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Thunnissen NW, Geurts KAG, Hoeks S, Hendriks AJ. The impact of imidacloprid and thiacloprid on the mean species abundance in aquatic ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153626. [PMID: 35124047 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are currently the most widely used and sold insecticides in the world, providing effective pest control. Risk assessment of these and other pesticides by lab-based indicators is common. Yet, empirically and theoretically underpinning of extrapolation to indicators used in field surveys is severely limited. Consequently, the aim of our study was to quantify the toxicological and ecological impact of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and thiacloprid to aquatic invertebrates. We derived Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs) based on chronic LC50 data and Mean Species Abundance Relationships (MSARs), comparing these lab-based approaches to field data as well. MSARs are changes in mean species abundance (MSA) as a function of chemical exposure, providing insight into the overall decline of a community. The MSA expresses the mean abundance of species in disturbed conditions relative to their abundance in undisturbed habitat. The medians of the SSD of imidacloprid and thiacloprid for the different species were 16.45 μg/L and 26.40 μg/L, respectively. HC50s of the MSAR of imidacloprid and thiacloprid were 4.25 μg/L and 5.12 μg/L, respectively. The three taxonomic groups tested (insects, crustaceans and mollusks) did not differ significantly in sensitivity for imidacloprid and thiacloprid, both according to the SSDs and MSARs derived. Quantile exposure-response curves (99%-tile) were plotted showing the relative abundance (RA) of aquatic invertebrate species at increasing imidacloprid levels. The 99%-tile of the Relative Abundances (RA99) of species and corresponding imidacloprid concentrations monitored in field surveys in the Netherlands was significantly lower than the Potentially Affected Fraction (PAF) calculated from the SSD. Yet, the MSA was similar to the RA99, suggesting that MSAR is an ecologically meaningful relationship for toxic stress estimated from lab data. Future efforts should be directed to additional empirical underpinning as well as determining the relationship of PAF to other metrics for ecosystem diversity and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Thunnissen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - K A G Geurts
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - S Hoeks
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - A J Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Pinkina T, Zymaroieva A, Fedoniuk T. Cadmium impact on the growth and survival rate of great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) in the chronic experiment. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Coughlan NE, Cunningham EM, Cuthbert RN, Joyce PWS, Anastácio P, Banha F, Bonel N, Bradbeer SJ, Briski E, Butitta VL, Čadková Z, Dick JTA, Douda K, Eagling LE, Ferreira‐Rodríguez N, Hünicken LA, Johansson ML, Kregting L, Labecka AM, Li D, Liquin F, Marescaux J, Morris TJ, Nowakowska P, Ożgo M, Paolucci EM, Peribáñez MA, Riccardi N, Smith ERC, Spear MJ, Steffen GT, Tiemann JS, Urbańska M, Van Doninck K, Vastrade M, Vong GYW, Wawrzyniak‐Wydrowska B, Xia Z, Zeng C, Zhan A, Sylvester F. Biometric conversion factors as a unifying platform for comparative assessment of invasive freshwater bivalves. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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A Recommendation for a Pre-Standardized Marine Microalgal Dry Weight Determination Protocol for Laboratory Scale Culture Using Ammonium Formate as a Washing Agent. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080799. [PMID: 34440031 PMCID: PMC8389616 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Microalgae are increasingly recognized as a source of valuable biomass with numerous health benefits. Cleaning of marine microalgal biomass is very crucial for microalgal studies as the salt on the microalgae cells will lead to overestimation of biomass determination. Incomplete washing of salt from microalgae could also interfere with the nutritional analyses. The biomass, especially dry weight, has been utilized for nutritional or compositional evaluation. Although standard methods of marine microalgal dry weight determination are available, these methods did not provide comprehensive details, and the parameters vary among themselves. Without a standard method, a comparison of results among previous studies can be misleading and unreliable. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate and determine the ideal setting of several parameters in the marine microalgal dry weight determination for laboratory-scale culture. The present findings could assist in developing a standardized protocol to ensure a high quality of biomass for microalgal studies. Abstract Microalgal biomass is one of the crucial criteria in microalgal studies. Many reported methods, even the well-established protocol on microalgal dry weight (DW) determination, vary greatly, and reliable comparative assessment amongst published results could be problematic. This study aimed to determine the best condition of critical parameters in marine microalgal DW determination for laboratory-scale culture using four different marine microalgal species. These parameters included the washing process, grades of glass microfiber filter (GMF), GMF pretreatment conditions, washing agent (ammonium formate) concentrations, culture: washing agent ratios (v:v) and washing cycles. GMF grade GF/A with precombustion at 450 °C provided the most satisfactory DW and the highest ash-free dry weight (AFDW)/DW ratio. Furthermore, 0.05 M ammonium formate with 1:2 culture: washing agent ratio and a minimum of two washing cycles appeared to be the best settings of microalgal DW determination. The present treatment increased the AFDW/DW ratio of the four respective microalgae by a minimum of 19%. The findings of this study could serve as a pivotal reference in developing a standardized protocol of marine microalgal DW determination to obtain veracious and reliable marine microalgal DW.
