1
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Amin AB, Cates JE, Liu Z, Wu J, Ali I, Rodriguez A, Panjwani J, Tate JE, Lopman BA, Parashar UD. Rotavirus Genotypes in the Postvaccine Era: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Global, Regional, and Temporal Trends by Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1460-1469. [PMID: 37738554 PMCID: PMC11095550 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even moderate differences in rotavirus vaccine effectiveness against nonvaccine genotypes may exert selective pressures on circulating rotaviruses. Whether this vaccine effect or natural temporal fluctuations underlie observed changes in genotype distributions is unclear. METHODS We systematically reviewed studies reporting rotavirus genotypes from children <5 years of age globally between 2005 and 2023. We compared rotavirus genotypes between vaccine-introducing and nonintroducing settings globally and by World Health Organization (WHO) region, calendar time, and time since vaccine introduction. RESULTS Crude pooling of genotype data from 361 studies indicated higher G2P[4], a nonvaccine genotype, prevalence in vaccine-introducing settings, both globally and by WHO region. This difference did not emerge when examining genotypes over time in the Americas, the only region with robust longitudinal data. Relative to nonintroducing settings, G2P[4] detections were more likely in settings with recent introduction (eg, 1-2 years postintroduction adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.87-6.72) but were similarly likely in settings with more time elapsed since introduction, (eg, 7 or more years aOR, 1.62; 95% CI, .49-5.37). CONCLUSIONS When accounting for both regional and temporal trends, there was no substantial evidence of long-term vaccine-related selective pressures on circulating genotypes. Increased prevalence of G2P[4] may be transient after rotavirus vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnika B Amin
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jordan E Cates
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zihao Liu
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joanne Wu
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Iman Ali
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexia Rodriguez
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Junaid Panjwani
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Benjamin A Lopman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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De Grazia S, Filizzolo C, Bonura F, Pizzo M, Di Bernardo F, Collura A, Pellegrini F, Martella V, Giammanco GM. Identification of a novel intra-genotype reassortant G1P[8] rotavirus in Italy, 2021. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 140:113-118. [PMID: 38307378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rotaviruses G1P[8] are epidemiologically relevant and are targeted by vaccines. The introduction of vaccines has altered rotavirus epidemiology. Hospital-based surveillance conducted in Sicily, Italy, showed a progressive decline in rotavirus prevalence since 2014, along with an increasing vaccine coverage (63.8% in 2020), and a marked decrease in circulation of G1P[8] strains. Surprisingly in 2021, G1P[8] viruses accounted for 90.5% (19/21) of rotavirus infections. This study aimed to understand if the increased activity of G1P[8]'s was related to virus-related peculiarities. DESIGN In 2021, 266 patients <15 years of age were hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and included in rotavirus surveillance. Viral proteins (VP7 and VP4) genotyping and sequence data were generated from all rotavirus-positive samples. The genetic makeup of G1P[8] rotaviruses was investigated by full-genome sequencing. RESULTS Peculiar G1P[8] rotaviruses, with VP7 and VP4 belonging to novel sub-lineages, circulated in 2021, accounting for 76.2% (16/21) of all rotavirus infections. On full-genome analysis, the novel G1P[8] variant displayed an intra-genotype (Wa-like) reassortant constellation, involving G12 and G1 strains, into a unique arrangement never observed before. The novel G1P[8] variant showed peculiar amino acid substitutions in 8-1 and 8-3 epitopes of the VP4 with respect to the Rotarix strain. CONCLUSIONS Prompt identification of virus variants circulating in the human population is pivotal to understanding epidemiological trends and assessing vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Grazia
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", A.O.U.P "P. Giaccone", Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy.
