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Callebaut A, Guyer P, Derua R, Buitinga M, Manganaro A, Yi X, Sodré FMC, Vig S, Suleiman M, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL, Kent SC, Mathieu C, James EA, Overbergh L. CD4+ T Cells From Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes Respond to a Novel Class of Deamidated Peptides Formed in Pancreatic Islets. Diabetes 2024; 73:728-742. [PMID: 38387030 PMCID: PMC11043062 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The β-cell plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, in part through the posttranslational modification of self-proteins by biochemical processes such as deamidation. These neoantigens are potential triggers for breaking immune tolerance. We report the detection by LC-MS/MS of 16 novel Gln and 27 novel Asn deamidations in 14 disease-related proteins within inflammatory cytokine-stressed human islets of Langerhans. T-cell clones responsive against one Gln- and three Asn-deamidated peptides could be isolated from peripheral blood of individuals with type 1 diabetes. Ex vivo HLA class II tetramer staining detected higher T-cell frequencies in individuals with the disease compared with control individuals. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the frequencies of T cells specific for deamidated peptides, insulin antibody levels at diagnosis, and duration of disease. These results highlight that stressed human islets are prone to enzymatic and biochemical deamidation and suggest that both Gln- and Asn-deamidated peptides can promote the activation and expansion of autoreactive CD4+ T cells. These findings add to the growing evidence that posttranslational modifications undermine tolerance and may open the road for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic applications for individuals living with type 1 diabetes. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïsha Callebaut
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anthony Manganaro
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Xiaoyan Yi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Saurabh Vig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sally C. Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Callebaut A, Guyer P, Baker RL, Gallegos JB, Hohenstein AC, Gottlieb PA, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Haskins K, James EA. An Insulin-Chromogranin A Hybrid Peptide Activates DR11-Restricted T Cells in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2024; 73:743-750. [PMID: 38295386 PMCID: PMC11043060 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) formed through covalent cross-linking of proinsulin fragments to secretory granule peptides are detectable within murine and human islets. The 2.5HIP (C-peptide-chromogranin A [CgA] HIP), recognized by the diabetogenic BDC-2.5 clone, is a major autoantigen in the nonobese diabetic mouse. However, the relevance of this epitope in human disease is currently unclear. A recent study probed T-cell reactivity toward HIPs in patients with type 1 diabetes, documenting responses in one-third of the patients and isolating several HIP-reactive T-cell clones. In this study, we isolated a novel T-cell clone and showed that it responds vigorously to the human equivalent of the 2.5HIP (designated HIP9). Although the responding patient carried the risk-associated DRB1*04:01/DQ8 haplotype, the response was restricted by DRB1*11:03 (DR11). HLA class II tetramer staining revealed higher frequencies of HIP9-reactive T cells in individuals with diabetes than in control participants. Furthermore, in DR11+ participants carrying the DRB4 allele, HIP9-reactive T-cell frequencies were higher than observed frequencies for the immunodominant proinsulin 9-28 epitope. Finally, there was a negative correlation between HIP9-reactive T-cell frequency and age at diagnosis. These results provide direct evidence that this C-peptide-CgA HIP is relevant in human type 1 diabetes and suggest a mechanism by which nonrisk HLA haplotypes may contribute to the development of β-cell autoimmunity. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïsha Callebaut
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Rocky L. Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Joylynn B. Gallegos
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Anita C. Hohenstein
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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3
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Ettinger RA, Buitinga M, Vandamme C, Afonso G, Gomez R, Arribas-Layton D, Bissenova S, Speake C, Reijonen H, Kinnunen T, Overbergh L, Mallone R, Kwok WW, James EA. Technical Validation and Utility of an HLA Class II Tetramer Assay for Type 1 Diabetes: A Multicenter Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 109:183-196. [PMID: 37474341 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Validated assays to measure autoantigen-specific T-cell frequency and phenotypes are needed for assessing the risk of developing diabetes, monitoring disease progression, evaluating responses to treatment, and personalizing antigen-based therapies. OBJECTIVE Toward this end, we performed a technical validation of a tetramer assay for HLA-DRA-DRB1*04:01, a class II allele that is strongly associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS HLA-DRA-DRB1*04:01-restricted T cells specific for immunodominant epitopes from islet cell antigens GAD65, IGRP, preproinsulin, and ZnT8, and a reference influenza epitope, were enumerated and phenotyped in a single staining tube with a tetramer assay. Single and multicenter testing was performed, using a clone-spiked specimen and replicate samples from T1D patients, with a target coefficient of variation (CV) less than 30%. The same assay was applied to an exploratory cross-sectional sample set with 24 T1D patients to evaluate the utility of the assay. RESULTS Influenza-specific T-cell measurements had mean CVs of 6% for the clone-spiked specimen and 11% for T1D samples in single-center testing, and 20% and 31%, respectively, for multicenter testing. Islet-specific T-cell measurements in these same samples had mean CVs of 14% and 23% for single-center and 23% and 41% for multicenter testing. The cross-sectional study identified relationships between T-cell frequencies and phenotype and disease duration, sex, and autoantibodies. A large fraction of the islet-specific T cells exhibited a naive phenotype. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the assay is reproducible and useful to characterize islet-specific T cells and identify correlations between T-cell measures and clinical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Ettinger
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Céline Vandamme
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Diabetes and Autoimmunity Research Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Rebecca Gomez
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - David Arribas-Layton
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, City of Hope Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Samal Bissenova
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Helena Reijonen
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, City of Hope Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB), 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Diabetes and Autoimmunity Research Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, 75014 Paris, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - William W Kwok
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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4
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James EA, Joglekar AV, Linnemann AK, Russ HA, Kent SC. The beta cell-immune cell interface in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Mol Metab 2023; 78:101809. [PMID: 37734713 PMCID: PMC10622886 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T1D is an autoimmune disease in which pancreatic islets of Langerhans are infiltrated by immune cells resulting in the specific destruction of insulin-producing islet beta cells. Our understanding of the factors leading to islet infiltration and the interplay of the immune cells with target beta cells is incomplete, especially in human disease. While murine models of T1D have provided crucial information for both beta cell and autoimmune cell function, the translation of successful therapies in the murine model to human disease has been a challenge. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we discuss current state of the art and consider knowledge gaps concerning the interface of the islet beta cell with immune infiltrates, with a focus on T cells. We discuss pancreatic and immune cell phenotypes and their impact on cell function in health and disease, which we deem important to investigate further to attain a more comprehensive understanding of human T1D disease etiology. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The last years have seen accelerated development of approaches that allow comprehensive study of human T1D. Critically, recent studies have contributed to our revised understanding that the pancreatic beta cell assumes an active role, rather than a passive position, during autoimmune disease progression. The T cell-beta cell interface is a critical axis that dictates beta cell fate and shapes autoimmune responses. This includes the state of the beta cell after processing internal and external cues (e.g., stress, inflammation, genetic risk) that that contributes to the breaking of tolerance by hyperexpression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I with presentation of native and neoepitopes and secretion of chemotactic factors to attract immune cells. We anticipate that emerging insights about the molecular and cellular aspects of disease initiation and progression processes will catalyze the development of novel and innovative intervention points to provide additional therapies to individuals affected by T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alok V Joglekar
- Center for Systems Immunology and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amelia K Linnemann
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sally C Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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5
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James EA, Holers VM, Iyer R, Prideaux EB, Rao NL, Rims C, Muir VS, Posso SE, Bloom MS, Zia A, Elliott SE, Adamska JZ, Ai R, Brewer RC, Seifert JA, Moss L, Barzideh S, Demoruelle MK, Striebich CC, Okamoto Y, Sainbayar E, Crook AA, Peterson RA, Vanderlinden LA, Wang W, Boyle DL, Robinson WH, Buckner JH, Firestein GS, Deane KD. Multifaceted immune dysregulation characterizes individuals at-risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7637. [PMID: 37993439 PMCID: PMC10665556 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers of autoimmunity, such as antibodies to citrullinated protein antigens (ACPA), are detectable prior to inflammatory arthritis (IA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may define a state that is 'at-risk' for future RA. Here we present a cross-sectional comparative analysis among three groups that include ACPA positive individuals without IA (At-Risk), ACPA negative individuals and individuals with early, ACPA positive clinical RA (Early RA). Differential methylation analysis among the groups identifies non-specific dysregulation in peripheral B, memory and naïve T cells in At-Risk participants, with more specific immunological pathway abnormalities in Early RA. Tetramer studies show increased abundance of T cells recognizing citrullinated (cit) epitopes in At-Risk participants, including expansion of T cells reactive to citrullinated cartilage intermediate layer protein I (cit-CILP); these T cells have Th1, Th17, and T stem cell memory-like phenotypes. Antibody-antigen array analyses show that antibodies targeting cit-clusterin, cit-fibrinogen and cit-histone H4 are elevated in At-Risk and Early RA participants, with the highest levels of antibodies detected in those with Early RA. These findings indicate that an ACPA positive at-risk state is associated with multifaceted immune dysregulation that may represent a potential opportunity for targeted intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Radhika Iyer
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - E Barton Prideaux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Navin L Rao
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Cliff Rims
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle S Bloom
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Amin Zia
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Serra E Elliott
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Julia Z Adamska
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Rizi Ai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - R Camille Brewer
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Jennifer A Seifert
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - LauraKay Moss
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Saman Barzideh
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - M Kristen Demoruelle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christopher C Striebich
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Yuko Okamoto
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Enkhtsogt Sainbayar
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Alexandra A Crook
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ryan A Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Lauren A Vanderlinden
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - David L Boyle
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | | | - Gary S Firestein
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kevin D Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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6
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James EA. Editorial: Processing, presentation, and recognition of T cell determinants: From molecular insights to clinical applications. Cell Immunol 2023; 391-392:104756. [PMID: 37603955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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7
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Moustakas AK, Nguyen H, James EA, Papadopoulos GK. Autoimmune susceptible HLA class II motifs facilitate the presentation of modified neoepitopes to potentially autoreactive T cells. Cell Immunol 2023; 390:104729. [PMID: 37301094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), and celiac disease (CD), are strongly associated with susceptible HLA class II haplotypes. The peptide-binding pockets of these molecules are polymorphic, thus each HLA class II protein presents a distinct set of peptides to CD4+ T cells. Peptide diversity is increased through post-translational modifications, generating non-templated sequences that enhance HLA binding and/or T cell recognition. The high-risk HLA-DR alleles that confer susceptibility to RA are notable for their ability to accommodate citrulline, promoting responses to citrullinated self-antigens. Likewise, HLA-DQ alleles associated with T1D and CD favor the binding of deamidated peptides. In this review, we discuss structural features that promote modified self-epitope presentation, provide evidence supporting the relevance of T cell recognition of such antigens in disease processes, and make a case that interrupting the pathways that generate such epitopes and reprogramming neoepitope-specific T cells are key strategies for effective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ionian University, GR26100 Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece
| | - Hai Nguyen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, GR47100 Arta, Greece
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8
