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Oliveira GDAR, Estrada-Semprun OE, Arantes LC, Rodrigues PM, Ribeiro RA, Fagg CW, Magalhães PO, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, Silveira D. Does Trema micranthum (L.) Blume Produce Cannabinoids? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1951. [PMID: 39065478 PMCID: PMC11281079 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
There are inconclusive claims in the scientific literature that the species Trema micranthum, widely distributed throughout the Brazilian territory, may produce phytocannabinoids, potentially serving as an alternative to Cannabis sativa. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation to assess the presence of phytocannabinoids in two Trema micranthum samples collected in the Midwest region of Brazil. In trying to detect cannabinoids in T. micranthum, a recommended cannabis screening test was employed, the Fast Blue BB Salt (FBBBS) colorimetric assay, followed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and instrumental techniques: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). When employed without chloroform extraction, the FBBBS reagent yielded positive results for extracts from all parts of T. micranthum (leaves, branches, fruits, and inflorescences). However, these initial positive results from the FBBBS test, suggesting the presence of cannabinoids, were not corroborated by FBBBS followed by chloroform extraction, TLC, or the instrumental techniques used in this study. These additional outcomes suggest that the positive FBBBS test results were likely due to the presence of other phenolic compounds rather than phytocannabinoids. For example, the presence of vitexin-like compounds in T. micranthum extracts might explain the positive FBBBS test results. Therefore, new assertions that T. micranthum produces cannabinoids will require the support of more selective experiments to avoid false-positive claims based on less selective screening tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlon de Almeida Ribeiro Oliveira
- Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.O.); (O.E.E.-S.); (P.M.R.); (R.A.R.); (P.O.M.); (Y.M.F.-B.)
| | - Omar Enrique Estrada-Semprun
- Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.O.); (O.E.E.-S.); (P.M.R.); (R.A.R.); (P.O.M.); (Y.M.F.-B.)
| | - Luciano Chaves Arantes
- Laboratory of Forensic Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Criminalistics, Civil Police of the Federal District, Brasilia 70610-907, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia Marques Rodrigues
- Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.O.); (O.E.E.-S.); (P.M.R.); (R.A.R.); (P.O.M.); (Y.M.F.-B.)
| | - Rebekah Alves Ribeiro
- Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.O.); (O.E.E.-S.); (P.M.R.); (R.A.R.); (P.O.M.); (Y.M.F.-B.)
| | - Christopher William Fagg
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Pérola Oliveira Magalhães
- Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.O.); (O.E.E.-S.); (P.M.R.); (R.A.R.); (P.O.M.); (Y.M.F.-B.)
| | - Yris Maria Fonseca-Bazzo
- Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.O.); (O.E.E.-S.); (P.M.R.); (R.A.R.); (P.O.M.); (Y.M.F.-B.)
| | - Damaris Silveira
- Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.O.); (O.E.E.-S.); (P.M.R.); (R.A.R.); (P.O.M.); (Y.M.F.-B.)
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Teixeira SP, Nascimento IC, Grejo MP, Leite VG, Machado SR. The putative cannabinoid-secreting trichome of Trema micrantha (L.) Blume (Cannabaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:463-475. [PMID: 37999805 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Trema, a genus of the popularly known Cannabaceae, has recently been the subject of cannabinoid bioprospection. T. micrantha is a tree with pharmacological potential widely used in folk medicine. It has two types of glandular trichomes, bulbous and filiform, spread throughout the plant body. Considering the proximity of this species to Cannabis sativa and Trema orientalis, species containing cannabinoids, the glandular trichomes of T. micrantha are also expected to be related to the secretion of these compounds. Thus, this study aims to detail the morphology of secretory trichomes during the synthesis, storing and release of metabolites in T. micrantha. We tested the proposition that they could be a putative type of cannabinoid-secreting gland. Pistillate and staminate flowers and leaves were collected and processed for ontogenic, histochemical, and ultrastructural analyses. Both types of glandular trichomes originate from a protodermal cell. They are putative cannabinoid-secreting sites because: (1) terpene-phenols and, more specifically, cannabinoids were detected in situ; (2) their secretory subcellular apparatus is consistent with that found in C. sativa: modified plastids, polyribosomes, an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a moniliform smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Plastids and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are involved in the synthesis of terpenes, while the rough endoplasmic reticulum acts in the phenolic synthesis. These substances cross the plasma membrane by exocytosis and are released outside the trichome through cuticle pores. The study of the cell biology of the putative cannabinoid glands can promote the advancement of prospecting for natural products in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pádua Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Cristina Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP14040-903, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências E Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Marina Priolo Grejo
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências E Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Viviane Gonçalves Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP14040-903, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Do Jardim Botânico Do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Rodrigues Machado
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Insituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
