Postpartum Depression and Maternal Care: Exploring the Complex Effects on Mothers and Infants

Breaking the cycle: Psychological and social dimensions of pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders

BACKGROUND

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in children present with chronic symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation without identifiable structural abnormalities. These disorders are closely linked to gut-brain axis dysfunction, altered gut microbiota, and psychosocial stress, leading to psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety, depression, and behavioral issues. Understanding this bidirectional relationship is crucial for developing effective, holistic management strategies that address physical and mental health.

AIM

To examine the psychiatric impacts of FGIDs in children, focusing on anxiety and depression and their association with other neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, emphasizing the role of the gut-brain axis, emotional dysregulation, and psychosocial stress. Key mechanisms explored include neurotransmitter dysregulation, microbiota imbalance, central sensitization, heightening stress reactivity, emotional dysregulation, and symptom perception. The review also evaluates the role of family dynamics and coping strategies in exacerbating FGID symptoms and contributing to psychiatric conditions.

METHODS

A narrative review was conducted using 328 studies sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, covering research published over the past 20 years. Inclusion criteria focused on studies examining FGID diagnosis, gut-brain mechanisms, psychiatric comorbidities, and psychosocial factors in pediatric populations. FGIDs commonly affecting children, including functional constipation, abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux, and cyclic vomiting syndrome, were analyzed concerning their psychological impacts.

RESULTS

The review highlights a strong connection between FGIDs and psychiatric symptoms, mediated by gut-brain axis dysfunction, dysregulated microbiota, and central sensitization. These physiological disruptions increase children’s vulnerability to anxiety and depression, while psychosocial factors - such as chronic stress, early-life trauma, maladaptive family dynamics, and ineffective coping strategies - intensify the cycle of gastrointestinal and emotional distress.

CONCLUSION

Effective management of FGIDs requires a biopsychosocial approach integrating medical, psychological, and dietary interventions. Parental education, early intervention, and multidisciplinary care coordination are critical in mitigating long-term psychological impacts and improving both gastrointestinal and mental health outcomes in children with FGIDs.

Effectiveness of Nursing Interventions in Promoting Maternal Mental Health During the Postpartum Period

PURPOSE

To assess the efficacy of nursing interventions in enhancing the mental health of mothers during the postpartum period, with a focus on newly emerging symptoms of postpartum depression, anxiety, and stress in women without psychiatric histories.

METHOD

This randomized controlled trial included 390 postpartum women who were divided into two groups: an intervention group, which received specialized nursing interventions, and a control group, which received standard postpartum care. Nursing interventions comprised educational support, personalized counseling, and community engagement programs, which were implemented on a weekly to monthly basis during the initial 6 months following childbirth. Primary outcomes assessed were prevalence and severity of postpartum depression, anxiety, and stress, as determined by validated psychological scales at baseline, 3 months, and 15 months postpartum.

RESULTS

The intervention group exhibited substantial decreases in depression, anxiety, and stress levels in comparison to the control group at 3 and 15 months. In the intervention group, depression scores decreased from 18% at baseline to 5% at 15 months, whereas in the control group, they decreased from 17.95% to 15.38%. Furthermore, enhancements were observed in lifestyle behaviors pertaining to sleep quality, diet, and exercise.

CONCLUSION

Findings emphasize the significance of comprehensive nursing interventions in the early postpartum period for the enhancement of maternal mental health outcomes. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, xx(xx), xx-xx.].

Proactive approaches to preventing postpartum depression in non-depressive pregnant women: a comprehensive scoping review

Introduction

Postpartum depression is a significant global health challenge that affects mothers, infants, and families. Although various preventive strategies show promise, comprehensive reviews evaluating interventions among pregnant women without a clinical diagnosis of depression remain limited. This scoping review aims to identify and synthesize the existing evidence on proactive postpartum depression prevention programs initiated during pregnancy.

Methods

Following PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews, we systematically searched PubMed and Scopus, supplemented by manual reference reviews. Our search strategy combined terms related to postpartum depression, pregnancy, and preventive interventions. Studies were included if they evaluated interventions conducted during pregnancy, targeting women without a clinical diagnosis of depression, and assessed PPD outcomes using established diagnostic criteria or validated screening tools. Only English-language articles published between 2013 and 2023 were considered.

Results

A total of 49 studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were categorized into nine themes: psychoeducation (n = 18), home visits (n = 6), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (n = 6), mindfulness (n = 6), exercise (n = 4), dietary supplements (n = 3), interpersonal therapy (IPT) (n = 4), consultation (n = 1), and inhalation aromatherapy (n = 1). Psychoeducational and mindfulness-based interventions consistently reduce PPD risk, particularly when delivered in structured, theory-driven formats and incorporating family support. Digital CBT interventions demonstrated limited effectiveness due to lower engagement, while home-visit and consultation-based interventions were effective when integrated into existing maternal healthcare despite scalability challenges. Exercise and dietary supplement interventions yielded inconsistent outcomes, indicating that factors such as adherence, duration, and intensity are crucial determinants of effectiveness.

Conclusion

Various proactive interventions are available to prevent PPD, and this scoping review systematically maps the different strategies used and their outcomes. Proactive, theory-based, and multi-component interventions, particularly psychoeducational and mindfulness programs, demonstrate promising potential. Future research should emphasize evaluating long-term outcomes, optimizing digital engagement strategies, and developing culturally tailored models to enhance scalability and accessibility across diverse populations, including low-resource settings.

Chatbot to Support the Mental Health Needs of Pregnant and Postpartum Women (Moment for Parents): Design and Pilot Study

Background

Maternal mental health disorders are prevalent, yet many individuals do not receive adequate support due to stigma, financial constraints, and limited access to care. Digital interventions, particularly chatbots, have the potential to provide scalable, low-cost support, but few are tailored specifically to the needs of perinatal individuals.

Objective

This study aimed to (1) design and develop Moment for Parents, a tailored chatbot for perinatal mental health education and support, and (2) assess usability through engagement, usage patterns, and user experience.

