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Murphy MC, McCleary F, Hince D, Chimenti R, Chivers P, Vosseller JT, Nimphius S, Mkumbuzi NS, Malliaras P, Maffulli N, de Vos RJ, Rio EK. TENDINopathy Severity assessment-Achilles (TENDINS-A): evaluation of reliability and validity in accordance with COSMIN recommendations. Br J Sports Med 2024:bjsports-2023-107741. [PMID: 38575200 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the construct validity (structural validity and hypothesis testing), reliability (test-retest reliability, measurement error and internal consistency) and minimal important change (MIC) of the 13-item TENDINopathy Severity assessment-Achilles (TENDINS-A). METHODS Participants with Achilles pain completed an online survey including: demographics, TENDINS-A, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) assessed dimensionality. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed structural validity (root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA); Comparative Fit Index (CFI); Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI); standardised root measure square (SRMS)). Correlations between TENDINS-A and the FAOS or VISA-A assessed hypothesis testing. Intraclass correlation (ICC) assessed test-retest reliability. Cronbach's alpha assessed internal consistency. SE of the measurement (SEM) assessed measurement error. A distribution-based approach assessed MIC. RESULTS 79 participants (51% female) with a mean (SD) age=42.6 (13.0) years, height=175.0 (11.7) cm and body mass=82.0 (19.1) kg were included. EFA identified three meaningful factors, proposed as pain, symptoms and function. The best model identified using CFA for TENDINS-A had structural validity (RMSEA=0.101, CFI=0.959, TLI=0.947, SRMS=0.068), which included three factors (pain, symptoms and function), but excluded three items from the original TENDINS-A. TENDINS-A exhibited moderate positive correlation with FAOS (r=0.598, p<0.001) and a moderate negative correlation with VISA-A (r=-0.639, p<0.001). Reliability of the TENDINS-A was excellent (ICC=0.930; Cronbach's α=0.808; SEM=6.54 units), with an MIC of 12 units. CONCLUSIONS Our evaluation of the revised 10-item TENDINS-A determined it has construct validity and excellent reliability, compared with the VISA-A and FAOS which lack content and construct validity. The TENDINS-A is recommended as the preferred patient-reported outcome measure to assess disability in people with Achilles tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles Calder Murphy
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fergus McCleary
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dana Hince
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ruth Chimenti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Paola Chivers
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nonhlanhla Sharon Mkumbuzi
- Ntombi Sport, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Rehabilitation, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, Summerstrand, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Peter Malliaras
- School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Robert-Jan de Vos
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ebonie Kendra Rio
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Sport, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Australian Ballet, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Bullock GS, Ward P, Kluzek S, Hughes T, Shanley E, Arundale AJH, Ranson C, Nimphius S, Riley RD, Collins GS, Impellizzeri FM. Paving the way for greater open science in sports and exercise medicine: navigating the barriers to adopting open and accessible data practices. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:293-295. [PMID: 38135463 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S Bullock
- Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Stefan Kluzek
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Hughes
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Ellen Shanley
- Clinical Excellence, ATI Physical Therapy, Greer, South Carolina, USA
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina System, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard D Riley
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Franco M Impellizzeri
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
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Thome M, Thorpe RT, Jordan MJ, Nimphius S. Validity of Global Positioning System Technology to Measure Maximum Velocity Sprinting in Elite Sprinters. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2438-2442. [PMID: 38015733 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Thome, M, Thorpe, RT, Jordan, MJ, and Nimphius, S. Validity of global positioning system (GPS) technology to measure maximum velocity sprinting in elite sprinters. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2438-2442, 2023-The objective of this study was to assess the concurrent validity of 10-Hz wearable Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure maximum velocity sprinting (Vmax) relative to Doppler radar in elite sprinters. Data were collected from a single training session performed by elite 100 and 200 m sprinters (males: n = 5; 100 m best times: 10.02 ± 0.07 seconds, range: 9.94-10.10 seconds; 200 m best times: 20.29 ± 0.42 seconds, range: 19.85-20.80 seconds; females: n = 2; age: 28.0 ± 4.2 years; body mass: 65.8 ± 4.6 kg; 100 m best times: 11.18 ± 0.34 seconds; 200 m best times: 22.53 ± 0.04 seconds). Velocity and time data from 16 maximal, 60-m sprint efforts were recorded simultaneously with 10 Hz GPS and 47 Hz radar. Validity was assessed using Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), each with respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Vmax measured with 10 Hz GPS demonstrated a LOA of -0.11 m·s-1 (-0.17, -0.05) and an ICC of 0.99 (0.98, 1.0) relative to the radar device.10 Hz GPS overestimated Vmax by 0.11 m·s-1 relative to the radar but could still be considered a suitable tool for monitoring external load in elite sprinters. However, the much smaller average annual improvement in this population (∼0.1-0.2%) in comparison with the ∼1% overestimation reduces the utility of 10 Hz GPS to detect meaningful performance changes in maximum velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Thome
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
- Nebraska Athletic Performance Lab, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Robin T Thorpe
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona; and
| | - Matthew J Jordan
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
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Moore IS, Crossley KM, Bo K, Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Antero JDS, Sundgot Borgen J, Brown WJ, Bolling CS, Clarsen B, Derman W, Dijkstra P, Donaldson A, Elliott-Sale KJ, Emery CA, Haakstad L, Junge A, Mkumbuzi NS, Nimphius S, Palmer D, van Poppel M, Thornton JS, Tomás R, Zondi PC, Verhagen E. Female athlete health domains: a supplement to the International Olympic Committee consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1164-1174. [PMID: 37349084 PMCID: PMC10579182 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The IOC made recommendations for recording and reporting epidemiological data on injuries and illness in sports in 2020, but with little, if any, focus on female athletes. Therefore, the aims of this supplement to the IOC consensus statement are to (i) propose a taxonomy for categorisation of female athlete health problems across the lifespan; (ii) make recommendations for data capture to inform consistent recording and reporting of symptoms, injuries, illnesses and other health outcomes in sports injury epidemiology and (iii) make recommendations for specifications when applying the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS) to female athlete health data.In May 2021, five researchers and clinicians with expertise in sports medicine, epidemiology and female athlete health convened to form a consensus working group, which identified key themes. Twenty additional experts were invited and an iterative process involving all authors was then used to extend the IOC consensus statement, to include issues which affect female athletes.Ten domains of female health for categorising health problems according to biological, life stage or environmental factors that affect females in sport were identified: menstrual and gynaecological health; preconception and assisted reproduction; pregnancy; postpartum; menopause; breast health; pelvic floor health; breast feeding, parenting and caregiving; mental health and sport environments.This paper extends the IOC consensus statement to include 10 domains of female health, which may affect female athletes across the lifespan, from adolescence through young adulthood, to mid-age and older age. Our recommendations for data capture relating to female athlete population characteristics, and injuries, illnesses and other health consequences, will improve the quality of epidemiological studies, to inform better injury and illness prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kay M Crossley
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Sports Medicine Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kari Bo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Family Medicine, McMaster University Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Wendy J Brown
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline S Bolling
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Science, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Clarsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty Health Sciences Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul Dijkstra
- Medical Education Department, Aspetar Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amber Donaldson
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- U.S Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lene Haakstad
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astrid Junge
- Family Medicine, McMaster University Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nonhlanhla S Mkumbuzi
- NtombiSport, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Midlands State University, Gweru, Midlands, Zimbabwe
- Department of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, Qheberha, South Africa
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Debbie Palmer
- Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Network, Institute for Sport Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mireille van Poppel
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jane S Thornton
- Western Centre for Public Health and Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Fowler Kennedy Sports Medicine Clinic, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita Tomás
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Phathokuhle C Zondi
- High Performance Commission, Medical Advisory Committee, South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee, Salt Rock, South Africa
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kadlec D, Miller-Dicks M, Nimphius S. Training for "Worst-Case" Scenarios in Sidestepping: Unifying Strength and Conditioning and Perception-Action Approaches. Sports Med Open 2023; 9:22. [PMID: 37017787 PMCID: PMC10076474 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Sidesteps can impose high demands on the knee joint and lead to non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Understanding how different constraints shape an athlete's movement strategy and the associated joint demands can help design training interventions to increase injury resilience. Motor capacities, such as muscular strength and power, act as boundaries for the safe execution of perceptual-motor skills and co-determine the emergence of unique movement strategies. Increasing single- and multi-joint strength enables a broader solution space for movement strategies and increases load tolerance. Manipulating task constraints during sidesteps can be used in the training process to systematically expose athletes to increasing demands (on the knee joint or any joint or structure) in preparation for "worst-case" scenarios. In particular, the type and timing of information available influence the preparation time, subsequently affecting the movement strategy and the associated magnitude of external knee joint loading (e.g., knee valgus moment). While an athlete's perceptual-cognitive skills contribute to the preparation time during in situ scenarios, attempts to further improve those skills with the aim of increasing athlete preparation time prior to "worst-case" scenarios are yet to demonstrate conclusive evidence of transfer to on-field situations. Therefore, in the current article, we reflect on the impact of different interacting constraints that influence the execution of sidesteps during in situ scenarios and impose high demands on the knee joint. Subsequently, we discuss how an integrated perspective, drawing on knowledge and perspectives from strength and conditioning and perception-action, may enhance an athlete's ability to withstand "worst-case" scenarios and adapt to perform varied movement executions when sidestepping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kadlec
