin-4 is the most recently identified receptor in epithelial cells, and its binding mode to MV-H remains elusive. In this study, we solved the structure of the membrane-distal domain of human nectin-4 in complex with MV-H. The structure shows that nectin-4 binds the MV-H β4-β5 groove exclusively via its N-terminal IgV domain; the contact interface is dominated by hydrophobic interactions. The binding site in MV-H for nectin-4 also overlaps extensively with those of the other two receptors. Finally, a hydrophobic pocket centered in the β4-β5 groove is involved in binding to all three identified measles virus receptors, representing a potential target for antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Abstract
The genus Morbillivirus includes measles virus, canine distemper virus and rinderpest virus. These are highly contagious and exhibit high mortality. These viruses have the attachment glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (H), at the virus surface, which bind to signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) and Nectin 4 as receptors for the entry. However, the molecular mechanism for this entry has been limitedly understood. Here we summarize the current topics, (1) newly identified receptor, Nectin 4, (2) crystal structures of H-receptor complexes and (3) detail biochemical studies of the H-F communication for the entry. These provide insight on the mechanism of morbillivirus entry event and furthermore drug developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Fukuhara
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
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30
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Asati A, Kachurina O, Kachurin A. Simultaneous measurements of auto-immune and infectious disease specific antibodies using a high throughput multiplexing tool. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42681. [PMID: 22952605 PMCID: PMC3431397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering importance of ganglioside antibodies as biomarkers in various immune-mediated neuropathies and neurological disorders, we developed a high throughput multiplexing tool for the assessment of gangliosides-specific antibodies based on Biolpex/Luminex platform. In this report, we demonstrate that the ganglioside high throughput multiplexing tool is robust, highly specific and demonstrating ∼100-fold higher concentration sensitivity for IgG detection than ELISA. In addition to the ganglioside-coated array, the high throughput multiplexing tool contains beads coated with influenza hemagglutinins derived from H1N1 A/Brisbane/59/07 and H1N1 A/California/07/09 strains. Influenza beads provided an added advantage of simultaneous detection of ganglioside- and influenza-specific antibodies, a capacity important for the assay of both infectious antigen-specific and autoimmune antibodies following vaccination or disease. Taken together, these results support the potential adoption of the ganglioside high throughput multiplexing tool for measuring ganglioside antibodies in various neuropathic and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anatoly Kachurin
- Sanofi Pasteur, VaxDesign Campus, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Roedig JV, Rapp E, Höper D, Genzel Y, Reichl U. Impact of host cell line adaptation on quasispecies composition and glycosylation of influenza A virus hemagglutinin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27989. [PMID: 22163276 PMCID: PMC3233551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of influenza A viruses is constantly changing (genetic drift) resulting in small, gradual changes in viral proteins. Alterations within antibody recognition sites of the viral membrane glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) result in an antigenetic drift, which requires the seasonal update of human influenza virus vaccines. Generally, virus adaptation is necessary to obtain sufficiently high virus yields in cell culture-derived vaccine manufacturing. In this study detailed HA N-glycosylation pattern analysis was combined with in-depth pyrosequencing analysis of the virus genomic RNA. Forward and backward adaptation from Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells to African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells was investigated for two closely related influenza A virus PR/8/34 (H1N1) strains: from the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) or the Robert Koch Institute (RKI). Furthermore, stability of HA N-glycosylation patterns over ten consecutive passages and different harvest time points is demonstrated. Adaptation to Vero cells finally allowed efficient influenza A virus replication in Vero cells. In contrast, during back-adaptation the virus replicated well from the very beginning. HA N-glycosylation patterns were cell line dependent and stabilized fast within one (NIBSC-derived virus) or two (RKI-derived virus) successive passages during adaptation processes. However, during adaptation new virus variants were detected. These variants carried "rescue" mutations on the genomic level within the HA stem region, which result in amino acid substitutions. These substitutions finally allowed sufficient virus replication in the new host system. According to adaptation pressure the composition of the virus populations varied. In Vero cells a selection for "rescue" variants was characteristic. After back-adaptation to MDCK cells some variants persisted at indifferent frequencies, others slowly diminished and even dropped below the detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Verena Roedig
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke-University, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