Methods

This study used a human-centered design to develop Moment for Parents, a rules-based chatbot to support pregnant and postpartum individuals. In phase 1, ethnographic interviews (n=43) explored user needs to inform chatbot development. In phase 2, a total of 108 pregnant and postpartum individuals were recruited to participate in a pilot test and had unrestricted access to the chatbot. Engagement was tracked over 8 months to assess usage patterns and re-engagement rates. After 1 month, participants completed a usability, relevance, and satisfaction survey, providing key insights for refining the chatbot.

Results

Key themes that came from the ethnographic interviews in phase 1 included the need for trusted resources, emotional support, and better mental health guidance. These insights informed chatbot content, including mood-based exercises and coping strategies. Re-engagement was high (69/108, 63.9%), meaning users who had stopped interacting for at least 1 week returned to the chatbot at least once. A large proportion (28/69, 40.6%) re-engaged 3 or more times. Overall, 28/30 (93.3%) found the chatbot relevant for them, though some noted repetitive content and limited response options.

Conclusions

The Moment for Parents chatbot successfully engaged pregnant and postpartum individuals with higher-than-typical retention and re-engagement patterns. The findings underscore the importance of flexible, mood-based digital support tailored to perinatal needs. Future research should examine how intermittent chatbot use influences mental health outcomes and refine content delivery to enhance long-term engagement and effectiveness.

Nurturing networks: A prospective longitudinal study of factors influencing help-seeking behaviours among mothers from low socioeconomic status

AIM

To explore the factors influencing help-seeking behaviours amongst mothers with low socioeconomic status at pregnancy, 1 month postpartum and 3 months postpartum.

METHODS

A prospective cohort study was conducted from September 2022 to August 2023. A total of 209 mothers aged 21 years and above, with low socioeconomic status and irrespective of parity, were recruited from a local hospital using convenience sampling. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data at (1) third trimester of pregnancy, (2) 1 month postpartum and (3) 3 months postpartum. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify significant factors influencing help-seeking behaviour at 3 months postpartum. Sub-analyses were conducted between primiparous mothers and multiparous mothers. General linear model repeated measures were used to identify longitudinal trends in outcomes of help-seeking behaviour.

RESULTS

Help-seeking behaviour at pregnancy and 1 month postpartum, sources of social support at 3 months postpartum, birth order of the child, attendance of antenatal classes, paternal involvement in feeding and changing diapers and mode of delivery significantly predicted mothers' help-seeking behaviour at 3 months postpartum. Amongst primiparous mothers, help-seeking behaviour at pregnancy at 1 month, social support at 3 months postpartum, employment in part-time jobs and exclusively breastfeeding their infant were significant factors in influencing their help-seeking behaviours at 3 months postpartum. For multiparous mothers, help-seeking behaviour at pregnancy and 1 month postpartum, number of hours of antenatal class attended, Malay ethnicity, educational background, parental satisfaction at 3 months postpartum and infant bonding at both time points were significant factors influencing their help-seeking behaviours at 3 months postpartum.

CONCLUSION

Primiparous mothers with low socioeconomic status who underwent caesarean section exhibited less help-seeking behaviours. Attendance of antenatal classes and greater paternal involvement in infant care encouraged mothers with low socioeconomic status to help-seeking behaviours. A tailored approach is needed to support mothers with low socioeconomic status by providing additional support in improving the accessibility of antenatal classes and involving fathers in infant care.

IMPACT

What Problem Did the Study Address? Mothers with low socioeconomic status tend to exhibit lower help-seeking behaviours due to limited support and access to care services. What Were the Main Findings? First-time mothers who underwent caesarean section, did not attend antenatal classes, and had husbands uninvolved in feeding and diaper changing were significantly less likely to seek help in the third month postpartum. One and 3 months postpartum are crucial time points when mothers with low socioeconomic status could benefit from additional support. Hospitals should explore online informational resources, forums, teleconsultations and virtual antenatal classes as possible alternative options to improve accessibility for mothers with low socioeconomic status. Where and on Whom Will the Research Have an Impact? Mothers with low socioeconomic status and healthcare providers of mothers with low socioeconomic status will benefit from the findings of this research. This study was conducted within the Singapore context. Findings could be generalizable to other cultural contexts with similar multi-ethnic populations.

REPORTING METHOD

STROBE checklist.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

No patient or public contribution.

The Effects of Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Postpartum depression seriously affects the safety and health of mothers and children. Online cognitive behavioral therapy is considered to be a promising treatment; however, whether it is effective at improving postpartum depression is inconsistent and the specific intervention measures are not the same. The objectives of this study were to comprehensively review the effects of online cognitive behavioral therapy on postpartum depression and further explore the specific intervention measures.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted using thirteen electronic databases and two clinical trial registries from the establishment of the databases to 31 December 2023. The study selection and data extraction were independently performed by two researchers. The latest Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was selected to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4, and the certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the online GRADEpro tool. Eighteen studies involving 3689 women were included.

RESULTS

The results showed that online cognitive behavioral therapy was effective at improving postpartum depression. A subgroup analysis showed that the duration of online cognitive behavioral therapy with total intervention was 9 weeks and above, the total intervention number was 12 times or fewer, and using a website or Zoom online conference room as the intervention platform could more significantly improve postpartum depression. In particular, providing professional guidance could be more effective.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, online cognitive behavioral therapy was effective for postpartum depression. Furthermore, this study found out how specific intervention measures of online cognitive behavioral therapy could be more effective. Finally, nurses can participate in the therapy to improve access to evidence-based treatment.

Evaluation of discharge training given by nurses to postpartum mothers to artificial intelligence: an alternative approach to health care

OBJECTIVE

The present study aims to evaluate the discharge training given by nurses to postpartum mothers using artificial intelligence.

