1
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Caldwell AR, Tenan MS. Confidence intervals are not a way of moving beyond P values. J Physiol 2024; 602:413-414. [PMID: 38112447 DOI: 10.1113/jp286050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Caldwell
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Springdale, Arkansas, USA
| | - Matthew S Tenan
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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2
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Steele J, Fisher JP, Smith D, Schoenfeld BJ, Yang Y, Nakagawa S. Meta-analysis of variation in sport and exercise science: Examples of application within resistance training research. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1617-1634. [PMID: 38037792 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2286748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analysis has become commonplace within sport and exercise science for synthesising and summarising empirical studies. However, most research in the field focuses upon mean effects, particularly the effects of interventions to improve outcomes such as fitness or performance. It is thought that individual responses to interventions vary considerably. Hence, interest has increased in exploring precision or personalised exercise approaches. Not only is the mean often affected by interventions, but variation may also be impacted. Exploration of variation in studies such as randomised controlled trials (RCTs) can yield insight into interindividual heterogeneity in response to interventions and help determine generalisability of effects. Yet, larger samples sizes than those used for typical mean effects are required when probing variation. Thus, in a field with small samples such as sport and exercise science, exploration of variation through a meta-analytic framework is appealing. Despite the value of embracing and exploring variation alongside mean effects in sport and exercise science, it is rarely applied to research synthesis through meta-analysis. We introduce and evaluate different effect size calculations along with models for meta-analysis of variation using relatable examples from resistance training RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Steele
- Department of Sport and Health, Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | - James P Fisher
- Department of Sport and Health, Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | - Dave Smith
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Health Sciences Department, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yefeng Yang
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Murphy A, Burgess K, Hall AJ, Aspe RR, Swinton PA. The Effects of Strength and Conditioning Interventions on Sprinting Performance in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1692-1702. [PMID: 37494121 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Murphy, A, Burgess, K, Hall, AJ, Aspe, RR, and Swinton, PA. The effects of strength and conditioning interventions on sprinting performance in team sport athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1692–1702, 2023—Linear sprinting is a key determinant of athletic performance within team sports. The aims of the review were to quantify and compare the effectiveness of popular strength and conditioning (S&C) training modes to improve sprint performance in team sport athletes, with additional focus on potential moderators and the relationships between improvements in physical factors (e.g., strength, power, and jump performance) and improvements in sprint performance. Inclusion was restricted to resistance, plyometric, sprint, and combined training interventions comprising team sport athletes. Multilevel, Bayesian’s meta-analysis and meta-regression models conducted with standardized mean difference effect sizes were used to investigate training modes and potential moderators. Weighted regression models conducted on shrunken estimates from initial Bayesian’s meta-analyses were used to quantify relationships between improvements in physical factors and sprint performance. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the grading of recommendations assessment development and evaluation (GRADE) approach. Similar improvements in sprint performance were obtained across training modes, with some evidence of the largest effects with resistance training (
= 0.55 [95% credible interval [CrI]: 0.36–0.78; very low certainty]). A strong moderating effect of training intensity was identified across all training modes with evidence of greater improvements in sprint performance with high-intensity training (
= 0.17 [95% CrI: 0.01–0.33; very low certainty]). Strong positive relationships were identified between improvements in all physical factors and sprint performance (
= 0.56 [95% CrI: 0.36–0.77; low certainty],
= 0.80 [95% CrI: 0.50–1.0; low certainty],
= 0.78 [95% CrI: 0.57–0.97; low certainty]). The findings indicate that focus on developing speed in team sport athletes should be placed on S&C training with high intensities, including the use of resisted sprint training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Murphy
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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4