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Clementi N, De Marco D, Mancini N, Solforosi L, Moreno GJ, Gubareva LV, Mishin V, Di Pietro A, Vicenzi E, Siccardi AG, Clementi M, Burioni R. A human monoclonal antibody with neutralizing activity against highly divergent influenza subtypes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28001. [PMID: 22162996 PMCID: PMC3230632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in broad-range anti-influenza A monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has recently been strengthened by the identification of anti-hemagglutinin (HA) mAbs endowed with heterosubtypic neutralizing activity to be used in the design of "universal" prophylactic or therapeutic tools. However, the majority of the single mAbs described to date do not bind and neutralize viral isolates belonging to highly divergent subtypes clustering into the two different HA-based influenza phylogenetic groups: the group 1 including, among others, subtypes H1, H2, H5 and H9 and the group 2 including, among others, H3 subtype. Here, we describe a human mAb, named PN-SIA28, capable of binding and neutralizing all tested isolates belonging to phylogenetic group 1, including H1N1, H2N2, H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes and several isolates belonging to group 2, including H3N2 isolates from the first period of the 1968 pandemic. Therefore, PN-SIA28 is capable of neutralizing isolates belonging to subtypes responsible of all the reported pandemics, as well as other subtypes with pandemic potential. The region recognized by PN-SIA28 has been identified on the stem region of HA and includes residues highly conserved among the different influenza subtypes. A deep characterization of PN-SIA28 features may represent a useful help in the improvement of available anti-influenza therapeutic strategies and can provide new tools for the development of universal vaccinal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Clementi
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italia
| | - Donata De Marco
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italia
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italia
| | - Laura Solforosi
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italia
| | - Guisella J. Moreno
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italia
| | - Larisa V. Gubareva
- Virus Surveillance and Diagnosis Branch, Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vasiliy Mishin
- Virus Surveillance and Diagnosis Branch, Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrea Di Pietro
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Divisione di Immunologia, Trapianti e Malattie infettive, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milano, Italia
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Divisione di Immunologia, Trapianti e Malattie infettive, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milano, Italia
| | - Antonio G. Siccardi
- Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milano, Italia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italia
| | - Roberto Burioni
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italia
- * E-mail:
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33
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Stanley M, Mayr J, Huber W, Vlasak R, Streicher H. Synthesis and inhibitory activity of sialic acid derivatives targeted at viral sialate-O-acetylesterases. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2852-60. [PMID: 21524502 PMCID: PMC7111470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of sialosides modified at the 4- and 9-hydroxy group were synthesised and tested for inhibition of the viral haemagglutinin-esterase activity from various Orthomyxoviruses and Coronaviruses. While no inhibition of the sialate-4-O-acetylesterases from mouse hepatitis virus strain S or sialodacryoadenitis virus was found, a 9-O-methyl derivative displayed inhibitory activity against recombinant sialate-9-O-acetylesterase from influenza C virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Stanley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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34
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Morlighem JÉ, Aoki S, Kishima M, Hanami M, Ogawa C, Jalloh A, Takahashi Y, Kawai Y, Saga S, Hayashi E, Ban T, Izumi S, Wada A, Mano M, Fukunaga M, Kijima Y, Shiomi M, Inoue K, Hata T, Koretsune Y, Kudo K, Himeno Y, Hirai A, Takahashi K, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Kawaoka Y, Hayashizaki Y, Ishikawa T. Mutation analysis of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) viruses collected in Japan during the peak phase of the pandemic. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18956. [PMID: 21572517 PMCID: PMC3084724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus infection quickly circulated worldwide in 2009. In Japan, the first case was reported in May 2009, one month after its outbreak in Mexico. Thereafter, A(H1N1) infection spread widely throughout the country. It is of great importance to profile and understand the situation regarding viral mutations and their circulation in Japan to accumulate a knowledge base and to prepare clinical response platforms before a second pandemic (pdm) wave emerges. METHODOLOGY A total of 253 swab samples were collected from patients with influenza-like illness in the Osaka, Tokyo, and Chiba areas both in May 2009 and between October 2009 and January 2010. We analyzed partial sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the 2009 pdm influenza virus in the collected clinical samples. By phylogenetic analysis, we identified major variants of the 2009 pdm influenza virus and critical mutations associated with severe cases, including drug-resistance mutations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our sequence analysis has revealed that both HA-S220T and NA-N248D are major non-synonymous mutations that clearly discriminate the 2009 pdm influenza viruses identified in the very early phase (May 2009) from those found in the peak phase (October 2009 to January 2010) in Japan. By phylogenetic analysis, we found 14 micro-clades within the viruses collected during the peak phase. Among them, 12 were new micro-clades, while two were previously reported. Oseltamivir resistance-related mutations, i.e., NA-H275Y and NA-N295S, were also detected in sporadic cases in Osaka and Tokyo.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Bayes Theorem
