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Eltayeb R. Frequency of ABO and Rh Blood Groups Among Blood Donors in the Hail Region of Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2024; 16:e69195. [PMID: 39398823 PMCID: PMC11469338 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.69195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proper blood bank inventory management and safe, efficient blood transfusion services require a thorough understanding of ABO and Rh(D) blood group distributions in specific populations. The objective of this research was to evaluate the distribution of ABO and Rh blood types among different ethnic blood donors in the Hail region of Saudi Arabia and compare the results to those of other populations. METHODOLOGY Data from 3,166 blood donors were analyzed retrospectively. Blood bank records provided sociodemographic information as well as blood group phenotypes. Descriptive statistics were employed. The distribution of ABO and Rh blood types was statistically examined using the chi-square test. RESULTS The study identified a total of 3,166 blood donors, with the majority being males (3,083 (97.4%)). The median age of the donors was 35 years, with an interquartile range of 30-41 years. Of the cohort, 1,425 (45%) consisted of young donors, defined as individuals aged 30-41 years. The O blood type accounted for 1,409 (44.5%) of all types, making it the most prevalent. The next most common blood types were B at 837 (26.4%), A at 741 (23.4%), and AB at 179 (5.7%). When combined, O positive was the most prevalent type, accounting for 1,226 (38.7%) of the total. This was followed by type B positive at 745 (23.5%), type A positive at 651 (20.6%), O negative at 183 (5.8%), AB positive at 171 (5.3%), B negative at 92 (2.9%), A negative at 90 (2.8%), and AB negative at eight (0.3%). CONCLUSION According to the results, out of all the ABO phenotypes, O was the most common. B, A, and AB came next. In addition, Rh(D) positivity was observed in 88.2% of the donors. These results have considerable consequences for blood transfusion strategies in the Hail region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Eltayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Hail, SAU
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Raghuwanshi B, Ahuja K, Sharma G, Sharma K, Singh M, Yadav A, Kumar S, Sharma PK, Chander H, Dubey D. The Distribution Patterns of Rhesus (Rh) Antigens. Cureus 2024; 16:e62476. [PMID: 39015862 PMCID: PMC11251307 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The determination of one's blood group is dictated by the inheritance-based diversity in the presence or absence of RBC antigens on the surface. Extended Rhesus (Rh) antigens are the most clinically relevant antigens of blood group systems after the ABO blood group system in transfusion medicine. The aim of this study was to serologically assess the prevalence of extended Rh antigens across diverse blood group systems. METHODS A total of 2043 samples were tested for the ABO blood group and Rh typing with monoclonal antisera. The Rh phenotyping (C, c, E, e ) was performed on all the samples. RESULTS The most frequently observed ABO blood group was O (36.5%), while AB (13.6%) was identified as the least prevalent. Positive Rh D antigen was found in 91.6% of tested samples, while 8.4% were Rh D-negative. The most frequently encountered antigen was e, followed by D, while the least prevalent was E. DISCUSSION Establishing a Rh phenotype repository for blood donors and conducting Rh phenotype assessments as part of pretransfusion testing before initiating the initial blood transfusion for each patient could significantly lower the patients' incidence of alloimmunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Raghuwanshi
- Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Bhopal, IND
| | - Kanchan Ahuja
- Blood Reagent Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, IND
| | - Garima Sharma
- Blood Reagent Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, IND
| | - Kalpana Sharma
- Blood Reagent Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, IND
| | - Meghna Singh
- Blood Reagent Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, IND
| | - Aarti Yadav
- Blood Reagent Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, IND
| | - Subhash Kumar
- Blood Reagent Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, IND
| | - Pankaj K Sharma
- Blood Reagent Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, IND
| | - Harish Chander
- Biotherapeutics Research Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, IND
| | - Devesh Dubey
- Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Bhopal, IND
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S S, Shastry S, B PB. Variable reactivity of Rh D antigen and its serological characterization. Acta Clin Belg 2021; 76:346-350. [PMID: 32108563 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2020.1735115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Variation in the reactivity on Rh D typing may pose challenges in interpretation and ambiguity in further patient management.Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the department of transfusion medicine for a period of 18 months. Blood grouping was performed by fully automated equipment employing column agglutination technique. All the samples with Rh D negative or discrepant reactions were subjected to weak D testing by the antihuman globulin testing method. Samples that tested positive were categorized as serological weak D type or Variant D and were further phenotyped with Partial D typing set with 6 monoclonal anti D antisera.Results: A total of 82,824 samples were tested for Rh D type during the study period. Of the study population, 65.7% were males. On Rh D type majority were Rh D positive (93%), 6.9% were negative, and the result was discrepant in 0.1% (70) samples. The overall prevalence of variant D was 1.28% (75) of the Rh D negative population and 0.09% of the total study population. The detection rate of variant D phenotype was significantly higher by the Column agglutination technique. Upon testing with Partial D kit, the partial D variant in the majority reacted wil all the 6 antisera and hence we could not rule out DIII(60%), in rest it was inconclusive. In 43% of subjects with Rh D discrepancy 'C' antigen was found in a homozygous state.Conclusion: The introduction of partial D typing kit alone may not help in the absolute characterization of variant D. Extended serological testing and selective integration of molecular testing is the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreelekshmi S
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
| | - Shamee Shastry
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
| | - Poornima Baliga B
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
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Prinja N, Narain R. ABO, Rh, and kell blood group antigen frequencies in blood donors at the tertiary care hospital of Northwestern India. Asian J Transfus Sci 2021; 14:179-184. [PMID: 33767546 PMCID: PMC7983138 DOI: 10.4103/ajts.ajts_34_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study was performed to provide information on frequencies of ABO, Rh & Kell antigens/alleles, phenotype in blood donors at Blood Bank, SMS hospital, Jaipur and to compare them with other races. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted on blood donors from April 2016 to March 2017 using a fully automated system for ABO,Rh & Kell typing of blood cells. D, C, c, E, e & K antigens were typed using monoclonal antisera from Immucor The data were collected and calculations done to determine the antigen/allele, phenotype. The chi square test 3 degree of freedom with P < 0.001 (S) was used for comparisons between the results of our study and those of other studies. RESULTS: A total of 8067 donors were included in this study. Maximum donors was of B blood group (39.4%) of age 18-25(35.5%) with 60-69kg weight (65%). The most common Rh antigen found was e(99.3%) followed by D (93.8%), C (85.4%), c (60.1%), E (17.5%). R1r (DCCee) was the most common phenotype in our study (39.5%). Kell (K+) antigen was present in 2.7% of donors. CONCLUSION: We have determined the prevalence of Rh antigens and Rh phenotypes in blood donor at our hospital and derived the allele frequencies in the same population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nippun Prinja
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rachna Narain
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Sabir A, Iftikhar A, Ijaz MU, Hussain G, Rasul A, Iqbal RK, Sajid F, Anwar H. Retrospective study of frequency of ABO and Rhesus blood group among population of Safdarabad and Faisalabad cities of Pakistan. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:12. [PMID: 33413567 PMCID: PMC7792172 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The current study aimed to investigate the ABO and rhesus (Rh) blood group frequency in the people of District Faisalabad and Sheikhupura, Punjab Province, Pakistan. The retrospective study was conducted on more than thirty thousand people including both male and female patients admitted to the Tehsil Headquarter Hospital, Safdarabad and The Best Hospital, Faisalabad. Blood samples were taken from each subject and subsequently ABO and Rh blood groups were evaluated separately. The antigen antibody agglutination slide test for blood grouping (ABO) and Rh were used to assess the blood group frequencies. Results The frequencies of ABO blood group distribution indicated that blood group B was predominant in the people of Safdarabad followed by O, A and AB respectively. While, among people of Faisalabad, blood group O was predominant followed B, A and AB respectively. Rh negative phenotype was found lesser distributed as compared to the positive Rh phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sabir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Iftikhar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Khalid Iqbal
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Faiqa Sajid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Anwar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Sachan D, Tiwari AK, Dara R, Jothimani D, Kaliamoorthy I, Reddy SM, Rela M. Patient blood management in a patient with multiple red cell antibodies (anti-C, anti-e, and anti-K) undergoing liver transplant in South India: A team approach. Asian J Transfus Sci 2020; 14:74-78. [PMID: 33162713 PMCID: PMC7607982 DOI: 10.4103/ajts.ajts_54_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients undergoing liver transplant (LT) surgery are often multiply alloimmunized and pose significant challenges to the transfusion services in terms of red cell cross-match incompatibility, unpredictable blood requirements, and often lead to significant delays in availing compatible red cell units. We report a case of a 64-year-old female from Bahrain, a known case of hepatitis C-related ESLD referred for LT surgery. She