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García-Huidobro MR, Poupin MJ, Urrutia C, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Grenier C, Vivanco JF, Ramajo L, Benjumeda I, Lagos NA, Lardies MA. An intrapopulational study of organic compounds and biomechanical properties of the shell of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica (P. P. King, 1832) at King George Island. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Eriksson BK, Yanos C, Bourlat SJ, Donadi S, Fontaine MC, Hansen JP, Jakubavičiūtė E, Kiragosyan K, Maan ME, Merilä J, Austin ÅN, Olsson J, Reiss K, Sundblad G, Bergström U, Eklöf JS. Habitat segregation of plate phenotypes in a rapidly expanding population of three‐spined stickleback. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Britas Klemens Eriksson
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Casey Yanos
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Sarah J. Bourlat
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Adenauerallee 160 Bonn53113Germany
| | - Serena Donadi
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Michael C. Fontaine
- MIVEGEC CNRS IRD Univ. Montpellier Montpellier France
- Centre de Recherche en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé (CREES) Montpellier France
| | | | | | - Karine Kiragosyan
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Martine E. Maan
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme Faculty Biological & Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki PO Box 65 HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Research Division of Ecology & Biodiversity University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Åsa N. Austin
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Sweden
| | - Jens Olsson
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Katrin Reiss
- Faculty for Biosciences and Aquaculture Nord University Bodø8049Norway
| | - Göran Sundblad
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Ulf Bergström
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Johan S. Eklöf
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Sweden
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Demars BOL, Kemp JL, Marteau B, Friberg N, Thornton B. Stream Macroinvertebrates and Carbon Cycling in Tangled Food Webs. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe annual global loss of organic carbon from terrestrial ecosystems into rivers is similar to the organic carbon stored in soils each year. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) flows through the food web to macroinvertebrates, but little is known about the effect of DOM increase on stream food webs and how much macroinvertebrates may contribute to the regulation of carbon fluxes in rivers. Using a before and after control impact (BACI) experimental design, we increased by 12% (+ 0.52 mg C L−1) the concentration of DOM in a stream for three weeks by adding sucrose, with a distinctive δ13C signature, to simulate a pulse of natural DOM supply from soils. We partitioned the diet of macroinvertebrates from carbon sources according to the green pathway (autotrophs) and detrital pathways (bacteria and terrestrial organic matter). Our flow food web approach based on C fluxes, with bacteria as a key node, showed the dominant contribution of the detrital pathways for macroinvertebrates in the reference stream. DOM addition induced changes in the diets of individual taxa, but did not have any strong effects on the relative overall contribution of the detrital pathways versus the green pathway. Autotrophic uptake of CO2 respired by bacteria was much larger than bacterial C flux to invertebrates (that is, the classic microbial loop) and allowed a significant fraction of natural allochthonous organic carbon to make its way to macroinvertebrates via autotrophs fixing CO2 respired by bacteria. Overall macroinvertebrates did not regulate directly to any great extent the flux of stream DOM towards downstream ecosystems.