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/classification
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Japan/epidemiology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Neuraminidase/chemistry
- Neuraminidase/classification
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Oseltamivir/pharmacology
- Pandemics
- Phylogeny
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Multimerization
- Seasons
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/classification
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shintaro Aoki
- Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mami Kishima
- Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsue Hanami
- Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ogawa
- Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Amadu Jalloh
- Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Kawai
- Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satomi Saga
- Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eiji Hayashi
- Chiba Prefectural Togane Hospital, Togane, Japan
| | | | - Shinyu Izumi
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Wada
- National Hospital Organization, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mano
- National Hospital Organization, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Takeshi Hata
- Higashi-Osaka City General Hospital, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Koichiro Kudo
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Aizan Hirai
- Chiba Prefectural Togane Hospital, Togane, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Toshihisa Ishikawa
- Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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35
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Antón A, Marcos MA, Codoñer FM, de Molina P, Martínez A, Cardeñosa N, Godoy P, Torner N, Martínez MJ, Ramón S, Tudó G, Isanta R, Gonzalo V, de Anta MTJ, Pumarola T. Influenza C virus surveillance during the first influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic wave in Catalonia, Spain. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 69:419-27. [PMID: 21396539 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although particular attention is paid to influenza A and B virus isolates during influenza surveillance, influenza C virus (FLUCV) coexisted during the first influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic wave during the 2009-2010 season. From 27 April 2009 to 9 May 2010, 12 strains of FLUCV were detected in specimens collected from 1713 nonhospitalized patients with upper respiratory tract illness using a molecular method. Half of the patients with FLUCV infection were older than 14 years. The most frequent symptoms were cough and fever, similar to other viral respiratory infections. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene revealed that the strains belonged to the C/Kanagawa/1/76-related and C/Sao Paulo/378/82-related lineages, demonstrating their co-circulation in Catalonia. In addition to regular virological surveillance that provides information about the incidence and the exact role of FLUCV in acute viral respiratory infections in the general population, the genetic lineage identification offers additional data for epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Antón
- Virology Section, Microbiology Department, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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36
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Lorieau JL, Louis JM, Bax A. Helical hairpin structure of influenza hemagglutinin fusion peptide stabilized by charge-dipole interactions between the N-terminal amino group and the second helix. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2824-7. [PMID: 21319795 PMCID: PMC3048900 DOI: 10.1021/ja1099775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fusion domain of the influenza coat protein hemagglutinin HA2, bound to dodecyl phosphocholine micelles, was recently shown to adopt a structure consisting of two antiparallel α-helices, packed in an exceptionally tight hairpin configuration. Four interhelical H(α) to C═O aliphatic H-bonds were identified as factors stabilizing this fold. Here, we report evidence for an additional stabilizing force: a strong charge-dipole interaction between the N-terminal Gly(1) amino group and the dipole moment of helix 2. pH titration of the amino-terminal (15)N resonance, using a methylene-TROSY-based 3D NMR experiment, and observation of Gly(1 13)C' show a strongly elevated pK = 8.8, considerably higher than expected for an N-terminal amino group in a lipophilic environment. Chemical shifts of three C-terminal carbonyl carbons of helix 2 titrate with the protonation state of Gly(1)-N, indicative of a close proximity between the N-terminal amino group and the axis of helix 2, providing an optimal charge-dipole stabilization of the antiparallel hairpin fold. pK values of the side-chain carboxylate groups of Glu(11) and Asp(19) are higher by about 1 and 0.5 unit, respectively, than commonly seen for solvent-exposed side chains in water-soluble proteins, indicative of dielectric constants of ε = ∼30 (Glu(11)) and ∼60 (Asp(19)), placing these groups in the headgroup region of the phospholipid micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L. Lorieau
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John M. Louis
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ad Bax
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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37