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Moon JS, Younis S, Ramadoss NS, Iyer R, Sheth K, Sharpe O, Rao NL, Becart S, Carman JA, James EA, Buckner JH, Deane KD, Holers VM, Goodman SM, Donlin LT, Davis MM, Robinson WH. Cytotoxic CD8 + T cells target citrullinated antigens in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:319. [PMID: 36658110 PMCID: PMC9852471 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune mechanisms that mediate synovitis and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain poorly defined. Although increased levels of CD8+ T cells have been described in RA, their function in pathogenesis remains unclear. Here we perform single cell transcriptome and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of CD8+ T cells derived from anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA)+ RA blood. We identify GZMB+CD8+ subpopulations containing large clonal lineage expansions that express cytotoxic and tissue homing transcriptional programs, while a GZMK+CD8+ memory subpopulation comprises smaller clonal expansions that express effector T cell transcriptional programs. We demonstrate RA citrullinated autoantigens presented by MHC class I activate RA blood-derived GZMB+CD8+ T cells to expand, express cytotoxic mediators, and mediate killing of target cells. We also demonstrate that these clonally expanded GZMB+CD8+ cells are present in RA synovium. These findings suggest that cytotoxic CD8+ T cells targeting citrullinated antigens contribute to synovitis and joint tissue destruction in ACPA+ RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seung Moon
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Shady Younis
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nitya S Ramadoss
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Radhika Iyer
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Khushboo Sheth
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Orr Sharpe
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Navin L Rao
- Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Stephane Becart
- Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development LLC, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Julie A Carman
- Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Kevin D Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Susan M Goodman
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Laura T Donlin
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA. .,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Nguyen H, Arribas-Layton D, Chow IT, Speake C, Kwok WW, Hessner MJ, Greenbaum CJ, James EA. Characterizing T cell responses to enzymatically modified beta cell neo-epitopes. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1015855. [PMID: 36703975 PMCID: PMC9871889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies verify the formation of enzymatically post-translationally modified (PTM) self-peptides and their preferred recognition by T cells in subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, questions remain about the relative prevalence of T cells that recognize PTM self-peptides derived from different antigens, their functional phenotypes, and whether their presence correlates with a specific disease endotype. Methods To address this question, we identified a cohort of subjects with T1D who had diverse levels of residual beta cell function. Using previously developed HLA class II tetramer reagents, we enumerated T cells that recognize PTM GAD epitopes in the context of DRB1*04:01 or PTM IA2 epitopes in the context of DQB1*03:02 (DQ8). Results Consistent with prior studies, we observed higher overall frequencies and a greater proportion of memory T cells in subjects with T1D than in HLA matched controls. There were significantly higher numbers of GAD specific T cells than IA2 specific T cells in subjects with T1D. T cells specific for both groups of epitopes could be expanded from the peripheral blood of subjects with established T1D and at-risk subjects. Expanded neo-epitope specific T cells primarily produced interferon gamma in both groups, but a greater proportion of T cells were interferon gamma positive in subjects with T1D, including some poly-functional cells that also produced IL-4. Based on direct surface phenotyping, neo-epitope specific T cells exhibited diverse combinations of chemokine receptors. However, the largest proportion had markers associated with a Th1-like phenotype. Notably, DQ8 restricted responses to PTM IA2 were over-represented in subjects with lower residual beta cell function. Neo-epitope specific T cells were present in at-risk subjects, and those with multiple autoantibodies have higher interferon gamma to IL-4 ratios than those with single autoantibodies, suggesting a shift in polarization during progression. Discussion These results reinforce the relevance of PTM neo-epitopes in human disease and suggest that distinct responses to neo-antigens promote a more rapid decline in beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Nguyen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David Arribas-Layton
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William W. Kwok
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Martin J. Hessner
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Carla J. Greenbaum
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Eddie A. James,
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10
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Guyer P, Arribas-Layton D, Manganaro A, Speake C, Lord S, Eizirik DL, Kent SC, Mallone R, James EA. Recognition of mRNA Splice Variant and Secretory Granule Epitopes by CD4+ T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2023; 72:85-96. [PMID: 36201618 PMCID: PMC9797322 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A recent discovery effort resulted in identification of novel splice variant and secretory granule antigens within the HLA class I peptidome of human islets and documentation of their recognition by CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood and human islets. In the current study, we applied a systematic discovery process to identify novel CD4+ T cell epitopes derived from these candidate antigens. We predicted 145 potential epitopes spanning unique splice junctions and within conventional secretory granule antigens and measured their in vitro binding to DRB1*04:01. We generated HLA class II tetramers for the 35 peptides with detectable binding and used these to assess immunogenicity and isolate T cell clones. Tetramers corresponding to peptides with verified immunogenicity were then used to label T cells specific for these putative epitopes in peripheral blood. T cells that recognize distinct epitopes derived from a cyclin I splice variant, neuroendocrine convertase 2, and urocortin-3 were detected at frequencies that were similar to those of an immunodominant proinsulin epitope. Cells specific for these novel epitopes predominantly exhibited a Th1-like surface phenotype. Among the three epitopes, responses to the cyclin I peptide exhibited a distinct memory profile. Responses to neuroendocrine convertase 2 were detected among pancreatic infiltrating T cells. These results further establish the contribution of unconventional antigens to the loss of tolerance in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - David Arribas-Layton
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Anthony Manganaro
- Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program and Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Sandra Lord
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program and Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sally C. Kent
- Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
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11
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Strollo R, Vinci C, Man YKS, Bruzzaniti S, Piemonte E, Alhamar G, Briganti SI, Malandrucco I, Tramontana F, Fanali C, Garnett J, Buccafusca R, Guyer P, Mamula M, James EA, Pozzilli P, Ludvigsson J, Winyard PG, Galgani M, Nissim A. Autoantibody and T cell responses to oxidative post-translationally modified insulin neoantigenic peptides in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2023; 66:132-146. [PMID: 36207582 PMCID: PMC9729141 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Antibodies specific to oxidative post-translational modifications (oxPTM) of insulin (oxPTM-INS) are present in most individuals with type 1 diabetes, even before the clinical onset. However, the antigenic determinants of such response are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the antibody response to oxPTM-INS neoepitope peptides (oxPTM-INSPs) and evaluated their ability to stimulate humoral and T cell responses in type 1 diabetes. We also assessed the concordance between antibody and T cell responses to the oxPTM-INS neoantigenic peptides. METHODS oxPTM-INS was generated by exposing insulin to various reactive oxidants. The insulin fragments resulting from oxPTM were fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography further to ELISA and LC-MS/MS analysis to identify the oxidised peptide neoepitopes. Immunogenic peptide candidates were produced and then modified in house or designed to incorporate in silico-oxidised amino acids during synthesis. Autoantibodies to the oxPTM-INSPs were tested by ELISA using sera from 63 participants with new-onset type 1 diabetes and 30 control participants. An additional 18 fresh blood samples from participants with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes, five with established disease, and from 11 control participants were used to evaluate, in parallel, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation by oxPTM-INSPs. RESULTS We observed antibody and T cell responses to three out of six LC-MS/MS-identified insulin peptide candidates: A:12-21 (SLYQLENYCN, native insulin peptide 3 [Nt-INSP-3]), B:11-30 (LVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKT, Nt-INSP-4) and B:21-30 (ERGFFYTPKT, Nt-INSP-6). For Nt-INSP-4 and Nt-INSP-6, serum antibody binding was stronger in type 1 diabetes compared with healthy control participants (p≤0.02), with oxidised forms of ERGFFYTPKT, oxPTM-INSP-6 conferring the highest antibody binding (83% binders to peptide modified in house by hydroxyl radical [●OH] and >88% to in silico-oxidised peptide; p≤0.001 vs control participants). Nt-INSP-4 induced the strongest T cell stimulation in type 1 diabetes compared with control participants for both CD4+ (p<0.001) and CD8+ (p=0.049). CD4+ response to oxPTM-INSP-6 was also commoner in type 1 diabetes than in control participants (66.7% vs 27.3%; p=0.039). Among individuals with type 1 diabetes, the CD4+ response to oxPTM-INSP-6 was more frequent than to Nt-INSP-6 (66.7% vs 27.8%; p=0.045). Overall, 44.4% of patients showed a concordant autoimmune response to oxPTM-INSP involving simultaneously CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings support the concept that oxidative stress, and neoantigenic epitopes of insulin, may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Strollo
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Vinci
- Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Y K Stella Man
- Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sara Bruzzaniti
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Erica Piemonte
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Ghadeer Alhamar
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Irina Briganti
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Malandrucco
- The UOSD of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL) Frosinone, Frosinone, Italy
| | - Flavia Tramontana
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - James Garnett
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Buccafusca
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Program for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Mamula
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Program for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Paul G Winyard
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Mario Galgani
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Ahuva Nissim
- Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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12
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Chriswell ME, Lefferts AR, Clay MR, Hsu AR, Seifert J, Feser ML, Rims C, Bloom MS, Bemis EA, Liu S, Maerz MD, Frank DN, Demoruelle MK, Deane KD, James EA, Buckner JH, Robinson WH, Holers VM, Kuhn KA. Clonal IgA and IgG autoantibodies from individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis identify an arthritogenic strain of Subdoligranulum. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14. [PMID: 36288282 PMCID: PMC9804515 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn5166 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn5166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal origins hypothesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) proposes a central role for mucosal immune responses in the initiation or perpetuation of the systemic autoimmunity that occurs with disease. However, the connection between the mucosa and systemic autoimmunity in RA remains unclear. Using dual immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG family plasmablast-derived monoclonal autoantibodies obtained from peripheral blood of individuals at risk for RA, we identified cross-reactivity between RA-relevant autoantigens and bacterial taxa in the closely related families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. After generating bacterial isolates within the Lachnospiraceae/Ruminococcaceae genus Subdoligranulum from the feces of an individual, we confirmed monoclonal antibody binding and CD4+ T cell activation in individuals with RA compared to control individuals. In addition, when Subdoligranulum isolate 7 but not isolate 1 colonized germ-free mice, it stimulated TH17 cell expansion, serum RA-relevant IgG autoantibodies, and joint swelling reminiscent of early RA, with histopathology characterized by antibody deposition and complement activation. Systemic immune responses were likely due to mucosal invasion along with the generation of colon-isolated lymphoid follicles driving increased fecal and serum IgA by isolate 7, because B and CD4+ T cell depletion not only halted intestinal immune responses but also eliminated detectable clinical disease. In aggregate, these findings demonstrate a mechanism of RA pathogenesis through which a specific intestinal strain of bacteria can drive systemic autoantibody generation and joint-centered antibody deposition and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan E. Chriswell
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Adam R. Lefferts
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Michael R. Clay
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alex Ren Hsu
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jennifer Seifert
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Marie L. Feser
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Cliff Rims
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Michelle S. Bloom
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Elizabeth A. Bemis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Sucai Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - M. Kristen Demoruelle
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | | | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kristine A. Kuhn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,Corresponding Author:
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13