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Hall AJ, Aspe RR, Craig TP, Kavaliauskas M, Babraj J, Swinton PA. The Effects of Sprint Interval Training on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:457-481. [PMID: 36165995 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hall, AJ, Aspe, RR, Craig, TP, Kavaliauskas, M, Babraj, J, and Swinton, PA. The effects of sprint interval training on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 457-481, 2023-The present study aimed to synthesize findings from published research and through meta-analysis quantify the effect of sprint interval training (SIT) and potential moderators on physical performance outcomes (categorized as aerobic, anaerobic, mixed aerobic-anaerobic, or muscular force) with healthy adults, in addition to assessing the methodological quality of included studies and the existence of small study effects. Fifty-five studies were included (50% moderate methodological quality, 42% low methodological quality), with 58% comprising an intervention duration of ≤4 weeks and an array of different training protocols. Bayesian's meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) identified a medium effect of improved physical performance with SIT (ES 0.5 = 0.52; 95% credible intervals [CrI]: 0.42-0.62). Moderator analyses identified overlap between outcome types with the largest effects estimated for anaerobic outcomes (ES 0.5 = 0.61; 95% CrI: 0.48-0.75). Moderator effects were identified for intervention duration, sprint length, and number of sprints performed per session, with larger effects obtained for greater values of each moderator. A substantive number of very large effect sizes (41 SMDs > 2) were identified with additional evidence of extensive small study effects. This meta-analysis demonstrates that short-term SIT interventions are effective for developing moderate improvements in physical performance outcomes. However, extensive small study effects, likely influenced by researchers analyzing many outcomes, suggest potential overestimation of reported effects. Future research should analyze fewer a priori selected outcomes and investigate models to progress SIT interventions for longer-term performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Hall
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo R Aspe
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P Craig
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mykolas Kavaliauskas
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom ; and
| | - John Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Science, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Swinton
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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5
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Kadlec D, Sainani KL, Nimphius S. With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility: Common Errors in Meta-Analyses and Meta-Regressions in Strength & Conditioning Research. Sports Med 2023; 53:313-325. [PMID: 36208412 PMCID: PMC9877053 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Meta-analysis and meta-regression are often highly cited and may influence practice. Unfortunately, statistical errors in meta-analyses are widespread and can lead to flawed conclusions. The purpose of this article was to review common statistical errors in meta-analyses and to document their frequency in highly cited meta-analyses from strength and conditioning research. METHODS We identified five errors in one highly cited meta-regression from strength and conditioning research: implausible outliers; overestimated effect sizes that arise from confusing standard deviation with standard error; failure to account for correlated observations; failure to account for within-study variance; and a focus on within-group rather than between-group results. We then quantified the frequency of these errors in 20 of the most highly cited meta-analyses in the field of strength and conditioning research from the past 20 years. RESULTS We found that 85% of the 20 most highly cited meta-analyses in strength and conditioning research contained statistical errors. Almost half (45%) contained at least one effect size that was mistakenly calculated using standard error rather than standard deviation. In several cases, this resulted in obviously wrong effect sizes, for example, effect sizes of 11 or 14 standard deviations. Additionally, 45% failed to account for correlated observations despite including numerous effect sizes from the same study and often from the same group within the same study. CONCLUSIONS Statistical errors in meta-analysis and meta-regression are common in strength and conditioning research. We highlight five errors that authors, editors, and readers should check for when preparing or critically reviewing meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kadlec
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
| | - Kristin L. Sainani
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
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6