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matt Miller-Dicks
- School of Sport, Health Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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6
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Thorpe H, Bekker S, Fullagar S, Mkumbuzi N, Nimphius S, Pape M, Sims ST, Travers A. Advancing feminist innovation in sport studies: A transdisciplinary dialogue on gender, health and wellbeing. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1060851. [PMID: 36685066 PMCID: PMC9845704 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Athlete health and wellbeing requires a holistic, multidimensional approach to understanding, supporting, and treating individual athletes. Building more supportive, inclusive, and equitable environments for the health and wellbeing of women and gender expansive people further requires gender-responsive approaches that promote broader cultural change. Feminist sport and exercise medicine practitioners, sports scientists, and social science researchers are increasingly coming together in their efforts to do this work. However, working across disciplines inevitably includes an array of ontological, epistemological, and political challenges. In this paper, we offer a curated 'dialogue' with a group of feminist scholars engaged in research and practice across disciplines, bringing them together to discuss some of the most pressing gendered issues in sport today (i.e., ACL injury, concussion, menstruation in sport, mental health, gender categories). In so doing, we amplify the voices of those working (empirically and clinically) at the disciplinary intersections of gender, sport and health, and learn about some of the current and future possibilities for transdisciplinary innovations and strategies for building (responsiveness to) cultural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Thorpe
- School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand,Correspondence: Holly Thorpe
| | - Sheree Bekker
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Fullagar
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith University, Nathan, AU-QLD, Australia
| | | | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, AU-WA, Australia
| | - Madeleine Pape
- Institute of Sports Science, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stacy T. Sims
- AUT Sports Performance Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A. Travers
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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7
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Kadlec D, Sainani KL, Nimphius S. With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility: Common Errors in Meta-Analyses and Meta-Regressions in Strength & Conditioning Research. Sports Med 2023; 53:313-325. [PMID: 36208412 PMCID: PMC9877053 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Meta-analysis and meta-regression are often highly cited and may influence practice. Unfortunately, statistical errors in meta-analyses are widespread and can lead to flawed conclusions. The purpose of this article was to review common statistical errors in meta-analyses and to document their frequency in highly cited meta-analyses from strength and conditioning research. METHODS We identified five errors in one highly cited meta-regression from strength and conditioning research: implausible outliers; overestimated effect sizes that arise from confusing standard deviation with standard error; failure to account for correlated observations; failure to account for within-study variance; and a focus on within-group rather than between-group results. We then quantified the frequency of these errors in 20 of the most highly cited meta-analyses in the field of strength and conditioning research from the past 20 years. RESULTS We found that 85% of the 20 most highly cited meta-analyses in strength and conditioning research contained statistical errors. Almost half (45%) contained at least one effect size that was mistakenly calculated using standard error rather than standard deviation. In several cases, this resulted in obviously wrong effect sizes, for example, effect sizes of 11 or 14 standard deviations. Additionally, 45% failed to account for correlated observations despite including numerous effect sizes from the same study and often from the same group within the same study. CONCLUSIONS Statistical errors in meta-analysis and meta-regression are common in strength and conditioning research. We highlight five errors that authors, editors, and readers should check for when preparing or critically reviewing meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kadlec
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
| | - Kristin L. Sainani
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
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Dowse RA, Secomb JL, Bruton M, Parsonage J, Ferrier B, Waddington G, Nimphius S. Ankle Proprioception in Male and Female Surfers and the Implications of Motor Experience and Lower-Body Strength. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3497-3504. [PMID: 34657073 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dowse, RA, Secomb, JL, Bruton, M, Parsonage, J, Ferrier, B, Waddington, G, and Nimphius, S. Ankle proprioception in male and female surfers and the implications of motor experience and lower-body strength. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3497-3504, 2022-The primary objectives were to evaluate if the active movement extent discrimination apparatus (AMEDA) condition (i.e., front foot and back foot plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion) and the level of competition explained ankle movement discrimination scores and, thereafter, examined the contribution of surf experience, physical capacity, and ability to proprioception. It was also considered important to re-evaluate the surf experience, anthropometric characteristics, physical capacities, and abilities of male and female surfers. Twenty-six male ( n = 12, surf experience = 18 ± 8 years) and female surfers ( n = 14, surf experience = 9 ± 6 years) completed a pre-exercise medical questionnaire, anthropometric assessment, 8 AMEDA assessments, countermovement jump, squat jump, and isometric midthigh pull assessment. The AMEDA condition and level of competition did not have a statistically significant main effect on ankle movement discrimination scores; however, the effect of the gender/sex was significant ( p = 0.044). Surf experience ( p = 0.029) and lower-body isometric strength ( p = 0.029) had a statistically significant but small main effect on ankle movement discrimination scores. The results also confirmed that there were significant differences in surf experience, anthropometric characteristics, physical capacity, and jumping ability between male and female surfers. As surf experience and physical capacity were only able to explain a small magnitude of ankle movement discrimination scores, it is suggested that ankle proprioception in surfers may be related to both the volume and quality of the motor experience attained, which may be augmented by environmental and sociocultural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dowse
- Surfing Australia High Performance Center, Casuarina, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Josh L Secomb
- Surfing Australia High Performance Center, Casuarina, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Michaela Bruton
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
| | - Joanna Parsonage
- Surfing Australia High Performance Center, Casuarina, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Brendon Ferrier
- Surfing Australia High Performance Center, Casuarina, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gordon Waddington
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Surfing Australia High Performance Center, Casuarina, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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9
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Hughes, S, Warmenhoven, J, Haff, GG, Chapman, DW, and Nimphius, S. Countermovement jump and squat jump force-time curve analysis in control and fatigue conditions. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2752-2761, 2022-This study aimed to reanalyze previously published discrete force data from countermovement jumps (CMJs) and squat jumps (SJs) using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), a statistical method that enables analysis of data in its native, complete state. Statistical parametric mapping analysis of 1-dimensional (1D) force-time curves was compared with previous zero-dimensional (0D) analysis of peak force to assess sensitivity of 1D analysis. Thirty-two subjects completed CMJs and SJs at baseline, 15 minutes, 1, 24, and 48 hours following fatigue and control conditions in a pseudo random cross-over design. Absolute (CMJ ABS /SJ ABS ) and time-normalized (CMJ NORM /SJ NORM ) force-time data were analyzed using SPM 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance with significance accepted at α = 0.05. The SPM indicated a magnitude of difference between force-time data with main effects for time ( p < 0.001) and interaction ( p < 0.001) observed in CMJ ABS , SJ ABS, and SJ NORM, whereas previously published 0D analysis reported no 2-way interaction in CMJ and SJ peak force. This exploratory research demonstrates the strength of SPM to identify changes between entire movement force-time curves. Continued development and use of SPM analysis techniques could present the opportunity for refined assessment of athlete fatigue and readiness with the analysis of complete force-time curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hughes
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - John Warmenhoven
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Dale W. Chapman
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
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10
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Cowin J, Nimphius S, Fell J, Culhane P, Schmidt M. A Proposed Framework to Describe Movement Variability within Sporting Tasks: A Scoping Review. Sports Med Open 2022; 8:85. [PMID: 35759128 PMCID: PMC9237196 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Movement variability is defined as the normal variations in motor performance across multiple repetitions of a task. However, the term "movement variability" can mean different things depending on context, and when used by itself does not capture the specifics of what has been investigated. Within sport, complex movements are performed repeatedly under a variety of different constraints (e.g. different situations, presence of defenders, time pressure). Movement variability has implications for sport performance and injury risk management. Given the importance of movement variability, it is important to understand the terms used to measure and describe it. This broad term of "movement variability" does not specify the different types of movement variability that are currently being assessed in the sporting literature. We conducted a scoping review (1) to assess the current terms and definitions used to describe movement variability within sporting tasks and (2) to utilise the results of the review for a proposed framework that distinguishes and defines the different types of movement variability within sporting tasks. To be considered eligible, sources must have assessed a sporting movement or skill and had at least one quantifiable measure of movement variability. A total of 43 peer-reviewed journal article sources were included in the scoping review. A total of 280 terms relating to movement variability terminology were extracted using a data-charting form jointly developed by two reviewers. One source out of 43 (2%) supplied definitions for all types of movement variability discussed. Moreover, 169 of 280 terms (60%) were undefined in the source material. Our proposed theoretical framework explains three types of movement variability: strategic, execution, and outcome. Strategic variability describes the different approaches or methods of movement used to complete a task. Execution variability describes the intentional and unintentional adjustments of the body between repetitions within the same strategy. Outcome variability describes the differences in the result or product of a movement. These types emerged from broader frameworks in motor control and were adapted to fit the movement variability needs in sports literature. By providing specific terms with explicit definitions, our proposed framework can ensure like-to-like comparisons of previous terms used in the literature. The practical goal of this framework is to aid athletes, coaches, and support staff to gain a better understanding of how the different types of movement variability within sporting tasks contribute to performance. The framework may allow training methods to be tailored to optimise the specific aspects of movement variability that contribute to success. This review was retrospectively registered using the Open Science Framework (OSF) Registries ( https://osf.io/q73fd ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Cowin
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia.