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Aguilar-Yáñez JM, Portillo-Lara R, Mendoza-Ochoa GI, García-Echauri SA, López-Pacheco F, Bulnes-Abundis D, Salgado-Gallegos J, Lara-Mayorga IM, Webb-Vargas Y, León-Angel FO, Rivero-Aranda RE, Oropeza-Almazán Y, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Zertuche-Guerra MI, DuBois RM, White SW, Schultz-Cherry S, Russell CJ, Alvarez MM. An influenza A/H1N1/2009 hemagglutinin vaccine produced in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11694. [PMID: 20661476 PMCID: PMC2908544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The A/H1N1/2009 influenza pandemic made evident the need for faster and higher-yield methods for the production of influenza vaccines. Platforms based on virus culture in mammalian or insect cells are currently under investigation. Alternatively, expression of fragments of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein in prokaryotic systems can potentially be the most efficacious strategy for the manufacture of large quantities of influenza vaccine in a short period of time. Despite experimental evidence on the immunogenic potential of HA protein constructs expressed in bacteria, it is still generally accepted that glycosylation should be a requirement for vaccine efficacy. Methodology/Principal Findings We expressed the globular HA receptor binding domain, referred to here as HA63–286-RBD, of the influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus in Escherichia coli using a simple, robust and scalable process. The recombinant protein was refolded and purified from the insoluble fraction of the cellular lysate as a single species. Recombinant HA63–286-RBD appears to be properly folded, as shown by analytical ultracentrifugation and bio-recognition assays. It binds specifically to serum antibodies from influenza A/H1N1/2009 patients and was found to be immunogenic, to be capable of triggering the production of neutralizing antibodies, and to have protective activity in the ferret model. Conclusions/Significance Projections based on our production/purification data indicate that this strategy could yield up to half a billion doses of vaccine per month in a medium-scale pharmaceutical production facility equipped for bacterial culture. Also, our findings demonstrate that glycosylation is not a mandatory requirement for influenza vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Aguilar-Yáñez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Roberto Portillo-Lara
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | | | | | - Felipe López-Pacheco
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - David Bulnes-Abundis
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | | | - Itzel M. Lara-Mayorga
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Yenny Webb-Vargas
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Felipe O. León-Angel
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca M. DuBois
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen W. White
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mario M. Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
- * E-mail:
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38
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Kasson PM, Lindahl E, Pande VS. Atomic-resolution simulations predict a transition state for vesicle fusion defined by contact of a few lipid tails. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000829. [PMID: 20585620 PMCID: PMC2891707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion is essential to both cellular vesicle trafficking and infection by enveloped viruses. While the fusion protein assemblies that catalyze fusion are readily identifiable, the specific activities of the proteins involved and nature of the membrane changes they induce remain unknown. Here, we use many atomic-resolution simulations of vesicle fusion to examine the molecular mechanisms for fusion in detail. We employ committor analysis for these million-atom vesicle fusion simulations to identify a transition state for fusion stalk formation. In our simulations, this transition state occurs when the bulk properties of each lipid bilayer remain in a lamellar state but a few hydrophobic tails bulge into the hydrophilic interface layer and make contact to nucleate a stalk. Additional simulations of influenza fusion peptides in lipid bilayers show that the peptides promote similar local protrusion of lipid tails. Comparing these two sets of simulations, we obtain a common set of structural changes between the transition state for stalk formation and the local environment of peptides known to catalyze fusion. Our results thus suggest that the specific molecular properties of individual lipids are highly important to vesicle fusion and yield an explicit structural model that could help explain the mechanism of catalysis by fusion proteins. Membrane fusion is a common underlying process critical to neurotransmitter release, cellular trafficking, and infection by many viruses. Proteins have been identified that catalyze fusion, and mutations to these proteins have yielded important information on how fusion occurs. However, the precise mechanism by which membrane fusion begins is the subject of active investigation. We have used atomic-resolution simulations to model the process of vesicle fusion and to identify a transition state for the formation of an initial fusion stalk. Doing so required substantial technical advances in combining high-performance simulation and distributed computing to analyze the transition state of a complex reaction in a large system. The transition state we identify in our simulations involves specific structural changes by a few lipid molecules. We also simulate fusion peptides from influenza hemagglutinin and show that they promote the same structural changes as are required for fusion in our model. We therefore hypothesize that these changes to individual lipid molecules may explain a portion of the catalytic activity of fusion proteins such as influenza hemagglutinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Kasson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Center for Biomembrane Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Lindahl
