1
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Sawyer M, Eixenberger J, Nielson O, Manzi J, Francis C, Montenegro-Brown R, Subbaraman H, Estrada D. Correlative Imaging of Three-Dimensional Cell Culture on Opaque Bioscaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:3717-3725. [PMID: 37655758 PMCID: PMC10521016 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering (TE) is a prospective treatment that can be used to restore or replace damaged musculoskeletal tissues, such as articular cartilage. However, current challenges in TE include identifying materials that are biocompatible and have properties that closely match the mechanical properties and cellular microenvironment of the target tissue. Visualization and analysis of potential 3D porous scaffolds as well as the associated cell growth and proliferation characteristics present additional problems. This is particularly challenging for opaque scaffolds using standard optical imaging techniques. Here, we use graphene foam (GF) as a 3D porous biocompatible substrate, which is scalable, reproducible, and a suitable environment for ATDC5 cell growth and chondrogenic differentiation. ATDC5 cells are cultured, maintained, and stained with a combination of fluorophores and gold nanoparticles to enable correlative microscopic characterization techniques, which elucidate the effect of GF properties on cell behavior in a 3D environment. Most importantly, the staining protocol allows for direct imaging of cell growth and proliferation on opaque scaffolds using X-ray MicroCT, including imaging growth of cells within the hollow GF branches, which is not possible with standard fluorescence and electron microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mone’t Sawyer
- Biomedical
Engineering Doctoral Program, Boise State
University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Josh Eixenberger
- Department
of Physics, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Center
for Advanced Energy Studies, Boise State
University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Olivia Nielson
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Jacob Manzi
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Cadré Francis
- Micron
School for Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Raquel Montenegro-Brown
- Center for
Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Micron
School for Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Harish Subbaraman
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - David Estrada
- Center
for Advanced Energy Studies, Boise State
University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Center for
Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Micron
School for Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Idaho
National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83401, United States
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2
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Kandhola G, Park S, Lim JW, Chivers C, Song YH, Chung JH, Kim J, Kim JW. Nanomaterial-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review on Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes and Nanocellulose. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:411-433. [PMID: 37060487 PMCID: PMC10219911 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale biomaterials have garnered immense interest in the scientific community in the recent decade. This review specifically focuses on the application of three nanomaterials, i.e., graphene and its derivatives (graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanocellulose (cellulose nanocrystals or CNCs and cellulose nanofibers or CNFs), in regenerating different types of tissues, including skin, cartilage, nerve, muscle and bone. Their excellent inherent (and tunable) physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties make them suitable for a wide range of biomedical applications, including but not limited to diagnostics, therapeutics, biosensing, bioimaging, drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A state-of-the-art literature review of composite tissue scaffolds fabricated using these nanomaterials is provided, including the unique physicochemical properties and mechanisms that induce cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation into specific tissues. In addition, in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects and biodegradation behavior of these nanomaterials are presented. We also discuss challenges and gaps that still exist and need to be addressed in future research before clinical translation of these promising nanomaterials can be realized in a safe, efficacious, and economical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurshagan Kandhola
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sunho Park
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woon Lim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cody Chivers
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Young Hye Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jong Hoon Chung
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
- Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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3
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Karriem L, Eixenberger J, Frahs S, Convertino D, Webb T, Pandhi T, McLaughlin K, Enrriques A, Davis P, Subbaraman H, Colletti C, Oxford JT, Estrada D. Structure-Property-Processing Correlations of Graphene Bioscaffolds for Proliferation and Differentiation of C2C12 Cells. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.25.538356. [PMID: 37162906 PMCID: PMC10168354 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.538356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene - an atomically thin layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice - has gained interest as a bioscaffold for tissue engineering due to its exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. Graphene's structure and properties are tightly coupled to synthesis and processing conditions, yet their influence on biomolecular interactions at the graphene-cell interface remains unclear. In this study, C2C12 cells were grown on graphene bioscaffolds with specific structure-property- processing-performance (SP3) correlations. Bioscaffolds were prepared using three different methods - chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sublimation of silicon carbide (SiC), and printing of liquid phase exfoliated graphene. To investigate the biocompatibility of each scaffold, cellular morphology and gene expression patterns were investigated using the bipotential mouse C2C12 cell line. Using a combination of fluorescence microscopy and qRT-PCR, we demonstrate that graphene production methods determine the structural and mechanical properties of the resulting bioscaffold, which in turn determine cell morphology, gene expression patterns, and cell differentiation fate. Therefore, production methods and resultant structure and properties of graphene bioscaffolds must be chosen carefully when considering graphene as a bioscaffold for musculoskeletal tissue engineering.