- Tasmanian Institute of Sport (Sports Performance Unit), Prospect, TAS, Australia.
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - James Fell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia
| | - Peter Culhane
- Tasmanian Institute of Sport (Sports Performance Unit), Prospect, TAS, Australia
| | - Matthew Schmidt
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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11
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Roberts AH, Clarke A, Fox-Harding C, Askew G, MacMahon C, Nimphius S. She'll Be ‘Right… but Are They? An Australian Perspective on Women in High Performance Sport Coaching. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:848735. [PMID: 35784799 PMCID: PMC9247203 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.848735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation and media coverage of women in high-performance sport has been steadily increasing in recent years throughout the world. While this increase in interest has led to many young women and girls becoming involved in grassroots sport, there has yet to be a significant change in the number of women in coaching roles, particularly at the high-performance level. This paper synthesizes and summarizes the current challenges facing women sport coaches in Australia, drawing from existing research, media and government reports to understand the barriers for women entering and progressing in these roles. We also present some of the more recent initiatives to increase opportunities for women in high performance coaching. Within Australia, there is a need to (1) understand the pipeline for women coaches, (2) examine the interacting contexts and constraints that women are subject to within sporting organizations, and (3) create a preliminary framework for future research, outreach, and education to address gender inequity within Australian sport coaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H. Roberts
- Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alexandra H. Roberts
| | - Anthea Clarke
- Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Caitlin Fox-Harding
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Georgia Askew
- Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare MacMahon
- Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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12
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McBride JM, Hackmann MJ, Nimphius S, Cense B. Erratum: In vivo PS-OCT needle probe scan of human skeletal muscle: publisher's note. Biomed Opt Express 2022; 13:2682. [PMID: 35774320 PMCID: PMC9203091 DOI: 10.1364/boe.460320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article on p. 1386 in vol. 13, PMID: 35414965.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. McBride
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
- Contributed equally
| | - Michael J. Hackmann
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Contributed equally
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
| | - Barry Cense
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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13
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Jordan MJ, Morris N, Nimphius S, Aagaard P, Herzog W. Attenuated Lower Limb Stretch-Shorten-Cycle Capacity in ACL Injured vs. Non-Injured Female Alpine Ski Racers: Not Just a Matter of Between-Limb Asymmetry. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:853701. [PMID: 35434617 PMCID: PMC9008592 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.853701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of routine countermovement jump (CMJ) testing, a coupled eccentric-concentric (stretch-shorten-cycle: SSC) movement, was performed in female elite alpine skiers with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) and without ACLR. A total of 567 tests obtained from the daily training environment were analyzed in 41 elite female athletes (non-injured control: n = 30, ACLR: n = 17), including n = 6 athletes with pre-injury data, between 16 and 32 years of age from alpine ski racing (n = 32) and skier cross (n = 9). Bilateral CMJ testing was conducted on a dual force plate system, and the limb-specific vertical ground reaction force (Fz) was analyzed to obtain the net eccentric deceleration impulse (Ecc), lower limb stiffness (Stiff), maximal vertical jump height (JH), peak external mechanical power (PP) exerted on the body center of mass (BCM), modified-reactive-strength-index (RSImod), and the loss in BCM velocity during the final phase of the takeoff Δ(Vmax-Vtakeoff). Eccentric and concentric phase-specific between-limb asymmetry indexes (AIs) were also calculated. Additive mixed effects models (AMMs) were used to compare the age-dependent and post-injury time course change between groups. The mean values for non-injured controls >25 years of age were used as a comparative benchmark for recovery given the absence of pre-injury data. Net eccentric deceleration impulse increased and Δ(Vmax-Vtakeoff) decreased with age for the non-injured control group (p < 0.001) while between-limb AI (mean ± SD) fell between 1 ± 5% for the concentric phase and 3 ± 7% for the eccentric deceleration phase. Between-limb asymmetry became smaller in ACLR skiers with time-from-surgery to reach non-injured control values by 2 years, but SSC function, such as JH and PP, remained depressed up to 5 years post-surgery (p < 0.01), indicating impairments in SSC function. This highlights the importance of evaluating SSC performance capacity alongside vertical jump force-time asymmetries in female ACLR alpine skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Jordan
- Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- School of Medical and Health Science, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Science, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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14
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McBride JM, Hackmann MJ, Nimphius S, Cense B. In vivo PS-OCT needle probe scan of human skeletal muscle. Biomed Opt Express 2022; 13:1386-1397. [PMID: 35414965 PMCID: PMC8973164 DOI: 10.1364/boe.446169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) derived birefringence values effectively identify skeletal muscle structural disruption due to muscular dystrophy and exercise-related muscle damage in animal models in ex vivo tissue. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a PS-OCT needle probe inserted into the leg of a human subject could accurately identify various anatomical structures with implications for use as a diagnostic tool for the determination of skeletal muscle pathology. A healthy middle-aged subject participated in this study. A custom-built PS-OCT system was interfaced with a side-viewing fiber-optic needle probe inserted into the subject's vastus lateralis muscle via a motorized stage for 3D data acquisition via rotation and stepwise pullback. The deepest recorded PS-OCT images correspond to a depth of 6 mm beneath the dermis with structural images showing uniform, striated muscle tissue. Multiple highly birefringent band-like structures with definite orientation representing connective tissue of the superficial aponeurosis appeared as the depth of the needle decreased. Superficial to these structures the dominating appearance was that of adipose tissue and low birefringent but homogeneous scattering tissue. The data indicate that a PS-OCT needle probe can be inserted into live human skeletal muscle for the identification of relevant anatomical structures that could be utilized to diagnose significant skeletal muscle pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. McBride
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
- Contributed equally
| | - Michael J. Hackmann
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Contributed equally
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
| | - Barry Cense
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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15
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Rice PE, Nimphius S, Abbiss C, Zwetsloot K, Nishikawa K. Micro-biopsies: a less invasive technique for investigating human muscle fiber mechanics. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274562. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate that muscle fiber mechanics can be assessed on micro-biopsies obtained from human medial gastrocnemii. Three micro-biopsy samples were collected from female dancers (n=15). Single fibers and fiber bundles were isolated and passively stretched from 2.4 µm to 3.0 µm at 0.015 µm•s−1 and 0.04 µm•s−1 (n=50 fibers total) and in five increments at 0.12 µm•s−1 (n=42 fibers total). Muscle fibers were then activated isometrically at 2.4 µm (n=4 fibers total) and 3.0 µm (n=3 fibers total). Peak stress and steady state stress were significantly greater (p<0.0001) after stretching at 0.04 µm•s−1 than 0.015 µm•s−1. Furthermore, peak stresses and steady state stresses increased non-linearly with fiber length (p<0.0001). We conclude that active and passive muscle fiber mechanics can be investigated using tissue from micro-biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Rice
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Chris Abbiss
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Zwetsloot
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Kiisa Nishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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16
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Rice PE, Nishikawa K, Nimphius S. Isolated Joint Block Progression Training Improves Leaping Performance in Dancers. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 3:779824. [PMID: 34970645 PMCID: PMC8712483 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.779824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 12-week ankle-specific block progression training program on saut de chat leaping performance [leap height, peak power (PP), joint kinetics and kinematics], maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion (MVIP) strength, and Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness. Dancers (training group n = 7, control group n = 7) performed MVIP at plantarflexed (10◦) and neutral ankle positions (0◦) followed by ramping isometric contractions equipped with ultrasound to assess strength and AT stiffness, respectively. Dancers also performed saut de chat leaps surrounded by 3-D motion capture atop force platforms to determine center of mass and joint kinematics and kinetics. The training group then followed a 12-week ankle-focused program including isometric, dynamic constant external resistance, accentuated eccentric loading, and plyometric training modalities, while the control group continued dancing normally. We found that the training group's saut de chat ankle PP (59.8%), braking ankle stiffness (69.6%), center of mass PP (11.4%), and leap height (12.1%) significantly increased following training. We further found that the training group's MVIP significantly increased at 10◦ (17.0%) and 0◦ (12.2%) along with AT stiffness (29.6%), while aesthetic leaping measures were unchanged (peak split angle, mean trunk angle, trunk angle range). Ankle-specific block progression training appears to benefit saut de chat leaping performance, PP output, ankle-joint kinetics, maximal strength, and AT stiffness, while not affecting kinematic aesthetic measures. We speculate that the combined training blocks elicited physiological changes and enhanced neuromuscular synchronization for increased saut de chat leaping performance in this cohort of dancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Rice
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Kiisa Nishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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17
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Blanco P, Nimphius S, Seitz LB, Spiteri T, Haff GG. Countermovement Jump and Drop Jump Performances Are Related to Grand Jeté Leap Performance in Dancers With Different Skill Levels. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3386-3393. [PMID: 31498221 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Blanco, P, Nimphius, S, Seitz, LB, Spiteri, T, and Haff, GG. Countermovement jump and drop jump performances are related to grand jeté leap performance in dancers with different skill levels. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3386-3393, 2021-Thirty-five classical ballet dancers were chosen to investigate relationships between the grand jeté leap, countermovement jump (CMJ), and drop jump (DJ) and establish whether the magnitude of the relationship between these tests differed across 3 skill levels. Subjects (male: n = 11 and female: n = 24) were divided into 3 groups: novice (n = 12; age: 16.6 ± 1.5 years; height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m; body mass: 58.0 ± 13.0 kg), semiprofessional (n = 13; age: 20.0 ± 1.6 years; height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m; body mass: 64.1 ± 10.5 kg), and professional (n = 10; age: 23.8 ± 3.5 years; height: 1.8 ± 1.2 m; body mass: 63.3 ± 14.7 kg). Grand jeté leap height, followed by CMJ and DJ vertical displacement, was assessed. Significant relationships were found between the grand jeté, CMJ (r = 0.77, p = 0.001) and DJ (r = 0.76, p = 0.001). After a Fisher's r-z transformation, professional dancers and novice dancers showed greater r-value differences in CMJ (r2 - r1 = 0.27) compared with novice (r2 - r1 = 0.17) and semiprofessional dancers (r2 - r1 = 0.11), indicating larger strength of CMJ to grand jeté relationship in professionals. The grand jeté leap showed large to very large correlations with CMJ and DJ within groups. These common performance tests were determined to be practical and efficient methods for assessing the jumping ability of dancers. As dance skill increased, larger correlations were observed, suggesting that dancers with superior ballet skills may be more likely to use their underpinning physical capacities to jump higher within the context of ballet-specific jumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Blanco