- Center for Biomembrane Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vijay S. Pande
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Liu J, Okazaki K, Ozaki H, Sakoda Y, Wu Q, Chen F, Kida H. H9N2 influenza viruses prevalent in poultry in China are phylogenetically distinct from A/quail/Hong Kongl/G1/97 presumed to be the donor of the internal protein genes of the H5N1 Hong Kong/97 virus. Avian Pathol 2010; 32:551-60. [PMID: 14522712 DOI: 10.1080/0307-9450310001596728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ten H9N2 influenza virus strains isolated from diseased chickens in different farms in China during 1995 to 1999 were antigenically and genetically characterized. The haemagglutinins of the isolates were not related to those of A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2) (Qa/HK/G1/97), but were closely related to that of A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (H9N2) (Ck/HK/G9/97). The neuraminidase of these isolates had a deletion of three amino acid residues at positions 63 to 65 as compared with those of Ck/HK/G9/97, while that of Qa/HK/G1/97 lacked two amino acids at positions 38 and 39. The PB2 genes of the isolates were not related to those of Qa/HK/G1/97 or Ck/HK/G9/97, but showed some relationship to that of A/duck/Hong Kong/Y439/97 (H9N2) (Dk/HK/Y439/97). The PB1 genes of the isolates were not related to those of the three representative strains. The PA, NP, M, and NS genes of the isolates belonged to the same lineage as those of Ck/HK/G9/97, and were distinct from those of Qa/HK/G1/97 and Dk/HK/Y439/97. The present results indicate that H9N2 influenza viruses prevalent in chicken populations in China belong genetically to one lineage and are distinct from Qa/HK/G1/97, presumed to be the donor of the internal protein genes of the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in Hong Kong in 1997.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Liu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Abstract
The 2009 H1N1 swine flu is the first influenza pandemic in decades. The crystal structure of the hemagglutinin from the A/California/04/2009 H1N1 virus shows that its antigenic structure, particularly within the Sa antigenic site, is extremely similar to those of human H1N1 viruses circulating early in the 20th century. The cocrystal structure of the 1918 hemagglutinin with 2D1, an antibody from a survivor of the 1918 Spanish flu that neutralizes both 1918 and 2009 H1N1 viruses, reveals an epitope that is conserved in both pandemic viruses. Thus, antigenic similarity between the 2009 and 1918-like viruses provides an explanation for the age-related immunity to the current influenza pandemic.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigenic Variation
- Cross Reactions
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Disease Outbreaks
- Epitopes
- Glycosylation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Conformation
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Damian C. Ekiert
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jens C. Krause
- Dept. of Pediatrics and of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rong Hai
- Dept. of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Dept. of Pediatrics and of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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41
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Brookes SM, Núñez A, Choudhury B, Matrosovich M, Essen SC, Clifford D, Slomka MJ, Kuntz-Simon G, Garcon F, Nash B, Hanna A, Heegaard PMH, Quéguiner S, Chiapponi C, Bublot M, Garcia JM, Gardner R, Foni E, Loeffen W, Larsen L, Van Reeth K, Banks J, Irvine RM, Brown IH. Replication, pathogenesis and transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in non-immune pigs. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9068. [PMID: 20140096 PMCID: PMC2816721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The declaration of the human influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1/09) raised important questions, including origin and host range [1], [2]. Two of the three pandemics in the last century resulted in the spread of virus to pigs (H1N1, 1918; H3N2, 1968) with subsequent independent establishment and evolution within swine worldwide [3]. A key public and veterinary health consideration in the context of the evolving pandemic is whether the H1N1/09 virus could become established in pig populations [4]. We performed an infection and transmission study in pigs with A/California/07/09. In combination, clinical, pathological, modified influenza A matrix gene real time RT-PCR and viral genomic analyses have shown that infection results in the induction of clinical signs, viral pathogenesis restricted to the respiratory tract, infection dynamics consistent with endemic strains of influenza A in pigs, virus transmissibility between pigs and virus-host adaptation events. Our results demonstrate that extant H1N1/09 is fully capable of becoming established in global pig populations. We also show the roles of viral receptor specificity in both transmission and tissue tropism. Remarkably, following direct inoculation of pigs with virus quasispecies differing by amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin receptor-binding site, only virus with aspartic acid at position 225 (225D) was detected in nasal secretions of contact infected pigs. In contrast, in lower respiratory tract samples from directly inoculated pigs, with clearly demonstrable pulmonary pathology, there was apparent selection of a virus variant with glycine (225G). These findings provide potential clues to the existence and biological significance of viral receptor-binding variants with 225D and 225G during the 1918 pandemic [5].