METHOD

The study used a qualitative research design with a descriptive thematic approach and was conducted in a state hospital's maternity ward between April and May 2024. Sixteen nurses with varying experience levels were selected through maximum variation sampling. Data were analyzed using coding and thematic analysis to understand participants' experiences.

RESULTS

Among the nurses, 81.25% held a bachelor's degree, 43.75% had 6-10 years of experience. Postpartum discharge training emphasized baby cues, sleep management, hygiene, and routine health checks. For maternal care, focus was on rest, vaccinations, avoiding heavy activity, psychological support, exercise, and nutrition. AI provided more comprehensive guidance in both maternal and infant care.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights that AI-assisted guidance is a valuable tool in postpartum discharge training, offering effective general advice. However, human input remains essential for specific and practical recommendations.

Maternal depression during the perinatal period: the role of Sensory Processing Sensitivity and social support and its impact on infants' negative affect

Background

The perinatal period is marked by significant physiological and psychological changes, making it a challenging time for many women. While some women are more vulnerable to depression during this period, research on perinatal depression trajectories and contributing factors remains mixed. This longitudinal study investigated how maternal depression changes during the perinatal period in a non-clinical sample, exploring the roles of individual factors, such as Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS), and contextual factors, such as global partner support. Based on the prenatal programming hypothesis, we also examined the role of prenatal depression on infants' negative affect temperament as an early marker of emotional adjustment.

Method

Eighty-eight mothers (M = 35.03 years, SD = 4.92) completed online questionnaires during pregnancy, at 3, 6, and 9 months post-partum. Depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, partner support was measured with an ad-hoc scale. SPS was reported during pregnancy using the Highly Sensitive Person Scale. At 3 months post-partum, infants' negative affect (M = 3.07 months, SD = 0.26) was measured using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Latent growth analyses and multivariate regression models were used to analyze the data.

Results

Depression showed a significant linear decrease, with higher symptoms between pregnancy and 3 months postpartum, although overall levels were low and consistent with non-clinical populations. High SPS predicted greater depressive symptoms across all time points. Pregnancy partner support was associated with lower depressive symptoms during pregnancy (β = -0.42, p < 0.01) and at 6 months postpartum (β = -0.32, p = 0.03). Prenatal depression significantly predicted infants' negative affect (β = 0.34, p = 0.03), particularly the fear temperament subscale (β = 0.46, p = 0.001), accounting for 22% of its variance.

Discussion

The findings clarify that a decline in mood is common in non-clinical populations during the perinatal period, with mothers high in sensitivity and mothers with lower partner support being more vulnerable to experience negative feelings. Moreover, prenatal maternal depression acts as a prenatal stressor, increasing infants' reactivity to stimuli, as reflected in heightened fear. Implications for tailored parenting programs are discussed.

Preventing postpartum depression in pregnant women using an app-based health-promoting behaviors program (Pender's health promotion model): a randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Depression is a prevalent mood disorder. Women face a heightened risk of depression during pregnancy and after childbirth, which can have negative consequences for both the mother and her family. It is essential to explore preventive strategies.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the impact of education focused on health-promoting behaviors in preventing postpartum depression (PPD) through social messaging among pregnant women.

METHODS

This randomized controlled trial study involved 108 non-depressed eligible pregnant women with a gestational age of 28-30 weeks during 2022-2023. Participants were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups using a block randomization method. The intervention group received virtual education based on health-promoting behaviors weekly over six sessions. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) questionnaires were utilized to evaluate outcomes. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 23, with a significance level set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS

The mean differences between the scores of EPDS, PHQ-9 and HPLP II before and after the intervention in two groups were - 4.85 (CI95%= -3.22, -6.48), -6.22 (CI95%= -4.43, -8.00) and 28.22 (CI95%= 23.41, 33.03), respectively, which were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The findings regarding the dimensions of health-promoting behaviors also indicated that all dimensions increased significantly in the intervention group. The greatest and least amount of change was observed in the physical activity dimension at 5.50 (CI95%= 4.31, 6.68) and in interpersonal relations at 3.48 (CI95%= 2.24, 4.72), respectively. The number needed to treat (NNT) for depression, based on the Edinburgh questionnaire six weeks postpartum was approximately 2.571, indicating that nearly one in two mothers who received education benefited.

CONCLUSION

The app-based health-promoting behaviors intervention-benefiting from not requiring in-person referrals and providing a common platform for communication-is effective in enhancing health-promoting behaviors, reducing depression scores and decreasing the frequency of PPD. In other words, this type of intervention led to the prevention of postpartum depression and the promotion of health-promoting behaviors among pregnant women.

REGISTRATION

The study was retrospectively registered with the IRCT Registry on 31/05/2024 (registration number: IRCT20221109056451N2).

Using estrogen and progesterone to treat premenstrual dysphoric disorder, postnatal depression and menopausal depression

Female gonadal hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, are not only central to reproductive health but also play a crucial role in regulating mood, cognition, and overall brain health. These hormones have a significant impact on the central nervous system, influencing key processes such as neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and brain development. Increasing evidence shows that hormonal fluctuations contribute to the onset and progression of mental health disorders that disproportionately affect women, particularly premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), postnatal depression (PND), and menopausal depression. This paper explores the current evidence regarding the neurobiological effects of female hormones on the brain and discusses the therapeutic approaches in conditions such as PMDD, PND, and menopausal depression.

Breastfeeding interventions for preventing postpartum depression

BACKGROUND

Postpartum depression is a debilitating mental health disorder, which occurs in approximately 6% to 13% of women who give birth in high-income countries. It is a cause of great suffering for women and can have long-term consequences for child development. Postpartum depression can also negatively influence breastfeeding duration and breastfeeding exclusivity (i.e. feeding the infant only breast milk). However, a positive early, and continued, breastfeeding experience may reduce the risk of having postpartum depression. Breastfeeding interventions that increase the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding may help prevent or reduce postpartum depressive symptoms.