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Matomäki P, Heinonen OJ, Nummela A, Laukkanen J, Auvinen EP, Pirkola L, Kyröläinen H. Durability is improved by both low and high intensity endurance training. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1128111. [PMID: 36875044 PMCID: PMC9977827 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1128111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This is one of the first intervention studies to examine how low- (LIT) and high-intensity endurance training (HIT) affect durability, defined as 'time of onset and magnitude of deterioration in physiological-profiling characteristics over time during prolonged exercise'. Methods: Sedentary and recreationally active men (n = 16) and women (n = 19) completed either LIT (average weekly training time 6.8 ± 0.7 h) or HIT (1.6 ± 0.2 h) cycling for 10 weeks. Durability was analyzed before and after the training period from three factors during 3-h cycling at 48% of pretraining maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 1) by the magnitude and 2) onset of drifts (i.e. gradual change in energy expenditure, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, ventilation, left ventricular ejection time, and stroke volume), 3) by the 'physiological strain', defined to be the absolute responses of heart rate and its variability, lactate, and rate of perceived exertion. Results: When all three factors were averaged the durability was improved similarly (time x group p = 0.42) in both groups (LIT: p = 0.03, g = 0.49; HIT: p = 0.01, g = 0.62). In the LIT group, magnitude of average of drifts and their onset did not reach statistically significance level of p < 0.05 (magnitude: 7.7 ± 6.8% vs. 6.3 ± 6.0%, p = 0.09, g = 0.27; onset: 106 ± 57 min vs. 131 ± 59 min, p = 0.08, g = 0.58), while averaged physiological strain improved (p = 0.01, g = 0.60). In HIT, both magnitude and onset decreased (magnitude: 8.8 ± 7.9% vs. 5.4 ± 6.7%, p = 0.03, g = 0.49; onset: 108 ± 54 min vs. 137 ± 57 min, p = 0.03, g = 0.61), and physiological strain improved (p = 0.005, g = 0.78). VO2max increased only after HIT (time x group p < 0.001, g = 1.51). Conclusion: Durability improved similarly by both LIT and HIT based on reduced physiological drifts, their postponed onsets, and changes in physiological strain. Despite durability enhanced among untrained people, a 10-week intervention did not alter drifts and their onsets in a large amount, even though it attenuated physiological strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Matomäki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ari Nummela
- Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Laukkanen
- Central Finland Healthcare District, Department of Medicine, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero-Pekka Auvinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Leena Pirkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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7
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Kindred R, Bates GW, McBride NL. Long-term outcomes of cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Anxiety Disord 2022; 92:102640. [PMID: 36265270 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is effective in treating Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). However, less is known about whether gains achieved in disorder-specific and secondary outcomes (e.g., depression, general anxiety, quality of life, and self-esteem) are maintained 12 months or longer. A systematic literature search yielded 25 relevant studies that administered CBT to participants with SAD. Multivariate meta-analyses of post-treatment assessments, found that CBT was superior to control conditions in reducing social anxiety (g =.74), depression (g =.52), general anxiety (g =.69) and improving quality of life (g =.39). The within-groups effect sizes revealed that 12 months or more after CBT treatment, symptoms continued to improve for social anxiety (gav =.23) and quality of life (gav =.17), and gains were maintained for depressive (gav =.06) and general anxiety symptoms (gav =.03). However, meta-analyses of long-term outcomes lack comparison groups. Moderation was non-significant for the treatment model, format, number of sessions, treatment duration, or inclusion of booster sessions. Future research may investigate what drives improvement after treatment cessation and how CBT affects other co-occurring symptomatology. Taken together, CBT produces many benefits for SAD and individuals with co-occurring symptoms can benefit from extant SAD-focused treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Kindred
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn 3122, Australia
| | - Glen W Bates
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn 3122, Australia.
| | - Nicholas L McBride
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn 3122, Australia
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8
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Swinton PA, Burgess K, Hall A, Greig L, Psyllas J, Aspe R, Maughan P, Murphy A. Interpreting magnitude of change in strength and conditioning: Effect size selection, threshold values and Bayesian updating. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2047-2054. [PMID: 36184114 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2128548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of change following strength and conditioning (S&C) training can be evaluated comparing effect sizes to thresholds. This study conducted a series of meta-analyses and compiled results to identify thresholds specific to S&C, and create prior distributions for Bayesian updating. Pre- and post-training data from S&C interventions were translated into standardised mean difference (SMDpre) and percentage improvement (%Improve) effect sizes. Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis models were conducted to compare effect sizes, develop prior distributions, and estimate 0.25-, 0.5-, and 0.75-quantiles to determine small, medium, and large thresholds, respectively. Data from 643 studies comprising 6574 effect sizes were included in the analyses. Large differences in distributions for both SMDpre and %Improve were identified across outcome domains (strength, power, jump and sprint performance), with analyses of the tails of the distributions indicating potential large overestimations of SMDpre values. Future evaluations of S&C training will be improved using Bayesian approaches featuring the information and priors developed in this study. To facilitate an uptake of Bayesian methods within S&C, an easily accessible tool employing intuitive Bayesian updating was created. It is recommended that the tool and specific thresholds be used instead of isolated effect size calculations and Cohen's generic values when evaluating S&C training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andy Hall