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Austin ÅN, Hansen JP, Donadi S, Bergström U, Eriksson BK, Sundblad G, Eklöf JS. Synergistic Effects of Rooted Aquatic Vegetation and Drift Wrack on Ecosystem Multifunctionality. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEcosystem multifunctionality is an increasingly popular concept used to approximate multifaceted ecosystem functioning, which in turn may help advance ecosystem-based management. However, while experimental studies have shown a positive effect of diversity on multifunctionality, observational studies from natural systems—particularly aquatic—are scarce. Here, we tested the relative importance of species richness and cover of rooted aquatic vegetation, as well as cover of the loose-lying form of the macroalgae bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus), for ecosystem multifunctionality in shallow bays along the western Baltic Sea coast. We estimated multifunctionality based on four indicators of functions that support ecosystem services: recruitment of large predatory fish, grazer biomass, inverted ‘nuisance’ algal biomass, and water clarity. Piecewise path analysis showed that multifunctionality was driven by high cover of rooted aquatic vegetation and bladderwrack, particularly when the two co-occurred. This synergistic effect was nearly three times as strong as a negative effect of land-derived nitrogen loading. Species richness of aquatic vegetation indirectly benefitted multifunctionality by increasing vegetation cover. Meanwhile, high bladderwrack cover tended to decrease vegetation species richness, indicating that bladderwrack has both positive and negative effects on multifunctionality. We conclude that managing for dense and diverse vegetation assemblages may mitigate effects of anthropogenic pressures (for example, eutrophication) and support healthy coastal ecosystems that provide a range of benefits. To balance the exploitation of coastal ecosystems and maintain their multiple processes and services, management therefore needs to go beyond estimation of vegetation cover and consider the diversity and functional types of aquatic vegetation.
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9
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Houghton DC, Lardner R. Ash-free dry mass values for northcentral USA caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera). Zookeys 2020; 951:37-46. [PMID: 32774104 PMCID: PMC7390801 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.951.49790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ash-free dry mass (AFDM) values are presented for the adult stage of 63 caddisfly species commonly found throughout the northcentral US. Weights ranged from 0.01 mg for the smallest species to 7.22 mg for the largest. These values represent the first published data on the AFDM of the adult stage of Trichoptera, and can be used in other studies for more precise assessments of stream conditions without destruction of specimens. This increased precision is demonstrated herein by re-analyzing a previously published data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Houghton
- Department of Biology, Hillsdale College, 33 East College Street, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA Hillsdale College Hillsdale United States of America
| | - Ryan Lardner
- Department of Biology, Hillsdale College, 33 East College Street, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA Hillsdale College Hillsdale United States of America
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10
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Handley SJ, Morrisey D, Depree C, Carter M, Mejía Torres LA. Relative macrofaunal biomass reduced under an enriched salmon farm, Pelorus Sound, Aotearoa-New Zealand. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111303. [PMID: 32658671 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We compared changes in the benthos associated with discharges from a salmon farm at a low-flow location in Pelorus Sound, Aotearoa-New Zealand to the Pearson and Rosenberg model (PRM). As predicted by PRM, benthic enrichment resulted in significant increases in abundance of small, opportunistic macrofauna beneath salmon farm cages. In contrast, at reference sites we found fewer but larger, rare species. When estimates for biomass were calculated from macrofaunal size-classes, reference sites averaged 4.86 times more biomass and 4.35 times greater diversity than farm sites - results also consistent with the PRM. Farm sites favoured deposit feeders at the expense of suspension feeders and grazers. We discuss the significance of large rare species that contributed most to reference biomass estimates that appear under threat from multiple anthropogenic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Handley
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), PB 893, Nelson 7001, New Zealand.
| | - Don Morrisey
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Craig Depree
- DairyNZ, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Megan Carter
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), PB 893, Nelson 7001, New Zealand
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11
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Paolucci EM, Thuesen EV. Effects of osmotic and thermal shock on the invasive aquatic mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum: mortality and physiology under stressful conditions. NEOBIOTA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.54.39465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive freshwater species, such as the exotic mollusc Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mudsnail), can frequently survive under harsh conditions, including brackish and hypoxic environments. We experimentally assessed the effects of osmotic (0, 10, 20, 25 and 30 psu) and thermal (20 °C) shock on mortality, activity and physiology of P. antipodarum collected at Capitol Lake, Olympia, Washington, USA, during winter and spring seasons when environmental temperature was 5 and 10 °C respectively. We measured standard metabolic rate and enzymatic activities (malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanopine dehydrogenase) in snails after a 10-day acclimation period at high salinity. Significantly higher mortalities were observed at higher salinities; the strongest effects occurred on snails collected at the end of winter, and exposed to 30 psu and 20 °C (100% mortality in 3 days). When snails were collected during the spring, 100% mortality was observed after 40 days at 30 psu and 20 °C. Standard metabolic rates were significantly lower when snails were exposed to salinities of 25 and 30 psu, even after 10 days of acclimation. Enzymatic activities showed small but significant declines after 10 days at 30 psu reflecting the declines observed in overall metabolism. The physiological tolerances to temperature and salinity displayed by this population of P. antipodarum make its eradication from Capital Lake difficult to achieve.
