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Khatami F, Lange T, Groothof D, Ahanchi NS, Quezada-Pinedo HG, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, De Borst MH, Vidal PM, Sailesh M, Prabhakaran D, Bano A, Bakker SJL, Muka T, Eisenga MF. Potential Mediating Role of Iron Biomarkers in the Association of Sex With Glucose, Insulin, and Type 2 Diabetes. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae098. [PMID: 38840960 PMCID: PMC11150721 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Sex-specific prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been reported, but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Objective In this study, we aimed to investigate whether iron biomarkers mediate the association between biological sex and glucose metabolism and the incidence of T2D. Methods We used data from the general population enrolled in the prospective Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENd-stage Disease study in Groningen, The Netherlands. We measured ferritin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), hepcidin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI) levels, and incidence of T2D. We used multivariable regression and mediation analyses to investigate our hypothesis. All iron biomarkers, FPG, and FPI were log-transformed. Results The mean (SD) age of the 5312 (51.3% female) individuals was 52.2 (11.6) years. Compared with males, females had lower FPG (β = -.01; 95% CI -0.02, -0.01) and FPI (β = -.03; 95% CI -0.05, -0.02) levels. Ferritin, hepcidin, and sTfR showed potential mediating effects on the association between sex and FPG, 21%, 5%, and 7.1%, respectively. Furthermore, these variables mediated 48.6%, 5.7%, and 3.1% of the association between sex and FPI, respectively. Alternatively, TSAT had a suppressive mediating role in the association of sex with FPG and FPI. The incidence of T2D was lower in females than in males (hazard ratio 0.58; 95% CI 0.44, 0.77), with 19.2% of this difference being mediated by ferritin. Conclusion Iron biomarkers may partially mediate the association between sex and glucose homeostasis. Future studies addressing the causality of our findings are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Khatami
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Community Medicine Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417613151 Tehran, Iran
| | - Theis Lange
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dion Groothof
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Noushin Sadat Ahanchi
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugo G Quezada-Pinedo
- The Generation R Study Group, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hamidreza Raeisi-Dehkordi
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H De Borst
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro-Marques Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohan Sailesh
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries (CCCI), Public Health Foundation of India, 110070 Delhi, India
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), 110016 Delhi, India
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries (CCCI), Public Health Foundation of India, 110070 Delhi, India
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), 110016 Delhi, India
| | - Arjola Bano
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michele F Eisenga
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ahern J, Boyle ME, Thompson WK, Fan CC, Loughnan R. Dietary and Lifestyle Factors of Brain Iron Accumulation and Parkinson's Disease Risk. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.13.24304253. [PMID: 38559115 PMCID: PMC10980125 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.24304253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Iron is an essential nutrient which can only be absorbed through an individual's diet. Excess iron accumulates in organs throughout the body including the brain. Iron dysregulation in the brain is commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's Disease (PD). Our previous research has shown that a pattern of iron accumulation in motor regions of the brain related to a genetic iron-storage disorder called hemochromatosis is associated with an increased risk of PD. To understand how diet and lifestyle factors relate to this brain endophenotype and risk of PD we analyzed the relationship between these measures, estimates of nutrient intake, and diet and lifestyle preference using data from UK Biobank. Methods Using distinct imaging and non-imaging samples (20,477 to 28,388 and 132,023 to 150,603 participants, respectively), we performed linear and logistic regression analyses using estimated dietary nutrient intake and food preferences to predict a) brain iron accumulation score (derived from T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and b) PD risk. In addition, we performed a factor analysis of diet and lifestyle preferences to investigate if latent lifestyle factors explained significant associations. Finally, we performed an instrumental variable regression of our results related to iron accumulation and PD risk to identify if there were common dietary and lifestyle factors that were jointly associated with differences in brain iron accumulation and PD risk. Results We found multiple highly significant associations with measures of brain iron accumulation and preferences for alcohol (factor 7: t=4.02, pFDR=0.0003), exercise (factor 11: t=-4.31, pFDR=0.0001), and high-sugar foods (factor 2: t=-3.73, pFDR=0.0007). Preference for alcohol (factor 7: t=-5.83, pFDR<1×10-8), exercise (factor 11: t=-7.66, pFDR<1×10-13), and high sugar foods (factor 2: t=6.03, pFDR<1×10-8) were also associated with PD risk. Instrumental variable regression of individual preferences revealed a significant relationship in which dietary preferences associated with higher brain iron levels also appeared to be linked to a lower risk for PD (p=0.004). A similar relationship was observed for estimates of nutrient intake (p=0.0006). Voxel-wise analysis of i) high-sugar and ii) alcohol factors confirmed T2-weighted signal differences consistent with iron accumulation patterns in motor regions of the brain including the cerebellum and basal ganglia. Conclusion Dietary and lifestyle factors and preferences, especially those related to carbohydrates, alcohol, and exercise, are related to detectable differences in brain iron accumulation and alterations in risk of PD, suggesting a potential avenue for lifestyle interventions that could influence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ahern
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Mary Et Boyle
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74103, USA
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74103, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74103, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9444 Medical Center Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Bani-Ahmad MA, Abu Tayyem NE. The Modulation of Euglycemic Endocrine and Exocrine Pancreatic Secretions in Iron Deficiency. Med Princ Pract 2024; 33:260-268. [PMID: 38479367 PMCID: PMC11175607 DOI: 10.1159/000538335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The contribution of pancreatic secretions in iron metabolism has been elucidated, but the clinical outcomes of iron deficiency on pancreatic function are debatable. This study aimed to investigate the modulation of euglycemic endocrine and exocrine pancreatic excretions in response to variations in iron availability. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Serum levels of insulin, glucagon, insulin-to-glucagon ratio (IGR), and amylase were determined in 170 adult subjects with variable levels of serum iron. RESULTS Control (n = 46) and iron-deficient (n = 124) subjects had significant differences (p < 0.001) in their average levels of insulin (68.7 ± 0.5 vs. 100.0 ± 2.0 pmol/dL), glucagon (17.9 ± 0.6 vs. 10.8 ± 0.8 pmol/dL), IGR (4.0 ± 0.1 vs. 19.5 ± 2.1), and amylase (29.7 ± 0.9 vs. 17.5 ± 0.2). The upregulation of serum insulin levels increases proportionally and gradually to the extent of iron deficiency as compared to an abrupt downregulation of serum levels of glucagon and amylase. A significant association was observed between serum iron and IGR (r = -0.645, p < 0.001) and amylase levels (r = 0.653, p < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis defines an excellent predictivity of the reduced serum iron level to discriminate subjects with upregulated IGR and amylase levels with area under curves of 0.938 and 0.905, respectively. CONCLUSION Iron deficiency is associated with an adaptive modulation of euglycemic endocrine and exocrine secretions that is consistent with a status of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Bani-Ahmad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Noor E Abu Tayyem
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Sam RM, Shetty SS, Kumari N S, KP S, Bhandary P. Association between iron profile status and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:1453-1458. [PMID: 37975116 PMCID: PMC10638270 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Individuals' burden of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, is increasing. This indicates to intrigue into various facets of prevention, early screening, prognostication and feasible treatment alternatives in this arena. Aim This study targets to evaluate iron profile status among people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normoglycemic in order to deduce association between iron parameters and insulin resistance, if any exist. Methodology A case-control study of total 123 subjects, comprising males and females in the age group of 30 - 70 years were recruited for the study. Case group constituted 81 participants who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and control group constituted 42 healthy individuals who attended routine health check-ups in the hospital. Iron profile parameters including Serum Iron, Serum Ferritin, Total Iron binding Capacity and Glycemic profile parameter like fasting blood glucose, serum insulin were estimated. Transferrin saturation and HOMA-IR were calculated. Result Ferritin and Transferrin saturation was found to be higher in cases than in controls with significance of p = 0.003 and p = 0.021 respectively and TIBC (total iron-binding capacity) was lesser in cases with p = 0.031. Comparison of Serum Iron values did not yield a significant result. Correlation study between ferritin and insulin resistance parameters yielded a satisfactory result in the cases (p<0.05) and controls (p<0.01) separately. Conclusion This study implies that there is a clear link between iron profile status, notably ferritin, and the emergence of insulin resistance, and hence insulin production. This study supports the function of the micronutrient iron in the etiology of type 2 diabetes and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeba Maryam Sam
- KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Shilpa S Shetty
- Central Research Laboratory, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Suchetha Kumari N
- Central Research Laboratory, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- Department of Biochemistry, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sharmila KP
- Central Research Laboratory, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Prajna Bhandary
- Central Research Laboratory, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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Charlebois E, Pantopoulos K. Nutritional Aspects of Iron in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112441. [PMID: 37299408 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary iron assimilation is critical for health and essential to prevent iron-deficient states and related comorbidities, such as anemia. The bioavailability of iron is generally low, while its absorption and metabolism are tightly controlled to satisfy metabolic needs and prevent toxicity of excessive iron accumulation. Iron entry into the bloodstream is limited by hepcidin, the iron regulatory hormone. Hepcidin deficiency due to loss-of-function mutations in upstream gene regulators causes hereditary hemochromatosis, an endocrine disorder of iron overload characterized by chronic hyperabsorption of dietary iron, with deleterious clinical complications if untreated. The impact of high dietary iron intake and elevated body iron stores in the general population is not well understood. Herein, we summarize epidemiological data suggesting that a high intake of heme iron, which is abundant in meat products, poses a risk factor for metabolic syndrome pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, and some cancers. We discuss the clinical relevance and potential limitations of data from cohort studies, as well as the need to establish causality and elucidate molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Charlebois
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Dysmetabolic Iron Overload Syndrome: Going beyond the Traditional Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome. ENDOCRINES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome (DIOS) corresponds to the increase in iron stores associated with components of metabolic syndrome (MtS) and in the absence of an identifiable cause of iron excess. The objective of this work was to review the main aspects of DIOS. PUBMED and EMBASE were consulted, and PRISMA guidelines were followed. DIOS is usually asymptomatic and can be diagnosed by investigating MtS and steatosis. About 50% of the patients present altered hepatic biochemical tests (increased levels of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase itself or associated with increased levels of alanine aminotransferase). The liver may present parenchymal and mesenchymal iron overload, but the excess of iron is commonly mild. Steatosis or steatohepatitis is observed in half of the patients. Fibrosis is observed in about 15% of patients. Hyperferritinemia may damage the myocardium, liver, and several other tissues, increasing morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, DIOS is closely related to oxidative stress, which is closely associated with several pathological conditions such as inflammatory diseases, hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, and cancer. DIOS is becoming a relevant finding in the general population and can be associated with high morbidity/mortality. For these reasons, investigation of this condition could be an additional requirement for the early prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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The Effect of Dietary Protein Intake on the Risk of Gestational Diabetes. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8368113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The results of epidemiological studies on the association between dietary protein intake and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are controversial. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies were established to attain comprehensive findings regarding the association between dietary protein and the risk of GDM. Methods. Bibliographic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to discover papers related to dietary protein and the risk of GDM. The summary relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated through a random effect model for the analysis of the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary proteins. Results. A significantly increased risk of GDM among women who consumed the highest amount of animal protein was observed (summarized risk estimate: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.17; I2 = 50.8%). No significant associations were identified regarding vegetable protein (summarized risk estimate:0.99, 95% CI: 0.80 to 1.23, I2 = 63.8%) and total protein (summarized risk estimate: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.41; I2 = 35.4%). Conclusion. This review revealed that total protein intake had no relationship with the risk of GDM, while animal protein increases this risk. Further larger prospective cohort studies are required to confirm our results.
