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Rathod SD, Annand PJ, Hosseini P, Guise A, Platt L. Epidemiological features of depression and anxiety among homeless adults with healthcare access problems in London, UK: descriptive cross-sectional analysis. BJPsych Open 2024; 10:e93. [PMID: 38686447 PMCID: PMC11060085 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2024.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In England in 2021, an estimated 274 000 people were homeless on a given night. It has long been recognised that physical and mental health of people who are homeless is poorer than for people who are housed. There are few peer-reviewed studies to inform health and social care for depression or anxiety among homeless adults in this setting. AIMS To measure the symptoms of depression and anxiety among adults who are homeless and who have difficulty accessing healthcare, and to describe distribution of symptoms across sociodemographic, social vulnerability and health-related characteristics. METHOD We completed structured questionnaires with 311 adults who were homeless and who had difficulty accessing healthcare in London, UK, between August and December 2021. We measured anxiety and depression symptoms using the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) score. We compared median PHQ-4 scores across strata of the sociodemographic, social vulnerability and health-related characteristics, and tested for associations using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS The median PHQ-4 score was 8 out of 12, and 40.2% had scores suggesting high clinical need. Although PHQ-4 scores were consistently high across a range of socioeconomic, social vulnerability and health-related characteristics, they were positively associated with: young age; food insecurity; recent and historic abuse; joint, bone or muscle problems; and frequency of marijuana use. The most common (60%) barrier to accessing healthcare related to transportation. CONCLUSIONS Adults who are homeless and have difficulty accessing healthcare have high levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. Our findings support consideration of population-level, multisectoral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit D. Rathod
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - P. J. Annand
- Department of Sociology, University of Surrey, UK
| | - Paniz Hosseini
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew Guise
- Department of Population Health Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Lucy Platt
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Henderson K, Reihm J, Koshal K, Wijangco J, Sara N, Miller N, Doyle M, Mallory A, Sheridan J, Guo CY, Oommen L, Rankin KP, Sanders S, Feinstein A, Mangurian C, Bove R. A Closed-Loop Digital Health Tool to Improve Depression Care in Multiple Sclerosis: Iterative Design and Cross-Sectional Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial and its Impact on Depression Care. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e52809. [PMID: 38488827 PMCID: PMC10980989 DOI: 10.2196/52809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with multiple sclerosis (MS) face a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with a depressive disorder than the general population. Although many low-cost screening tools and evidence-based interventions exist, depression in people living with MS is underreported, underascertained by clinicians, and undertreated. OBJECTIVE This study aims to design a closed-loop tool to improve depression care for these patients. It would support regular depression screening, tie into the point of care, and support shared decision-making and comprehensive follow-up. After an initial development phase, this study involved a proof-of-concept pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) validation phase and a detailed human-centered design (HCD) phase. METHODS During the initial development phase, the technological infrastructure of a clinician-facing point-of-care clinical dashboard for MS management (BRIDGE) was leveraged to incorporate features that would support depression screening and comprehensive care (Care Technology to Ascertain, Treat, and Engage the Community to Heal Depression in people living with MS [MS CATCH]). This linked a patient survey, in-basket messages, and a clinician dashboard. During the pilot RCT phase, a convenience sample of 50 adults with MS was recruited from a single MS center with 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire scores of 5-19 (mild to moderately severe depression). During the routine MS visit, their clinicians were either asked or not to use MS CATCH to review their scores and care outcomes were collected. During the HCD phase, the MS CATCH components were iteratively modified based on feedback from stakeholders: people living with MS, MS clinicians, and interprofessional experts. RESULTS MS CATCH links 3 features designed to support mood reporting and ascertainment, comprehensive evidence-based management, and clinician and patient self-management behaviors likely to lead to sustained depression relief. In the pilot RCT (n=50 visits), visits in which the clinician was randomized to use MS CATCH had more notes documenting a discussion of depressive symptoms than those in which MS CATCH was not used (75% vs 34.6%; χ21=8.2; P=.004). During the HCD phase, 45 people living with MS, clinicians, and other experts participated in the design and refinement. The final testing round included 20 people living with MS and 10 clinicians including 5 not affiliated with our health system. Most scoring targets for likeability and usability, including perceived ease of use and perceived effectiveness, were met. Net Promoter Scale was 50 for patients and 40 for clinicians. CONCLUSIONS Created with extensive stakeholder feedback, MS CATCH is a closed-loop system aimed to increase communication about depression between people living with MS and their clinicians, and ultimately improve depression care. The pilot findings showed evidence of enhanced communication. Stakeholders also advised on trial design features of a full year long Department of Defense-funded feasibility and efficacy trial, which is now underway. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05865405; http://tinyurl.com/4zkvru9x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Henderson
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Reihm
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kanishka Koshal
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jaeleene Wijangco
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Narender Sara
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nicolette Miller
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marianne Doyle
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alicia Mallory
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Judith Sheridan
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Chu-Yueh Guo
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lauren Oommen
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephan Sanders
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anthony Feinstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Mangurian
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Riley Bove