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Chriswell ME, Lefferts AR, Clay MR, Hsu AR, Seifert J, Feser ML, Rims C, Bloom MS, Bemis EA, Liu S, Maerz MD, Frank DN, Demoruelle MK, Deane KD, James EA, Buckner JH, Robinson WH, Holers VM, Kuhn KA. Clonal IgA and IgG autoantibodies from individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis identify an arthritogenic strain of Subdoligranulum. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn5166. [PMID: 36288282 PMCID: PMC9804515 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn5166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal origins hypothesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) proposes a central role for mucosal immune responses in the initiation or perpetuation of the systemic autoimmunity that occurs with disease. However, the connection between the mucosa and systemic autoimmunity in RA remains unclear. Using dual immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG family plasmablast-derived monoclonal autoantibodies obtained from peripheral blood of individuals at risk for RA, we identified cross-reactivity between RA-relevant autoantigens and bacterial taxa in the closely related families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. After generating bacterial isolates within the Lachnospiraceae/Ruminococcaceae genus Subdoligranulum from the feces of an individual, we confirmed monoclonal antibody binding and CD4+ T cell activation in individuals with RA compared to control individuals. In addition, when Subdoligranulum isolate 7 but not isolate 1 colonized germ-free mice, it stimulated TH17 cell expansion, serum RA-relevant IgG autoantibodies, and joint swelling reminiscent of early RA, with histopathology characterized by antibody deposition and complement activation. Systemic immune responses were likely due to mucosal invasion along with the generation of colon-isolated lymphoid follicles driving increased fecal and serum IgA by isolate 7, because B and CD4+ T cell depletion not only halted intestinal immune responses but also eliminated detectable clinical disease. In aggregate, these findings demonstrate a mechanism of RA pathogenesis through which a specific intestinal strain of bacteria can drive systemic autoantibody generation and joint-centered antibody deposition and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan E. Chriswell
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Adam R. Lefferts
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Michael R. Clay
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alex Ren Hsu
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jennifer Seifert
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Marie L. Feser
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Cliff Rims
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Michelle S. Bloom
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Elizabeth A. Bemis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Sucai Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - M. Kristen Demoruelle
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | | | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kristine A. Kuhn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,Corresponding Author:
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14
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Alvarez I, Antón LC, James EA. Editorial: alternative antigen processing and presentation in immune disorders. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993393. [PMID: 36159790 PMCID: PMC9493697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Alvarez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Luis C Antón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Yang ML, Connolly SE, Gee RJ, Lam TT, Kanyo J, Peng J, Guyer P, Syed F, Tse HM, Clarke SG, Clarke CF, James EA, Speake C, Evans-Molina C, Arvan P, Herold KC, Wen L, Mamula MJ. Carbonyl Posttranslational Modification Associated With Early-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity. Diabetes 2022; 71:1979-1993. [PMID: 35730902 PMCID: PMC9450849 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress in pancreatic islets amplify the appearance of various posttranslational modifications to self-proteins. In this study, we identified a select group of carbonylated islet proteins arising before the onset of hyperglycemia in NOD mice. Of interest, we identified carbonyl modification of the prolyl-4-hydroxylase β subunit (P4Hb) that is responsible for proinsulin folding and trafficking as an autoantigen in both human and murine type 1 diabetes. We found that carbonylated P4Hb is amplified in stressed islets coincident with decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and altered proinsulin-to-insulin ratios. Autoantibodies against P4Hb were detected in prediabetic NOD mice and in early human type 1 diabetes prior to the onset of anti-insulin autoimmunity. Moreover, we identify autoreactive CD4+ T-cell responses toward carbonyl-P4Hb epitopes in the circulation of patients with type 1 diabetes. Our studies provide mechanistic insight into the pathways of proinsulin metabolism and in creating autoantigenic forms of insulin in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Sean E. Connolly
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Renelle J. Gee
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - TuKiet T. Lam
- Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Resource, W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jean Kanyo
- Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Resource, W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven
| | - Jian Peng
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Steven G. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Catherine F. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Peter Arvan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kevan C. Herold
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Mark J. Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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16
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Holers VM, Kuhn KA, Demoruelle MK, Norris JM, Firestein GS, James EA, Robinson WH, Buckner JH, Deane KD. Mechanism-driven strategies for prevention of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Autoimmun 2022; 2:109-119. [PMID: 36312783 PMCID: PMC9610829 DOI: 10.1002/rai2.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the onset of clinically apparent inflammatory arthritis (IA) is typically preceded by a prolonged period of autoimmunity manifest by the presence of circulating autoantibodies that can include antibodies to citrullinated protein antigens (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF). This period prior to clinical IA can be designated preclinical RA in those individuals who have progressed to a clinical diagnosis of RA, and an 'at-risk' status in those who have not developed IA but exhibit predictive biomarkers of future clinical RA. With the goal of developing RA prevention strategies, studies have characterized immune phenotypes of preclinical RA/at-risk states. From these studies, a model has emerged wherein mucosal inflammation and dysbiosis may lead first to local autoantibody production that should normally be transient, but instead is followed by systemic spread of the autoimmunity as manifest by serum autoantibody elevations, and ultimately drives the development of clinically identified joint inflammation. This model can be envisioned as the progression of disease development through serial 'checkpoints' that in principle should constrain or resolve autoimmunity; however, instead the checkpoints 'fail' and clinical RA develops. Herein we review the immune processes that are likely to be present at each step and the potential therapeutic strategies that could be envisioned to delay, diminish, halt or even reverse the progression to clinical RA. Notably, these prevention strategies could utilize existing therapies approved for clinical RA, therapies approved for other diseases that target relevant pathways in the preclinical/at-risk state, or approaches that target novel pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristine A. Kuhn
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - M. Kristen Demoruelle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jill M. Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Gary S. Firestein
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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17
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Chen DP, McInnis EA, Wu EY, Stember KG, Hogan SL, Hu Y, Henderson CD, Blazek LN, Mallal S, Karosiene E, Peters B, Sidney J, James EA, Kwok WW, Jennette JC, Ciavatta DJ, Falk RJ, Free ME. Immunological Interaction of HLA-DPB1 and Proteinase 3 in ANCA Vasculitis is Associated with Clinical Disease Activity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1517-1527. [PMID: 35672132 PMCID: PMC9342628 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PR3-ANCA vasculitis has a genetic association with HLA-DPB1. We explored immunologic and clinical features related to the interaction of HLA-DPB1*04:01 with a strongly binding PR3 peptide epitope (PR3225-239). METHODS Patients with ANCA vasculitis with active disease and disease in remission were followed longitudinally. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients and healthy controls with HLA-DPB1*04:01 were tested for HLA-DPB1*04:01 expression and interaction with a PR3 peptide identified via in silico and in vitro assays. Tetramers (HLA/peptide multimers) identified autoreactive T cells in vitro. RESULTS: The HLA-DPB1*04:01 genotype was associated with risk of relapse in PR3-ANCA (HR for relapse 2.06; 95% CI, 1.01 to 4.20) but not in myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA or the combined cohort. In silico predictions of HLA and PR3 peptide interactions demonstrated strong affinity between ATRLFPDFFTRVALY (PR3225-239) and HLA-DPB1*04:01 that was confirmed by in vitro competitive binding studies. The interaction was tested in ex vivo flow cytometry studies of labeled peptide and HLA-DPB1*04:01-expressing cells. We demonstrated PR3225-239 specific autoreactive T cells using synthetic HLA multimers (tetramers). Patients in long-term remission off therapy had autoantigenic peptide and HLA interaction comparable to that of healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS The risk allele HLA-DPB1*04:01 has been associated with PR3-ANCA, but its immunopathologic role was unclear. These studies demonstrate that HLA-DPB1*04:01 and PR3225-239 initiate an immune response. Autoreactive T cells specifically recognized PR3225-239 presented by HLA-DPB1*04:01. Although larger studies should validate these findings, the pathobiology may explain the observed increased risk of relapse in our cohort. Moreover, lack of HLA and autoantigen interaction observed during long-term remission signals immunologic nonresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruti P. Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth A. McInnis
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eveline Y. Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katherine G. Stember
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Susan L. Hogan
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yichun Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Candace D. Henderson
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lauren N. Blazek
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Simon Mallal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Edita Karosiene
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Eddie A. James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - William W. Kwok
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J. Charles Jennette
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dominic J. Ciavatta
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ronald J. Falk
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Meghan E. Free
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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18
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Maggi J, Carrascal M, Soto L, Neira O, Cuéllar MC, Aravena O, James EA, Abian J, Jaraquemada D, Catalan D, Aguillón JC. Isolation of HLA-DR-naturally presented peptides identifies T-cell epitopes for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1096-1105. [PMID: 35459695 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) immunopathogenesis revolves around the presentation of poorly characterised self-peptides by human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-class II molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells to autoreactive CD4 +T cells. Here, we analysed the HLA-DR-associated peptidome of synovial tissue (ST) and of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with synovial fluid (SF) or ST, to identify potential T-cell epitopes for RA. METHODS HLA-DR/peptide complexes were isolated from RA ST samples (n=3) and monocyte-derived DCs, generated from healthy donors carrying RA-associated shared epitope positive HLA-DR molecules and pulsed with RA SF (n=7) or ST (n=2). Peptide sequencing was performed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The immunostimulatory capacity of selected peptides was evaluated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with RA (n=29) and healthy subjects (n=12) by flow cytometry. RESULTS We identified between 103 and 888 HLA-DR-naturally presented peptides per sample. We selected 37 native and six citrullinated (cit)-peptides for stimulation assays. Six of these peptides increased the expression of CD40L on CD4 +T cells patients with RA, and specifically triggered IFN-γ expression on RA CD4 +T cells compared with healthy subjects. Finally, the frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD4 +T cells specific for a myeloperoxidase-derived peptide showed a positive correlation with disease activity. CONCLUSIONS We significantly expanded the peptide repertoire presented by HLA-DR molecules in a physiologically relevant context, identifying six new epitopes recognised by CD4 +T cells from patients with RA. This information is important for a better understanding of the disease immunopathology, as well as for designing tolerising antigen-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaxaira Maggi
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Montserrat Carrascal
- Biological and Environmental Proteomics Group, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lilian Soto
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina, Unidad del Dolor, Hospital Clinico de la Universidad de Chile Jose Joaquin Aguirre, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Neira
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital del Salvador, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María C Cuéllar
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital del Salvador, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eddie A James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joaquin Abian
- Biological and Environmental Proteomics Group, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Jaraquemada
- Immunology Unit, Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology Department, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Catalan
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Aguillón
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Yang ML, James EA, Overbergh L, Herold KC, Mamula MJ. Regulation of metabolism by protein modifications in autoimmunity. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.108.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes (T1D), inflammation and oxidative stress in pancreatic islets amplifies various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of self-proteins. The loss of immune tolerance to islet PTMs triggers an autoreactive T cell response and contributes to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in T1D. The major function of beta cells is to secret insulin in response to glucose uptake in order to maintain glucose homeostasis. In this study, we identify autoantibodies against to beta subunit of prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4Hb; native and carbonylated form) and glucokinase (GK; native and citrullinated form) in both human T1D and murine models. Glucokinase serves as a glucose sensor to initiate glycolysis and insulin signaling in beta cells. P4Hb is required for the accurate folding of insulin. By mass spectrometry, six carbonyl residues and eleven citrulline residues were mapped in oxidative rhP4Hb and PAD-treated rhGK, respectively. Of interest, autoreactive CD4+ T cells to citrullinated GK epitopes are present in the circulation of T1D patients. In regards to glucose metabolism, the carbonylated-P4Hb is amplified in stressed human islets coincident with decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and disturb (increase) proinsulin to insulin ratios. The citrullination alters GK biologic activity (Km) and suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Moreover, PAD2/4 inhibitors can partially restore IFNg +IL-1b suppressed glucose stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E beta cells. Our studies implicate the crucial enzymes, glucokinase and P4Hb, as the biomarkers, providing new insights into creating autoantigens and define the impact of metabolic PTMs on the aberrant beta cell functions of T1D.