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this review was to assess the effect (benefits and harms) of breastfeeding support interventions, in comparison to standard perinatal care, on maternal postpartum depression. The secondary objective was to assess whether breastfeeding support interventions had an effect on depression symptoms, and whether the effect was dependent on the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched CENTRAL (Wiley), MEDLINE ALL (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), CINAHL Complete (Ebsco) and several other bibliographic databases and trial registers. The most recent search was conducted in June 2024.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated educational, psychosocial, pharmacological, alternative (any breastfeeding support intervention that promotes relaxation and reduces stress) or herbal breastfeeding support interventions targeting the prevention or reduction of postpartum depression were eligible for inclusion.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Each title and abstract we identified was screened by two authors independently. Two review authors then independently examined full-text manuscripts to decide if the study met the inclusion criteria. If so, they extracted data from included studies using Covidence software. Two review authors also independently conducted a risk of bias assessment of each study using the RoB 2 tool. We contacted study authors when necessary for more information. We conducted meta-analyses using a random-effects model.

MAIN RESULTS

We included 10 RCTs with 1573 participants in this review. Depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in all studies, where scores range between 0 and 30 (higher scores indicating more depressive symptoms). The studies used a score of over 10 as the cut-off for a diagnosis of depression. Primary outcome It is very uncertain whether psychosocial breastfeeding interventions had any effect on the incidence of postpartum depression immediately post-intervention (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.23 to 2.70; 1 study, 30 participants), but we found low-certainty evidence that psychosocial breastfeeding interventions may prevent the incidence of postpartum depression in the short term (one to three months) post-intervention (risk ratio (RR) 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 0.93; 1 study, 82 participants). It is very uncertain whether alternative breastfeeding interventions had any effect in preventing the incidence of postpartum depression immediately post-intervention (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.54; 1 study, 60 participants). The short-term time point was not measured. Secondary outcomes It is very uncertain whether psychosocial breastfeeding interventions had any effect on reducing depressive symptoms immediately post-intervention (mean difference (MD) -0.67, 95% CI -1.63 to 0.28; 4 studies, 512 participants). There is very low-certainty evidence that psychosocial breastfeeding interventions could reduce symptoms of anxiety immediately post-intervention as measured with the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), where scores between 45 and 59 out of 80 on the SAS indicate mild to moderate anxiety, scores between 60 and 74 marked severe anxiety levels and > 75 extreme anxiety levels (MD -2.30, 95% CI -4.36 to -0.24; 1 study, 100 participants). There was no difference in rates of exclusive breastfeeding immediately post-intervention between those offered a psychosocial breastfeeding intervention and those receiving standard care, but the evidence is very uncertain (RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.51; I2 = 29%; 571 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We found low-certainty evidence that a psychosocial breastfeeding intervention may increase the duration of breastfeeding in the long term (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.50; 129 participants; low-certainty evidence). For the comparison of alternative breastfeeding intervention versus standard care (which was evaluated in only one study), there was no difference between groups immediately post-intervention in anxiety measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); range 20 to 80; higher scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms (MD 1.80, 95% CI -9.41 to 13.01; 60 participants; very low-certainty evidence), or in stress measured with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)-NICE; range 1 to 230, higher scores indicate higher levels of stress (MD 1.90, 95% CI -10.28 to 14.08; 60 participants; very low-certainty evidence), but the evidence is very uncertain. No adverse events connected to the intervention itself were stated in any of the trials, but for most studies, we do not know if this is because there were none or because they were not measured or reported.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

There is low-certainty evidence that psychosocial breastfeeding interventions may prevent postpartum depression in the short term and increase the duration of breastfeeding in the long-term. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of psychosocial breastfeeding interventions on other outcomes. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of alternative breastfeeding interventions on postpartum depression or other outcomes. The included studies did not report any adverse events directly related to the interventions, but it is not clear if this outcome was measured in most studies. Future trials of breastfeeding interventions should be conducted carefully to reduce their risk of bias, and they should be large enough to detect differences between mothers in their mental health.

Supportive Nursing Care Intervention for Handling Depression and Anxiety Among Mothers of Neonates Admitted in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU): A Meta-Analysis

AIM

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of supportive nursing care interventions in reducing depression and anxiety among mothers with infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

Randomised controlled trials conducted in mothers with infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with any form of supportive nursing interventions compared to no intervention or usual care in terms of either reduction in depression or reduction in anxiety level of the mothers reported in both groups were included. The GRADE approach assessed the quality of evidence, while the pooled standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

Overall, 18 studies were included. For depression, the pooled standardised mean difference was -0.24 (95% CI: -0.44 to -0.04), indicating a significant reduction in depression levels among mothers receiving supportive nursing care compared to standard care. In anxiety, pooled standardised mean difference was -0.61 (95% CI: -0.96 to -0.25), showing substantial reduction in anxiety levels. GRADE findings indicated moderate quality of evidence for depression and very low quality for anxiety, mainly due to heterogeneity and publication bias in anxiety outcomes.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

No patient or public contribution.

Evaluating the Efficacy of the Newborn Communication, Health, Feeding, and Swallowing Education Program (N-CHFSEP) for First-Time Mothers in Mangalore taluk, Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India: A Preliminary Study

Background

Primiparous mothers face diverse challenges during pregnancy and post-childbirth. There is limited data on the effectiveness of postnatal educational programs for new mothers (Subramanian et al., 2020). This study aimed to assess the efficacy of an educational program designed to improve primiparous mothers' attitudes toward newborn communication, general health, feeding, and swallowing. The objectives were (1) to develop an attitude questionnaire (AQ), a parent education program [Newborn Communication, Health, Feeding and Swallowing Education Program (N-CHFSEP)], and a feedback questionnaire (FQ); and (2) to estimate the efficacy of N-CHFSEP pre- and post-delivery. The research, conducted between August 2023 and February 2024, involved 98 primiparous mothers who gave birth to healthy newborns through any delivery method. Participants were proficient in English or Kannada. The study excluded mothers delivering multiples, those with significant medical or psychological issues, and health professionals.