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Leon Greig
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John Psyllas
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rodrigo Aspe
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Patrick Maughan
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andrew Murphy
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
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9
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Mazzolari R, Porcelli S, Bishop DJ, Lakens D. Myths and Methodologies: The use of equivalence and non-inferiority tests for interventional studies in exercise physiology and sport science. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:201-212. [PMID: 35041233 DOI: 10.1113/ep090171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? The traditional null-hypothesis test allows making informed decisions about whether an experimental intervention is superior to a control while controlling the Type I and Type II error rates. Equivalence and non-inferiority tests allow determining whether two interventions are similar in efficacy or whether one is not unacceptably worse than the other. What advances does it highlight? Equivalence and non-inferiority designs may better fit the research questions of exercise physiologists and sport scientists when investigating new interventions that have better cost-effectiveness, are safer and easier to implement, or are less demanding than the standard. ABSTRACT Exercise physiology and sport science have traditionally made use of the null hypothesis of no difference to make decisions about experimental interventions. This article aims to review current statistical approaches typically used by exercise physiologists and sport scientists for the design and analysis of experimental interventions and to highlight the importance of including equivalence and non-inferiority studies, which address different research questions than deciding whether an effect is present. Firstly, we briefly describe the most common approaches, along with their rationale, to investigate the effects of different interventions. We then discuss the main steps involved in the design and analysis of equivalence and non-inferiority studies, commonly performed in other research fields, with worked examples from exercise physiology and sport science scenarios. Finally, we provide recommendations to exercise physiologists and sport scientists who would like to apply the different approaches in future research. We hope this work will promote the correct use of equivalence and non-inferiority designs in exercise physiology and sport science whenever the research context, conditions, applications, researchers' interests, or reasonable beliefs, justify these approaches. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Mazzolari
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Porcelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniël Lakens
- Human Technology Interaction Group, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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10
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Cheuvront SN, Caldwell AR, Cheuvront PJ, Kenefick RW, Troyanos C. Earlier Boston Marathon Start Time Mitigates Environmental Heat Stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1999-2005. [PMID: 33731654 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index and other environmental parameters between early and late Boston Marathon race start times from 1995 to 2016. METHODS Environmental data from 1995 to 2016 (excluding 1996) were used to compare two identical time frames using the 0900-1300 h start versus the 1100-1500 h start. This included the WBGT, dry bulb (Tdb), black globe (Tbg), wet bulb (Twb), solar radiation, relative humidity, and air water vapor pressure. To make comparisons between start times, the difference in the area under the curve (AUC) for each environmental variable was compared within each year with a Wilcoxon signed rank test with a Holm-Bonferroni correction. RESULTS AUC exposures for WBGT (P = 0.027), Twb (P = 0.031), Tdb (P = 0.027), Tbg (P = 0.055), and solar radiation (P = 0.004) were reduced with an earlier start, whereas those for relative humidity and air water vapor pressure were not. Overall, an earlier race start time by 2 h (0900 vs 1100 h) reduced the odds of experiencing a higher flag category 1.42 times (β = 0.1744, P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS The 2007 decision to make the Boston Marathon start time earlier by 2 h has reduced by ~1.4 times the odds that runners will be exposed to environmental conditions associated with exertional heat illness.