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12
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Renz JR, Powilleit M, Gogina M, Zettler ML, Morys C, Forster S. Community bioirrigation potential (BIP c), an index to quantify the potential for solute exchange at the sediment-water interface. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 141:214-224. [PMID: 30224085 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BIOIRRIGATION: the animal-induced exchange of solutes between pore water and overlying water - is a key process in sediments with profound implications for biogeochemical processes such as nutrient cycling and organic matter regeneration at the sediment water interface. There is an urgent need to understand how a changing environment will affect the irrigation activity of macrofauna and vice versa. A shift in species composition (e.g. from deep burrowing species to smaller, more opportunistic and shallow burrowing species) will have large effects on bioirrigation and thus on ecosystem function (such as benthic pelagic coupling). Considering the difficulties to determine area-covering rates of bioirrigation (e.g. in terms tracer-based fluxes) and the complexity of interactions of multiple species in the community that prohibit a direct measure of bioirrigation attributable to each species, a mechanistically-based approach is needed to predict relative intensities of bioirrigation activity based on the fundamental functional traits. We propose a conceptual framework to develop an index of bioirrigation that takes into account the biological mechanisms of bioirrigation and provides a simplified, yet functionally based approach to quantify the bioirrigation potential of benthic communities. We developed the community bioirrigation potential (BIPc) that provides a biomass- and abundance-weighted scoring system considering functional traits related to pore water and solute exchange. It may be used as a supplement to established methods to assess the function of marine soft sediments related bioirrigation. In analogy to the particle-related community bioturbation potential of Solan et al. (2004), context dependent organismal traits that affect ventilation and bioirrigation (feeding type, morphology of burrows, and burrowing depth) are combined with the data on abundance and biomass of the respective species. These are subsequently summed up to a community bioirrigation potential (BIPc). This review considers ecological traits relevant for bioirrigation and their classification into a bioirrigation index. Furthermore the necessary simplifications in the index (e.g. limiting its applicability to interfacial nutrient fluxes) are discussed. We also provide a working example from the southwestern Baltic Sea to illustrate the practical application of the index and a compilation of key species related to this area containing their classification into the considered bioirrigation traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Renz
- University of Rostock, Institute of Biological Sciences, Marine Biology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - M Powilleit
- University of Rostock, Institute of Biological Sciences, Marine Biology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - M Gogina
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, D-18119, Rostock, Germany
| | - M L Zettler
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, D-18119, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Morys
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, and Utrecht University, Korringaweg 7, 4401, NT, Yerseke, Netherlands
| | - S Forster
- University of Rostock, Institute of Biological Sciences, Marine Biology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
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Donadi S, Austin ÅN, Svartgren E, Eriksson BK, Hansen JP, Eklöf JS. Density‐dependent positive feedbacks buffer aquatic plants from interactive effects of eutrophication and predator loss. Ecology 2018; 99:2515-2524. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Donadi
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Aquatic Resources Institute of Freshwater Research Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Stångholmsvägen 2 SE‐178 93 Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Å. N. Austin
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - E. Svartgren
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - B. K. Eriksson
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J. P. Hansen
- Baltic Sea Centre Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - J. S. Eklöf
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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14
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Evaluation of three methods for biomass estimation in small invertebrates, using three large disparate parasite species as model organisms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3897. [PMID: 29497143 PMCID: PMC5832816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrate biomass is considered one of the main factors driving processes in ecosystems. It can be measured directly, primarily by weighing individuals, but more often indirect estimators are used. We developed two indirect and non-destructive approaches to estimate biomass of small invertebrates in a simple manner. The first one was based on clay modelling and the second one was based on image analysis implemented with open-source software. Furthermore, we tested the accuracy of the widely used geometric approximation method (third method). We applied these three different methods to three morphologically disparate model species, an acanthocephalan worm, a crustacean and a flatworm. To validate our indirect estimations and to test their accuracy, we weighed specimens of the three species and calculated their tissue densities. Additionally, we propose an uncomplicated technique to estimate thickness of individuals under a microscope, a required measurement for two of the three indirect methods tested. The indirect methods proposed in this paper provided the best approximation to direct measurements. Despite its wide use, the geometric approximation method showed the lowest accuracy. The approaches developed herein are timely because the recently increasing number of studies requiring reliable biomass estimates for small invertebrates to explain crucial processes in ecosystems.