| | - Chiara Filizzolo
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", A.O.U.P "P. Giaccone", Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Floriana Bonura
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", A.O.U.P "P. Giaccone", Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pizzo
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", A.O.U.P "P. Giaccone", Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Bernardo
- Unità Operativa di Microbiologia e Virologia, Ospedale Civico e Di Cristina, ARNAS, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonina Collura
- Unità Operativa di Microbiologia e Virologia, Ospedale Civico e Di Cristina, ARNAS, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Giammanco
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", A.O.U.P "P. Giaccone", Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
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3
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Mwangi PN, Potgieter RL, Simwaka J, Mpabalwani EM, Mwenda JM, Mogotsi MT, Magagula N, Esona MD, Steele AD, Seheri ML, Nyaga MM. Genomic Analysis of G2P[4] Group A Rotaviruses in Zambia Reveals Positive Selection in Amino Acid Site 7 of Viral Protein 3. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020501. [PMID: 36851715 PMCID: PMC9965253 DOI: 10.3390/v15020501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The G2P[4] genotype is among the rotavirus strains that circulate commonly in humans. Several countries have reported its immediate upsurge after the introduction of rotavirus vaccination, raising concern about sub-optimal vaccine effectiveness against this genotype in the long term. This study aimed to gain insight into the evolution of post-vaccine Zambian G2P[4] group A rotavirus (RVA) strains and their overall genetic make-up by analysis of sequence alignments at the amino acid (AA) level. Twenty-nine Zambian G2P[4] rotavirus strains were subjected to whole-genome sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq® platform. All the strains exhibited the typical DS-1-like genotype constellation, and the nucleotide sequences of the 11 genome segments showed high nucleotide similarities (>97%). Phylogenetic analyses together with representative global G2P[4] RVA showed that Zambian strains clustered into human lineages IV (for VP2, VP4, VP7, NSP1, and NSP5), V (for VP1, VP3, VP6, NSP2, and NSP3), and XXIII (for NSP4). The AA differences between the lineages where the study strains clustered and lineages of global reference strains were identified and analyzed. Selection pressure analysis revealed that AA site seven in the Viral Protein 3 (VP3) genome segment was under positive selection. This site occurs in the region of intrinsic disorder in the VP3 protein, and Zambian G2P[4] strains could potentially be utilizing this intrinsically disordered region to survive immune pressure. The Zambian G2P[4] strains from 2012 to 2016 comprised the G2P[4] strains that have been circulating globally since the early 2000s, highlighting the epidemiological fitness of these contemporary G2P[4] strains. Continuous whole-genome surveillance of G2P[4] strains remains imperative to understand their evolution during the post-vaccination period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Mwangi
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Robyn-Lee Potgieter
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Julia Simwaka
- Institute of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Evans M. Mpabalwani
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Ridgeway, Lusaka RW50000, Zambia
| | - Jason M. Mwenda
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo
| | - Milton T. Mogotsi
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko Magagula
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Mathew D. Esona
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - A. Duncan Steele
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Mapaseka L. Seheri
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Martin M. Nyaga
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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4
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Amin AB, Tate JE, Waller LA, Lash TL, Lopman BA. Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Against Different Rotavirus Genotypes: A Pooled Analysis of Phase II and III Trial Data. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:e1150-e1156. [PMID: 36031386 PMCID: PMC10169401 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus vaccine performance appears worse in countries with high rotavirus genotype diversity. Evidence suggests diminished vaccine efficacy (VE) against G2P[4], which is heterotypic with existing monovalent rotavirus vaccine formulations. Most studies assessing genotype-specific VE have been underpowered and inconclusive. METHODS We pooled individual-level data from 10 Phase II and III clinical trials of rotavirus vaccine containing G1 and P[8] antigens (RV1) conducted between 2000 and 2012. We estimated VE against both any-severity and severe (Vesikari score ≥11) rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) using binomial and multinomial logistic regression models for non-specific VE against any RVGE, genotype-specific VE, and RV1-typic VE against genotypes homotypic, partially heterotypic, or fully heterotypic with RV1 antigens. We adjusted models for concomitant oral poliovirus and RV1 vaccination and the country's designated child mortality stratum. RESULTS Analysis included 87 644 infants from 22 countries in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia. For