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Norval G, Ross KE, Sharrad RD, Gardner MG. Taking stock: a review of the known parasites of the sleepy lizard,Tiliqua rugosa(Gray, 1825), a common lizard endemic to Australia. T ROY SOC SOUTH AUST 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03721426.2019.1595946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerrut Norval
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kirstin E. Ross
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert D. Sharrad
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael G. Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia
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Shima AL, Berger L, Skerratt LF. Conservation and health of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi). AUSTRALIAN MAMMALOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/am17030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) is an iconic species in far north Queensland yet little is known about its health or population status. Studies on this species have been conducted in a limited number of locations and focused primarily on ecology, habitat use and home-range size. The species is relatively common in the Atherton Tablelands but habitat loss, predation by domestic, feral and wild dogs, vehicle strike, low fecundity, and disease have been identified as threats to the population. We review knowledge of population ecology and threats for this species, and include a novel collation of disease reports on all tree-kangaroos with particular reference to Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo. Health of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo appears to be impacted by the increase in humans and domestic animals in their range. There have been reports of melioidosis, toxoplasmosis, tick paralysis and blindness in wild tree-kangaroos. We identify where increased information on health and population viability will improve conservation and management of the species.
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Woolford L, Franklin C, Whap T, Loban F, Lanyon JM. Pathological findings in wild harvested dugongs Dugong dugon of central Torres Strait, Australia. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 113:89-102. [PMID: 25751852 DOI: 10.3354/dao02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dugong Dugong dugon is classified as Vulnerable to extinction but may be endangered in some regions. Cause of death in stranded dugongs has not been determined in a large proportion of animals examined, with investigations hindered by limited information on dugong health and diseases, and paucity of knowledge of common or endemic pathological findings. Here we describe pathological findings in harvested dugongs from the relatively pristine area of central Torres Strait, and we characterise lesions attributable to drowning. Other recorded lesions were mild and predominated by host reaction to the presence of trematodes within the gastrointestinal tracts, liver and pancreas. Ascarid worm burdens were low in comparison to dugongs from developed coastlines. Hepatocellular lipofuscin and ferritin pigmentation were commonly observed, more pronounced in livers of older animals and concurrent with periportal and bridging fibrosis. Lesions attributable to drowning included incomplete collapse of lungs, dorsal or diffuse pulmonary congestion, mild intra-alveolar haemorrhage and oedema, mild interstitial oedema and rupture of peripheral alveolar septae with acute myofibre fragmentation and degeneration. No accumulation of foam or aspiration of water or particulate matter was observed, suggesting that dugongs 'dry drown'. Morphometric features of normal spleen are also presented. Characterisation of common pathological findings and those attributable to drowning in this species will aid in the interpretation of post mortem findings for the significant number of dugongs found deceased along urbanised coastlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Woolford
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
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Chiari M, Ferrari N, Giardiello D, Lanfranchi P, Zanoni M, Lavazza A, Alborali LG. Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and badgers (Meles meles) in northern Italy. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:86. [PMID: 25492524 PMCID: PMC4266207 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella spp. have been isolated from a wide range of wild animals. Opportunistic wild carnivores such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and badgers (Meles meles) may act as environmental indicators or as potential sources of salmonellosis in humans. The present study characterizes Salmonella spp. isolated from the intestinal contents of hunted or dead red foxes (n = 509) and badgers (n = 17) in northern Italy. Findings Thirty-one strains of Salmonella belonging to 3 Salmonella enterica subspecies were isolated. Fourteen different serovars of S. enterica subsp. enterica were identified, among which were serovars often associated with human illness. Conclusions Wild opportunistic predators can influence the probability of infection of both domestic animals and humans through active shedding of the pathogen to the environment. The epidemiological role of wild carnivores in the spread of salmonellosis needs to be further studied.