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Mekarunothai A, Bacher M, Buathong R, Intarasam S, Tayana N, Kongkiatpaiboon S, Charoenrat T, Napiroon T. β-sitosterol isolated from the leaves of Trema orientalis (Cannabaceae) promotes viability and proliferation of BF-2 cells. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16774. [PMID: 38282858 PMCID: PMC10812590 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Trema orientalis is a pioneer species in the cannabis family (Cannabaceae) that is widely distributed in Thai community forests and forest edges. The mature leaves are predominantly used as an anti-parasite treatment and feed for local freshwater fish, inspiring investigation of their phytochemical composition and bioactivity. The purpose of this work was to investigate the bioactive compounds in T. orientalis leaf extract and their cytotoxicity in the BF-2 fish cell line (ATCC CCL-91). Flash column chromatography was used to produce 25 mL fractions with a mixture solvent system comprised of hexane, diethyl ether, methanol, and acetone. All fractions were profiled with HPLC-DAD (mobile phase methanol:aqueous buffer, 60:40 v/v) and UV detection (wavelengths 256 and 365 nm). After drying, a yellowish powder was isolated from lipophilic leaf extract with a yield of 280 µg/g dry weight. Structure elucidation by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indicated it to consist of pure β-sitosterol. The lipophilic extract and pure compound were evaluated for cytotoxicity using BF-2 cells. MTT assays showed both leaf extract and pure compound at 1 µg/mL to increase cell viability after 24 h treatment. The respective half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of leaf extract and β-sitosterol were 7,027.13 and 86.42 µg/ml, indicating a lack of toxicity in the BF-2 cell line. Hence, T. orientalis can serve as a source of non-toxic natural lipophilic compounds that can be useful as bioactive ingredients in supplement feed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Mekarunothai
- Program in Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Markus Bacher
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Raveevatoo Buathong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saraphorn Intarasam
- Songkhla Aquatic Animal Health Research and Development Center, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Songkhla, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ngampuk Tayana
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Cannabis and Herbal Products Innovation, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sumet Kongkiatpaiboon
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Cannabis and Herbal Products Innovation, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Theppanya Charoenrat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Tiwtawat Napiroon
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Cannabis and Herbal Products Innovation, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Appau Y, Gordon PK, Kumordzie S, Kyene MO, Jnr PAA. Trema orientale (L.) Blume: A review of its taxonomy, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and domestication potential. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23640. [PMID: 38192795 PMCID: PMC10772118 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Trema orientale (L.) Blume is an important medicinal plant with multiple applications for treating several disease conditions. This study compiled published data on botanical, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and antimicrobials, coupled with discussing the conservation and domestication potential of T. orientale. Data were sourced from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier Plants of the World Online (Kew Science), Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), and World Flora Online (WFO), using key search terms: Trema orientale or orientalis, phytochemistry pharmacology, taxonomy, and domestication with Boolean operators to include and exclude articles for the review. The review indicated that molecular studies have shown that T. orientale is closely related to a sister group of Cannabis through plastome phylogenetic evidence which accounts for its transfer from Ulmaceae to the Cannabaceae family. T. orientale is distributed across several African countries and has recently been assessed as the Least Concern by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Nevertheless, deforestation continues to pose an extinction risk to their population. Currently, 31 compounds have been isolated from different parts of T. orientale justifying many traditional uses accredited to it. T. orientale is considered a dose-dependent safe remedy for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and other disease conditions ascribed to it except for its continuous application. This review underscores the domestication potential of T. orientale including evidence of molecular markers, soil seed banks, and promising outcomes of germination experimentations. This, therefore, presents significant gains toward sustainable utilization of Trema orientale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Appau
- Department of Plant Development, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, P.O. Box 73, Akuapem-Mampong, Ghana
| | - Paa Kwesi Gordon
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, P.O. Box 73, Akuapem-Mampong, Ghana
| | - Seyiram Kumordzie
- Department of Plant Development, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, P.O. Box 73, Akuapem-Mampong, Ghana
| | - Michael Odoi Kyene
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, P.O. Box 73, Akuapem-Mampong, Ghana
| | - Peter Atta-Adjei Jnr
- Department of Plant Development, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, P.O. Box 73, Akuapem-Mampong, Ghana