VE against severe RVGE, non-specific VE was 91% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 87-94%). Genotype-specific VE ranged from 96% (95% CI: 89-98%) against G1P[8] to 71% (43-85%) against G2P[4]. RV1-typic VE was 92% (95% CI: 84-96%) against partially heterotypic genotypes but 83% (67-91%) against fully heterotypic genotypes. For VE against any-severity RVGE, non-specific VE was 82% (95% CI: 75-87%). Genotype-specific VE ranged from 94% (95% CI: 86-97%) against G1P[8] to 63% (41-77%) against G2P[4]. RV1-typic VE was 83% (95% CI: 72-90%) against partially heterotypic genotypes but 63% (40-77%) against fully heterotypic genotypes. CONCLUSIONS RV1 VE is comparatively diminished against fully heterotypic genotypes including G2P[4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnika B Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lance A Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Benjamin A Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Mwangi PN, Page NA, Seheri ML, Mphahlele MJ, Nadan S, Esona MD, Kumwenda B, Kamng'ona AW, Donato CM, Steele DA, Ndze VN, Dennis FE, Jere KC, Nyaga MM. Evolutionary changes between pre- and post-vaccine South African group A G2P[4] rotavirus strains, 2003-2017. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35446251 PMCID: PMC9453071 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient upsurge of G2P[4] group A rotavirus (RVA) after Rotarix vaccine introduction in several countries has been a matter of concern. To gain insight into the diversity and evolution of G2P[4] strains in South Africa pre- and post-RVA vaccination introduction, whole-genome sequencing was performed for RVA positive faecal specimens collected between 2003 and 2017 and samples previously sequenced were obtained from GenBank (n=103; 56 pre- and 47 post-vaccine). Pre-vaccine G2 sequences predominantly clustered within sub-lineage IVa-1. In contrast, post-vaccine G2 sequences clustered mainly within sub-lineage IVa-3, whereby a radical amino acid (AA) substitution, S15F, was observed between the two sub-lineages. Pre-vaccine P[4] sequences predominantly segregated within sub-lineage IVa while post-vaccine sequences clustered mostly within sub-lineage IVb, with a radical AA substitution R162G. Both S15F and R162G occurred outside recognised antigenic sites. The AA residue at position 15 is found within the signal sequence domain of Viral Protein 7 (VP7) involved in translocation of VP7 into endoplasmic reticulum during infection process. The 162 AA residue lies within the hemagglutination domain of Viral Protein 4 (VP4) engaged in interaction with sialic acid-containing structure during attachment to the target cell. Free energy change analysis on VP7 indicated accumulation of stable point mutations in both antigenic and non-antigenic regions. The segregation of South African G2P[4] strains into pre- and post-vaccination sub-lineages is likely due to erstwhile hypothesized stepwise lineage/sub-lineage evolution of G2P[4] strains rather than RVA vaccine introduction. Our findings reinforce the need for continuous whole-genome RVA surveillance and investigation of contribution of AA substitutions in understanding the dynamic G2P[4] epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Mwangi
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Nicola A Page
- Centre for Enteric Disease, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mapaseka L Seheri
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Jeffrey Mphahlele
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa 0204, Pretoria, South Africa.,Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2351, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Sandrama Nadan
- Centre for Enteric Disease, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mathew D Esona
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Benjamin Kumwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Applied Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Arox W Kamng'ona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Applied Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Celeste M Donato
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Applied Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre3, Malawi.,Enteric Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melboune 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, the University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Duncan A Steele
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Valantine N Ndze
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
| | - Francis E Dennis
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG581, Legon, Ghana
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- Center for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L697BE, Liverpool, UK.,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Martin M Nyaga
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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6