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11
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Enes A, Alves RC, Schoenfeld BJ, Oneda G, Perin SC, Trindade TB, Prestes J, Souza-Junior TP. Rest-pause and drop-set training elicit similar strength and hypertrophy adaptations compared to traditional sets in resistance-trained males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1417-1424. [PMID: 34260860 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present paper aimed to compare the effect of drop-set (DS) and rest-pause (RP) systems versus traditional resistance training (TRT) with equalized total training volume on maximum dynamic strength (1RM) and thigh muscle thickness (MT).Twenty-eight resistance-trained males were randomly assigned to either RP (n = 10), DS (n = 9) or TRT (n = 9) protocols performed twice a week for 8 weeks. 1RM and MT of the proximal, middle and distal portions of the lateral thigh were assessed at baseline and post intervention.A significant time x group interaction was observed for 1RM (P = 0.025) in the barbell back squat after 8-weeks. Post hoc comparisons revealed that RP promoted higher 1RM than TRT (P = 0.001); no statistical differences in strength were observed between the other conditions. A significant main effect of time was revealed for MT at the proximal (P = 0.0001) and middle (P = 0.0001) aspects of the lateral thigh for all training groups; however, the distal portion did not show a time effect (P = 0.190). There were no between-group interactions for MT. Our findings suggest that RP promotes slightly superior strength-related improvements compared to TRT, but hypertrophic adaptations are similar between conditions. Novelty bullets • Rest-pause elicited a slightly superior benefit for strength adaptations compared to traditional resistance training. • Resistance training systems do not promote superior hypertrophic adaptations when total training volume is equalized. • Muscle thickness in distal portion of thigh are similar to baseline. Although modest, effect sizes tended to favor rest-pause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysson Enes
- Federal University of Parana, 28122, Metabolism, Nutrition and Resistance Training Research Group (GPMENUTF), Department of Physical Education, Curitiba, PR, Brazil;
| | - Ragami Chaves Alves
- Federal University of Parana, 28122, Metabolism, Nutrition and Resistance Training Research Group (GPMENUTF), Department of Physical Education, Curitiba, PR, Brazil;
| | - Brad Jon Schoenfeld
- Exercise Science Department, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA, New York, United States;
| | - Gustavo Oneda
- Federal University of Parana, 28122, Exercise Performance Research Group (CEPEFIS), Department of Physical Education, Curitiba, PR, Brazil;
| | - Samuel C Perin
- Federal University of Parana, 28122, Metabolism, Nutrition and Resistance Training Research Group (GPMENUTF), Department of Physical Education, Curitiba, PR, Brazil;
| | - Thiago Barbosa Trindade
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, 28106, Graduation Program on Physical Education, Q.S. 07, Lote 01, EPTC - Bloco G., Taguatinga, Canada, 71966-700;
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Physical Education, QS 07, Lote 01 - Bloco G, Águas Claras, Brazil, 71966-700;
| | - Tacito P Souza-Junior
- Federal University of Parana, 28122, Metabolism, Nutrition and Resistance Training Research Group (GPMENUTF), Department of Physical Education, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Appalachian State University, 1801, Health and Exercise Science, Boone, North Carolina, United States;
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12
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Pfeiffer A, Tomazini F, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE. Sprint Interval Exercise Performance in Vegans. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:399-406. [PMID: 33783319 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1893862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of a vegan diet on sprint interval exercise performance is unknown. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to compare performance during a sprint interval exercise between omnivores and vegans. METHODS Nine healthy omnivores (4 men and 5 women) and nine healthy vegans (4 men and 5 women), with similar levels of daily physical activity, performed four bouts (5-min rest between bouts) of a 30-s all-out sprint exercise on a cycle ergometer. Peak power, mean power, fatigue index, and time to reach maximal power output in each bout were recorded. RESULTS There was a higher peak power in bouts 1 and 2 compared with bouts 3 and 4 (p < 0.02), and a higher mean power in bout 1 compared with bouts 2, 3 and 4 (p < 0.02). However, for all bouts, there were no significant difference between omnivores and vegans in peak power (7.60 ± 1.55 vs. 8.16 ± 1.27, 7.52 ± 1.6 vs 7.61 ± 0.73, 7.00 ± 1.44 vs. 7.00 ± 1.05 and 6.95 ± 1.42 vs. 6.49 ± 0.90 W.kg-1, all p > 0.05) and in mean power (5.35 ± 0.93 vs. 5.69 ± 0.84, 5.10 ± 0.88 vs. 5.21 ± 0.49, 4.79 ± 0.81 vs. 4.79 ± 0.45 and 4.81 ± 0.81 vs. 4.69 ± 0.47 W.kg-1, all p > 0.05). Fatigue index and time to reach maximal power output were not affected by diet or bouts (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that a vegan diet does not compromise sprint interval exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Pfeiffer
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Tomazini
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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