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Pees M, Rabsch W, Plenz B, Fruth A, Prager R, Simon S, Schmidt V, Münch S, Braun PG. Evidence for the transmission of Salmonella from reptiles to children in Germany, July 2010 to October 2011. Euro Surveill 2013; 18. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.46.20634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pees
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - W Rabsch
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other bacterial Enterics, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - B Plenz
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Fruth
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other bacterial Enterics, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - R Prager
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other bacterial Enterics, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - S Simon
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other bacterial Enterics, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - V Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Münch
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other bacterial Enterics, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - P G Braun
- Institute of Food Hygiene, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in European wild boar (Sus scrofa); Latium Region – Italy. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Silva-Hidalgo G, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Alpuche-Aranda C, Rendón-Maldonado J, López-Valenzuela M, Juárez-Barranco F, López-Moreno H. Non-typhi Salmonella serovars found in Mexican zoo animals. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1132-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Drake M, Amadi V, Zieger U, Johnson R, Hariharan H. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in cane toads (Bufo marinus) from Grenada, West Indies, and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:437-41. [PMID: 23035820 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cloacal swabs and caecal contents sampled from 58 cane toads (Bufo marinus) in St George's parish, Grenada, during a 7-month period in 2011 were examined by an enrichment and selective culture method for presence of Salmonella spp. Twenty-four (41%) toads were positive for Salmonella spp. of which eight were Salmonella enterica serovar Javiana, and eight were S. enterica serovar Rubislaw. The other serovars were as follows: Montevideo, 6; Arechavaleta, 1; and serovar: IV:43:-:-, 1. The high frequency of isolation of serovar Javiana, an emerging human pathogen associated with several outbreaks in the recent years in the eastern United States, suggests a possible role for cane toads in transmission of this serovar. Although S. Rubislaw has been isolated from lizards, bats and cases of some human infections, there is no report of its carriage by cane toads, and in such high frequency. The rate of carriage of S. Montevideo, a cause for human foodborne outbreaks around the world was also over 10% in the 58 toads sampled in this study. The antimicrobial drug susceptibility tests against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed that drug resistance is minimal and is of little concern. Antimicrobial resistance was limited to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in one isolate of S. Javiana and one isolate of S. Rubislaw. This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of various Salmonella serovars not identified previously in cane toads in Grenada, West Indies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Drake
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St George's University, West Indies,Grenada
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Hydeskov HB, Guardabassi L, Aalbaek B, Olsen KEP, Nielsen SS, Bertelsen MF. Salmonella prevalence among reptiles in a zoo education setting. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:291-5. [PMID: 22835051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinically healthy reptiles may shed Salmonella and therefore act as a potential zoonotic threat. Most people in Northern European countries are rarely exposed to reptiles, but many zoos have education departments where children have direct contact with this group of animals. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and serotype distribution of Salmonella among reptiles in the Education Department (n = 55) at Copenhagen Zoo and compare it to the Zoo's main reptile collection (n = 145) to evaluate the zoonotic risk. Salmonella was isolated from cloacal swabs by selective enrichment, and a single isolate from each positive sample was further identified by biochemical tests and serotyped. The overall prevalence was 35% (69/200) with significant difference between the Education Department (64%, 35/55) and the main reptile collection (23%, 34/145). A total of 28 serotypes were detected. Ten serotypes were isolated from more than one specimen and four from more than one species. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Eastbourne was the predominant serotype (32%, 22/69) and was also the serotype isolated from most reptile species (n = 7). Transmission of serotypes from one department to another was very limited indicated by the serotype distribution. Despite the relative high prevalence observed among the reptiles in the Zoo's Education Department compared to the reptiles in the Zoo's main reptile collection, no Salmonella cases have been linked to the Zoo, and Salmonella ser. Eastbourne is very rarely isolated from humans in Denmark. Simple hygienic procedures such as hand washing which is consistently carried out following handling of reptiles at the Education Department may reduce the risk and therefore contribute to this low prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Hydeskov
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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10