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Nalitolela N, Kisenge R, Mkopi NP, Manji K. Rotavirus Diarrhoea among Children Aged <5 Years in Hospital Setting in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. J Trop Pediatr 2021; 67:6291421. [PMID: 34080010 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoea remains among the highest causes of death in children under 5 years of age in developing countries. Before the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Tanzania, rotavirus infection was the leading cause of severe diarrhoea in children below the age of 5 years but there is a paucity of studies reporting the severity of this infection after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine. This hospital-based study reports the proportion of children with rotavirus-associated diarrhoea in Dar es Salaam, its severity and associated factors. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the inpatient and outpatient paediatrics departments of the selected health facilities from September 2018 to February 2019. A total of 314 children meeting inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic and medical history, anthropometric measurements were taken and a stool sample was collected from each patient for rotavirus antigen detection using CTK Biotech Onsite rotavirus antigen rapid test. RESULTS A total of 314 children were included in the study with age range between 2 and 59 months. The median age was 12 months with an interquartile range of 8-19 months. Symptoms of rotavirus diarrhoea were vomiting (p-value = 0.018) and severe dehydration (p-value = 0.000). Independent associated factors of rotavirus diarrhoea included: age of mother between 35 and 49 years (AoR 4.1, 95% CI 1.0-17.1, p-value = 0.05), geographical distribution (Ilala District, AoR 4.0, 95% CI 1.1-10.4, p-value = 0.039), poor hand hygiene (AoR 8.5, 95% CI 2.6-28.1, p-value = 0.000) and drinking bottled/home-treated water (AoR 5.4, 95% CI 1.3-22.7, p-value = 0.02). CONCLUSION Rotavirus infection is still prevalent and severe among children with diarrhoea. The difference in prevalence among the districts is also of concern and hence larger community-based cohort studies are needed to assess the association of rotavirus diarrhoea with the geographical variation across districts and regions. Improving sanitation and hygiene through health education amongst households is crucial for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Nalitolela
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rodrick Kisenge
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Namala Patrick Mkopi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Karim Manji
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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7
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Silva-Sales M, Leal E, Milagres FADP, Brustulin R, Morais VDS, Marcatti R, Araújo ELL, Witkin SS, Deng X, Sabino EC, Delwart E, Luchs A, Costa ACD. Genomic constellation of human Rotavirus A strains identified in Northern Brazil: a 6-year follow-up (2010-2016). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e98. [PMID: 33331517 PMCID: PMC7748031 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of Rotavirus A (RVA) throughout the national territory is important
to establish a more complete epidemiological-molecular scenario of this virus
circulation in Brazil. The aim of the present study was to investigate the
genetic diversity of RVA strains circulating in Tocantins State (Northern
Brazil) during six years of post-vaccination follow-up (2010-2016). A total of
248 stool samples were screened by next generation sequencing and 107 (43.1%)
nearly full length RVA genome sequences were obtained; one sample was
co-infected with two RVA strains (G2/G8P[4]). Six G and P genotypes combinations
were detected: G12P[8] strains (78.6%), as well as the G3P[8] (9.3%) and G1P[8]
(0.9%) were associated with a Wa-like genogroup backbone. All G2P[4] (5.6%) and
G8P[4] (2.8%) strains, including the mixed G2/G8P[4] infection (0.9%) showed the
DS-1-like genetic background. The two G12P[4] strains (1.9%) were associated
with distinct genetic backbones: Wa-like and DS-1-like. The phylogenetic
analysis revealed the circulation of lineages G1-I, G2-IV, G3-III, G8-I and
G12-III, and P[4]-V and P[8]-III of the VP7 and VP4 genes, respectively.
Conserved clustering pattern and low genetic diversity were observed regarding
VP1-VP3 and VP6, as well as NSP1-5 segments. We identified the same RVA
circulation pattern reported in other Brazilian regions in the period of
2010-2016, suggesting that rural and low-income areas may not have a different
RVA genotypic distribution compared to other parts of the country. The unique
presentation of whole-genome data of RVA strains detected in the Tocantins State
provides a baseline for monitoring variations in the genetic composition of RVA
in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle Silva-Sales
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Virologia e Cultivo Celular, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Elcio Leal
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Flavio Augusto de Pádua Milagres
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil.,Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Tocantins, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Rafael Brustulin
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil.,Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Tocantins, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Dos Santos Morais
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Marcatti
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Luiz Lima Araújo
- Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Articulação Estratégica de Vigilância em Saúde, Coordenação Geral de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Steven S Witkin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Entéricas, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Charlys da Costa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Uncovering the First Atypical DS-1-like G1P[8] Rotavirus Strains That Circulated during Pre-Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction Era in South Africa. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050391. [PMID: 32443835 PMCID: PMC7281366 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of DS-1-like G1P[8] group A rotavirus (RVA) strains during post-rotavirus vaccination period has recently been reported in several countries. This study demonstrates, for the first time, rare atypical DS-1-like G1P[8] RVA strains that circulated in 2008 during pre-vaccine era in South Africa. Rotavirus positive samples were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Two G1P[8] strains (RVA/Human-wt/ZAF/UFS-NGS-MRC-DPRU1971/2008/G1P[8] and RVA/Human-wt/ZAF/UFS-NGS-MRC-DPRU1973/2008/G1P[8]) possessed a DS-1-like genome constellation background (I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2). The outer VP4 and VP7 capsid genes of the two South African G1P[8] strains had the highest nucleotide (amino acid) nt (aa) identities of 99.6–99.9% (99.1–100%) with the VP4 and the VP7 genes of a locally circulating South African strain, RVA/Human-wt/ZAF/MRC-DPRU1039/2008/G1P[8]. All the internal backbone genes (VP1–VP3, VP6, and NSP1-NSP5) had the highest nt (aa) identities with cognate internal genes of another locally circulating South African strain, RVA/Human-wt/ZAF/MRC-DPRU2344/2008/G2P[6]. The two study strains emerged through reassortment mechanism involving locally circulating South African strains, as they were distinctly unrelated to other reported atypical G1P[8] strains. The identification of these G1P[8] double-gene reassortants during the pre-vaccination period strongly supports natural RVA evolutionary mechanisms of the RVA genome. There is a need to maintain long-term whole-genome surveillance to monitor such atypical strains.
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9
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Cantelli CP, Velloso AJ, Assis RMSD, Barros JJ, Mello FCDA, Cunha DCD, Brasil P, Nordgren J, Svensson L, Miagostovich MP, Leite JPG, Moraes MTBD. Rotavirus A shedding and HBGA host genetic susceptibility in a birth community-cohort, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014-2018. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6965. [PMID: 32332841 PMCID: PMC7181595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have investigated whether the human histo-blood group antigen (HBGAs) could affect the effectiveness of the oral rotavirus vaccines, suggesting secretor positive individuals develop a more robust response. We investigated the Rotavirus A (RVA) shedding in association with the host susceptibility profile in children from a birth community-cohort in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2014 to 2018. A total of 132 children were followed-up between 0 to 11-month-old, stool samples were collected before/after the 1st/2nd RV1 vaccination doses and saliva samples were collected during the study. RVA shedding was screened by RT-qPCR and G/P genotypes determined by multiplex RT-PCR and/or Sanger nucleotide sequencing. The sequencing indicated an F167L amino acid change in the RV1 VP8* P[8] in 20.5% of shedding follow-ups and these mutant subpopulations were quantified by pyrosequencing. The HBGA/secretor status was determined and 80.3% of the children were secretors. Twenty-one FUT2 gene SNPs were identified and two new mutations were observed. The mutant F167L RV1 VP8* P[8] was detected significantly more in Le (a+b+) secretors (90.5%) compared to non-secretors and even to secretors Le (a-b+) (9.5%). The study highlights the probable association between RV1 shedding and HBGAs as a marker for evaluating vaccine strain host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Pacheco Cantelli
- Immunobiological Technology Institute/Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Alvaro Jorge Velloso
- Immunobiological Technology Institute/Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosane Maria Santos de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Júnior Barros
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Cotrim da Cunha
- Sérgio Arouca National School of Public Health, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Brasil
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Terezinha Baroni de Moraes
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Roczo-Farkas S, Kirkwood CD, Cowley D, Barnes GL, Bishop RF, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Boniface K, Donato CM, Bines JE. The Impact of Rotavirus Vaccines on Genotype Diversity: A Comprehensive Analysis of 2 Decades of Australian Surveillance Data. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:546-554. [PMID: 29790933 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Introduction of rotavirus vaccines into national immunization programs (NIPs) could result in strain selection due to vaccine-induced selective pressure. This study describes the distribution and diversity of rotavirus genotypes before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction into the Australian NIP. State-based vaccine selection facilitated a unique comparison of diversity in RotaTeq and Rotarix vaccine states. Methods From 1995 to 2015, the Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program conducted genotypic analysis on 13051 rotavirus-positive samples from children <5 years of age, hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus G and P genotypes were determined using serological and heminested multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Results G1P[8] was the dominant genotype nationally in the prevaccine era (1995-2006). Following vaccine introduction (2007-2015), greater genotype diversity was observed with fluctuating genotype dominance. Genotype distribution varied based on the vaccine implemented, with G12P[8] dominant in states using RotaTeq, and equine-like G3P[8] and G2P[4] dominant in states and territories using Rotarix. Conclusions The increased diversity and differences in genotype dominance observed in states using RotaTeq (G12P[8]), and in states and territories using Rotarix (equine-like G3P[8] and G2P[4]), suggest that these vaccines exert different immunological pressures that influence the diversity of rotavirus strains circulating in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Roczo-Farkas