had a history of multiple uneventful transfusions in the preceding year. Her blood group was A-positive, direct antiglobulin test, and cold antibodies were negative. Indirect antiglobulin test was positive, and antibody identification confirmed the presence of anti-C, anti-e, and anti-K. Her red cell phenotype was R2R2 and Kell negative (C-c+E+e-K-). The patient was started on erythropoietin. Requests for R2R2 and Kell negative units were sent to various blood banks across the country. After >800 A/O group units phenotyping and a waiting period of 6 weeks, two compatible R2R2 phenotypes and Kell negative could be arranged in-house and three units were received from Gurgaon, North India. Intraoperative management included blood preservation techniques including cell salvage, antifibrinolytic drug, and monitoring using thromboelastography. The estimated blood loss was 350 ml with pre- and postoperative Hb 10.4 gm% and 9.2 gm%, respectively. She received intraoperatively two units of single-donor platelet and four units of fresh frozen plasma and postoperatively one unit of leukocyte-depleted-packed red cells and doing well at 12-month follow-up. This case highlights the importance of advance immunohematology for timely detection of alloimmunization and providing antigen-negative compatible units, proper communication between the transfusion specialists, and the clinical team for proper patient blood management as well as the need for central rare donor registry program to avoid delays in providing compatible blood in such inevitable cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Sachan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aseem K Tiwari
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Medanta - The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Ravi Dara
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Manipal Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dinesh Jothimani
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ilankumaran Kaliamoorthy
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivas Mettu Reddy
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohamed Rela
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kulkarni S, Choudhary B, Gogri H, Sharma J, Madkaikar M. Red cell antigen phenotypes in blood donors & thalassaemia patients for creation of red cell antigen-matched inventory. Indian J Med Res 2020; 152:273-279. [PMID: 33107487 PMCID: PMC7881817 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1199_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Patients with thalasssaemia are at a risk of alloimmunization and the presence of RBC alloantibodies further complicates transfusion therapy. Matching for the critical antigens of Rh, Kell, Kidd and Duffy blood group systems has been shown to minimize alloimmunization. The aim of the present study was to create a database of extensively typed donors for clinically significant and common blood group antigens of Rh, Kidd, Kell and Duffy systems for transfusion therapy of multitransfused thalassaemic patients. Methods: Five hundred O group regular blood donors were phenotyped for Rh, Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood group antigens using haemagglutination technique. Eighty four non-alloimmunized and 15 alloimmunized thalassaemia major patients with known antigenic profiles (determined by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers) were selected for this study. Results: By analyzing antigen profiles of 500 O group regular donors, a database of 193 donors matching perfectly for Rh, Duffy, Kell and Kidd antigens was prepared for 15 alloimmunized patients. For non-alloimmunized 84 thalassaemic patients, a database of 405 donors was created. Interpretation & conclusions: A database of 500 regular blood donors phenotyped for common antigens of Rh, Duffy, Kell and Kidd blood group systems was created, which would be useful in providing extended antigen-matched RBCs for thalassaemia patients. This will improve the quality and effectiveness of transfusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Kulkarni
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital Campus, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhavika Choudhary
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital Campus, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harita Gogri
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital Campus, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayashree Sharma
- Blood Bank, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital Campus, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Etura JE, Amaechi RA, Akpotuzor JO, Okoroiwu HU. Demographics of Rhesus Phenotype of Blood Donors in Calabar: A Case Study of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Adv Hematol 2020; 2020:2659398. [PMID: 32908516 PMCID: PMC7474351 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2659398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhesus antigens have been documented to cause haemolytic disease of the newborn as well as acute and delayed transfusion reactions. This study was performed to evaluate the frequency of rhesus antigens (C, c, D, E, and e) in the studied population. METHOD This study was a cross-sectional study involving 130 prospective blood donors attending University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) donor clinic. Donors were grouped for Rh antisera (anti-E, anti-e, anti-C, anti-c, and anti-D) using the standard serologic technique. RESULT The most prevalent Rh antigen was "c" (98.5%), followed by "D" (97.7%), while the least was "C" (30.7%). The most prevalent phenotype was cDe/cDe (R0R0). CONCLUSION This work therefore concludes that the most prevalent rhesus antigen and rhesus phenotype was c and cDe/cDe among blood donors in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Ezekiel Etura