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15
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Donadi S, Austin ÅN, Bergström U, Eriksson BK, Hansen JP, Jacobson P, Sundblad G, van Regteren M, Eklöf JS. A cross-scale trophic cascade from large predatory fish to algae in coastal ecosystems. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0045. [PMID: 28724727 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trophic cascades occur in many ecosystems, but the factors regulating them are still elusive. We suggest that an overlooked factor is that trophic interactions (TIs) are often scale-dependent and possibly interact across spatial scales. To explore the role of spatial scale for trophic cascades, and particularly the occurrence of cross-scale interactions (CSIs), we collected and analysed food-web data from 139 stations across 32 bays in the Baltic Sea. We found evidence of a four-level trophic cascade linking TIs across two spatial scales: at bay scale, piscivores (perch and pike) controlled mesopredators (three-spined stickleback), which in turn negatively affected epifaunal grazers. At station scale (within bays), grazers on average suppressed epiphytic algae, and indirectly benefitted habitat-forming vegetation. Moreover, the direction and strength of the grazer-algae relationship at station scale depended on the piscivore biomass at bay scale, indicating a cross-scale interaction effect, potentially caused by a shift in grazer assemblage composition. In summary, the trophic cascade from piscivores to algae appears to involve TIs that occur at, but also interact across, different spatial scales. Considering scale-dependence in general, and CSIs in particular, could therefore enhance our understanding of trophic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Donadi
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden .,Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Å N Austin
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Bergström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Öregrund, Sweden
| | - B K Eriksson
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life-Sciences GELIFES, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J P Hansen
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Jacobson
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Öregrund, Sweden
| | - G Sundblad
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Stockholm, Sweden.,AquaBiota Water Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M van Regteren
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life-Sciences GELIFES, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J S Eklöf
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Svobodová Z, Burkness EC, Skoková Habuštová O, Hutchison WD. Predator Preference for Bt-Fed Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Prey: Implications for Insect Resistance Management in Bt Maize Seed Blends. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1317-1325. [PMID: 28369505 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding indirect, trophic-level effects of genetically engineered plants, expressing insecticidal proteins derived from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), is essential to the ecological risk assessment process. In this study, we examine potential indirect, trophic-level effects of Bt-sensitive prey using the predator, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), feeding upon Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) larvae, which had delayed development (lower body mass) following ingestion of Cry1Ab maize leaves. We found no adverse effects on development and survival when H. axyridis larvae were fed S. frugiperda larvae that had fed on Cry1Ab maize tissue. Presence of Cry1Ab in H. axyridis decreased considerably after switching to another diet within 48 h. In a no-choice assay, H. axyridis larvae consumed more Bt-fed S. frugiperda than non-Bt-fed larvae. Preference for S. frugiperda feeding on Bt maize was confirmed in subsequent choice assays with H. axyridis predation on Bt-fed, 1-5-d-old S. frugiperda larvae. We suggest that H. axyridis preferred prey, not based on whether it had fed on Bt or non-Bt maize, but rather on larval mass, and they compensated for the nutritional deficiency of lighter larvae through increased consumption. Pest larvae with variable levels of resistance developing on Bt diet are often stunted versus sensitive larvae developing on non-Bt diet. It is possible that such larvae may be preferentially removed from local field populations. These results may have implications for insect resistance management and may be played out under field conditions where seed blends of Bt and non-Bt hybrids are planted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Svobodová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic ( ; )
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - E C Burkness
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108-6125 ( ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - O Skoková Habuštová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, Ceské Budejovice 370 05, Czech Republic (; )
| | - W D Hutchison
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108-6125 (; )
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