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl D Kirkwood
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniel Cowley
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme L Barnes
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville
| | - Ruth F Bishop
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nada Bogdanovic-Sakran
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Boniface
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celeste M Donato
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie E Bines
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
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Ogden KM, Tan Y, Akopov A, Stewart LS, McHenry R, Fonnesbeck CJ, Piya B, Carter MH, Fedorova NB, Halpin RA, Shilts MH, Edwards KM, Payne DC, Esona MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Chappell JD, Patton JT, Halasa NB, Das SR. Multiple Introductions and Antigenic Mismatch with Vaccines May Contribute to Increased Predominance of G12P[8] Rotaviruses in the United States. J Virol 2019; 93:e01476-18. [PMID: 30333170 PMCID: PMC6288334 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01476-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading global cause of diarrheal mortality for unvaccinated children under 5 years of age. The outer capsid of rotavirus virions consists of VP7 and VP4 proteins, which determine viral G and P types, respectively, and are primary targets of neutralizing antibodies. Successful vaccination depends upon generating broadly protective immune responses following exposure to rotaviruses presenting a limited number of G- and P-type antigens. Vaccine introduction resulted in decreased rotavirus disease burden but also coincided with the emergence of uncommon G and P genotypes, including G12. To gain insight into the recent predominance of G12P[8] rotaviruses in the United States, we evaluated 142 complete rotavirus genome sequences and metadata from 151 clinical specimens collected in Nashville, TN, from 2011 to 2013 through the New Vaccine Surveillance Network. Circulating G12P[8] strains were found to share many segments with other locally circulating strains but to have distinct constellations. Phylogenetic analyses of G12 sequences and their geographic sources provided evidence for multiple separate introductions of G12 segments into Nashville, TN. Antigenic epitopes of VP7 proteins of G12P[8] strains circulating in Nashville, TN, differ markedly from those of vaccine strains. Fully vaccinated children were found to be infected with G12P[8] strains more frequently than with other rotavirus genotypes. Multiple introductions and significant antigenic mismatch may in part explain the recent predominance of G12P[8] strains in the United States and emphasize the need for continued monitoring of rotavirus vaccine efficacy against emerging rotavirus genotypes.IMPORTANCE Rotavirus is an important cause of childhood diarrheal disease worldwide. Two immunodominant proteins of rotavirus, VP7 and VP4, determine G and P genotypes, respectively. Recently, G12P[8] rotaviruses have become increasingly predominant. By analyzing rotavirus genome sequences from stool specimens obtained in Nashville, TN, from 2011 to 2013 and globally circulating rotaviruses, we found evidence of multiple introductions of G12 genes into the area. Based on sequence polymorphisms, VP7 proteins of these viruses are predicted to present themselves to the immune system very differently than those of vaccine strains. Many of the sick children with G12P[8] rotavirus in their diarrheal stools also were fully vaccinated. Our findings emphasize the need for continued monitoring of circulating rotaviruses and the effectiveness of the vaccines against strains with emerging G and P genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Ogden
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Asmik Akopov
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura S Stewart
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rendie McHenry
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Bhinnata Piya
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maximilian H Carter
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Meghan H Shilts
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mathew D Esona
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - James D Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John T Patton
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha B Halasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Suman R Das
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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12