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Association between iron status and incident coronary artery disease: a population based-cohort study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17490. [PMID: 36261681 PMCID: PMC9581887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders of iron metabolism has been implicated in cardiovascular disease. However, the association of serum iron stores and coronary artery disease (CAD) remains inconsistent. Here, we investigated the associations of serum iron metabolism with the incidence of CAD, the severity of coronary artery stenosis, metabolic biomarkers, and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE). A total of 643 CAD patients and 643 healthy controls were enrolled to assess the associations of serum iron status with the presence of CAD, the severity of CAD, and the risk of MACE. Serum iron metabolism and other metabolic markers were measured in all subjects. All statistical analyses were analyzed using SPSS22.0 software and STATA statistical package. Serum level of iron metabolism markers, including serum iron, unsaturated transferrin iron binding capacity (UIBC), Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels, in CAD groups was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.001). UIBC and TIBC were negatively correlated with ferritin in both sexes. Each unit increase of serum iron and TIBC were found to have a protective role for CAD in women (iron: OR 0.794, 95% CI (0.647-0.973), TIBC: OR 0.891, 95% CI (0.795-0.999), P < 0.05). However, high ferritin level was significant associated the CAD incident in both sexes (OR 1.029, 95% CI (1.002-1.058) in men, OR 1.013, 95% CI (1.0-1.025) in women, P < 0.05). Serum iron metabolism markers exhibited no significant association with the severity of CAD. Increased serum level of iron and TIBC levels were found to have a protective role for CAD in women, but not in men. Elevated serum ferritin is independently and positively associated with CAD in men and women.
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MALDI-TOF MS Characterisation of the Serum Proteomic Profile in Insulin-Resistant Normal-Weight Individuals. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113853. [PMID: 34836106 PMCID: PMC8620204 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide and is involved in the development of diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, affecting civilisations. The possibility of understanding the molecular mechanism and searching for new biomarkers useful in assessing IR can be achieved through modern research techniques such as proteomics. This study assessed the protein–peptide profile among normal-weight patients with IR to understand the mechanisms and to define new risk biomarkers. The research involved 21 IR and 43 healthy, normal-weight individuals, aged 19–65. Serum proteomic patterns were obtained using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The proposed methodology identified six proteins differentiating normal weight IR and insulin sensitive individuals. They were fibrinogen alpha chain, serum albumin, kininogen-1, complement C3, serotransferrin, and Ig gamma-1 chain, which could potentially be related to inflammation. However, further investigation is required to confirm their correlation with IR.
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Pilar Vaquero M, Martínez-Suárez M, García-Quismondo Á, Del Cañizo FJ, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Diabesity negatively affects transferrin saturation and iron status. The DICARIVA study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 172:108653. [PMID: 33422582 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The relationship between iron status, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has scarcely been tested. This study hypothesizes that patients with obesity and T2DM have altered iron metabolism. METHODS 537 T2DM patients were selected from the cross-sectional DICARIVA study excluding patients with high-sensitivity-C-reactive-protein (hs-CRP) ≥ 10 mg/L. Three groups according to body mass index (BMI) and waist perimeter (WP) were analysed: a) BMI < 30 kg/m2, non-high WP (n = 105); b) BMI < 30 kg/m2, high WP (n = 202); and c) diabesity, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, high WP (n = 230). Group differences on cardiometabolic and iron status markers were tested. RESULTS Women had significantly lower iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation (TSAT) but higher transferrin and total iron binding capacity than men. Triglycerides/HDL-c ratio, as insulin-resistance (IR) marker, was higher in men while hs-CRP in women. TSAT was inversely related to BMI and hs-CRP. The diabesity group showed the highest hs-CRP (p < 0.001) and IR (p < 0.001) with the lowest TSAT (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Low TSAT was highly prevalent in diabesity, mainly in women, suggesting that IR, inflammation, and abdominal adiposity alter iron transport and accumulation. The convenience of iron supplementation in diabesity patients with low TSAT should be urgently assessed, due the pro-oxidant effects of excess iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Vaquero
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miriam Martínez-Suárez
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel García-Quismondo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Sánchez-Muniz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; The AFUSAN Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria from Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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