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Nahar L, Gavril GL, Sarker SD. Application of gas chromatography in the analysis of phytocannabinoids: An update (2020-2023). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2023; 34:903-924. [PMID: 37963411 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabinoids are a group of compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors. They possess pharmacological properties like that of the plant Cannabis sativa. Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the popular chromatographic techniques that has been routinely used in the analysis of cannabinoids in different matrices. OBJECTIVE The article aims to review the literature on the application of GC-based analytical methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published during the period from January 2020 to August 2023. METHODOLOGY A thorough literature search was conducted using different databases, like Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials including published books. The keywords used, in various combinations, with cannabinoids being present in all combinations, in the search were cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, analysis, GC, quantitative, qualitative, and quality control. From the search results, only the publications that incorporate the GC analysis of phytocannabinoids were reviewed, and papers on synthetic cannabinoids were excluded. RESULTS Since the publication of the review article on GC analysis of phytocannabinoids in early 2020, several GC-based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids have appeared in the literature. While simple 1D GC-mass spectrometry (MS) and GC-flame ionisation detector (FID) methods are still quite common in phytocannabinoids analysis, 2D GC-MS and GC-MS/MS are increasingly becoming popular, as these techniques offer more useful data for identification and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. The use of automation in sample preparation and the utilisation of mathematical and computational models for optimisation of different protocols have become a norm in phytocannabinoids analysis. Pre-analyses have been found to incorporate different derivatisation techniques and environmentally friendly extraction protocols. CONCLUSIONS GC-based analysis of phytocannabinoids, especially using GC-MS, remains one of the most preferred methods for the analysis of these compounds. New derivatisation methods, ionisation techniques, mathematical models, and computational approaches for method optimisation have been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Georgiana-Luminita Gavril
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Agrawal S, Das R, Singh AK, Kumar P, Shukla PK, Bhattacharya I, Tripathi AK, Mishra SK, Tiwari KN. Network pharmacology-based anti-pancreatic cancer potential of kaempferol and catechin of Trema orientalis L. through computational approach. Med Oncol 2023; 40:133. [PMID: 37010624 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01996-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
In pancreatic cancer, healthy cells in the pancreas begin to malfunction and proliferate out of control. According to our conventional knowledge, many plants contain several novel bioactive compounds, having pharmaceutical applications for the treatment of disease like pancreatic cancer. The methanolic fraction of fruit extract of Trema orientalis L. (MFETO) was analysed through HRMS. In this in silico study, pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of the identified flavonoids from MFETO were screened out by ADMET analysis. Kaempferol and catechin followed Lipinski rules and showed no toxicity in Protox II. Targets of these compounds were taken from SwissTarget prediction and TCMSP whilst targets for pancreatic cancer were taken from GeneCards and DisGeNET databases. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of common genes was generated through STRING and then exported to the Cytoscape to get top 5 hub genes (AKT1, SRC, EGFR, TNF, and CASP3). The interaction between compounds and hub genes was analysed using molecular docking, and high binding affinity between them can be visualised by Biovia discovery studio visualizer. Our study shows that, five hub genes related to pancreatic cancer play an important role in tumour growth induction, invasion and migration. Kaempferol effectively check cell migration by inhibiting ERK1/2, EGFR-related SRC, and AKT pathways by scavenging ROS whilst catechin inhibited TNFα-induced activation and cell cycle arrest at G1 and G2/M phases by induction of apoptosis of malignant cells. Kaempferol and catechin containing MFETO can be used for formulation of potent drugs for pancreatic cancer treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreni Agrawal
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Science, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Richa Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Science, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Shukla
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Indrani Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Science, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kumar Tripathi
- School of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University, Gautam Budha Nagar, Greater Noida, 203201, UP, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India.
| | - Kavindra Nath Tiwari
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
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Hong H, Sloan L, Saxena D, Scott DA. The Antimicrobial Properties of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Compounds and Relevance to CB2-Targeted Neurodegenerative Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1959. [PMID: 36009504 PMCID: PMC9406052 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is of interest as a much-needed target for the treatment or prevention of several neurogenerative diseases. However, CB2 agonists, particularly phytocannabinoids, have been ascribed antimicrobial properties and are associated with the induction of microbiome compositional fluxes. When developing novel CB2 therapeutics, CB2 engagement and antimicrobial functions should both be considered. This review summarizes those cannabinoids and cannabis-informed molecules and preparations (CIMPs) that show promise as microbicidal agents, with a particular focus on the most recent developments. CIMP-microbe interactions and anti-microbial mechanisms are discussed, while the major knowledge gaps and barriers to translation are presented. Further research into CIMPs may proffer novel direct or adjunctive strategies to augment the currently available antimicrobial armory. The clinical promise of CIMPs as antimicrobials, however, remains unrealized. Nevertheless, the microbicidal effects ascribed to several CB2 receptor-agonists should be considered when designing therapeutic approaches for neurocognitive and other disorders, particularly in cases where such regimens are to be long-term. To this end, the potential development of CB2 agonists lacking antimicrobial properties is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- HeeJue Hong
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lucy Sloan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - David A. Scott
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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