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Rose A. Amaechi
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Josephine O. Akpotuzor
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Henshaw Uchechi Okoroiwu
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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Pahuja S, Jain S, Nain M, Goel R, Sehgal S, Jain M. Assessment of rhesus and kell blood group antigens, phenotypes, and their allelic frequencies in North Indian blood donors. Asian J Transfus Sci 2020; 14:137-141. [PMID: 33767540 PMCID: PMC7983148 DOI: 10.4103/ajts.ajts_9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of rhesus (Rh) and Kell antigens in a population vary with race, ethnicity, and geographical location. With advances in immunohematology, non-D antigens, and their corresponding antibodies are increasingly being found to be culprits for alloimmunization. MATERIALS AND METHODS Assessment of the phenotype of Rh and Kell blood group antigen in the healthy donor population from North India was done, and estimation of the frequencies of these alleles in our population was performed. RESULTS The most common antigen in the North Indian donor population was "e" (95.6%) followed by "C" (89.6%), "c" (57.7%), and "E" (17.29%) in that order. The most prevalent phenotype in the Indian population was found to be "CDe" followed by "CcDe" and "CcDEe." "K" antigen was found to be positive in 1.81% of the population. DISCUSSION Knowledge of the Rh antigen profiles in a given population can be very helpful in formulating transfusion guidelines specific to a particular population with an aim to minimize the cost and maximize the benefits. With this aim in mind and considering the problems encountered in developing countries like ours, we conducted Rh and Kell antigen profiling of donors. Comparative analysis with other population studies and implications for transfusion protocols is evaluated. CONCLUSION Assessment of Rhesus antigen profile of a particular population is useful to develop cost effective ways of providing maximum benefits of blood transfusion with least resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Pahuja
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Connaught Place, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Jain
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Connaught Place, New Delhi, India
| | - Manupriya Nain
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Connaught Place, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchika Goel
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Connaught Place, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivali Sehgal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Connaught Place, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjula Jain
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Connaught Place, New Delhi, India
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A Case Report of a Rare Rh Phenotype: D. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2019; 35:402-404. [PMID: 30988595 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-019-01089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Jahanpour O, Pyuza JJ, Ntiyakunze EO, Mremi A, Shao ER. ABO and Rhesus blood group distribution and frequency among blood donors at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:738. [PMID: 29246245 PMCID: PMC5732446 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to determine the distribution of blood groups and the demographic background of blood donors in a referral hospital in Northern Tanzania. Results The most common blood group was O (52.3%) and the least common was AB (3.18%). 97.7% of the blood donors were Rh positive and the rest were Rh negative. Most donors were young adults, representing the age group of 19–29. The majority of donors were male (88.1%) and the majority (90.8%) were replacement while the remainder was voluntary donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Jahanpour
- School of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box, 2240, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3010, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.,School of Public Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando Area, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jeremia J Pyuza
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O.Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Ernest O Ntiyakunze
- School of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box, 2240, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3010, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Alex Mremi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3010, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Elichilia R Shao
- School of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box, 2240, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Longuo B, Sokoine Road, P.O. Box, 3010, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. .,Better Human Health Foundation, P.O. Box 1348, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.
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