This research was supported by the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (Innovative Grant to M.J.M., 2-SRA-2018-551-S-B to E.A.J.), and National Institutes of Health (DK104205-01 to K.H. and M.J.M.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale Sch. of Med
| | | | | | | | - Mark J Mamula
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale Sch. of Med
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20
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Jing Y, Kong Y, McGinty J, Blahnik-Fagan G, Lee T, Orozco-Figueroa S, Bettini ML, James EA, Bettini M. T-Cell Receptor/HLA Humanized Mice Reveal Reduced Tolerance and Increased Immunogenicity of Posttranslationally Modified GAD65 Epitope. Diabetes 2022; 71:1012-1022. [PMID: 35179565 PMCID: PMC9044133 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a critical role for posttranslationally modified (PTM) islet neoantigens in type 1 diabetes. However, our understanding regarding thymic development and peripheral activation of PTM autoantigen-reactive T cells is still limited. Using HLA-DR4 humanized mice, we observed that deamidation of GAD65115-127 generates a more immunogenic epitope that recruits T cells with promiscuous recognition of both the deamidated and native epitopes and reduced frequency of regulatory T cells. Using humanized HLA/T-cell receptor (TCR) mice, we observed that TCRs reactive to the native or deamidated GAD65115-127 led to efficient development of CD4+ effector T cells; however, regulatory T-cell development was reduced in mice expressing the PTM-reactive TCR, which was partially restored with exogenous PTM peptide. Upon priming, both the native-specific and the deamidated-specific T cells accumulated in pancreatic islets, suggesting that both specificities can recognize endogenous GAD65 and contribute to anti-β-cell responses. Collectively, our observations in polyclonal and single TCR systems suggest that while effector T-cell responses can exhibit cross-reactivity between native and deamidated GAD65 epitopes, regulatory T-cell development is reduced in response to the deamidated epitope, pointing to regulatory T-cell development as a key mechanism for loss of tolerance to PTM antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jing
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Yuelin Kong
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - John McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Stephanie Orozco-Figueroa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
- Corresponding author: Maria Bettini,
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21
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Yang ML, Horstman S, Gee R, Guyer P, Lam TT, Kanyo J, Perdigoto AL, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Callebaut A, Overbergh L, Kibbey RG, Herold KC, James EA, Mamula MJ. Citrullination of glucokinase is linked to autoimmune diabetes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1870. [PMID: 35388005 PMCID: PMC8986778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, including reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines in tissues amplify various post-translational modifications of self-proteins. A number of post-translational modifications have been identified as autoimmune biomarkers in the initiation and progression of Type 1 diabetes. Here we show the citrullination of pancreatic glucokinase as a result of inflammation, triggering autoimmunity and affecting glucokinase biological functions. Glucokinase is expressed in hepatocytes to regulate glycogen synthesis, and in pancreatic beta cells as a glucose sensor to initiate glycolysis and insulin signaling. We identify autoantibodies and autoreactive CD4+ T cells to glucokinase epitopes in the circulation of Type 1 diabetes patients and NOD mice. Finally, citrullination alters glucokinase biologic activity and suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Our study define glucokinase as a Type 1 diabetes biomarker, providing new insights of how inflammation drives post-translational modifications to create both neoautoantigens and affect beta cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sheryl Horstman
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Renelle Gee
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, WM Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean Kanyo
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, WM Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ana L Perdigoto
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aïsha Callebaut
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard G Kibbey
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark J Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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22
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Ishigaki K, Lagattuta KA, Luo Y, James EA, Buckner JH, Raychaudhuri S. HLA autoimmune risk alleles restrict the hypervariable region of T cell receptors. Nat Genet 2022; 54:393-402. [PMID: 35332318 PMCID: PMC9010379 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes strongly influence autoimmune disease risk. HLA risk alleles may influence thymic selection to increase the frequency of T cell receptors (TCRs) reactive to autoantigens (central hypothesis). However, research in human autoimmunity has provided little evidence supporting the central hypothesis. Here we investigated the influence of HLA alleles on TCR composition at the highly diverse complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3), which confers antigen recognition. We observed unexpectedly strong HLA-CDR3 associations. The strongest association was found at HLA-DRB1 amino acid position 13, the position that mediates genetic risk for multiple autoimmune diseases. We identified multiple CDR3 amino acid features enriched by HLA risk alleles. Moreover, the CDR3 features promoted by the HLA risk alleles are more enriched in candidate pathogenic TCRs than control TCRs (for example, citrullinated epitope-specific TCRs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis). Together, these results provide genetic evidence supporting the central hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Ishigaki
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Laboratory for Human Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaitlyn A Lagattuta
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yang Luo
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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23
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Yang JHM, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Perry DJ, Blanchfield JL, Posgai AL, Wiedeman AE, Diggins K, Rahman A, Tree TIM, Brusko TM, Levings MK, James EA, Kent SC, Speake C, Homann D, Long SA. Guidelines for standardizing T cell cytometry assays to link biomarkers, mechanisms, and disease outcomes in type 1 diabetes. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:372-388. [PMID: 35025103 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytometric immunophenotyping is a powerful tool to discover and implement T cell biomarkers of type 1 diabetes (T1D) progression and response to clinical therapy. Although many discovery-based T cell biomarkers have been described, to date, no such markers have been widely adopted in standard practice. The heterogeneous nature of T1D and lack of standardized assays and experimental design across studies is a major barrier to the broader adoption of T cell immunophenotyping assays. There is an unmet need to harmonize the design of immunophenotyping assays, including those that measure antigen-agnostic cell populations, such that data collected from different clinical trial sites and T1D cohorts are comparable, yet account for cohort-specific features and different drug mechanisms of action. In these Guidelines, we aim to provide expert advice on how to unify aspects of study design and practice. We provide recommendations for defining cohorts, method implementation, as well as tools for data analysis and reporting by highlighting and building on selected successes. Harmonization of cytometry-based T cell assays will allow researchers to better integrate findings across trials, ultimately enabling the identification and validation of biomarkers of disease progression and treatment response in T1D. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie H M Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsten A Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia, Vancouver, CA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J Lori Blanchfield
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alice E Wiedeman
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kirsten Diggins
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy I M Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia, Vancouver, CA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, CA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sally C Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dirk Homann
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | -
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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24
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Hill DL, Whyte CE, Innocentin S, Lee JL, Dooley J, Wang J, James EA, Lee JC, Kwok WW, Zand MS, Liston A, Carr EJ, Linterman MA. Impaired HA-specific T follicular helper cell and antibody responses to influenza vaccination are linked to inflammation in humans. eLife 2021; 10:e70554. [PMID: 34726156 PMCID: PMC8562996 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody production following vaccination can provide protective immunity to subsequent infection by pathogens such as influenza viruses. However, circumstances where antibody formation is impaired after vaccination, such as in older people, require us to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underpin successful vaccination in order to improve vaccine design for at-risk groups. Here, by studying the breadth of anti-haemagglutinin (HA) IgG, serum cytokines, and B and T cell responses by flow cytometry before and after influenza vaccination, we show that formation of circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells was associated with high-titre antibody responses. Using Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) class II tetramers, we demonstrate that HA-specific cTfh cells can derive from pre-existing memory CD4+ T cells and have a diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. In older people, the differentiation of HA-specific cells into cTfh cells was impaired. This age-dependent defect in cTfh cell formation was not due to a contraction of the TCR repertoire, but rather was linked with an increased inflammatory gene signature in cTfh cells. Together, this suggests that strategies that temporarily dampen inflammation at the time of vaccination may be a viable strategy to boost optimal antibody generation upon immunisation of older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika L Hill
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Carly E Whyte
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jia Le Lee
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - James Dooley
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jiong Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Translational Research Program and Tetramer Core LaboratorySeattleUnited States
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Diabetes ProgramSeattleUnited States
- Department of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Martin S Zand
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Adrian Liston
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward J Carr
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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25
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Rodriguez-Calvo T, Christoffersson G, Bender C, von Herrath MG, Mallone R, Kent SC, James EA. Means, Motive, and Opportunity: Do Non-Islet-Reactive Infiltrating T Cells Contribute to Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes? Front Immunol 2021; 12:683091. [PMID: 34220832 PMCID: PMC8242234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In human type 1 diabetes and animal models of the disease, a diverse assortment of immune cells infiltrates the pancreatic islets. CD8+ T cells are well represented within infiltrates and HLA multimer staining of pancreas sections provides clear evidence that islet epitope reactive T cells are present within autoimmune lesions. These bona fide effectors have been a key research focus because these cells represent an intellectually attractive culprit for β cell destruction. However, T cell receptors are highly diverse in human insulitis. This suggests correspondingly broad antigen specificity, which includes a majority of T cells for which there is no evidence of islet-specific reactivity. The presence of “non-cognate” T cells in insulitis raises suspicion that their role could be beyond that of an innocent bystander. In this perspective, we consider the potential pathogenic contribution of non-islet-reactive T cells. Our intellectual framework will be that of a criminal investigation. Having arraigned islet-specific CD8+ T cells for the murder of pancreatic β cells, we then turn our attention to the non-target immune cells present in human insulitis and consider the possible regulatory, benign, or effector roles that they may play in disease. Considering available evidence, we overview the case that can be made that non-islet-reactive infiltrating T cells should be suspected as co-conspirators or accessories to the crime and suggest some possible routes forward for reaching a better understanding of their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gustaf Christoffersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Bender