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Chick Embryo
- Disease Outbreaks
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mutation
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Respiratory System/metabolism
- Respiratory System/pathology
- Respiratory System/virology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/pathology
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M. Brookes
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- OFFLU, World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | | | - Stephen C. Essen
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Clifford
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Marek J. Slomka
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Gaëlle Kuntz-Simon
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, LERAPP, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Zoopôle Les Croix, Ploufragan, France
| | - Fanny Garcon
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Nash
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Hanna
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. H. Heegaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, København, Denmark
| | - Stéphane Quéguiner
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, LERAPP, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Zoopôle Les Croix, Ploufragan, France
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Rebecca Gardner
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Willie Loeffen
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, København, Denmark
| | | | - Jill Banks
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Irvine
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, EU/OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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42
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Santiago C, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez A, Tucker PA, Stehle T, Casasnovas JM. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the measles virus hemagglutinin in complex with the CD46 receptor. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:91-4. [PMID: 20057080 PMCID: PMC2805546 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109050593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin (MV-H) mediates the attachment of MV particles to cell-surface receptors for entry into host cells. MV uses two receptors for attachment to host cells: the complement-control protein CD46 and the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). The MV-H glycoprotein from an Edmonston MV variant and the MV-binding fragment of the CD46 receptor were overproduced in mammalian cells and used to crystallize an MV-H-CD46 complex. Well diffracting crystals containing two complexes in the asymmetric unit were obtained and the structure of the complex was solved by the molecular-replacement method.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Santiago
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autonoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences at NOVUM, Center for Biotechnology, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Angel Gutiérrez-Rodríguez
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences at NOVUM, Center for Biotechnology, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Paul A. Tucker
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - José M. Casasnovas
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autonoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences at NOVUM, Center for Biotechnology, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
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43
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Zhou JH, Du ZS, Chang X. [Hemogglutinin gene and amino acid characteristic of measles virus in Jilin province, 2001-2008]. Zhongguo Yi Miao He Mian Yi 2009; 15:417-422. [PMID: 20084966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the genetic characteristic and amino acid mutation of hemogglutinin (H) protein of measles viruses circulated in Jilin provine in 2001-2008. METHODS 5 representative strains of measles virus circulated in Jilin provine in 2001-2008 were chosen to conduct the RNA extraction and the Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for amplifying H gene and to do sequence analysis of the PCR products, and then to compare with Chinese vaccine strain S191 and 23 kinds of genotypes of measles virus representative strains from genebank for analysis of phylogenetic, nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity and variation, glycosylated domains variation. RESULTS 5 strains of measles virus belong to H1 genotype, H1a sub-genotype. There were 6-17 (0.3%-0.9%) nucleotides and 3-9 (0.5%-1.5%) amino acids differences among 5 strains. There were 9-17 (0.5%-0.9%) nucleotides and 3-7 (0.5%-1.2%) amino acids differences between 5 strains and China 93-4, and 89-95 (4.8%-5.1%) nucleotides and 25-30 (4.1%-4.8%) amino acids differences between 5 strains and China vaccine S191. H protein of 5 measles virus all keep 4 glycosylation sites, the fifth glycosylation site NLS238-240 was losen because of the mutation from Set to Asn. in 240th amino acids. CONCLUSION 5 measles virus circulated in Jilin province in 2001-2008 lose one glycosylation site which probably affected antigenencity. The nucleotides and amino acids differences among 5 strains were not too but both the nucleotides and amino acids identity showed falling trend year after year with both China 93-4 and S191. The H gene variation of measles virus in Jilin province was still increasing and accumulating year by year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Health Bureau of Jilin Province, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
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44
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Zhou JH, Wang S, Chen C. [The establishment of method for identifying China vaccine strains and wild strains of measles virus]. Zhongguo Yi Miao He Mian Yi 2009; 15:310-315. [PMID: 20077727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a simple and quick method for identifying China vaccine strains and wild strains of Measles Virus. METHODS To search the enzyme site in Hemagglutinin gene of measles virus for different domestic vaccine strains and wild strains of measles virus, and design the RT-PCR primer within the range covering the enzyme site, and then to confirm the specificity and sensibility of the RT-PCR method, and then identify the RT-PCR product by RFLP. RESULTS The one-step RT-PCR method is sensitive, the measles virus of 4.64 TCID50 can be detected at least. No positive bands can be found in the non-measles virus strains, it means that the RT-PCR method has good specificity, the PCR products of Chian measles vaccine strains of Shang-191 and Chang-47 were all cut into two fragments (287 bp and 151 bp) by Afi II, but two measles wild virus strains can't be cut by Afl II. CONCLUSION The RT-PCR-RFLP method which we established is a rapid and simple method for identifying China vaccine strain and wild strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Zhou