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Michinaka M, Sai A, Yamauchi T. Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of men experiencing homelessness: A cross-sectional study in Osaka, Japan. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292377. [PMID: 37847683 PMCID: PMC10581486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) pandemic has negatively impacted not only our physical health but also mental health, including increasing depressive and anxiety symptoms. In particular, socially and physically vulnerable populations, such as people experiencing homelessness (PEH), may be more likely to have their mental health worsened by the pandemic due to having more difficulty meeting basic human needs. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on mental health of the homeless in Japan by evaluating depressive and anxiety symptoms and identifying the associated factors particularly, sociodemographic variables as age, employment status and the fear and perceived risk of COVID-19 infection. A cross-sectional interview survey among 158 PEH in Osaka Prefecture was conducted from April to May 2022. The survey included sociodemographic questions and history and perceived risk of infection with COVID-19. Depressive symptoms were measured using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and anxiety symptoms using the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and the fear of COVID-19 using the seven-item Fear of New Coronavirus Scale (FCV-19S). In this study, the prevalence of depression (PHQ-9≥10) was 38.6%, anxiety disorder (GAD≥10) was 19.0%, and high fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S≥19) was 28.5%. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that PEH in younger age groups (18-34 years), and with joblessness, higher perceived infection risk, and higher fear of COVID-19 were more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety (p<0.05). These results indicate that the younger PEHs with worsened economic conditions and therefore, feel threatened by COVID-19 the pandemic are at higher risk of mental health deterioration. More focused research and mental health services need to be provided to this population in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Michinaka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akira Sai
- Global Station for Indigenous Studies and Cultural Diversity, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taro Yamauchi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Olson A, Naevestad TO, Orru K, Nero K, Schieffelers A, Frislid Meyer S. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socially marginalised women: Material and mental health outcomes. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2023; 93:103739. [PMID: 37234353 PMCID: PMC10162841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is little knowledge about how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted people who are socially marginalised, including individuals who face barriers when attempting to access services such as social safety nets, the labour market, or housing. There is even less understanding about women living under these circumstances. The aims of this study are therefore to examine the material and mental impacts of COVID-19 among socially marginalised women (compared with socially marginalised men) as well as influencing factors. The study is based on survey data (N = 304) involving people who are clients of social care organisations in thirteen European countries. The sample includes clients: a) living in their homes, b) in facilities, and c) on the street and in temporary accommodations. Results indicate that although material impacts were not significantly different for female and male respondents, socially marginalised women have experienced more severe mental impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic than socially marginalised men. Female respondents have been significantly more worried about COVID-19 infection than men, and they report significantly more PTSD-symptoms related to the pandemic. Quantitative results indicate that these differences are related to the fact that the female respondents worry more about health risks (e.g. falling ill). Female respondents also seem to be harder hit mentally by the material impacts of COVID-19. Among the free text survey answers regarding the biggest problem for the respondents after the outbreak of the pandemic, the most prevalent reply (among both men and women) was related to material impacts of the pandemic (39% of the respondents), particularly the loss of work (65%). While women reported deterioration of social relations more often, men mentioned lacking access to services more frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Olson
- The Salvation Army, Place Du Nouveau Marché Aux Grains 34, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tor-Olav Naevestad
- Institute of Transport Economics, Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kati Orru
- Institute of Social Studies, University of Tartu, Lossi 36, 51003, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Nero
- Institute of Social Studies, University of Tartu, Lossi 36, 51003, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Abriel Schieffelers
- The Salvation Army, Place Du Nouveau Marché Aux Grains 34, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sunniva Frislid Meyer
- Institute of Transport Economics, Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
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Riley ED, Warner L, Hahn JA, Braun C, Dilworth S, Zevin B, Neilands TB, Weiser SD. Increased Difficulties Managing Chronic Medical Conditions During the COVID-19 Pandemic Are Associated With Increased Alcohol and Cannabis Use Among Unhoused and Unstably Housed Women. J Addict Med 2023; 17:e132-4. [PMID: 36084220 DOI: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic caused dramatic upsurges in stress and anxiety across the United States, as well as increased substance use to cope with pandemic-related stress. Few studies have focused exclusively on extremely disadvantaged individuals who are already at risk for substance use. We sought to understand factors associated with increased alcohol and cannabis use during the first 10 months of the COVID-19 pandemic among unsheltered and unstably housed women. METHODS Between July and December 2020, we conducted phone surveys with San Francisco unhoused and unstably housed women regarding substance use, health, and health services use since the beginning of the pandemic (March 2020). RESULTS Among 128 participants, increased use of alcohol and cannabis were reported by 15% and 23%, respectively. The odds of increased use of both substances were 4 times higher in participants who also had increased difficulties managing symptoms of a chronic medical condition during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS An intentional and comprehensive approach to managing the health of particularly vulnerable individuals during the COVID pandemic could help alleviate its exacerbating influences. Such an approach should include resources, tools and interventions for managing substance use, as well as chronic, non-COVID medical conditions, which are common and strongly tied to substance use in unhoused and unstably housed women.