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Type 1 Diabetes Center at La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthias G von Herrath
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Type 1 Diabetes Center at La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sally C Kent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Eddie A James
- Translatonal Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle WA, United States
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26
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Wiles TA, Hohenstein A, Landry LG, Dang M, Powell R, Guyer P, James EA, Nakayama M, Haskins K, Delong T, Baker RL. Characterization of Human CD4 T Cells Specific for a C-Peptide/C-Peptide Hybrid Insulin Peptide. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668680. [PMID: 34113344 PMCID: PMC8185328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid Insulin Peptides (HIPs), which consist of insulin fragments fused to other peptides from β-cell secretory granule proteins, are CD4 T cell autoantigens in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We have studied HIPs and HIP-reactive CD4 T cells extensively in the context of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune diabetes and have shown that CD4 T cells specific for HIPs are major contributors to disease pathogenesis. Additionally, in the human context, HIP-reactive CD4 T cells can be found in the islets and peripheral blood of T1D patients. Here, we performed an in-depth characterization of the CD4 T cell response to a C-peptide/C-peptide HIP (HIP11) in human T1D. We identified the TCR expressed by the previously-reported HIP11-reactive CD4 T cell clone E2, which was isolated from the peripheral blood of a T1D patient, and determined that it recognizes HIP11 in the context of HLA-DQ2. We also identified a HIP11-specific TCR directly in the islets of a T1D donor and demonstrated that this TCR recognizes a different minimal epitope of HIP11 presented by HLA-DQ8. We generated and tested an HLA-DQ2 tetramer loaded with HIP11 that will enable direct ex vivo interrogation of CD4 T cell responses to HIP11 in human patients and control subjects. Using mass spectrometric analysis, we confirmed that HIP11 is present in human islets. This work represents an important step in characterizing the role of CD4 T cell responses to HIPs in human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Wiles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anita Hohenstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laurie G. Landry
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mylinh Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roger Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Eddie A. James
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States,Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Thomas Delong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rocky L. Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Rocky L. Baker,
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27
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Song J, Schwenzer A, Wong A, Turcinov S, Rims C, Martinez LR, Arribas-Layton D, Gerstner C, Muir VS, Midwood KS, Malmström V, James EA, Buckner JH. Shared recognition of citrullinated tenascin-C peptides by T and B cells in rheumatoid arthritis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145217. [PMID: 33507879 PMCID: PMC8021118 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix protein that has proinflammatory properties, is a recently described antibody target in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we utilized a systematic discovery process and identified 5 potentially novel citrullinated TNC (cit-TNC) T cell epitopes. CD4+ T cells specific for these epitopes were elevated in the peripheral blood of subjects with RA and showed signs of activation. Cit-TNC–specific T cells were also present among synovial fluid T cells and secreted IFN-γ. Two of these cit-TNC T cell epitopes were also recognized by antibodies within the serum and synovial fluid of individuals with RA. Detectable serum levels of cit-TNC–reactive antibodies were prevalent among subjects with RA and positively associated with cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) reactivity and the HLA shared epitope. Furthermore, cit-TNC–reactive antibodies were correlated with rheumatoid factor and elevated in subjects with a history of smoking. This work confirms cit-TNC as an autoantigen that is targeted by autoreactive CD4+ T cells and autoantibodies in patients with RA. Furthermore, our findings raise the possibility that coinciding epitopes recognized by both CD4+ T cells and B cells have the potential to amplify autoimmunity and promote the development and progression of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anja Schwenzer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Wong
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Turcinov
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cliff Rims
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lorena Rodriguez Martinez
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Arribas-Layton
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christina Gerstner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Virginia S Muir
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kim S Midwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
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28
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DeGottardi Q, Gates TJ, Yang J, James EA, Malhotra U, Chow IT, Simoni Y, Fehlings M, Newell EW, DeBerg HA, Kwok WW. Ontogeny of different subsets of yellow fever virus-specific circulatory CXCR5 + CD4 + T cells after yellow fever vaccination. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15686. [PMID: 32973217 PMCID: PMC7519049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the frequency of circulatory CXCR5+ (cCXCR5+) CD4+ T cells in periphery blood provides a potential biomarker to draw inferences about T follicular helper (TFH) activity within germinal center. However, cCXCR5+ T cells are highly heterogeneous in their expression of ICOS, PD1 and CD38 and the relationship between different cCXCR5 subsets as delineated by these markers remains unclear. We applied class II tetramer reagents and mass cytometry to investigate the ontogeny of different subsets of cCXCR5+ T cell following yellow fever immunization. Through unsupervised analyses of mass cytometry data, we show yellow fever virus-specific cCXCR5 T cells elicited by vaccination were initially CD38+ICOS+PD1+, but then transitioned to become CD38+ICOS-PD1+ and CD38-ICOS-PD1+ before coming to rest as a CD38-ICOS-PD1- subset. These results imply that most antigen-specific cCXCR5+ T cells, including the CD38-ICOS-PD1- CXCR5+ T cells are derived from the CXCR5+CD38+ICOS+PD1+ subset, the subset that most resembles preTFH/TFH in the germinal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn DeGottardi
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.,Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theresa J Gates
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Junbao Yang
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.,Cs-Bay Therapeutics, Newark, CA, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Uma Malhotra
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.,Virginia Mason Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Yannick Simoni
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Fehlings
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah A DeBerg
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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29
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James EA, Mallone R, Kent SC, DiLorenzo TP. T-Cell Epitopes and Neo-epitopes in Type 1 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Update and Reappraisal. Diabetes 2020; 69:1311-1335. [PMID: 32561620 PMCID: PMC7306130 DOI: 10.2337/dbi19-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes is characterized by effector T-cell responses to pancreatic β-cell-derived peptides presented by HLA class I and class II molecules, leading ultimately to β-cell demise and insulin insufficiency. Although a given HLA molecule presents a vast array of peptides, only those recognized by T cells are designated as epitopes. Given their intimate link to etiology, the discovery and characterization of T-cell epitopes is a critical aspect of type 1 diabetes research. Understanding epitope recognition is also crucial for the pursuit of antigen-specific immunotherapies and implementation of strategies for T-cell monitoring. For these reasons, a cataloging and appraisal of the T-cell epitopes targeted in type 1 diabetes was completed over a decade ago, providing an important resource for both the research and the clinical communities. Here we present a much needed update and reappraisal of this earlier work and include online supplementary material where we cross-index each epitope with its primary references and Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) identifier. Our analysis includes a grading scale to score the degree of evidence available for each epitope, which conveys our perspective on several useful criteria for epitope evaluation. While providing an efficient summary of the arguably impressive current state of knowledge, this work also brings to light several deficiencies. These include the need for improved epitope validation, as few epitopes score highly by the criteria employed, and the dearth of investigations of the epitopes recognized in the context of several understudied type 1 diabetes-associated HLA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sally C Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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30
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Arribas-Layton D, Guyer P, Delong T, Dang M, Chow IT, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Kwok WW, Baker RL, Haskins K, James EA. Hybrid Insulin Peptides Are Recognized by Human T Cells in the Context of DRB1*04:01. Diabetes 2020; 69:1492-1502. [PMID: 32291282 PMCID: PMC7306133 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T cells isolated from the pancreatic infiltrates of nonobese diabetic mice have been shown to recognize epitopes formed by the covalent cross-linking of proinsulin and secretory granule peptides. Formation of such hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) was confirmed through mass spectrometry, and responses to HIPs were observed among the islet-infiltrating T cells of pancreatic organ donors and in the peripheral blood of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, questions remain about the prevalence of HIP-specific T cells in humans, the sequences they recognize, and their role in disease. We identified six novel HIPs that are recognized in the context of DRB1*04:01, discovered by using a library of theoretical HIP sequences derived from insulin fragments covalently linked to one another or to fragments of secretory granule proteins or other islet-derived proteins. We demonstrate that T cells that recognize these HIPs are detectable in the peripheral blood of subjects with T1D and exhibit an effector memory phenotype. HIP-reactive T-cell clones produced Th1-associated cytokines and proliferated in response to human islet preparations. These results support the relevance of HIPs in human disease, further establishing a novel posttranslational modification that may contribute to the loss of peripheral tolerance in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas Delong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO
| | - Mylinh Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Cate Speake
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rocky L Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
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31
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Nguyen HT, Dufort MT, Speake C, Greenbaum C, Linsley PS, James EA. High dimensional single cell characterization of autoreactive CD8 T-cells reveals heterogeneous phenotypes that play a role in disease progression in Type 1 Diabetes. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.224.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is caused by beta cell destruction, eventually resulting in loss of glycemic control. Following onset, subjects with T1D exhibit diverse amounts of residual c-peptide, indicating varying levels of beta cell function. Persistence of c-peptide is correlated with reduced risk of complications and its preservation has been used as an endpoint in clinical trials. However, the immunologic factors that differentiate subjects who retain measurable c-peptide from those who do not are not well characterized. We investigated the number and phenotype of beta cell specific CD8+ T-cells in peripheral blood samples from a cohort of T1D subjects, stratified into slow progressors (c-peptide > 0.1ng/ml) and rapid progressors (undetectable c-peptide), including longitudinal samples. Using tetramers corresponding to HLA-A2 epitopes, we enumerated epitope specific T-cells and sorted single cells for RNA-Seq. Differential gene expression between slow and rapid progressors indicated differences in effector, exhaustion, and regulatory pathways which were consistent with a recently published high dimensional CyTOF data set. Assembly of autoantigen specific TCRs revealed differences in clonal expansion for specific cell clusters. Pseudotime trajectory analysis of the scRNAseq data revealed that CD8+ T cells expressing the same TCR resided in different phenotypic end states. Furthermore, flow cytometric analyses demonstrated differential expression of lineage-specific cell surface markers, which correlated well with the transcriptional profiles within each cluster. Cumulatively, we discovered specific aspects of T cell function and repertoire that differ between slow- and rapid-progressing T1D subjects.