Methods

The study had two phases: Phase 1 developed and validated the AQ, N-CHFSEP, and FQ. N-CHFSEP covered key topics, including milestones in communication, feeding, and general health from birth to 6 months. Phase 2 administered these tools to participants. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, and chi-square tests.

Results

93% of mothers reported increased confidence in recognizing communication, feeding, and health-related signs in their infants after completing the program. This change was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Sociodemographic factors like maternal age, education, occupation, and family type significantly influenced confidence levels. Feedback from participants highlighted the program's effectiveness in enhancing knowledge, with suggestions for improvements.

Conclusions

N-CHFSEP significantly boosted mothers' confidence in newborn care, contributing to better maternal and infant health. However, the study lacked a control group, and the effectiveness was evaluated only immediately after the program. Future research could incorporate practical demonstrations and hands-on training to further enhance the program's impact.

The Impact of Stress on Women's Sexuality in the First Months After Childbirth-A Pilot Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

Background: The postpartum period can carry strong stress related to the sudden changes in a woman's life, which may contribute to changes in the female sexual sphere. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of stress on women's sexuality in the early motherhood period. Methods: A total of 111 women were studied, including 65 in the puerperal period and 46 women who constituted the control group. We used the author's questionnaire and five standardized psychological questionnaires (CISS-21,STAI, PSS-10, SSS-W, and the Mell-Krat Scale for women). Results: Perceived stress (PSS-10 scores) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) and sexual satisfaction (SSS-W scores) was significantly higher both regarding the summary scores (p < 0.001) and in all subscales (contentment, communication, and compatibility). In the study group, the intensity of stress was negatively correlated with the level of sexual satisfaction (p = 0.014). Women with an emotional way of coping with stress (CISS-21 inventory) in both groups achieved higher scores of sexual satisfaction in terms of communication, but a lower level in terms of interpersonal contact (p = 0.007), but higher stress intensity scores in the PSS-10 scale and in both STAI questionnaire stems. Conclusions: The early period of motherhood does not increase stress levels or decrease sexual satisfaction. It is likely that the sense of stability promotes a reduction in stress levels, which contributes to better sexual satisfaction.

Depressive symptoms and heart rate variability in perinatal women: A narrative review

AIM

This study aims to review research on heart rate variability and psychiatric symptoms in perinatal women and explains how heart rate variability can be useful in preventing depressive symptoms in perinatal women.

METHODS

Data were collected from PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. The literature search encompassed articles published until July 2024, with the inclusion criteria targeting studies on women within 1 year postpartum, starting from the gestation period. Further, articles exploring this population that discussed the relationship between anxiety, depression, stress, and heart rate variability were selected. The exclusion criterion was studies that confirmed a correlation between stressors and heart rate variability.

RESULTS

We identified 36 relevant articles. The results demonstrated that, since 2022, research has been conducted using smartwatches, smartphones, and so on. The effectiveness of using heart rate variability has been confirmed, particularly in studies linking it to depression. However, some studies lacked controls during measurements. Intervention studies demonstrated the effectiveness of heart rate variability biofeedback.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first review to investigate the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and heart rate variability in perinatal women. Understanding and using the characteristics of heart rate variability may lead to the detection of psychiatric symptoms in perinatal women and to self-care among women.

Cradling disparities: A descriptive qualitative study of maternal experiences of mothers from low-socioeconomic status in the first month postpartum

AIM

To explore the experiences, expectations and needs of mothers from low-socioeconomic status at 1 month postpartum.

DESIGN

Descriptive qualitative.

METHODS

Mothers from low-socioeconomic status and irrespective of their parity were invited to participate in one-to-one interviews at 1 month postpartum. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Written informed consent was obtained.

RESULTS

Twenty mothers participated and six themes were identified: (1) No choice but to find meaning; (2) Father as a major pillar of support; (3) 'Kampung' Spirit; (4) Trials and Tribulations of Transition to Motherhood; (5) Shame, guilt and internalized stigma and (6) Reclaiming the power.

CONCLUSION

This study reflected the unique struggles of mothers from low-socioeconomic status with pregnancy, childbirth and early postpartum and the wider health inequities within Singapore's maternal health system. To provide much-needed support and improved care, the stakeholders within government, healthcare providers and social organizations should consider the niche needs of this community.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE

Nurses need to reflect on their own biases and ensure consistent care delivery regardless of socioeconomic status. When delivering patient education, patient-centred and sincere advice rooted in personal experience can help to establish rapport.

IMPACT

This study is the first to explore the experiences of mothers from low-socioeconomic status in the Singapore context. Low-socioeconomic status mothers experienced less autonomy over their health, the care they received and their childcare options. As mothers adjusted to their new roles, they struggled to cope. However, as they were wary of the stigma surrounding poverty and their guilt of not being a 'good mother', they preferred to seek informal support from their family, friends and self-help through learning from social media, as compared to formal, external help.

REPORTING METHOD

COREQ checklist.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

No patient or public contribution.

Prevalence and Determinants of Antenatal Depression Risk Among Urban Women Seeking Antenatal Clinical Care at a District Hospital in Ghana

AIM

To determine the prevalence and factors associated with antenatal depression risk among pregnant women attending antenatal care at a district hospital in Kumasi, Ghana.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study.

METHODS

A questionnaire was used to collect data from 207 pregnant women attending antenatal care at Manhyia District Hospital from September 2020 to November 2020. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to screen for depression risk. Factors associated with antenatal depression risk were evaluated using logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

The prevalence of antenatal depression risk was 13.5% (n = 28). The most commonly reported intimate partner violence that contributed to depression risk was physical abuse (16.9%, n = 35). Factors such as physical abuse (AOR = 3.36, 95% CI: 1.13-10.02), domestic abuse (AOR = 3.88, 95% CI: 1.01-15.00) and self-harm ideation (AOR = 8.50, 95% CI: 2.44-29.63) were associated with increased odds of antenatal depression risk among the study participants.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed a low prevalence of antenatal depression risk. Extra attention should be given to factors such as intimate partner violence (domestic and physical abuse) and self-harm ideation. Also, screening all pregnant women, especially those with risk factors, for the risk of antenatal depression and early diagnosis and treatment of the risk of depression are important for the health of the mother, fetus and newborn.