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Meray V, Motorwala A, Sellers KP, Suarez A, Schneider GW. Telehealth Monitoring for Individuals Experiencing Homelessness During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: An Innovative Clinical and Medical Education Model. Cureus 2022; 14:e31528. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Corey J, Lyons J, O’Carroll A, Stafford R, Ivers JH. A Scoping Review of the Health Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Persons Experiencing Homelessness in North America and Europe. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19063219. [PMID: 35328907 PMCID: PMC8954292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) are at heightened risk for infection, morbidity, and mortality from COVID-19. However, health consequences of the pandemic extend far beyond those directly caused by the virus. This scoping review aimed to explore the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health and well-being of PEH in North America and Europe. A systematic search of academic and grey literature was conducted in September 2021. To be included, studies had to include primary data related to the impact of the pandemic on health or well-being of PEH and be written in English. All potentially relevant references were independently screened by two reviewers, and minor conflicts were settled with input of a third reviewer. A total of 96 articles met criteria for inclusion. Data extraction was completed for all included studies, and findings synthesised and presented thematically. Numerous health impacts of the pandemic on PEH were identified, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, morbidity, mortality, and hospitalisation, fear of infection, access to housing, hygiene, PPE, food, as well as mental health, substance use, other health-related outcomes and treatment services. Gaps in the literature relating to persons using alcohol, access to mental health support, and violence were also identified. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Corey
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D24H74 Dublin, Ireland; (J.C.); (J.L.)
| | - James Lyons
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D24H74 Dublin, Ireland; (J.C.); (J.L.)
| | | | - Richie Stafford
- HSE Community Healthcare Organisation Dublin North City & County, D09C8P5 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Jo-Hanna Ivers
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D24H74 Dublin, Ireland; (J.C.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Braun C, Wade AN, Weiser SD, Riley ED. Loss of Essential Resources During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Unsheltered and Unstably Housed Women. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:1017-1019. [PMID: 34993866 PMCID: PMC8734547 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-07288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Braun
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Albany Medical College, 43 New Scotland, MC1, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Amanda N Wade
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sheri D Weiser
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elise D Riley
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Scarlett H, Davisse-Paturet C, Longchamps C, Aarbaoui TE, Allaire C, Colleville AC, Convence-Arulthas M, Crouzet L, Ducarroz S, Melchior M. Depression during the COVID-19 pandemic amongst residents of homeless shelters in France. J Affect Disord Rep 2021; 6:100243. [PMID: 34632442 PMCID: PMC8487751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected global mental health and well-being. However, the impact amongst homeless persons has not been fully evaluated. The ECHO study reports factors associated with depression amongst the homeless population living in shelters in France during the spring of 2020. Methods Interview data were collected from 527 participants living in temporary and/or emergency accommodation following France's first lockdown (02/05/20 – 07/06/20), in the metropolitan regions of Paris (74%), Lyon (19%) and Strasbourg (7%). Interviews were conducted in French, English, or with interpreters (33% of participants, ∼20 languages). Presence of depression was ascertained using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Results Amongst ECHO study participants, 30% had symptoms of moderate to severe depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10). Multivariate analysis revealed depression to be associated with being female (aOR: 2.15; CI: 1.26–3.69), single (aOR: 1.60; CI: 1.01–2.52), chronically ill (aOR: 2.32; CI: 1.43: 3.78), facing food insecurity (aOR: 2.12; CI: 1.40–3.22) and participants’ region of origin. Persons born African and Eastern Mediterranean regions showed higher levels of depression (30–33% of participants) than those migrating from other European countries (14%). Reduced rates of depression were observed amongst participants aged 30–49 (aOR: 0.60; CI: 0.38–0.95) and over 50 (aOR: 0.28; CI: 0.13–0.64), compared to 18–29-year-olds. Limitations These data are cross-sectional, only providing information on a given moment in time. Conclusions Our results indicate high levels of depression amongst homeless persons during the COVID-19 pandemic. Predicted future instability and economic repercussions could particularly impact the mental health of this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honor Scarlett
- Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Sociale, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris F75012, France
| | - Camille Davisse-Paturet
- Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Sociale, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris F75012, France
| | - Cécile Longchamps
- Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Sociale, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris F75012, France
| | - Tarik El Aarbaoui
- Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Sociale, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris F75012, France
| | - Cécile Allaire
- French National Public Health Agency, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice F94415, France
| | - Anne-Claire Colleville
- French National Public Health Agency, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice F94415, France
| | - Mary Convence-Arulthas
- Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Sociale, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris F75012, France
| | - Lisa Crouzet
- Research on Healthcare Performance RESHAPE, INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | - Simon Ducarroz
- Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Sociale, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris F75012, France.,Research on Healthcare Performance RESHAPE, INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | - Maria Melchior
- Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Sociale, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris F75012, France.,CNRS, Institut Convergences Migration, Aubervilliers, France
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