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Health Bureau of Jilin Province, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
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45
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Abstract
Measles virus (MV) enters cells by membrane fusion at the cell surface at neutral pH. Two glycoproteins mediate this process: the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins. The H-protein binds to receptors, while the F-protein mediates fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. H naturally interacts with at least three different receptors. The wild-type virus primarily uses the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM, CD150) expressed on certain lymphatic cells, while the vaccine strain has gained the ability to also use the ubiquitous membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46), a regulator of complement activation. Additionally, MV infects polarized epithelial cells through an unidentified receptor (EpR). The footprints of the three receptors on H have been characterized, and the focus of research is shifting to the characterization of receptor-specific conformational changes that occur in the H-protein dimer and how these are transmitted to the F-protein trimer. It was also shown that MV attachment and cell entry can be readily targeted to designated receptors by adding specificity determinants to the H-protein. These studies have contributed to our understanding of membrane fusion by the glycoprotein complex of paramyxoviruses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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46
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Parfinovich EV, Mochalova LV, Molotkovskiĭ IG, Bovin NV, Vodovozova EL. [Identification of a new carbohydrate-binding site of influenza virus]. Bioorg Khim 2008; 34:716-20. [PMID: 19060947 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162008050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that the influenza virus can specifically bind the residue of a nonsialylated sulfated oligosaccharide Gal(6SO(3)H)beta1-4GlcNAcbeta (6'SLacNAc). To identify by photoaffinity labeling the virion component that binds 6'SLacNAc, we synthesized a carbohydrate probe containing a (125)I labeled diazocyclopentadien-2-yl carbonyl group as an aglycone. According to the electrophoretic data, the labeled areas corresponded to a large hemagglutinin subunit, a nucleocapsid protein, and neuraminidase (NA). Probing in the presence of an excess of 6'SLacNAcbeta-OCH(2)CH(2)NHAc glycoside resulted in redistribution of the labeling intensity, with the maximum inhibition being observed for NA. The data obtained indicate that NA is a viral 6'SLacNAc-binding protein.
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47
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Lipatov AS, Kwon YK, Sarmento LV, Lager KM, Spackman E, Suarez DL, Swayne DE. Domestic pigs have low susceptibility to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000102. [PMID: 18617994 PMCID: PMC2438613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic reassortment of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) with currently circulating human influenza A strains is one possibility that could lead to efficient human-to-human transmissibility. Domestic pigs which are susceptible to infection with both human and avian influenza A viruses are one of the natural hosts where such reassortment events could occur. Virological, histological and serological features of H5N1 virus infection in pigs were characterized in this study. Two- to three-week-old domestic piglets were intranasally inoculated with 106 EID50 of A/Vietnam/1203/04 (VN/04), A/chicken/Indonesia/7/03 (Ck/Indo/03), A/Whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (WS/Mong/05), and A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/ 209/05 (MDk/VN/05) viruses. Swine H3N2 and H1N1 viruses were studied as a positive control for swine influenza virus infection. The pathogenicity of the H5N1 HPAI viruses was also characterized in mouse and ferret animal models. Intranasal inoculation of pigs with H5N1 viruses or consumption of infected chicken meat did not result in severe disease. Mild weight loss was seen in pigs inoculated with WS/Mong/05, Ck/Indo/03 H5N1 and H1N1 swine influenza viruses. WS/Mong/05, Ck/Indo/03 and VN/04 viruses were detected in nasal swabs of inoculated pigs mainly on days 1 and 3. Titers of H5N1 viruses in nasal swabs were remarkably lower compared with those of swine influenza viruses. Replication of all four H5N1 viruses in pigs was restricted to the respiratory tract, mainly to the lungs. Titers of H5N1 viruses in the lungs were lower than those of swine viruses. WS/Mong/05 virus was isolated from trachea and tonsils, and MDk/VN/05 virus was isolated from nasal turbinate of infected pigs. Histological examination revealed mild to moderate bronchiolitis and multifocal alveolitis in the lungs of pigs infected with H5N1 viruses, while infection with swine influenza viruses resulted in severe tracheobronchitis and bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Pigs had low susceptibility to infection with H5N1 HPAI viruses. Inoculation of pigs with H5N1 viruses resulted in asymptomatic to mild symptomatic infection restricted to the respiratory tract and tonsils in contrast to mouse and ferrets animal models, where some of the viruses studied were highly pathogenic and replicated systemically. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses of H5N1 subtype have spread through Eurasia and Africa with continuing cases of human infection, suggesting the potential to become a pandemic influenza virus. Pigs which are susceptible to infection with both human and avian influenza A viruses are one of the natural hosts where a pandemic virus could be produced. In this study, we characterized in a pig model the infection caused by four H5N1 virus strains isolated from humans, poultry and wild birds. We demonstrated that exposure of pigs through the nose with H5N1 viruses or consumption of meat from infected chickens resulted in infection with mild weight loss. In contrast to mouse and ferret animal models where some of viruses were highly pathogenic and replicated in multiple organs, replication of H5N1 viruses in pigs was restricted to the respiratory tract, mainly to the lungs, and tonsils. Mild to moderate bronchiolitis and pneumonia were observed in the lungs of infected animals. Our results demonstrated that domestic pigs had low susceptibility to infection and disease with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr S. Lipatov