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Charruau P, Pérez-Flores J, Pérez-Juárez JG, Cedeño-Vázquez JR, Rosas-Carmona R. Oral and cloacal microflora of wild crocodiles Crocodylus acutus and C. moreletii in the Mexican Caribbean. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2012; 98:27-39. [PMID: 22422127 DOI: 10.3354/dao02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cultures and chemical analyses were performed from cloacal and oral swabs taken from 43 American crocodiles Crocodylus acutus and 28 Morelet's crocodiles C. moreletii captured in Quintana Roo State, Mexico. We recovered 47 bacterial species (28 genera and 14 families) from all samples with 51.1% of these belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Fourteen species (29.8%) were detected in both crocodile species and 18 (38.3%) and 15 (31.9%) species were only detected in American and Morelet's crocodiles, respectively. We recovered 35 bacterial species from all oral samples, of which 9 (25.8%) were detected in both crocodile species. From all cloacal samples, we recovered 21 bacterial species, of which 8 (38.1%) were detected in both crocodile species. The most commonly isolated bacteria in cloacal samples were Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli, whereas in oral samples the most common bacteria were A. hydrophila and Arcanobacterium pyogenes. The bacteria isolated represent a potential threat to crocodile health during conditions of stress and a threat to human health through crocodile bites, crocodile meat consumption or carrying out activities in crocodile habitat. We especially warn about the presence of Salmonella arizonae and S. typhi, which cause enteritis and septicemia in crocodiles and salmonellosis and typhoid fever in humans. The risk of bacterial contamination from crocodiles to humans could increase in the future because of the accelerated destruction of crocodile habitat, which could lead to an augmentation of human-crocodile interactions. Information on bacterial diversity reported here could help in the choice of antibacterial products in case of infections that are of crocodile origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Charruau
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal 04510, Mexico.
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11
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Callaway Z, Thomas A, Melrose W, Buttner P, Speare R. SalmonellaVirchow andSalmonellaWeltevreden in a Random Survey of the Asian House Gecko,Hemidactylus frenatus, in Houses in Northern Australia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:621-5. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zak Callaway
- Anton Breinl Centre for Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Annette Thomas
- Tropical and Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Animal Biosecurity, Oonoonba, Townsville, Australia
| | - Wayne Melrose
- Anton Breinl Centre for Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Petra Buttner
- Anton Breinl Centre for Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Rick Speare
- Anton Breinl Centre for Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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12
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Hidalgo-Vila J, Díaz-Paniagua C, de Frutos-Escobar C, Jiménez-Martínez C, Pérez-Santigosa N. Salmonella in free living terrestrial and aquatic turtles. Vet Microbiol 2007; 119:311-5. [PMID: 16979850 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detection of Salmonella in pet turtles has been the focus of extensive research, but its incidence in free living turtles is not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of Salmonella in terrestrial and aquatic species of chelonians inhabiting a National Park in southwestern Spain. Individuals of the terrestrial tortoise Testudo graeca (n = 16) and the aquatic turtles Emys orbicularis (n = 26) and Mauremys leprosa (n = 50) were investigated. Maximum incidence of Salmonella was recorded in the terrestrial species (100%). In contrast, the incidence of infected animals was low in the aquatic species, 12% in M. leprosa and 15.4% in E. orbicularis. Five serotypes of Salmonella belonging to subspecies enterica (I) and salamae (II) were identified. All serotypes were found in the terrestrial species, and three in the aquatic ones, suggesting that wild terrestrial chelonians are important reservoirs of Salmonella in our study area. Cloacal transmission during mating is the most probable mode of transmission among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hidalgo-Vila
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Avda. María Luisa s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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Nakadai A, Kuroki T, Kato Y, Suzuki R, Yamai S, Yaginuma C, Shiotani R, Yamanouchi A, Hayashidani H. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in pet reptiles in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:97-101. [PMID: 15699603 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
From November 2000 to July 2002, 112 fecal samples from pet reptiles, including 18 turtles, 71 lizards and 23 snakes, sold at a pet shop were examined for the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Japan. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 83 (74.1%) of 112 samples, and a total of 112 Salmonella isolates were identified as subspecies I to IV. The majority of isolates (62.5%) belonged to subspecies I and 54 isolates could be identified as any of 28 serovars. The predominant serovars were found to be S. Bardo, S. Newport and S. Panama, which cause human salmonellosis. These results indicate that pet reptiles may be a potential infectious source of human salmonellosis in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Nakadai
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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