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32
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Abdelsamed HA, Zebley CC, Nguyen H, Rutishauser RL, Fan Y, Ghoneim HE, Crawford JC, Alfei F, Alli S, Ribeiro SP, Castellaw AH, McGargill MA, Jin H, Boi SK, Speake C, Serti E, Turka LA, Busch ME, Stone M, Deeks SG, Sekaly RP, Zehn D, James EA, Nepom GT, Youngblood B. Beta cell-specific CD8 + T cells maintain stem cell memory-associated epigenetic programs during type 1 diabetes. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:578-587. [PMID: 32231298 PMCID: PMC7183435 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pool of beta cell-specific CD8+ T-cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D) sustains an autoreactive potential despite having access to a constant source of antigen. To investigate the long-lived nature of these cells, we established a DNA methylation-based T cell “multipotency index” and found that beta cell-specific CD8+ T-cells retained a stem-like epigenetic multipotency score. Single cell ATAC-seq analysis confirmed the co-existence of naive and effector-associated epigenetic programs in individual beta cell-specific CD8+ T-cells. Assessment of beta cell-specific CD8+ T-cell anatomical distribution and the establishment of stem-associated epigenetic programs revealed that self-reactive CD8+ T-cells isolated from murine lymphoid tissue retained developmentally plastic phenotypic and epigenetic profiles relative to the same cells isolated from the pancreas. Collectively, these data provide new insight into the longevity of beta cell-specific CD8+ T cell responses, and document the utility of this novel methylation-based multipotency index for investigating human and mouse CD8+ T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam A Abdelsamed
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin C Zebley
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hai Nguyen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel L Rutishauser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Francesca Alfei
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Shanta Alli
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Ashley H Castellaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hongjian Jin
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shannon K Boi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Laurence A Turka
- Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Translational Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Eddie A James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gerald T Nepom
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ben Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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33
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Larson D, Patel P, Salapatek AM, Couroux P, Whitehouse D, Pina A, Johnson JL, Sever ML, Sanda S, Poyser J, Allio T, Scadding GW, Qin T, Shamji MH, Kwok WW, James EA, French D, Lelic A, Larché M, Altman MC, Togias A, Durham SR. Nasal allergen challenge and environmental exposure chamber challenge: A randomized trial comparing clinical and biological responses to cat allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:1585-1597. [PMID: 32169380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The direct-instillation nasal allergen challenge (NAC) and the environmental exposure chamber (EEC) are 2 methods of conducting controlled allergen provocations. The clinical and biological comparability of these methods has not been thoroughly investigated. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare clinical and immunologic responses to cat allergen in NAC versus EEC. METHODS Twenty-four participants were randomized to receive either NAC followed by a 2-day challenge in an EEC or a 2-day challenge in an EEC followed by NAC. Challenges were separated by 28-day washout periods. We measured total nasal symptom scores, peak nasal inspiratory flow, nasal (0-8 hours) and serum cytokines, serum antibodies, peripheral blood antigen-specific T lymphocytes, and gene expression in nasal scrapings. The primary outcome was the total nasal symptom score area under the curve for the first 3 hours after allergen exposure in NAC or after initiation of exposure in EEC. RESULTS Both challenges increased IL-5 and IL-13 in nasal fluids and serum and resulted in altered nasal cell expression of gene modules related to mucosal biology and transcriptional regulation. Changes in gene modules, more so than cytokine measurements, showed significant associations with total nasal symptom score and peak nasal inspiratory flow. Overall, EEC exposure generated larger responses and more early terminations compared with NAC. Although the 2 challenges did not correlate in symptom magnitude or temporality, striking correlations were observed in cytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS Although clinical outcomes of NAC and EEC were temporally different and nonequivalent in magnitude, immunologic responses were similar. Selection of a particular allergen challenge method should depend on considerations of study objectives and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piyush Patel
- Inflamax Research Limited, DBA Cliantha Research, Mississauga, Canada
| | | | - Peter Couroux
- Inflamax Research Limited, DBA Cliantha Research, Mississauga, Canada
| | | | - Adela Pina
- Rho Federal Systems Division, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | - Julian Poyser
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Theresa Allio
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Guy W Scadding
- MRC and Asthma UK, Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tielin Qin
- The Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, Md
| | - Mohamed H Shamji
- MRC and Asthma UK, Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section of Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute, Department of Translational Research, Seattle, Wash
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute, Department of Translational Research, Seattle, Wash
| | | | - Alina Lelic
- Human Immunology Testing Suite, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Larché
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Divisions of Clinical Immunology & Allergy and Respirology, Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health, The Research Institute, St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Matthew C Altman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Benaroya Research Institute, Systems Immunology Division, Seattle, Wash
| | - Alkis Togias
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Stephen R Durham
- MRC and Asthma UK, Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section of Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Wiedeman AE, Muir VS, Rosasco MG, DeBerg HA, Presnell S, Haas B, Dufort MJ, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Serti E, Nepom GT, Blahnik G, Kus AM, James EA, Linsley PS, Long SA. Autoreactive CD8+ T cell exhaustion distinguishes subjects with slow type 1 diabetes progression. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:480-490. [PMID: 31815738 PMCID: PMC6934185 DOI: 10.1172/jci126595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) retain some functional insulin-producing islet β cells at the time of diagnosis, the rate of further β cell loss varies across individuals. It is not clear what drives this differential progression rate. CD8+ T cells have been implicated in the autoimmune destruction of β cells. Here, we addressed whether the phenotype and function of autoreactive CD8+ T cells influence disease progression. We identified islet-specific CD8+ T cells using high-content, single-cell mass cytometry in combination with peptide-loaded MHC tetramer staining. We applied a new analytical method, DISCOV-R, to characterize these rare subsets. Autoreactive T cells were phenotypically heterogeneous, and their phenotype differed by rate of disease progression. Activated islet-specific CD8+ memory T cells were prevalent in subjects with T1D who experienced rapid loss of C-peptide; in contrast, slow disease progression was associated with an exhaustion-like profile, with expression of multiple inhibitory receptors, limited cytokine production, and reduced proliferative capacity. This relationship between properties of autoreactive CD8+ T cells and the rate of T1D disease progression after onset make these phenotypes attractive putative biomarkers of disease trajectory and treatment response and reveal potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute (BRI) at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carla J. Greenbaum
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute (BRI) at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Gerald T. Nepom
- Translational Research Program
- Immune Tolerance Network (ITN), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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35
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Piganelli JD, Mamula MJ, James EA. The Role of β Cell Stress and Neo-Epitopes in the Immunopathology of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:624590. [PMID: 33679609 PMCID: PMC7930070 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.624590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their secretory function, β cells are predisposed to higher levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and greater sensitivity to inflammation than other cell types. These stresses elicit changes in β cells that alter their function and immunogenicity, including defective ribosomal initiation, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of endogenous β cell proteins, and alternative splicing. Multiple published reports confirm the presence of not only CD8+ T cells, but also autoreactive CD4+ T cells within pancreatic islets. Although the specificities of T cells that infiltrate human islets are incompletely characterized, they have been confirmed to include neo-epitopes that are formed through stress-related enzymatic modifications of β cell proteins. This article summarizes emerging knowledge about stress-induced changes in β cells and data supporting a role for neo-antigen formation and cross-talk between immune cells and β cells that provokes autoimmune attack - leading to a breakdown in tissue-specific tolerance in subjects who develop type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D. Piganelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mark J. Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Eddie A. James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Eddie A. James,
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36
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Speake C, Skinner SO, Berel D, Whalen E, Dufort MJ, Young WC, Odegard JM, Pesenacker AM, Gorus FK, James EA, Levings MK, Linsley PS, Akirav EM, Pugliese A, Hessner MJ, Nepom GT, Gottardo R, Long SA. A composite immune signature parallels disease progression across T1D subjects. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126917. [PMID: 31671072 PMCID: PMC6962023 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At diagnosis, most people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) produce measurable levels of endogenous insulin, but the rate at which insulin secretion declines is heterogeneous. To explain this heterogeneity, we sought to identify a composite signature predictive of insulin secretion, using a collaborative assay evaluation and analysis pipeline that incorporated multiple cellular and serum measures reflecting β cell health and immune system activity. The ability to predict decline in insulin secretion would be useful for patient stratification for clinical trial enrollment or therapeutic selection. Analytes from 12 qualified assays were measured in shared samples from subjects newly diagnosed with T1D. We developed a computational tool (DIFAcTO, Data Integration Flexible to Account for different Types of data and Outcomes) to identify a composite panel associated with decline in insulin secretion over 2 years following diagnosis. DIFAcTO uses multiple filtering steps to reduce data dimensionality, incorporates error estimation techniques including cross-validation and sensitivity analysis, and is flexible to assay type, clinical outcome, and disease setting. Using this novel analytical tool, we identified a panel of immune markers that, in combination, are highly associated with loss of insulin secretion. The methods used here represent a potentially novel process for identifying combined immune signatures that predict outcomes relevant for complex and heterogeneous diseases like T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cate Speake
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel O. Skinner
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dror Berel
- Vaccines and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth Whalen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew J. Dufort
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William Chad Young
- Vaccines and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jared M. Odegard
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne M. Pesenacker
- University of British Columbia BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frans K. Gorus
- Diabetes Research Center, Medical School and University Hospital (UZ Brussel), Brussels Free University Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan K. Levings
- University of British Columbia BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter S. Linsley
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eitan M. Akirav
- Research Institute, Islet Biology, New York University Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Gerald T. Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccines and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S. Alice Long
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
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37
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Galindo‐Feria AS, Albrecht I, Fernandes‐Cerqueira C, Notarnicola A, James EA, Herrath J, Dastmalchi M, Sandalova T, Rönnblom L, Jakobsson P, Fathi M, Achour A, Grunewald J, Malmström V, Lundberg IE. Proinflammatory Histidyl–Transfer
RNA
Synthetase–Specific
CD
4+ T Cells in the Blood and Lungs of Patients With Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 72:179-191. [DOI: 10.1002/art.41075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inka Albrecht
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Herrath
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maryam Dastmalchi
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life LaboratoryKarolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stolkholm, Sweden, and Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | | | | | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life LaboratoryKarolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ingrid E. Lundberg
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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38
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Longino NV, Yang J, Iyer JG, Ibrani D, Chow IT, Laing KJ, Campbell VL, Paulson KG, Kulikauskas RM, Church CD, James EA, Nghiem P, Kwok WW, Koelle DM. Human CD4 + T Cells Specific for Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Localize to Merkel Cell Carcinomas and Target a Required Oncogenic Domain. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1727-1739. [PMID: 31405946 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although CD4+ T cells likely play key roles in antitumor immune responses, most immuno-oncology studies have been limited to CD8+ T-cell responses due to multiple technical barriers and a lack of shared antigens across patients. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer caused by Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) oncoproteins in 80% of cases. Because MCPyV oncoproteins are shared across most patients with MCC, it is unusually feasible to identify, characterize, and potentially augment tumor-specific CD4+ T cells. Here, we report the identification of CD4+ T-cell responses against six MCPyV epitopes, one of which included a conserved, essential viral oncogenic domain that binds/disables the cellular retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor. We found that this epitope (WEDLT209-228) could be presented by three population-prevalent HLA class II alleles, making it a relevant target in 64% of virus-positive MCC patients. Cellular staining with a WEDLT209-228-HLA-DRB1*0401 tetramer indicated that specific CD4+ T cells were detectable in 78% (14 of 18) of evaluable MCC patients, were 250-fold enriched within MCC tumors relative to peripheral blood, and had diverse T-cell receptor sequences. We also identified a modification of this domain that still allowed recognition by these CD4+ T cells but disabled binding to the Rb tumor suppressor, a key step in the detoxification of a possible therapeutic vaccine. The use of these new tools for deeper study of MCPyV-specific CD4+ T cells may provide broader insight into cancer-specific CD4+ T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie V Longino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Junbao Yang
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jayasri G Iyer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dafina Ibrani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Victoria L Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kelly G Paulson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rima M Kulikauskas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Candice D Church
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eddie A James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. .,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - David M Koelle
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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39
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Chow IT, Gates TJ, Papadopoulos GK, Moustakas AK, Kolawole EM, Notturno RJ, McGinty JW, Torres-Chinn N, James EA, Greenbaum C, Nepom GT, Evavold BD, Kwok WW. Discriminative T cell recognition of cross-reactive islet-antigens is associated with HLA-DQ8 transdimer-mediated autoimmune diabetes. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw9336. [PMID: 31457096 PMCID: PMC6703875 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw9336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ8 transdimer (HLA-DQA1*0501/DQB1*0302) confers exceptionally high risk in autoimmune diabetes. However, little is known about HLA-DQ8 transdimer-restricted CD4 T cell recognition, an event crucial for triggering HLA-DQ8 transdimer-specific anti-islet immunity. Here, we report a high degree of epitope overlap and T cell promiscuity between susceptible HLA-DQ8 and HLA-DQ8 transdimer. Despite preservation of putative residues for T cell receptor (TCR) contact, stronger disease-associated responses to cross-reactive, immunodominant islet epitopes are elicited by HLA-DQ8 transdimer. Mutagenesis at the α chain of HLA-DQ8 transdimer in complex with the disease-relevant GAD65250-266 peptide and in silico analysis reveal the DQ α52 residue located within the N-terminal edge of the peptide-binding cleft for the enhanced T cell reactivity, altering avidity and biophysical affinity between TCR and HLA-peptide complexes. Accordingly, a structurally promiscuous but nondegenerate TCR-HLA-peptide interface is pivotal for HLA-DQ8 transdimer-mediated autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Theresa J. Gates
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - George K. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, GR47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Antonis K. Moustakas
- Department of Food Technology, Ionian University, GR28100 Argostoli, Cephallonia, Greece
| | - Elizabeth M. Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Richard J. Notturno
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - John W. McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Nadia Torres-Chinn
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Carla Greenbaum
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Gerald T. Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - William W. Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Corresponding author.