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia ; and
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia ; and
| | - Laurent B Seitz
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia ; and
| | - Tania Spiteri
- School of Health Science, The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia ; and
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18
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Secomb JL, Dascombe BJ, Nimphius S. Importance of Joint Angle-Specific Hip Strength for Skating Performance in Semiprofessional Ice Hockey Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2599-2603. [PMID: 34431485 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Secomb, JL, Dascombe, BJ, and Nimphius, S. Importance of joint angle-specific hip strength for skating performance in semiprofessional ice hockey athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2599-2603, 2021-Ice hockey athletes with faster sprint acceleration and change-of-direction (COD) skating performance possess a competitive advantage. However, it is unknown whether joint angle-specific hip strength, in combination with measures known to relate to skating performance (e.g., countermovement jump [CMJ]), better explains skating performance. The purpose of this research was to determine whether hip strength in joint angles specific to skating positions and CMJ performance explains sprint skating acceleration and COD performance. Thirteen semiprofessional male hockey (26.7 ± 6.7 years; 88.4 ± 18.1 kg; 181.9 ± 5.4 cm) athletes were assessed for CMJ performance, hip abduction and adduction strength, 10-m sprint skating acceleration, and COD (505) performance. Linear multiple regressions to predict skating acceleration and COD performance were calculated with variables chosen based on functional justification and magnitude of correlation. Hip abductor relative peak force (rPF) at 25° of hip abduction and CMJ rPF explained 46.0% (adjusted) of variance in sprint acceleration performance (F[2,12] = 6.18, p = 0.02). Countermovement jump peak eccentric velocity, adductor rPF at 50° of hip abduction, and difference in abductor rPF between 50° and 25° of hip abduction explained 85.0% (adjusted) of the variance in 505 time (F[3,12] = 22.8, p < 0.001). Hip strength at joint angles functionally relevant to skating (e.g., at 25° and 50°), in combination with relevant CMJ variables, explained large and very large amounts of variance in sprint skating acceleration and COD performance in this cohort. The inclusion of joint angle-specific hip strength profiling to a physical performance testing battery may provide practitioners with more specific knowledge on the strength of the hip through abduction range of motion, which may affect skating performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh L Secomb
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia.,The Priority Research Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Newcastle Northstars Ice Hockey Club, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Benjamin J Dascombe
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia.,The Priority Research Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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19
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de Hoyo M, Núñez FJ, Sañudo B, Gonzalo-Skok O, Muñoz-López A, Romero-Boza S, Otero-Esquina C, Sánchez H, Nimphius S. Predicting Loading Intensity Measuring Velocity in Barbell Hip Thrust Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2075-2081. [PMID: 31009439 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT de Hoyo, M, Núñez, FJ, Sañudo, B, Gonzalo-Skok, O, Muñoz-López, A, Romero-Boza, S, Otero-Esquina, C, Sánchez, H, and Nimphius, S. Predicting loading intensity measuring velocity in barbell hip thrust exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2075-2081, 2021-The barbell hip thrust is an increasingly used exercise to target the hip extensors. Direct and indirect measurement of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) to determine the relative load of each exercise is time-consuming; therefore, practitioners may be more in favor of monitoring velocity and determining relative load through velocity-based prediction models for an exercise. This study aimed to assess the relationship between mean velocity (MV) and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) at different relative training loads (%1RM) in the barbell hip thrust exercise. One hundred two male sport science students performed an incremental 1RM testing protocol for the barbell hip thrust exercise, and a linear position transducer measured MV and MPV of the barbell. The 1RM was reached at 0.25 ± 0.03 m·s-1, and the regression model generated to estimate a relative load showed an acceptable standard error of estimate (7.01 ± 1.05% 1RM and 7.36 ± 1.05% 1RM for MV and MPV, respectively) with a very large explained variance (R2 = 0.94). These results may have important practical applications for the prescription and monitoring of the accessory exercise of the hip thrust for monitoring training load and predicting 1RM without undertaking a RM test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés de Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Núñez
- Department of Sport and Computing, Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Hugo Sánchez
- Fitness Section, Sevilla Football Club, Seville, Spain; and
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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20
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Callaghan SJ, Lockie RG, Tallent J, Chipchase RF, Andrews WA, Nimphius S. The effects of strength training upon front foot contact ground reaction forces and ball release speed among high-level cricket pace bowlers. Sports Biomech 2021:1-17. [PMID: 34255613 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1942540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an eight-week off-season strength training program upon lower-body strength, power, eccentric capacity, front foot contact (FFC) kinetics, and ball release speed (BRS) in pace bowlers were investigated. Ten elite-academy pace bowlers completed the intervention, and pre- and post-testing. Pre- and post-testing included: double (DLDL) and single leg (SLDL) drop landings; isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP); countermovement jump; and pace bowling performance (two-over bowling spell measuring BRS and FFC kinetics). Changes from pre- to post-testing were assessed with paired sample t tests (p≤ 0.01), effects sizes and statistical parametrical mapping. Post-testing revealed a significant decrease in peak normalised vertical force during DLDL and SLDL with large effects and a significant, moderate effect increase in IMTP. There was no significant changes in BRS. Concomitantly, neither discrete scalar (p= 0.15-0.58) nor vector field analysis kinetics during FFC indicated significant changes. No significant alterations in FFC kinetics may explain the lack of improvement in BRS (pre = 31.55 ± 1.44 m/s; post = 31.79 ± 1.33 m/s). This study indicated an eight-week strength training program can improve strength and eccentric capacity in pace bowlers, and these changes when developed in the absence of skills training neither improved nor decreased pace bowling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Callaghan
- Faculty of Sport, Applied Health and Performance Sciences (SAHPS), St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, USA
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Faculty of Sport, Applied Health and Performance Sciences (SAHPS), St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Robert F Chipchase
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Australia
| | - Warren A Andrews
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Rice PE, Nishikawa K, Nimphius S. Strength and power capabilities predict weighted parameter ranking of saut de chat leaping performance in dancers. Sports Biomech 2021:1-17. [PMID: 34142639 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1933580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Limited research exists on the relationship between aesthetic saut de chat performance and muscle-tendon unit (MTU) characteristics of dancers. We developed a weighted parameter ranking (WPR) tool to incorporate aesthetic leaping aspects (i.e., height, peak split angle, average trunk angle and trunk angle range) for correlation with MTU properties. The purpose was to identify the relationship of saut de chat WPR and leap height with maximal plantarflexion strength, medial gastrocnemius (MG) stiffness, Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness and relative peak power (PP). Dancers (n = 18) performed maximal plantarflexion, short-range stretches and isometric ramping contractions on a dynamometer equipped with ultrasound to determine strength, MG stiffness and AT stiffness, respectively. Subjects then performed saut de chat leaps atop force platforms surrounded by motion capture cameras. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to compare WPR variable weightings with PCA results and rankings. Moderate-strong relationships were identified among WPR, maximal plantarflexion strength, MG stiffness and PP. Strong-very strong relationships were also identified between leap height and maximal plantarflexion strength, MG stiffness, AT stiffness, peak split angle and PP. A very strong correlation existed between PCA rankings and WPRs. Practitioners may consider developing strength and power capabilities in dancers to improve leaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Rice
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Kiisa Nishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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22
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Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Bellon CR, Hornsby WG, Stone MH. Training for Muscular Strength: Methods for Monitoring and Adjusting Training Intensity. Sports Med 2021; 51:2051-2066. [PMID: 34101157 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Linear loading, the two-for-two rule, percent of one repetition maximum (1RM), RM zones, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), repetitions in reserve, set-repetition best, autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise (APRE), and velocity-based training (VBT) are all methods of adjusting resistance training intensity. Each method has advantages and disadvantages that strength and conditioning practitioners should be aware of when measuring and monitoring strength characteristics. The linear loading and 2-for-2 methods may be beneficial for novice athletes; however, they may be limited in their capacity to provide athletes with variation and detrimental if used exclusively for long periods of time. The percent of 1RM and RM zone methods may provide athletes with more variation and greater potential for strength-power adaptations; however, they fail to account for daily changes in athlete's performance capabilities. An athlete's daily readiness can be addressed to various extents by both subjective (e.g., RPE, repetitions in reserve, set-repetition best, and APRE) and objective (e.g., VBT) load adjustment methods. Future resistance training monitoring may aim to include a combination of measures that quantify outcome (e.g., velocity, load, time, etc.) with process (e.g., variability, coordination, efficiency, etc.) relevant to the stage of learning or the task being performed. Load adjustment and monitoring methods should be used to supplement and guide the practitioner, quantify what the practitioner 'sees', and provide longitudinal data to assist in reviewing athlete development and providing baselines for the rate of expected development in resistance training when an athlete returns to sport from injury or large training load reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, 53186, USA.