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Temprana CF, Argüelles MH, Gutierrez NM, Barril PA, Esteban LE, Silvestre D, Mandile MG, Glikmann G, Castello AA. Rotavirus VP6 protein mucosally delivered by cell wall-derived particles from Lactococcus lactis induces protection against infection in a murine model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203700. [PMID: 30192869 PMCID: PMC6128627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Although the implementation of live attenuated vaccines has reduced the number of rotavirus-associated deaths, variance in their effectiveness has been reported in different countries. This fact, among other concerns, leads to continuous efforts for the development of new generation of vaccines against rotavirus.In this work, we describe the obtention of cell wall-derived particles from a recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing a cell wall-anchored version of the rotavirus VP6 protein. After confirming by SDS-PAGE, Western blot, flow cytometry and electronic immunomicroscopy that these particles were carrying the VP6 protein, their immunogenic potential was evaluated in adult BALB/c mice. For that, mucosal immunizations (oral or intranasal), with or without the dmLT [(double mutant Escherichia coli heat labile toxin LT(R192G/L211A)] adjuvant were performed. The results showed that these cell wall-derived particles were able to generate anti-rotavirus IgG and IgA antibodies only when administered intranasally, whether the adjuvant was present or not. However, the presence of dmLT was necessary to confer protection against rotavirus infection, which was evidenced by a 79.5 percent viral shedding reduction.In summary, this work describes the production of cell wall-derived particles which were able to induce a protective immune response after intranasal immunization. Further studies are needed to characterize the immune response elicited by these particles as well as to determine their potential as an alternative to the use of live L. lactis for mucosal antigen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Facundo Temprana
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología (LIV), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (AAC); (CFT)
| | - Marcelo H. Argüelles
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología (LIV), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás M. Gutierrez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología (LIV), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia A. Barril
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI A.C.)–CONICET, Centenario, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Laura E. Esteban
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología (LIV), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dalila Silvestre
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología (LIV), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G. Mandile
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología (LIV), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Glikmann
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología (LIV), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro A. Castello
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología (LIV), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (AAC); (CFT)
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13
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Gelaw A, Pietsch C, Liebert UG. Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses in Northwest Ethiopia after national vaccine introduction. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:300-307. [PMID: 30138709 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviruses mortality among infants and young children is high in Sub-Saharan Africa. Recently, Ethiopia introduced the monovalent rotavirus vaccine in its national immunization program to decrease the burden of rotavirus disease and mortality. Rotavirus surveillance in Ethiopia is based largely on data provided by sentinel hospitals in its capital Addis Ababa. OBJECTIVE To assess rotavirus abundancy and diversity in outpatient infants and children outside of Addis Ababa in the early post-introduction period. METHOD Fecal samples were obtained from children aged less than five years presenting with diarrhea at outpatient health institutions in two cities in Northwest Ethiopia, Gondar and Bahir Dar, from November 2015 to April 2016. Basic demographic data were assessed. Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect rotavirus A RNA. Based on sequences of VP4 and VP7 gene segments phylogenetic analysis was performed. RESULTS Rotavirus wildtype positivity was 25% (113/450). Rotavirus infection was less common in infants below 6 months than in children of all other age-groups. Rotavirus genotype distributions were distinct between Bahir Dar and Gondar. In total, wildtype G3P[8], G2P[4], G9P[8], G12P[8], and G3P[6] rotaviruses were detected in 68 (60.2%), 21 (18.6%), 13 (11.5%), 9 (8.0%), and 2 (1.8%) of the positive samples, respectively. Wildtype G1P[8] strains were absent. The phylogenetic analysis revealed close relatedness of current rotaviruses with Ethiopian strains of the pre-vaccination period. CONCLUSION In the early period after the introduction of vaccination, rotaviruses in Northwestern Ethiopia were frequent in children of 6-59 months and diverse. High phylogenetic relatedness with strains of the pre-vaccine era, indicate absence of early vaccine-induced strain replacement. Future surveillance studies should be carried out throughout the country to gain comprehensive data on rotavirus strain diversity and to monitor the effect of the ongoing vaccine program on the disease burden and eventual rotavirus strain replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aschalew Gelaw
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Corinna Pietsch