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40
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Meckiff BJ, Ladell K, McLaren JE, Ryan GB, Leese AM, James EA, Price DA, Long HM. Primary EBV Infection Induces an Acute Wave of Activated Antigen-Specific Cytotoxic CD4 + T Cells. J Immunol 2019; 203:1276-1287. [PMID: 31308093 PMCID: PMC6697742 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary EBV infection drives highly cytotoxic virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses. EBV-specific memory CD4+ T cells are polyfunctional but lack cytotoxic activity. Acute EBV-specific CD4-CTLs differ transcriptionally from classical memory CD4-CTLs.
CD4+ T cells are essential for immune protection against viruses, yet their multiple roles remain ill-defined at the single-cell level in humans. Using HLA class II tetramers, we studied the functional properties and clonotypic architecture of EBV-specific CD4+ T cells in patients with infectious mononucleosis, a symptomatic manifestation of primary EBV infection, and in long-term healthy carriers of EBV. We found that primary infection elicited oligoclonal expansions of TH1-like EBV-specific CD4+ T cells armed with cytotoxic proteins that responded immediately ex vivo to challenge with EBV-infected B cells. Importantly, these acutely generated cytotoxic CD4+ T cells were highly activated and transcriptionally distinct from classically described cytotoxic CD4+ memory T cells that accumulate during other persistent viral infections, including CMV and HIV. In contrast, EBV-specific memory CD4+ T cells displayed increased cytokine polyfunctionality but lacked cytotoxic activity. These findings suggested an important effector role for acutely generated cytotoxic CD4+ T cells that could potentially be harnessed to improve the efficacy of vaccines against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Meckiff
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gordon B Ryan
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Leese
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Eddie A James
- Tetramer Core Laboratory, Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Heather M Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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41
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Rims C, Uchtenhagen H, Kaplan MJ, Carmona-Rivera C, Carlucci P, Mikecz K, Markovics A, Carlin J, Buckner JH, James EA. Citrullinated Aggrecan Epitopes as Targets of Autoreactive CD4+ T Cells in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:518-528. [PMID: 30390384 DOI: 10.1002/art.40768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recognition of citrullinated antigens such as vimentin, fibrinogen, and α-enolase is associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Emerging data suggest that the matrix protein aggrecan is also recognized as a citrullinated antigen. This study was undertaken to directly visualize Cit-aggrecan-specific T cells and characterize them in patients with RA. METHODS Citrullinated aggrecan peptides with likely DRB1*04:01 binding motifs were predicted using a previously published scanning algorithm. Peptides with detectable binding were assessed for immunogenicity by HLA tetramer staining, followed by single cell cloning. Selectivity for citrullinated peptide was assessed by tetramer staining and proliferation assays. Ex vivo tetramer staining was then performed to assess frequencies of aggrecan-specific T cells in peripheral blood. Finally, disease association was assessed by comparing T cell frequencies in RA patients and controls and correlating aggrecan-specific T cells with levels of aggrecan-specific antibodies. RESULTS We identified 6 immunogenic peptides, 2 of which were the predominant T cell targets in peripheral blood. These 2 epitopes were citrullinated at HLA binding residues and shared homologous sequences. RA patients had significantly higher frequencies of Cit-aggrecan-specific T cells than healthy subjects. Furthermore, T cell frequencies were significantly correlated with antibodies against citrullinated aggrecan. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that T cells that recognize citrullinated aggrecan are present in patients with RA and correlate with antibodies that target this same antigen. Consequently, aggrecan-specific T cells and antibodies are potentially relevant markers that could be used to monitor patients with RA or at-risk subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff Rims
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington.,Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, and Karolinksa Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carmelo Carmona-Rivera
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Philip Carlucci
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Jane H Buckner
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
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42
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Yang J, Jing L, James EA, Gebe JA, Koelle DM, Kwok WW. A Novel Approach of Identifying Immunodominant Self and Viral Antigen Cross-Reactive T Cells and Defining the Epitopes They Recognize. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2811. [PMID: 30619245 PMCID: PMC6298415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection and vaccination can lead to activation of autoreactive T cells, including the activation of cross-reactive T cells. However, detecting these cross-reactive T cells and identifying the non-self and self-antigen epitopes is difficult. The current study demonstrates the utility of a novel approach that effectively accomplishes both. We utilized surface expression of CD38 on newly activated CD4 memory T cells as a strategy to identify type 1 diabetes associated autoreactive T cells activated by influenza vaccination in healthy subjects. We identified an influenza A matrix protein (MP) specific CD4+ T cell clone that cross-recognizes an immunodominant epitope from Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) protein. The sequences of the MP and GAD65 peptides are rather distinct, with only 2 identical amino acids within the HLA-DR binding region. This result suggests that activation of autoreactive T cells by microbial infection under certain physiological conditions can occur amongst peptides with minimum amino acid sequence homology. This novel strategy also provides a new research pathway in which to examine activation of autoreactive CD4+ T cells after vaccination or natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbao Yang
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - John A Gebe
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M Koelle
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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James EA, Gillette L, Durinovic-Bello I, Speake C, Bondinas GP, Moustakas AK, Greenbaum CJ, Papadopoulos GK, Kwok WW. DRB4*01:01 Has a Distinct Motif and Presents a Proinsulin Epitope That Is Recognized in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes. J Immunol 2018; 201:3524-3533. [PMID: 30455401 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DRB4*01:01 (DRB4) is a secondary HLA-DR product that is part of the high-risk DR4/DQ8 haplotype that is associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). DRB4 shares considerable homology with HLA-DR4 alleles that predispose to autoimmunity, including DRB1*04:01 and DRB1*04:04. However, the DRB4 protein sequence includes distinct residues that would be expected to alter the characteristics of its binding pockets. To identify high-affinity peptides that are recognized in the context of DRB4, we used an HLA class II tetramer-based approach to identify epitopes within multiple viral Ags. We applied a similar approach to identify antigenic sequences within glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and pre-proinsulin that are recognized in the context of DRB4. Seven sequences were immunogenic, eliciting high-affinity T cell responses in DRB4+ subjects. DRB1*04:01-restricted responses toward many of these peptides have been previously described, but responses to a novel pre-proinsulin 9-28 peptide were commonly observed in subjects with T1D. Furthermore, T cells that recognized this peptide in the context of DRB4 were present at significantly higher frequencies in patients with T1D than in healthy controls, implicating this as a disease-relevant specificity that may contribute to the breakdown of β cell tolerance in genetically susceptible individuals. We then deduced a DRB4 motif and confirmed its key features through structural modeling. This modeling suggested that the core epitope within the pre-proinsulin 9-28 peptide has a somewhat unusual binding motif, with tryptophan in the fourth binding pocket of DRB4, perhaps influencing the availability of this complex for T cell selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Laurel Gillette
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | | | - Cate Speake
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - George P Bondinas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, GR47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, GR27100 Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece; and
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, GR47100 Arta, Greece
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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44
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Blahnik G, Uchtenhagen H, Chow IT, Speake C, Greenbaum C, Kwok WW, James EA. Analysis of pancreatic beta cell specific CD4+ T cells reveals a predominance of proinsulin specific cells. Cell Immunol 2018; 335:68-75. [PMID: 30428974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell responses are thought to play a role in type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, detection and characterization of T cells that respond to beta cell epitopes in subjects with T1D has been limited by technical obstacles, including the inherently low frequencies in peripheral blood and variable responsiveness of individual subjects to single epitopes. We implemented a multicolor staining approach that allows direct ex vivo characterization of multiple CD4+ T cell specificities in a single sample. Here we demonstrate and apply that multicolor approach to directly measure the frequency and phenotype of beta cell specific CD4+ T cells in T1D patients and HLA matched controls. For this work we utilized five DR0401 restricted peptides from proinsulin, GAD65, IA-2, and IGRP, which were previously reported as disease relevant epitopes. Surprisingly, although responses to each of these peptides can be readily detected after in vitro expansion, our results indicated that only proinsulin specific T cells were consistently detectable at moderate frequencies in subjects with T1D. Characterization of beta cell specific CD4+ T cells revealed only modest differences between subjects with T1D and healthy controls. Subjects with T1D did have higher proportions of CD45RA negative epitope specific T cells than controls. In patients epitope specific T cells were often CXCR3 positive and a substantial proportion were CCR7 negative, suggesting a Th1-like effector phenotype. Finally, we demonstrated that our multicolor staining approach is compatible with class I multimer analysis, facilitating the characterization of self-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells using a single sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Blahnik
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Carla Greenbaum
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - William W Kwok