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Christopher R Bellon
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel-The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29409, USA
| | - W Guy Hornsby
- Department of Coaching and Teaching Studies, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
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23
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Kerr ZY, Nimphius S, Stoner L, Ahmed OH, Register-Mihalik JK, Fortington LV. Strategies for engaging "multiple disciplinary" teams in sport- and exercise-related research. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:851-854. [PMID: 33722531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, USA.
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, USA
| | - Osman Hassan Ahmed
- University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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24
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Callaghan SJ, Govus AD, Lockie RG, Middleton KJ, Nimphius S. Not as simple as it seems: Front foot contact kinetics, muscle function and ball release speed in cricket pace bowlers. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1807-1815. [PMID: 33687302 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1898192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between front foot contact (FFC) ground reaction forces (GRF) during the delivery stride, lower-limb strength, eccentric dexterity and power, and ball release speed (BRS) among pace bowlers. Thirteen high-level male pace bowlers performed double and single leg drop landings; isometric mid-thigh pull; countermovement jump; and pace bowling (two-over bowling spell measuring BRS and FFC GRF). The relationship between assessed variables and BRS was determined via frequentist and Bayesian multiple linear regression. The model including peak braking force was the most probable given the data (Bayes Factor=1.713) but provided only weak evidence in comparison to the null model. The results of frequentist and Bayesian modelling were comparable with peak braking force explaining 23.3% of the variance in BRS (F(1, 11)=4.64, P=0.054). Results indicate pace bowlers with greater peak braking GRF during FFC generally elicit higher BRS. However, the weak relationship between peak braking force and BRS, and the lack of a linear relationship between BRS and other variables, highlights the complexities and inter-individual variability inherent to pace bowling at a high-level. A more individual-focused analysis revealed varied strategies within pace bowlers to deliver the outcome (e.g., BRS) and should be considered in future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel John Callaghan
- Faculty of Sport, Applied Health and Performance Sciences (SAHPS), St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Andrew David Govus
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert George Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Kane Jytte Middleton
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Kadlec D, Jordan MJ, Snyder L, Alderson J, Nimphius S. Test Re-test Reliability of Single and Multijoint Strength Properties in Female Australian Footballers. Sports Med Open 2021; 7:5. [PMID: 33420849 PMCID: PMC7797013 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To examine the test re-test reliability of isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of hip adduction (ADDISO), hip abduction (ABDISO), and multijoint leg extension (SQUATISO) in sub-elite female Australian footballers. Methods Data were collected from 24 sub-elite female Australian footballers (age 22.6 ± 4.5 years; height 169.4 ± 5.5 cm; body mass 66.6 ± 8.0 kg; 4.5 ± 4.4 years sport-specific training; 2.5 ± 2.0 years unstructured resistance training) from the same club on two non-consecutive days. Participants performed three isometric MVCs of ADDISO, ABDISO, and SQUATISO. The SQUATISO was performed at 140° knee flexion with a vertical trunk position and ADDISO and ABDISO measures were performed in a supine position at 60° of knee flexion and 60° hip flexion. Reliability was assessed using paired t tests and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), typical error (TE), and coefficient of variation (CV%) with 95% CI. Results SQUATISO peak force (ICC .95; CV% 4.1), ABDISO for left, right, and sum (ICC .90–.92; CV% 5.0–5.7), and ADDISO for left, right, and sum (ICC .86–.91; CV% 6.2–6.9) were deemed acceptably reliable based on predetermined criteria (ICC ≥ .8 and CV% ≤ 10). Conclusion SQUATISO, ABDISO, and ADDISO tests demonstrated acceptable reliability for the assessment of peak force in sub-elite female Australian footballers, suggesting these assessments are suitable for muscle strength testing and monitoring adaptations to training. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-020-00292-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kadlec
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Jordan
- Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, ABDISO, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leanne Snyder
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Alderson
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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26
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Dowse RA, Secomb JL, Bruton M, Nimphius S. Ankle proprioception, range of motion and drop landing ability differentiates competitive and non-competitive surfers. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:609-613. [PMID: 33414023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether ankle proprioception differs by competitive level and is related to years of surf-specific experience. A secondary objective of this study is to further compare the physical capacities and abilities that may differentiate between the competitive levels of surfing. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Twelve junior-elite (currently competing at a state level or higher and 12-18 years of age), twelve senior-elite (currently competing at a national level and/or the World Qualifying Series and over 16 years of age), and twelve recreational surfers (minimum of two years surfing experience; actively surfing at least once a week and over 18 years of age) were recruited for this study. All participants completed a pre-exercise medical questionnaire, anthropometric assessment, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion assessment, medial-lateral ankle proprioception assessment, countermovement jump, squat jump, isometric mid-thigh pull and drop-and-stick. RESULTS Senior-elite surfers had large and significantly better ankle proprioception and range of motion than junior-elite and recreational surfers. However, the relationship between years of surf-specific experience and ankle proprioception was small and non-significant. Better drop-and-stick performance, indicated by lower relative peak force, was present in the senior-elite compared to the junior-elite and recreational groups. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that medial-lateral ankle proprioception is a distinguishing characteristic of senior-elite surfers and therefore, may be a critical ability for competitive success. Greater ankle range of motion and the ability to attenuate energy to reduce landing force may be developed through long-term training commensurate with competitive surfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dowse
- Surfing Australia High Performance Centre, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia.
| | - Josh L Secomb
- Surfing Australia High Performance Centre, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Michaela Bruton
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Surfing Australia High Performance Centre, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
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27
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Hart NH, Newton RU, Tan J, Rantalainen T, Chivers P, Siafarikas A, Nimphius S. Biological basis of bone strength: anatomy, physiology and measurement. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2020; 20:347-371. [PMID: 32877972 PMCID: PMC7493450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how bones are innately designed, robustly developed and delicately maintained through intricate anatomical features and physiological processes across the lifespan is vital to inform our assessment of normal bone health, and essential to aid our interpretation of adverse clinical outcomes affecting bone through primary or secondary causes. Accordingly this review serves to introduce new researchers and clinicians engaging with bone and mineral metabolism, and provide a contemporary update for established researchers or clinicians. Specifically, we describe the mechanical and non-mechanical functions of the skeleton; its multidimensional and hierarchical anatomy (macroscopic, microscopic, organic, inorganic, woven and lamellar features); its cellular and hormonal physiology (deterministic and homeostatic processes that govern and regulate bone); and processes of mechanotransduction, modelling, remodelling and degradation that underpin bone adaptation or maladaptation. In addition, we also explore commonly used methods for measuring bone metabolic activity or material features (imaging or biochemical markers) together with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas H Hart
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Jocelyn Tan
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paola Chivers
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Aris Siafarikas
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Childrens Hospital, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
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28
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Rice PE, Nimphius S. When Task Constraints Delimit Movement Strategy: Implications for Isolated Joint Training in Dancers. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:49. [PMID: 33345041 PMCID: PMC7739566 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletic performance is determined by numerous variables that cannot always be controlled or modified. Due to aesthetic requirements during sports such as dance, body alignment constrains possible movement solutions. Increased power transference around the ankle-joint, coupled with lower hip-joint power, has become a preferential strategy in dancers during leaps and may be considered a dance-specific stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) demand. Newell's theoretical model of interacting constraints includes organismic (or individual), environmental, and task constraints describing the different endogenous and exogenous constraints individuals must overcome for movement and athletic performance. The unique task constraints imposed during dance will be used as a model to justify an isolated joint, single-targeted block progression training to improve physical capacity within the context of motor behavior to enhance dance-specific SSC performance. The suggested ankle-specific block progression consists of isometrics, dynamic constant external resistance, accentuated eccentrics, and plyometrics. Such programming tactics intend to collectively induce tendon remodeling, muscle hypertrophy, greater maximal strength, improved rate of force development, increased motor unit firing rates, and enhanced dynamic movement performance. The current perspective provides a dualistic approach and justification (physiological and motor behavioral) for specific strength and conditioning programming strategies. We propose implementation of a single-targeted block progression program, inspired by Newell's theoretical model of interacting constraints, may elicit positive training adaptations in a directed manner in this population. The application of Newell's theoretical model in the context of a strength and conditioning supports development of musculoskeletal properties and control and is conceptually applicable to a range of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Rice