Association Between Maternal Weight Perception Before and During Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression Status in Southern China

OBJECTIVE

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common complication after childbirth. Weight misperception can lead to self-esteem issues and mental health problems, especially in women and adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between weight perception before and during pregnancy and the status of PPD in Southern China.

METHODS

From October 2021 to November 2023, a multi-stage sampling method was used to recruit 2169 eligible mothers aged 18-49 who had delivered live-born singleton infants within 3 to 180 days postpartum. Anthropometric measurements and face-to-face questionnaire surveys were conducted to collect data. The Kappa test was used to assess the agreement between actual and perceived weight. The generalized linear model incorporating multiplicative interaction analysis was applied to explore the associations among variables.

RESULTS

The prevalence of PPD status was 18.0%. Among women, 35.2% perceived their pre-pregnancy weight (PPW) as abnormal, while 33.1% perceived their gestational weight gain (GWG) as inappropriate. There was poor agreement between maternal actual and perceived PPW/GWG (Kappa = 0.366, p < 0.001; Kappa = 0.188, p < 0.001), with 27.8% of women misperceiving their PPW and 52.1% misperceiving their GWG. The results of the general linear model indicated that women who perceived their PPW as underweight (β = 0.70, p = 0.016) or overweight/obese (β = 0.86, p < 0.001), as well as those who perceived their GWG as excessive (β = 0.47, p = 0.028) were more likely to exhibit PPD status. The interaction analysis results showed that those who perceived their PPW as underweight and their GWG as insufficient (β = 1.75, p = 0.020), as well as those who perceived their PPW as overweight/obese and their GWG as excessive (β = 0.90, p = 0.001) had a positive interactive effect on the occurrence of PPD status, while underestimating PPW and GWG may be a protective factor against PPD status (β = -1.03, p = 0.037).

CONCLUSION

These findings support that maternal weight perception plays a role in the development of PPD status. Further improvement is needed in personalized health education for weight management, both prior to and throughout the pregnancy period. This can help women reduce weight anxiety, better understand their body image, and potentially lower the risk of developing PPD.

Non-biological factors associated with postpartum depression among women in Shenzhen: a case-control study

Background

Postpartum depression (PPD) presents a significant public health challenge. While PPD's impact extends from maternal health to child development, cultural stigma and a lack of public awareness, particularly in developing countries, contribute to its underestimation and under diagnosed. This study investigated the non-biological associated factors for PPD in Shenzhen city due to its unique socioeconomic landscape, where rapid urbanization and migrant influx could uniquely impact maternal mental health. By identifying local PPD determinants, the research aimed to contribute to targeted mental health interventions in the region.

Method

Data were collected from May to December 2019 at the Luohu Maternal and Child Health Medical Center, Shenzhen. Inclusion criteria were postpartum women without psychiatric histories who live within the locality. The Chinese Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was utilized to confirm PPD diagnosis. Participant information including demographics, economic status and postnatal factors were collected via structured questionnaires. Statistical analyses of t-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, chi-square tests, and logistic regression, were performed using SPSS 20.0, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05.

Results

The study included 430 healthy mothers and 73 PPD mothers. Several factors were found to significantly influence the onset of PPD (p < 0.05): age (OR = 0.921, 95% CI: 0.864-0.981); living with in-laws (OR = 2.133, 95% CI: 1.108-4.106); bottle feeding (OR = 3.757, 95% CI: 1.567-9.006); prenatal depression (OR = 3.515, 95% CI: 1.61-7.675); prenatal anxiety (OR = 6.072, 95% CI: 3.209-11.49); and adverse life events during pregnancy (OR = 3.287, 95% CI: 1.165-9.269). Other factors were not found to have a significant effect.

Conclusion

Our study found that in the developed city of Shenzhen in Southern China, living with in-laws, exclusive bottle feeding, prenatal anxiety, depression, and adverse life events are non-biological associated factors for postpartum depression. The findings emphasize the importance of considering a range of factors when addressing maternal mental health within a specific local regions. It calls for targeted interventions or prevention program that take into considering the specific cultural, social, and individual factors.

Effectiveness of group-based psycho-education on preventing postpartum depression among pregnant women by primary healthcare provider in primary healthcare institution: a cluster-randomized controlled trial

Background

In Ethiopia, one in five mothers suffers from postpartum depression, which needs to be prevented through interventions. According to the World Health Organization, maternal healthcare providers have a unique opportunity to provide psychosocial interventions to prevent the damaging effects of perinatal depression. Hence, this study assessed the effectiveness of prenatal group-based psycho-education in preventing postpartum depression (PPD) in primary healthcare units.

Methods

We conducted a two-arm cluster-randomized controlled trial, enrolling 550 pregnant women at 12-20 weeks of gestation with a normal score (0-4) and a mild score (5-9) on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The study utilized simple randomization techniques to assign clusters between arms in a 1:1 ratio. The data was collected through face-to-face interviews conducted at 12-20 weeks of gestation and 6 weeks postpartum. The intervention group received usual care plus five prenatal group-based psycho-education (PGBPE) classes, while the control group received only usual care. The PPD status between arms was compared using the chi-square test of association. A mixed-effects multilevel logistic regression model was also used to examine the predictors of the outcome variables.

Results

The overall response rate at the end line was 92.9%. Thus, compared to that in controls, the PPD in the intervention clusters was considerably lower (20 (7.6%) vs. 74 (28.9%)), P = 0.001)/65% (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.13-0.99), although no difference was detected at baseline. Social support (AOR = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.01-0.15), partner emotional support (AOR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.12-0.51), PPD literacy (AOR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.11-0.62), and self-esteem (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.11-0.47) were more likely to protect mothers from PPD. On the contrary, domestic work (AOR = 9.75, 95% CI = 3.37-28.16), neonates with complications (AOR = 5.79, 95% CI = 2.04-16.45), and unhealthy coping (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.06-5.42) exposed mothers to PPD.