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yong Kuk Kwon
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Luciana V. Sarmento
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Lager
- National Animal Diseases Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Erica Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David L. Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David E. Swayne
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Zeng Q, Langereis MA, van Vliet ALW, Huizinga EG, de Groot RJ. Structure of coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase offers insight into corona and influenza virus evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9065-9. [PMID: 18550812 PMCID: PMC2449365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800502105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin-esterases (HEs) are a family of viral envelope glycoproteins that mediate reversible attachment to O-acetylated sialic acids by acting both as lectins and as receptor-destroying enzymes (RDEs). Related HEs occur in influenza C, toro-, and coronaviruses, apparently as a result of relatively recent lateral gene transfer events. Here, we report the crystal structure of a coronavirus (CoV) HE in complex with its receptor. We show that CoV HE arose from an influenza C-like HE fusion protein (HEF). In the process, HE was transformed from a trimer into a dimer, whereas remnants of the fusion domain were adapted to establish novel monomer-monomer contacts. Whereas the structural design of the RDE-acetylesterase domain remained unaltered, the HE receptor-binding domain underwent remodeling to such extent that the ligand is now bound in opposite orientation. This is surprising, because the architecture of the HEF site was preserved in influenza A HA over a much larger evolutionary distance, a switch in receptor specificity and extensive antigenic variation notwithstanding. Apparently, HA and HEF are under more stringent selective constraints than HE, limiting their exploration of alternative binding-site topologies. We attribute the plasticity of the CoV HE receptor-binding site to evolutionary flexibility conferred by functional redundancy between HE and its companion spike protein S. Our findings offer unique insights into the structural and functional consequences of independent protein evolution after interviral gene exchange and open potential avenues to broad-spectrum antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Zeng
- *Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Sciences, and
| | - Martijn A. Langereis
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arno L. W. van Vliet
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric G. Huizinga
- *Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Sciences, and
| | - Raoul J. de Groot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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49
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Iorio RM, Mahon PJ. Paramyxoviruses: different receptors - different mechanisms of fusion. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:135-7. [PMID: 18346895 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Paramyxovirus-mediated membrane fusion usually requires an interaction between the viral-attachment and -fusion proteins. The mechanism by which this interaction regulates fusion differs between paramyxoviruses that bind to sialic acid-containing receptors and those that recognize specific proteins. The recently solved structure of the globular head of the measles virus hemagglutinin suggests that this difference might be related to the location of the receptor-binding sites on the attachment proteins of the two classes of paramyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Iorio
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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50
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Abstract
It is commonly perceived that the human immune system is naive to the newly emerged H5N1 virus. In contrast, most adults have been exposed to influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 viruses through vaccination or infection. Adults born before 1968 have likely been exposed to H2N2 viruses. We hypothesized that CD4(+) T cells generated in response to H1N1, H3N2, and H2N2 influenza A viruses also recognize H5N1 epitopes. Tetramer-guided epitope mapping and Ag-specific class II tetramers were used to identify H5N1-specific T cell epitopes and detect H5N1-specific T cell responses. Fifteen of 15 healthy subjects tested had robust CD4(+) T cell responses against matrix protein, nucleoprotein, and neuraminidase of the influenza A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 (H5N1) virus. These results are not surprising, because the matrix protein and nucleoprotein of influenza A viruses are conserved while the neuraminidase of the H5N1 virus is of the same subtype as that of the circulating H1N1 influenza strain. However, H5N1 hemagglutinin-reactive CD4(+) T cells were also detected in 14 of 14 subjects examined despite the fact that hemagglutinin is less conserved. Most were cross-reactive to H1, H2, or H3 hemagglutinin epitopes. H5N1-reactive T cells were also detected ex vivo, exhibited a memory phenotype, and were capable of secreting IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-5, and IL-13. These data demonstrate the presence of H5N1 cross-reactive T cells in healthy Caucasian subjects, implying that exposure to influenza A H1N1, H3N2, or H2N2 viruses through either vaccination or infection may provide partial immunity to the H5N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Roti
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Ave, Seattle, Washington, 98101, USA
| | - Junbao Yang
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Ave, Seattle, Washington, 98101, USA
| | - DeAnna Berger
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Ave, Seattle, Washington, 98101, USA
| | - Laurie Huston
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Ave, Seattle, Washington, 98101, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Ave, Seattle, Washington, 98101, USA
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Ave, Seattle, Washington, 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, 98195, USA
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