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Uwe G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Pradhan GN, Chitambar SD. Full genomic analysis of G1P[8] rotavirus strains recovered from rotavirus vaccinated and non-vaccinated children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Pune, western India. J Med Virol 2018; 90:772-778. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Page NA, Seheri LM, Groome MJ, Moyes J, Walaza S, Mphahlele J, Kahn K, Kapongo CN, Zar HJ, Tempia S, Cohen C, Madhi SA. Temporal association of rotavirus vaccination and genotype circulation in South Africa: Observations from 2002 to 2014. Vaccine 2017; 36:7231-7237. [PMID: 29110933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus vaccination has reduced diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality globally. The monovalent rotavirus vaccine was introduced into the public immunization program in South Africa (SA) in 2009 and led to approximately 50% reduction in rotavirus hospitalization in young children. The aim of this study was to investigate the rotavirus genotype distribution in SA before and after vaccine introduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS In addition to pre-vaccine era surveillance conducted from 2002 to 2008 at Dr George Mukhari Hospital (DGM), rotavirus surveillance among children <5 years hospitalized for acute diarrhoea was established at seven sentinel sites in SA from April 2009 to December 2014. Stool specimens were screened by enzyme immunoassay and rotavirus positive specimens genotyped using standardised methods. RESULTS At DGM, there was a significant decrease in G1 strains from pre-vaccine introduction (34%; 479/1418; 2002-2009) compared to post-vaccine introduction (22%; 37/170; 2010-2014; p for trend <.001). Similarly, there was a significant increase in non-G1P[8] strains at this site (p for trend <.001). In expanded sentinel surveillance, when adjusted for age and site, the odds of rotavirus detection in hospitalized children with diarrhoea declined significantly from 2009 (46%; 423/917) to 2014 (22%; 205/939; p<.001). The odds of G1 detection declined significantly from 2009 (53%; 224/421) to 2010-2011 (26%; 183/703; aOR=0.5; p<.001) and 2012-2014 (9%; 80/905; aOR=0.1; p<.001). Non-G1P[8] strains showed a significant increase from 2009 (33%; 139/421) to 2012-2014 (52%; 473/905; aOR=2.5; p<.001). CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus vaccination of children was associated with temporal changes in circulating genotypes. Despite these temporal changes in circulating genotypes, the overall reduction in rotavirus disease in South Africa remains significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - L M Seheri
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - M J Groome
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Moyes
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Walaza
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Mphahlele
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - K Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C N Kapongo
- Department of Paediatrics, Ngwelezane Hospital, Empangeni, South Africa
| | - H J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health/MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Tempia
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S A Madhi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Durmaz R, Bakkaloglu Z, Unaldi O, Karagoz A, Korukluoglu G, Kalaycioglu AT, Acar S, Kilic S. Prevalence and diversity of rotavirus A genotypes cirulating in Turkey during a 2-year sentinel surveillance period, 2014-2016. J Med Virol 2017; 90:229-238. [PMID: 28892173 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human rotavirus A (RVA) is the main etiological agent of watery diarrhea among children under 5 years of age worldwide. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and diversity of RVA genotypes circulating in Turkey during a 2-year sentinel surveillance study. A total of 1639 rotavirus antigen-positive stool samples were obtained from children younger than 5 years of age hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus G and P genotypes were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with consensus primers for the VP7 and VP4 genes, followed by semi-nested type-specific multiplex PCR. Rotavirus RNA was detected in 1396 (85.3%) of the samples tested. The highest detection rate (38.2%) was obtained among children in the 0-12 months age group, followed by children in the 13-24 months age group (36.2%). The most prevalent genotype was G1P[8] (24.6%) followed by G3P[8] (19.6%), G9P[8] (12.2%), G2P[4] (9.5%), G2P[8] (6.5%), and G4P[8] (4.8%). The proportions of uncommon and mixed genotypes were 21.5% and 1.14%, respectively. The large number of genotypes observed, including common, uncommon, and mixed types, indicates a high heterogeneity of RVA strains circulating in Turkey. The current study also exhibited dramatic fluctuations on the prevalences of the common genotypes, with increases in G3 and G1 and decreases in G9 and G2 from 2014-2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riza Durmaz
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zekiye Bakkaloglu
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Unaldi
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alper Karagoz
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulay Korukluoglu
- Virology Reference Central Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atila T Kalaycioglu
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sumeyra Acar
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Kilic
- Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
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