Conclusion

The implementation of a PGBPE in primary healthcare units (PHCUs) was effective at preventing PPD. Therefore, this intervention method has to be promoted and used in PHCUs to prevent PPD.

Clinical Trial Registration

[Pan African Clinical Trial Registry], identifier [PACTR 202203616584913].

Substance Use Disorder as a Risk Factor for Postpartum Depression: A Retrospective Chart Review in a Community Hospital

OBJECTIVE

This retrospective study examines the relationship between postpartum depression (PPD) and substance use disorder (SUD) in a community hospital setting.

METHODS

This retrospective chart review explored the association between SUD and PPD in a community hospital. Data from January 2016 to December 2018 were extracted from electronic medical records (EPIC EMR (Epic Systems Corporation, Verona, WI)), identifying mothers with PPD (n = 99) using billing code F53.0. Substance use disorder was assessed using diagnostic codes F10-F19. Odds ratios (OR), relative risk (RR), and chi-square tests were calculated to quantify and assess the significance of the association between SUD and PPD. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB).

RESULTS

Among 2,517 deliveries during the study period, 51 cases of PPD co-occurred with SUD. Mothers with SUD had a 4.3 times higher risk of PPD compared to those without SUD (OR = 4.8), highlighting a significant association.

DISCUSSION

These findings emphasize the importance of screening for PPD and SUD in pregnant and postpartum women, especially in community healthcare settings where routine screening may be limited. Targeted interventions can mitigate adverse effects on maternal and infant well-being.

Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression among Bhutanese mothers: a cross-sectional study

PURPOSE

This study investigated the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and explored associated factors among mothers attending postnatal care in Bhutan.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2023 at a national referral hospital in Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan. In total, 314 mothers were recruited. Sociodemographic, psychosocial, obstetric, and infant-related data were collected using questionnaires. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, with a threshold of ≥11, was employed to screen for PPD, and logistic regression was used to test the potential factors.

RESULTS

The prevalence of PPD was 14.97%. Mothers with a perceived change in body image (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.91-10.17; p=.001), perceived heightened stress after delivery (AOR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.45-9.67; p=.006), poor relationship with inlaws (AOR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.24-5.30; p=. 011), and negative birth experience (AOR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.17-5.00; p=.016) demonstrated significantly higher odds of developing PPD. However, mothers with a higher monthly family income (Bhutanese ngultrum [Nu.] 20,000 to <50,000; AOR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.13-0.92; p=.033), ≥Nu. 50,000 (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.13-1.07, p=.067) compared to

CONCLUSION

To mitigate the prevalence and risk of PPD, prioritizing screening strategies and interventions may benefit mothers with perceived changes in body image and heightened perceived stress after delivery, poor relationships with in-laws, and those with negative birth experiences.

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Key Words

• Depression
• Postpartum period
• Prevalence
• Risk factors
• Bhutan

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MESH Headings

• Humans
• Female
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Depression, Postpartum/epidemiology
• Depression, Postpartum/psychology
• Bhutan/epidemiology
• Adult
• Prevalence
• Mothers/psychology
• Mothers/statistics & numerical data
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Risk Factors
• Pregnancy
• Psychiatric Status Rating Scales

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Affiliation(s)

Sherab Zangmo Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Faculty of Nursing and Public Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
Waraporn Boonchieng Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Chalinee Suvanayos Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Kelzang Gyeltshen Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
Pallop Siewchaisakul Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Postpartum Psychosis as a Precursor to Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review

Postpartum psychosis (PP) is a rare and severe mental health disorder occurring shortly after childbirth, characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and intense mood swings. This review examines the potential link between PP and the later development of schizophrenia, a chronic psychiatric condition that typically emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood. By reviewing existing literature and analyzing epidemiological and clinical data, this review aims to clarify whether PP can be a precursor to schizophrenia. Findings suggest that while the transition from PP to schizophrenia is not inevitable, there is an increased risk, with some studies indicating that a subset of women with PP may develop a chronic psychotic disorder later on. This underscores the importance of early detection, ongoing monitoring, and targeted interventions. The review emphasizes the need for improved diagnostic practices and preventive measures to better manage PP and its potential long-term effects. Enhanced understanding of this relationship can inform more effective treatment strategies and support better mental health outcomes for new mothers. Future research should focus on refining risk assessment tools, exploring underlying mechanisms, and developing comprehensive management approaches to address the challenges associated with PP and its potential progression to schizophrenia.

Blood metabolomic and postpartum depression: a mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Postpartum depression is a complex mental health condition that often occurs after childbirth and is characterized by persistent sadness, anxiety, and fatigue. Recent research suggests a metabolic component to the disorder. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between blood metabolites and postpartum depression using mendelian randomization (MR).

METHODS

This study used a bi-directional MR framework to investigate the causal relationship between 1,400 metabolic biomarkers and postpartum depression. We used two specific genome-wide association studies datasets: one with single nucleotide polymorphisms data from mothers diagnosed with postpartum depression and another with blood metabolite data, both of which focused on people of European ancestry. Genetic variants were chosen as instrumental variables from both datasets using strict criteria to improve the robustness of the MR analysis. The combination of these datasets enabled a thorough examination of genetic influences on metabolic profiles associated with postpartum depression. Statistical analyses were conducted using techniques such as inverse variance weighting, weighted median, and model-based estimation, which enabled rigorous causal inference from the observed associations. postpartum depression was defined using endpoint definitions approved by the FinnGen study's clinical expert groups, which included leading experts in their respective medical fields.

RESULTS

The MR analysis identified seven metabolites that could be linked to postpartum depression. Out of these, one metabolite was found to be protective, while six were associated with an increased risk of developing the condition. The results were consistent across multiple MR methods, indicating a significant correlation.