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Fox A, Bonacci J, Hoffmann S, Nimphius S, Saunders N. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Australian football: should women and girls be playing? You're asking the wrong question. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000778. [PMID: 32341803 PMCID: PMC7173994 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been a rising concern in the early years of the women’s Australian Football League (AFLW), eliciting headlines of a ‘knee crisis’ surrounding the league. There has been a focus on female biology as the primary factor driving the high rate of ACL injuries in the AFLW. Emphasising Australian football (AF) as being dangerous predominantly due to female biology may be misrepresenting a root cause of the ACL injury problem, perpetuating gender stereotypes that can restrict physical development and participation of women and girls in the sport. We propose that an approach addressing environmental and sociocultural factors, along with biological determinants, is required to truly challenge the ACL injury problem in the AFLW. Sports science and medicine must therefore strive to understand the whole system of women in AF, and question how to address inequities for the benefit of the athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Fox
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Bonacci
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha Hoffmann
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalie Saunders
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Reis VP, Abad CCC, Freitas TT, Azevedo PHSM, Nimphius S. Change of Direction Performance in Elite Players From Different Team Sports. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:862-866. [PMID: 32168177 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Loturco, I, Pereira, LA, Reis, VP, Abad, CCC, Freitas, TT, Azevedo, PHSM and Nimphius, S. Change of direction performance in elite players from different team sports. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The primary aim of this study was to examine the differences in change of direction (COD) deficit between elite futsal, soccer, handball, and rugby players. A secondary aim was to compare the performance in both COD and linear speed tests among these athletes. One-hundred sixty-one elite male players from 4 team sports performed a 20-m linear sprint speed and a Zigzag COD speed test. The COD deficit was calculated as the difference between linear and Zigzag test velocities. Differences in COD speed, COD deficit, and sprint velocity were assessed via 1-way analysis of variance. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Soccer players displayed significantly lower performance than the remaining team sports, and rugby players performed better than all the other groups in the Zigzag COD test. Moreover, the COD deficit was significantly higher in soccer players in comparison with the other disciplines (p < 0.05). No differences were observed in the COD deficit among rugby, futsal, and handball players (p > 0.05). In summary, soccer players were slower than futsal, handball, and rugby players to change direction and presented the greatest COD deficit magnitude. By contrast, the fastest athletes in the COD speed test (rugby players) were not more effective than futsal and handball players at changing direction (as they exhibited similar levels of COD deficit). Coaches should be aware of this evidence, which reinforces previous findings, indicating that very specialized training strategies might be required to improve COD performance in professional athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valter P Reis
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - César C C Abad
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport - Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paulo H S M Azevedo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Center for Exercise and Sports Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
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31
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Jenkins M, Hart NH, Nimphius S, Chivers P, Rantalainen T, Rothacker KM, Beck BR, Weeks BK, McIntyre F, Hands B, Beeson BP, Siafarikas A. Characterisation of peripheral bone mineral density in youth at risk of secondary osteoporosis - a preliminary insight. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2020; 20:27-52. [PMID: 32131368 PMCID: PMC7104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe peripheral long bone material and structural differences in youth at risk of secondary osteoporosis across disease-specific profiles. METHODS Upper- and lower limbs of children and adolescents were scanned at 4% distal and 66% mid-shaft sites using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography sub-categorised as (1) increased risk of secondary osteoporosis (neuromuscular disorders; chronic diseases; endocrine diseases; inborn errors of metabolism; iatrogenic conditions), (2) low motor competence and (3) non-affected controls. RESULTS Children with disease-specific profiles showed a range of bone deficits compared to the control group with these predominantly indicated for neuromuscular disorders, chronic diseases and low motor competence. Deficits between upper arm and lower leg long bone parameters were different for disease-specific profiles compared to the control group. Endocortical radius, muscle area, and mid-cortical ring density were not significantly different for any disease-specific profile compared to the control group for any bone sites. CONCLUSIONS Neuromuscular disorders, chronic diseases and low motor competence have a strong correlation to bone health for appendicular bone parameters in youth, suggesting a critical mechanical loading influence which may differ specific to disease profile. As mechanical loading effects are observed in regional bone analyses, targeted exercise interventions to improve bone strength should be implemented to examine if this is effective in reducing the risk of secondary osteoporosis in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jenkins
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Hart
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Corresponding author: Dr Nicolas H. Hart - PhD, AES, CSCS, ESSAM, Senior Research Fellow, Exercise Medicine Research Institute. Building 21, Room 222 - Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, JOONDALUP, Perth, W.A., Australia E-mail:
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Paola Chivers
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Karen M. Rothacker
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, W.A., Australia,Keogh Institute for Medical Research, Perth, W.A., Australia,Telethon Kids Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Belinda R. Beck
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Bone Densitometry Research Laboratory, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin K. Weeks
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Bone Densitometry Research Laboratory, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Fleur McIntyre
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia,School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Beth Hands
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Brendan P. Beeson
- Department of Medical Imaging, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Aris Siafarikas
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, W.A., Australia,Telethon Kids Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, W.A., Australia,University of Western Australia, Medical School, Division of Paediatrics, Perth, W.A., Australia
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Nimphius S. Exercise and Sport Science Failing by Design in Understanding Female Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1157-1158. [PMID: 31553942 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Callaghan SJ, Lockie RG, Andrews WA, Yu W, Chipchase RF, Nimphius S. The Effects of an Eight over Cricket Bowling Spell upon Pace Bowling Biomechanics and Performance within Different Delivery Lengths. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E200. [PMID: 31480269 PMCID: PMC6783939 DOI: 10.3390/sports7090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pace bowlers must often perform extended bowling spells with maximal ball release speed (BRS) while targeting different delivery lengths when playing a multi-day match. This study investigated the effect of an eight over spell upon pace bowling biomechanics and performance at different delivery lengths. Nine male bowlers (age = 18.8 ± 1.7 years) completed an eight over spell, while targeting different lengths (short: 7-10 m, good: 4-7 m, full: 0-4 m from the batter's stumps, respectively) in a randomized order. Trunk, knee and shoulder kinematics and ground reaction forces at front foot contact (FFC), as well as run-up velocity and BRS were measured. Paired sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.01), Hedges' g effect sizes, and statistical parametrical mapping were used to assess differences between mean variables from the first and last three overs. No significant differences (p = 0.05-0.98) were found in any discrete or continuous variables, with the magnitude of difference being trivial-to-medium (g = 0.00-0.73) across all variables. Results suggest pace bowlers sustain BRS through a single eight over spell while tolerating the repeatedly high whole-body biomechanical loads as suggested by maintaining the kinematics or technique at the assessed joints during FFC. Practically, the findings are advantageous for bowling performance and support current bowling load monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Callaghan
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Warren A Andrews
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Walter Yu
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Robert F Chipchase
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia.