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Buitinga M, Callebaut A, Marques Câmara Sodré F, Crèvecoeur I, Blahnik-Fagan G, Yang ML, Bugliani M, Arribas-Layton D, Marré M, Cook DP, Waelkens E, Mallone R, Piganelli JD, Marchetti P, Mamula MJ, Derua R, James EA, Mathieu C, Overbergh L. Inflammation-Induced Citrullinated Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 Elicits Immune Responses in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:2337-2348. [PMID: 30348823 PMCID: PMC6973547 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The β-cell has become recognized as a central player in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes with the generation of neoantigens as potential triggers for breaking immune tolerance. We report that posttranslationally modified glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a novel autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes. When human islets were exposed to inflammatory stress induced by interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, arginine residue R510 within GRP78 was converted into citrulline, as evidenced by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This conversion, known as citrullination, led to the generation of neoepitopes, which effectively could be presented by HLA-DRB1*04:01 molecules. With the use of HLA-DRB1*04:01 tetramers and ELISA techniques, we demonstrate enhanced antigenicity of citrullinated GRP78 with significantly increased CD4+ T-cell responses and autoantibody titers in patients with type 1 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects. Of note, patients with type 1 diabetes had a predominantly higher percentage of central memory cells and a lower percentage of effector memory cells directed against citrullinated GRP78 compared with the native epitope. These results strongly suggest that citrullination of β-cell proteins, exemplified here by the citrullination of GRP78, contributes to loss of self-tolerance toward β-cells in human type 1 diabetes, indicating that β-cells actively participate in their own demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aïsha Callebaut
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Inne Crèvecoeur
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Meghan Marré
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dana P Cook
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- SyBioMa, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- SyBioMa, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Marré ML, Piganelli JD, James EA. Protecting functional β cells with a therapeutic peptide. Ann Transl Med 2018; 6:372. [PMID: 30370299 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.07.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Marré
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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Birrueta G, Tripple V, Pham J, Manohar M, James EA, Kwok WW, Nadeau KC, Sette A, Peters B, Schulten V. Peanut-specific T cell responses in patients with different clinical reactivity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204620. [PMID: 30304054 PMCID: PMC6179248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole extract or allergen-specific IgE testing has become increasingly popular in the diagnosis of peanut allergy. However, much less is known about T cell responses in peanut allergy and how it relates to different clinical phenotypes. CD4+ T cells play a major role in the pathophysiology of peanut allergy as well as tolerance induction during oral desensitization regimens. We set out to characterize and phenotype the T cell responses and their targets in peanut sensitized patients. Using PBMC from peanut-allergic and non-allergic patients, we mapped T cell epitopes for three major peanut allergens, Ara h 1, 2 and 3 (27 from Ara h 1, 4 from Ara h 2 and 43 from Ara h 3) associated with release of IFNγ (representative Th1 cytokine) and IL5 (representative Th2 cytokine). A pool containing 19 immunodominant peptides, selected to account for 60% of the total Ara h 1-3-specific T cell response in allergics, but only 20% in non-allergics, was shown to discriminate T cell responses in peanut-sensitized, symptomatic vs non-symptomatic individuals more effectively than peanut extract. This pool elicited positive T cell responses above a defined threshold in 12/15 sensitized, symptomatic patients, whereas in the sensitized but non-symptomatic cohort only, 4/14 reacted. The reactivity against this peptide pool in symptomatic patients was dominated by IL-10, IL-17 and to a lesser extend IL-5. For four distinct epitopes, HLA class II restrictions were determined, enabling production of tetrameric reagents. Tetramer staining in four donors (2 symptomatic, 2 non-symptomatic) revealed a trend for increased numbers of peanut epitope-specific T cells in symptomatic patients compared to non-symptomatic patients, which was associated with elevated CRTh2 expression whereas cells from non-symptomatic patients exhibited higher levels of Integrin β7 expression. Our results demonstrate differences in T cell response magnitude, epitope specificity and phenotype between symptomatic and non-symptomatic peanut-sensitized patients. In addition to IgE reactivity, analysis of peanut-specific T cells may be useful to improve our understanding of different clinical manifestations in peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Birrueta
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Victoria Tripple
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - John Pham
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Monali Manohar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - William W. Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Véronique Schulten
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Kimura T, Kobiyama K, Winkels H, Tse K, Miller J, Vassallo M, Wolf D, Ryden C, Orecchioni M, Dileepan T, Jenkins MK, James EA, Kwok WW, Hanna DB, Kaplan RC, Strickler HD, Durkin HG, Kassaye SG, Karim R, Tien PC, Landay AL, Gange SJ, Sidney J, Sette A, Biol.Sci., Ley K. Regulatory CD4 + T Cells Recognize Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecule-Restricted Peptide Epitopes of Apolipoprotein B. Circulation 2018; 138:1130-1143. [PMID: 29588316 PMCID: PMC6160361 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.031420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+ T cells play an important role in atherosclerosis, but their antigen specificity is poorly understood. Immunization with apolipoprotein B (ApoB, core protein of low density lipoprotein) is known to be atheroprotective in animal models. Here, we report on a human APOB peptide, p18, that is sequence-identical in mouse ApoB and binds to both mouse and human major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. METHODS We constructed p18 tetramers to detect human and mouse APOB-specific T cells and assayed their phenotype by flow cytometry including CD4 lineage transcription factors, intracellular cytokines, and T cell receptor activation. Apolipoprotein E-deficient ( Apoe-/-) mice were vaccinated with p18 peptide or adjuvants alone, and atherosclerotic burden in the aorta was determined. RESULTS In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from donors without cardiovascular disease, p18 specific CD4+ T cells detected by a new human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related-p18 tetramers were mostly Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Donors with subclinical cardiovascular disease as detected by carotid artery ultrasound had Tregs coexpressing retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t or T-bet, which were both almost absent in donors without cardiovascular disease. In Apoe-/- mice, immunization with p18 induced Tregs and reduced atherosclerotic lesions. After peptide restimulation, responding CD4+ T cells identified by Nur77-GFP (green fluorescent protein) were highly enriched in Tregs. A new mouse I-Ab-p18 tetramer identified the expansion of p18-specific CD4+ T cells on vaccination, which were enriched for interleukin-10-producing Tregs. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that APOB p18-specific CD4+ T cells are mainly Tregs in healthy donors, but coexpress other CD4 lineage transcription factors in donors with subclinical cardiovascular disease. This study identifies ApoB peptide 18 as the first Treg epitope in human and mouse atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kimura
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kevin Tse
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Melanie Vassallo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christian Ryden
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marco Orecchioni
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eddie A. James
- Tetramer Core Laboratory, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William W. Kwok
- Tetramer Core Laboratory, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David B. Hanna
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Howard D. Strickler
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Helen G. Durkin
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Seble G. Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Roksana Karim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Phyllis C. Tien
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen J. Gange
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Biol.Sci.
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Marre ML, McGinty JW, Chow IT, DeNicola ME, Beck NW, Kent SC, Powers AC, Bottino R, Harlan DM, Greenbaum CJ, Kwok WW, Piganelli JD, James EA. Modifying Enzymes Are Elicited by ER Stress, Generating Epitopes That Are Selectively Recognized by CD4 + T Cells in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:1356-1368. [PMID: 29654212 PMCID: PMC6014552 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In spite of tolerance mechanisms, some individuals develop T-cell-mediated autoimmunity. Posttranslational modifications that increase the affinity of epitope presentation and/or recognition represent one means through which self-tolerance mechanisms can be circumvented. We investigated T-cell recognition of peptides that correspond to modified β-cell antigens in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Modified peptides elicited enhanced proliferation by autoreactive T-cell clones. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in insulinoma cells increased cytosolic calcium and the activity of tissue transglutaminase 2 (tTG2). Furthermore, stressed human islets and insulinomas elicited effector responses from T cells specific for modified peptides, suggesting that ER stress-derived tTG2 activity generated deamidated neoepitopes that autoreactive T cells recognized. Patients with type 1 diabetes had large numbers of T cells specific for these epitopes in their peripheral blood. T cells with these specificities were also isolated from the pancreatic draining lymph nodes of cadaveric donors with established diabetes. Together, these results suggest that self-antigens are enzymatically modified in β-cells during ER stress, giving rise to modified epitopes that could serve to initiate autoimmunity or to further broaden the antigenic repertoire, activating potentially pathogenic CD4+ T cells that may not be effectively eliminated by negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Marre
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John W McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Megan E DeNicola
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Noah W Beck
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sally C Kent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Rita Bottino
- Islet Isolation Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David M Harlan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
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50
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Abstract
Prior to the onset of type 1 diabetes, there is progressive loss of immune self-tolerance, evidenced by the accumulation of islet autoantibodies and emergence of autoreactive T cells. Continued autoimmune activity leads to the destruction of pancreatic β-cells and loss of insulin secretion. Studies of samples from patients with type 1 diabetes and of murine disease models have generated important insights about genetic and environmental factors that contribute to susceptibility and immune pathways that are important for pathogenesis. However, important unanswered questions remain regarding the events that surround the initial loss of tolerance and subsequent failure of regulatory mechanisms to arrest autoimmunity and preserve functional β-cells. In this Perspective, we discuss various processes that lead to the generation of neoepitopes in pancreatic β-cells, their recognition by autoreactive T cells and antibodies, and potential roles for such responses in the pathology of disease. Emerging evidence supports the relevance of neoepitopes generated through processes that are mechanistically linked with β-cell stress. Together, these observations support a paradigm in which neoepitope generation leads to the activation of pathogenic immune cells that initiate a feed-forward loop that can amplify the antigenic repertoire toward pancreatic β-cell proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Diabetes Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Mark J Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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