CONCLUSIONS

This study emphasizes the potential of metabolomics for understanding postpartum depression. The discovery of specific metabolites associated with the condition sheds new insights on its pathophysiology and opens up possibilities for future research into targeted treatment strategies.

Decision tree-Markov model of perinatal depression screening: a cost-utility analysis

Background

Perinatal depression affects the physical and mental health of pregnant women. It also has a negative effect on children, families, and society, and the incidence is high. We constructed a cost-utility analysis model for perinatal depression screening in China and evaluated the model from the perspective of health economics.

Methods

We constructed a Markov model that was consistent with the screening strategy for perinatal depression in China, and two screening strategies (screening and non-screening) were constructed. Each strategy was set as a cycle of 3 months, corresponding to the first trimester, second trimester, third trimester, and postpartum. The state outcome parameters required for the model were obtained based on data from the National Prospective Cohort Study on the Mental Health of Chinese Pregnant Women from August 2015 to October 2016. The cost parameters were obtained from a field investigation on costs and screening effects conducted in maternal and child health care institutions in 2020. The cost-utility ratio and incremental cost-utility ratio of different screening strategies were obtained by multiplicative analysis to evaluate the health economic value of the two screening strategies. Finally, deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted on the uncertain parameters in the model to explore the sensitivity factors that affected the selection of screening strategies.

Results

The cost-utility analysis showed that the per capita cost of the screening strategy was 129.54 yuan, 0.85 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) could be obtained, and the average cost per QALY gained was 152.17 yuan. In the non-screening (routine health care) group, the average cost was 171.80 CNY per person, 0.84 QALYs could be obtained, and the average cost per QALY gained was 205.05 CNY. Using one gross domestic product per capita in 2021 as the willingness to pay threshold, the incremental cost-utility ratio of screening versus no screening (routine health care) was about -3,126.77 yuan, which was lower than one gross domestic product per capita. Therefore, the screening strategy was more cost-effective than no screening (routine health care). Sensitivity analysis was performed by adjusting the parameters in the model, and the results were stable and consistent, which did not affect the choice of the optimal strategy.

Conclusion

Compared with no screening (routine health care), the recommended perinatal depression screening strategy in China is cost-effective. In the future, it is necessary to continue to standardize screening and explore different screening modalities and tools suitable for specific regions.

In the Shadows of Motherhood: A Comprehensive Review of Postpartum Depression Screening and Intervention Practices

This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted landscape of postpartum depression (PPD), exploring its prevalence, impact on maternal and infant well-being, and the efficacy of existing screening and intervention practices. PPD emerges as a critical concern, with implications extending beyond individual mental health to encompass the dynamics of mother-infant relationships and societal well-being. The analysis underscores the complexity of addressing PPD, emphasizing the challenges associated with screening tools and the importance of evidence-based interventions. A call to action resonates throughout, urging healthcare providers, policymakers, and stakeholders to prioritize mental health support for new mothers through enhanced screening protocols and improved accessibility to interventions. Furthermore, the review highlights the need for destigmatization and awareness campaigns to foster a supportive environment. Future research directions are outlined, emphasizing the refinement of screening tools, developing innovative interventions, and exploring cultural and socioeconomic influences on PPD outcomes. The review envisions a collaborative effort to dispel the shadows of PPD, striving for a future where mothers receive comprehensive support, ensuring optimal mental health and overall well-being.

Neurosteroids and Postpartum Depression: The Mechanism, Efficacy, and Approval of Brexanolone and Zurzuvae

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 10-15% of new mothers globally. Marking a pivotal shift in treatment, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Zurzuvae (zuranolone) as the first oral medication for PPD in adults. This major depressive episode can emerge after childbirth or in pregnancy's later stages. Previously, PPD treatments were restricted to IV injections administered in select healthcare facilities. Childbirth instigates hormonal, physiological, and emotional shifts, with a stark drop in mood-regulating hormones like estrogen and progesterone possibly triggering depression. The role of serotonin in PPD is undeniable. Psychosocial stressors, such as neonatal care burdens and societal pressures, further amplify the risk. This Patent Highlight underscores the introduction of zuranolone as a beacon of hope for an effective and accessible treatment, which may benefit many postnatal women worldwide.

A Comprehensive Review of Motherhood and Mental Health: Postpartum Mood Disorders in Focus

The journey of motherhood encompasses a profound array of emotions, experiences, and challenges that extend beyond the surface of joy and elation. This review delves into the crucial yet often underexplored realm of postpartum mood disorders, aiming to illuminate their significance and foster understanding. Postpartum mood disorders, including postpartum depression, anxiety disorders, and psychosis, impact the mental well-being of mothers during a pivotal phase of their lives. Through a comprehensive exploration, this review elucidates the various dimensions of these disorders, from their definitions and classifications to their prevalence and impact on both mothers and families. Identifying and diagnosing postpartum mood disorders is discussed in detail, shedding light on the emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms that warrant attention. Screening and assessment tools are highlighted as essential instruments for early detection, while challenges in diagnosis, including the overlap with typical postpartum experiences and the influence of stigma, are explored. The review further delves into treatment and intervention, underscoring the importance of psychotherapy, pharmacological interventions, and individualised treatment plans. The roles of healthcare providers and mental health professionals in offering support and guidance are emphasised, emphasising the significance of a collaborative approach. Cultural and societal influences are crucial in shaping perceptions of motherhood and mental health. The review explores how these influences can create barriers to seeking help and highlights the importance of destigmatising postpartum mood disorders. It underscores the urgency of raising awareness and fostering a supportive environment that empowers mothers to seek assistance without fear of judgment. Looking toward the future, the review points to potential research directions, such as advances in understanding hormonal influences and exploring the long-term effects on maternal mental health. The overarching call to action resonates - increased awareness, support, and dismantling stigma are imperative. A hopeful vision is presented: a future where all mothers receive appropriate mental health care, no mother stands alone in her motherhood journey, and societal understanding and compassion thrive.