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Nimphius S, McBride JM, Rice PE, Goodman-Capps CL, Capps CR. Comparison of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscle Activity during an Isometric Squat between Strength-Matched Men and Women. J Sports Sci Med 2019; 18:101-108. [PMID: 30787657 PMCID: PMC6370970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine whether strength-matched men and women exhibit a different magnitude and ratio of leg muscle activity during a maximal voluntary isometric squat. The secondary purpose was to assess the effect of normalization method on differences in strength between men and women. Thirty-two men (n = 16) and women (n = 16) were successfully strength-matched (≤10% difference) by maximal force produced during an isometric squat (IS) when normalized to body weight. Subjects first performed a maximal isometric knee extension (IKE) and knee flexion (IKF) followed by the IS and muscle activity (EMGmax) was recorded for the vastus medialis (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), semitendinosus (ST) and biceps femoris (BF). Muscle activity during the IS was expressed relative to the maximums observed during the IKE and IKF (%EMGmax). The results indicate that VMO, VL, ST and BF %EMGmax were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between men and women during the IS (Men VMO = 136.7 ± 24.9%, Women VMO = 157.1 ± 59.8%, Men VL = 126.2 ± 38.2%, Women VL = 128.1 ± 35.5%, Men ST = 25.5 ± 13.6%, Women ST = 25.2 ± 21.8%, Men BF = 46.1 ± 26.0%, Women BF = 42.2 ± 24.8%). Furthermore, the VMO:VL and hamstring to quadriceps (H:Q) %EMGmax ratio were not significantly different between groups in the IS (Men VMO:VL = 1.15 ± 0.28, Women VMO:VL = 1.22 ± 0.26, Men H:Q = 0.28 ± 0.14, Women H:Q = 0.24 ± 0.20). This investigation indicates that the magnitude of muscle activity and the ratios examined are not significantly different between men and women in a maximal voluntary isometric squat when matched for normalized strength. Future investigations should consider subject strength and normalization procedures in the experimental design to elucidate possible sex differences in neuromuscular performance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M McBride
- Neuromuscular and Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paige E Rice
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Neuromuscular and Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Courtney L Goodman-Capps
- Neuromuscular and Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher R Capps
- Neuromuscular and Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
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Loturco I, Jeffreys I, Abad CCC, Kobal R, Zanetti V, Pereira LA, Nimphius S. Change-of-direction, speed and jump performance in soccer players: a comparison across different age-categories. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1279-1285. [PMID: 30724662 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1574276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the age-specific development of vertical jump height, straight and change-of-direction (COD) speed, and COD deficit in one-hundred and eighty-two elite soccer players from different age-categories (U15, U17, U20, and Senior). All participants were players of two distinct clubs and were undertaking different training routines, as planned by their technical staff members. For this purpose, the soccer players performed: (1) squat and countermovement jumps; (2) a maximal 20-m linear sprint speed test, and (3) the Zigzag COD test. The magnitude-based inference approach and standardized differences were used to compare the age-groups. Sprint speed at longer distances (20-m) increased progressively across the age-ranges. In contrast, speed and acceleration performances at shorter distances (5-m) were better in U15 than in the other age-categories. The COD speed did not change throughout the younger categories but presented a meaningful decrease in the Senior category. Surprisingly, despite the progressive increase in volume and intensity of neuromuscular training from younger to older categories, the COD deficit presented a gradual increase across the age-groups. It is possible that simple modulation of the strength-power training program during the maturation process is not sufficient to produce faster adult players with enhanced ability to change direction. Therefore, coaches are strongly encouraged to implement specific COD training practices to tolerate braking at increasing running speeds and appropriate volume and intensity of soccer specific training throughout the players' specialization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Sport and Exercise, University of South Wales , Pontypridd, Wales, UK.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian Jeffreys
- Department of Sport and Exercise, University of South Wales , Pontypridd, Wales, UK
| | | | - Ronaldo Kobal
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup, Western Australia
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Tufano JJ, Conlon JA, Nimphius S, Oliver JM, Kreutzer A, Haff GG. Different Cluster Sets Result in Similar Metabolic, Endocrine, and Perceptual Responses in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:346-354. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pereira LA, Nimphius S, Kobal R, Kitamura K, Turisco LAL, Orsi RC, Cal Abad CC, Loturco I. Relationship Between Change of Direction, Speed, and Power in Male and Female National Olympic Team Handball Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 32:2987-2994. [PMID: 29481446 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pereira, LA, Nimphius, S, Kobal, R, Kitamura, K, Turisco, LAL, Orsi, RC, Cal Abad, CC, and Loturco, I. Relationship between change of direction, speed, and power in male and female National Olympic Team handball athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2987-2994, 2018-The aims of this study were to (a) assess the relationship between selected speed- and power-related abilities (determined by 20-m sprint, unloaded countermovement jump [CMJ] and squat jump [SJ], and loaded jump squat [JS]) and performance in 2 distinct change of direction (COD) protocols (Zigzag test and T-test) and (b) determine the magnitude of difference between female and male Brazilian National Olympic Team handball athletes. Fifteen male and 23 female elite handball athletes volunteered to perform the following assessments: SJ and CMJ; Zigzag test and T-test; 20-m sprint with 5-, 10-, and 20-m splits; and mean propulsive power in JS. Pearson's product-moment correlation (p ≤ 0.05) was performed to determine the relationship between the COD tests (Zigzag test and T-test) and speed-power measures (sprint, SJ, CMJ, and JS). The differences between male and female performances were determined using the magnitude-based inference. Moderate to very large significant correlations were observed between both COD tests and the speed-power abilities. Furthermore, male athletes demonstrated likely to almost certainly higher performances than female athletes in all assessed variables. The results of the current study suggest that different speed-power qualities are strongly correlated to the performance obtained in various COD assessments (r values varying from 0.38 to 0.84 and from 0.34 to 0.84 for correlations between speed and power tests with Zigzag test and T-test, respectively). However, the level of these associations can vary greatly, according to the mechanical demands of each respective COD task. Although COD tests may be difficult to implement during competitive seasons, because of the strong correlations presented herein, the regular use of vertical jump tests with these athletes seems to be an effective and applied alternative. Furthermore, it might be inferred that the proper development of loaded and unloaded jump abilities has potential for improving the physical qualities related to COD performance in handball athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ronaldo Kobal
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia Kitamura
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rita C Orsi
- Brazilian Handball Confederation, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - César C Cal Abad
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Chivers P, Rantalainen T, McIntyre F, Hands B, Weeks B, Beck B, Nimphius S, Hart N, Siafarikas A. Suboptimal bone status for adolescents with low motor competence and developmental coordination disorder-It's sex specific. Res Dev Disabil 2019; 84:57-65. [PMID: 30119956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australian adolescents with low motor competence (LMC) have higher fracture rates and poorer bone health compared to European normative data, but currently no normative data exists for Australians. AIMS To examine whether there were bone health differences in Australian adolescents with LMC or Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) when compared to typically developing age-matched Australian adolescents. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Australian adolescents aged 12-18 years with LMC/DCD (n = 39; male = 27; female = 12) and an Australian comparison sample (n = 188; boys = 101; girls = 87) undertook radial and tibial peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) scans. Stress Strain Index (SSI (mm3)), Total Bone Area (TBA (mm2)), Muscle Density (MuD [mgcm3]), Muscle Area (MuA [cm2]), Subcutaneous Fat Area (ScFA [cm2]), Cortical Density (CoD [mgcm3]), Cortical Area (CoD [mm2]), cortical concentric ring volumetric densities, Functional Muscle Bone Unit Index (FMBU: (SSI/bone length)) and Robustness Index (SSI/bone length^3), group and sex differences were examined. OUTCOME AND RESULTS The main finding was a significant sex-x-group interaction for Tibial FMBU (p = .021), Radial MuD (p = .036), and radial ScFA (p = .002). Boys with LMC/DCD had lower tibial FMBU scores, radial MuD and higher ScFA than the typically developing age-matched sample. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Comparisons of bone measures with Australian comparative data are similar to European findings however sex differences were found in the present study. Australian adolescent boys with LMC/DCD had less robust bones compared to their well-coordinated Australian peers, whereas there were no differences between groups for girls. These differences may be due to lower levels of habitual weight-bearing physical activity, which may be more distinct in adolescent boys with LMC/DCD compared to girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Chivers
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, WA, Australia; Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia.
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
| | - Fleur McIntyre
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, WA, Australia; School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, WA, Australia
| | - Beth Hands
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, WA, Australia; Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, WA, Australia
| | - Benjamin Weeks
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Belinda Beck
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia; Centre of Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia
| | - Nicolas Hart
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia; Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia
| | - Aris Siafarikas
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, WA, Australia; Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, WA, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
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Coyne JOC, Gregory Haff G, Coutts AJ, Newton RU, Nimphius S. The Current State of Subjective Training Load Monitoring-a Practical Perspective and Call to Action. Sports Med - Open 2018; 4:58. [PMID: 30570718 PMCID: PMC6301906 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This commentary delivers a practical perspective on the current state of subjective training load (TL) monitoring, and in particular sessional ratings of perceived exertion, for performance enhancement and injury prevention. Subjective measures may be able to reflect mental fatigue, effort, stress, and motivation. These factors appear to be important moderators of the relationship TL has with performance and injury, and they also seem to differ between open and closed skill sports. As such, mental factors may affect the interaction between TL, performance, and injury in different sports. Further, modeling these interactions may be limited due to the assumption that an independent signal can adequately account for the performance or injury outcomes. An independent signal model does not accurately reflect training environments where multiple stressors (e.g., mechanical, emotional, nutritional) impact adaptations. Common issues with using subjective TL monitoring, including a lack of differentiation between biomechanical, physiological, and cognitive load, may be overcome by considering psychometric measurement best practices, finer graded scales, and differential ratings of perceived exertion. Methods of calculating TL, including different acute and chronic time periods, may also need to be individualized to different sports and potentially different individuals within the same sport. As TL monitoring is predominately a "chronic" decision-making tool, "acute" decision-making tools, e.g., subjective wellness and autonomic nervous system measures, should be combined in a bespoke multivariate model to aid sports coaches. A call to action is presented for future research on key issues associated with TL monitoring that will have relevance for practitioners in an applied setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O C Coyne
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Jenkins MA, Hart NH, Rantalainen T, Chivers P, Newton RU, Nimphius S. Reliability of upper-limb diaphyseal mineral and soft-tissue measurements using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT). J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2018; 18:438-445. [PMID: 30511948 PMCID: PMC6313043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify between-day reliability of upper-body diaphyseal measurements (radius, ulna, humerus) using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT). METHODS Fourteen males (age: 25.8±2.3 years,) underwent repeat pQCT scans (one to two days apart) at mid-shaft ulna (60%), mid-shaft radius (60%) and mid-shaft humerus (50%) cross-sections of the non-dominant limb. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CV) were determined for musculoskeletal morphology variables. RESULTS Reliability was excellent (ICC: 0.76-0.99; CV: 1.3-7.3) at all sites for bone mass, stress-strain index, endocortical and pericortical radius, endocortical volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), muscle area, total area, non-cortical area, and cortical area. Reliability was good to excellent (ICC: 0.58-0.80; CV: 0.6-3.7) for polar vBMD and mid-cortical vBMD; fair to excellent (ICC: 0.30-0.88; CV: 0.5-8.0) for muscle density and cortical density; and fair to good (ICC: 0.25-0.60; CV: 3.4-7.6) for pericortical vBMD. Average reliability across the three sites was excellent (ICC ≥0.77; CV ≤8.0). CONCLUSIONS Overall between-day reliability of pQCT was excellent for the mid-shaft ulna, radius and humerus. pQCT provides a reliable and feasible body composition and skeletal morphology assessment tool for upper limb longitudinal investigations in scientific and clinic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Jenkins
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia,School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Hart
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia,Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia,Corresponding author: Dr Nicolas H. Hart, PhD, AES, CSCS, ESSAM, Senior Research Fellow, Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, JOONDALUP, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, 6027E-mail:
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia,Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia,Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paola Chivers
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia,Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
| | - Robert U. Newton
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia,School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia,School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
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Callaghan S, Lockie R, Yu W, Andrews W, Chipchase R, Nimphius S. Delivery length and front foot kinetics of cricket fast bowling: Potential impact on fast bowling workload. J Sci Med Sport 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Callaghan S, Lockie R, Chipchase R, Andrews W, Nimphius S. The effects of a resistance training program on strength, eccentric capacity, and front foot bowling kinetics in fast bowlers. J Sci Med Sport 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hart NH, Newton RU, Weber J, Spiteri T, Rantalainen T, Dobbin M, Chivers P, Nimphius S. Functional Basis of Asymmetrical Lower-Body Skeletal Morphology in Professional Australian Rules Footballers. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 34:791-799. [PMID: 30239452 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hart, NH, Newton, RU, Weber, J, Spiteri, T, Rantalainen, T, Dobbin, M, Chivers, P, and Nimphius, S. Functional basis of asymmetrical lower-body skeletal morphology in elite Australian footballers. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 791-799, 2020-Bone strength is a product of its material and structural properties and is highly responsive to mechanical load. Given the measureable and adaptable features of bone, and thus relevance to medical screening, injury prevention, and injury management in athletes, this study describes the lower-body skeletal morphology of professional Australian rules footballers. Using a cross-sectional and quantitative study design, 54 professional Australian rules football players (n = 54; age: 22.4 ± 3.8 years; height: 189.0 ± 7.5 cm; body mass: 86.0 ± 8.6 kg; tibial length: 436.1 ± 29.2 mm; and body fat: 9.9 ± 1.7%) underwent tibiofibular peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans for the kicking and support limbs, and a whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. The support leg was significantly stronger than the kicking leg (bone strength: p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.47) with significantly greater bone mass (p < 0.001; d = 0.28), cross-sectional areas (p ≤ 0.002; d = 0.20), and greater cortex thickness (p = 0.017; d = 0.20), owing to significantly greater periosteal apposition (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.29) and endocortical expansion (p = 0.019; d = 0.13), despite significantly lower cortical density (p = 0.002; d = -0.25). Disparate skeletal morphology between limbs highlights context-specific adaptive responses to mechanical loads experienced during game-based tasks. Practitioners should concomitantly measure material and structural properties of musculoskeletal tissue when examining fragility or resilience to better inform medical screening, monitoring, and injury risk stratification. Support leg axial loading highlights a potential avenue for interventions aiming to remediate or optimize bone cross-sectional area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas H Hart
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason Weber
- Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Fremantle Dockers Football Club, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tania Spiteri
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Health Science, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.,Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Michael Dobbin
- Fremantle Dockers Football Club, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paola Chivers
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
This study examined the validity of various scaling methods, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) peak force using various scaling methods, and the relationships between IMTP peak force and countermovement jump height. Fifty-one collegiate baseball and soccer athletes performed two maximal IMTPs. Absolute peak force was compared between teams and when data were scaled using ratio (RS), traditional allometric (ALLOTrad), and fitted allometric (ALLOFit) scaling. ALLOTrad and ALLOFit validity was violated because different derived exponents existed for baseball (b = 0.20) and soccer (b = 1.20). Soccer athletes produced greater RS peak force compared to baseball (p = 0.012), while no difference existed with absolute, ALLOTrad or ALLOFit (all p > 0.05) peak force. Moderate relationships existed between body mass and absolute (r = 0.402, p = 0.003) and RS (r = -0.328, p = 0.019) peak force, while trivial relationships existed with ALLOTrad and ALLOFit (both r < -0.10, p > 0.05). Trivial relationships existed between countermovement jump height and absolute, RS, ALLOTrad, and ALLOFit (all r < 0.20, p > 0.05) peak force. The current dataset violated allometric scaling assumptions, making it inappropriate to use ALLOTrad and ALLOFit scaling. Practitioners must understand the assumptions, limitations, and purpose of scaling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University , Waukesha, WI, USA
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup, Australia
| | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, East Tennessee State University , Johnson City, TN, USA
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Parsonage J, Secomb J, Dowse R, Ferrier B, Sheppard J, Nimphius S. The Assessment of Isometric, Dynamic, and Sports-Specific Upper-Body Strength in Male and Female Competitive Surfers. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6020053. [PMID: 29910357 PMCID: PMC6026841 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in the dynamic strength index (DSI): an assessment of upper-body dynamic strength relative to maximal isometric strength. The secondary purpose was to investigate gender differences in the dynamic skill deficit (DSD): an assessment of sports-specific dynamic strength relative to maximal isometric strength, and its association with a sports-specific performance measure in surfers. Nine male (age = 30.3 ± 7.3 yrs) and eight female (age = 25.5 ± 5.2 yrs) surfers undertook three upper-body assessments: isometric push-up, dynamic push-up, and a force plate pop-up to determine the DSI and DSD. The performance measure of time taken to pop-up (TTP) was recorded. No gender differences for the DSI (d = 0.48, p = 0.33) or DSD (d = 0.69, p = 0.32) were observed. Normalized peak force (PF) of the isometric push-up, dynamic push-up, and force plate pop-up were significantly greater in males (p ≤ 0.05), with males recording significantly quicker TTP (d = 1.35, p < 0.05). The results suggest that male and female surfers apply a similar proportion of their maximal strength in sports-specific movements. However, greater normalized isometric and dynamic strength in males resulted in greater sports-specific PF application and a faster TTP. It would appear favorable that female surfers improve their maximal strength to facilitate sports-specific pop-up performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Parsonage
- Surfing Australia High Performance Centre, Casuarina Beach 2487, Australia.
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
| | - Josh Secomb
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan 4111, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Dowse
- Surfing Australia High Performance Centre, Casuarina Beach 2487, Australia.
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
| | - Brendon Ferrier
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jeremy Sheppard
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
- Canadian Sports Institute-Pacific, Whistler VON 1BO, Canada.
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
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46
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Callaghan SJ, Lockie RG, Andrews WA, Chipchase RF, Nimphius S. The relationship between inertial measurement unit-derived ‘force signatures’ and ground reaction forces during cricket pace bowling. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:307-321. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1465581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Callaghan
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, London, UK
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert G. Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Warren A. Andrews
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert F. Chipchase
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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47
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Loturco I, Nimphius S, Kobal R, Bottino A, Zanetti V, Pereira LA, Jeffreys I. Change-of direction deficit in elite young soccer players. Ger J Exerc Sport Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-018-0502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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Rantalainen T, Chivers P, Beck BR, Robertson S, Hart NH, Nimphius S, Weeks BK, McIntyre F, Hands B, Siafarikas A. Please Don't Move-Evaluating Motion Artifact From Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Scans Using Textural Features. J Clin Densitom 2018; 21:260-268. [PMID: 28801168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Most imaging methods, including peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), are susceptible to motion artifacts particularly in fidgety pediatric populations. Methods currently used to address motion artifact include manual screening (visual inspection) and objective assessments of the scans. However, previously reported objective methods either cannot be applied on the reconstructed image or have not been tested for distal bone sites. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to develop and validate motion artifact classifiers to quantify motion artifact in pQCT scans. Whether textural features could provide adequate motion artifact classification performance in 2 adolescent datasets with pQCT scans from tibial and radial diaphyses and epiphyses was tested. The first dataset was split into training (66% of sample) and validation (33% of sample) datasets. Visual classification was used as the ground truth. Moderate to substantial classification performance (J48 classifier, kappa coefficients from 0.57 to 0.80) was observed in the validation dataset with the novel texture-based classifier. In applying the same classifier to the second cross-sectional dataset, a slight-to-fair (κ = 0.01-0.39) classification performance was observed. Overall, this novel textural analysis-based classifier provided a moderate-to-substantial classification of motion artifact when the classifier was specifically trained for the measurement device and population. Classification based on textural features may be used to prescreen obviously acceptable and unacceptable scans, with a subsequent human-operated visual classification of any remaining scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rantalainen
- Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Paola Chivers
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Belinda R Beck
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Bone Densitometry Research Laboratory, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute for Sport, Exercise & Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, WA, Australia; Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Benjamin K Weeks
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Bone Densitometry Research Laboratory, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Fleur McIntyre
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Beth Hands
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Aris Siafarikas
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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49
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Ferrier B, Sheppard J, Farley ORL, Secomb JL, Parsonage J, Newton RU, Nimphius S. Scoring analysis of the men’s 2014, 2015 and 2016 world championship tour of surfing: the importance of aerial manoeuvres in competitive surfing. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2189-2195. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1443747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Ferrier
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Sheppard
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Canadian Sport Institute, Pacific Region, Victoria Campus, Canada
| | | | | | - Joanna Parsonage
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Hurley Surfing Australia High Performance Centre, Casuarina Beach, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert U. Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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50
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Nimphius S, Callaghan SJ, Bezodis NE, Lockie RG. Change of Direction and Agility Tests: Challenging Our Current Measures of Performance. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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