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4
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Gupta P, Waghmare S, Kar S, Illath K, Rao S, Santra TS. Functionally gradient three-dimensional graphene foam-based polymeric scaffolds for multilayered tissue regeneration. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1245-1255. [PMID: 36686898 PMCID: PMC9812017 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06018c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological bioengineering of multilayered tissues requires an optimized geometric organization with comparable biomechanics. Currently, polymer-reinforced three-dimensional (3D) graphene foams (GFs) are gaining interest in tissue engineering due to their unique morphology, biocompatibility, and similarity to extracellular matrixes. However, the homogeneous reinforcement of single polymers throughout a GF matrix does not provide tissue-level organization. Therefore, a triple-layered structure is developed in a GF matrix to closely mimic native tissue structures of the periodontium of the teeth. The scaffold aims to overcome the issue of layer separation, which generally occurs in multilayered structures due to the poor integration of various layers. The 3D GF matrix was reinforced with a polycaprolactone (PCL), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and PCL-hydroxyapatite (HA) mixture, added sequentially, via spin coating, vacuum, and hot air drying. Later, PVA was dissolved to create a middle layer, mimicking the periodontal fibers, while the layers present on either side resembled cementum and alveolar bone, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography revealed the structure of the scaffold with internal differential porosities. The nanoindentation and tensile testing demonstrated the closeness of mechanical properties to that of native tissues. The biocompatibility was assessed by the MTT assay with MG63 cells (human osteosarcoma cells) exhibiting high adhesion and proliferation rate inside the 3D architecture. Summing up, this scaffold has the potential for enhancing the regeneration of various multilayered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai 600036India+91-9840041787+91-044-2257-4747
| | - Sonali Waghmare
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai 600036India+91-9840041787+91-044-2257-4747
| | - Srabani Kar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and ResearchTirupati 517507India
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai 600036India+91-9840041787+91-044-2257-4747
| | - Suresh Rao
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai 600036India+91-9840041787+91-044-2257-4747
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai 600036India+91-9840041787+91-044-2257-4747
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5
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Yang Z, Buehler MJ. High-Throughput Generation of 3D Graphene Metamaterials and Property Quantification Using Machine Learning. Small Methods 2022; 6:e2200537. [PMID: 35905488 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
3D graphene assemblies are proposed as solutions to meet the goal toward efficient utilization of 2D graphene sheets, showing excellent performances in applications such as mechanical support, energy storage, and electrochemical catalysis. However, given the diversity and complexity of possible graphene 3D structures, there does not yet exist a systematic approach that can generate target 3D shapes and also, evaluate their performance. Here high-throughput data generation is combined with artificial intelligence approaches to realize rapid structure formation and property quantification of 3D graphene foams with mathematically controlled topologies, driven by molecular dynamics simulations. More than 4000 different foam structures are created, which feature diverse topologies that contain potential pathways for small molecules and auxetic structures with negative Poisson's ratio. Empowered by machine learning (ML) algorithms including graph neural networks, not only global properties such as elastic moduli, but also local behaviors such as atomic stress can be predicted and optimized based on their atomic structure, bypassing expensive atomistic simulations. The key findings of the research reported in this paper include a high-throughput virtual framework of generating diverse 3D graphene assemblies with mechanical performances quantification, and highly efficient methods of evaluating physical properties based on ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenze Yang
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Schwarzman College of Computing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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6
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Semitela Â, Carvalho S, Fernandes C, Pinto S, Fateixa S, Nogueira HIS, Bdikin I, Completo A, Marques PAAP, Gonçalves G. Biomimetic Graphene/Spongin Scaffolds for Improved Osteoblasts Bioactivity via Dynamic Mechanical Stimulation. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100311. [PMID: 34610190 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetics offers excellent prospects for design a novel generation of improved biomaterials. Here the controlled integration of graphene oxide (GO) derivatives with a 3D marine spongin (MS) network is explored to nanoengineer novel smart bio-based constructs for bone tissue engineering. The results point out that 3D MS surfaces can be homogeneously coated by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of oppositely charged polyethyleneimine (PEI) and GO. Notably, the GOPEI@MS bionanocomposites present a high structural and mechanical stability under compression tests in wet conditions (shape memory). Dynamic mechanically (2 h of sinusoidal compression cyclic interval (0.5 Hz, 0-10% strain)/14 d) stimulates GOPEI@MS seeded with osteoblast (MC3T3-E1), shows a significant improvement in bioactivity, with cell proliferation being two times higher than under static conditions. Besides, the dynamic assays show that GOPEI@MS bionanocomposites are able to act as mechanical stimulus-responsive scaffolds able to resemble physiological bone extracellular matrix (ECM) requirements by strongly triggering mineralization of the bone matrix. These results prove that the environment created by the system cell-GOPEI@MS is suitable for controlling the mechanisms regulating mechanical stimulation-induced cell proliferation for potential in vivo experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Semitela
- TEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sara Carvalho
- TEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Fernandes
- TEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Susana Pinto
- TEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sara Fateixa
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Helena I S Nogueira
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Igor Bdikin
- TEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - António Completo
- TEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Paula A A P Marques
- TEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Gil Gonçalves
- TEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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7
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Halim A, Qu KY, Zhang XF, Huang NP. Recent Advances in the Application of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Neural Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3503-3529. [PMID: 34291638 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of the nervous system structure and function, and its slow regeneration rate, makes it more difficult to treat compared to other tissues in the human body when an injury occurs. Moreover, the current therapeutic approaches including the use of autografts, allografts, and pharmacological agents have several drawbacks and can not fully restore nervous system injuries. Recently, nanotechnology and tissue engineering approaches have attracted many researchers to guide tissue regeneration in an effective manner. Owing to their remarkable physicochemical and biological properties, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have been extensively studied in the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine field. The great conductivity of these materials makes them a promising candidate for the development of novel scaffolds for neural tissue engineering application. Moreover, the high loading capacity of 2D nanomaterials also has attracted many researchers to utilize them as a drug/gene delivery method to treat various devastating nervous system disorders. This review will first introduce the fundamental physicochemical properties of 2D nanomaterials used in biomedicine and the supporting biological properties of 2D nanomaterials for inducing neuroregeneration, including their biocompatibility on neural cells, the ability to promote the neural differentiation of stem cells, and their immunomodulatory properties which are beneficial for alleviating chronic inflammation at the site of the nervous system injury. It also discusses various types of 2D nanomaterials-based scaffolds for neural tissue engineering applications. Then, the latest progress on the use of 2D nanomaterials for nervous system disorder treatment is summarized. Finally, a discussion of the challenges and prospects of 2D nanomaterials-based applications in neural tissue engineering is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Halim
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Yun Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ning-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
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8
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Yan D, Chang J, Zhang H, Liu J, Song H, Xue Z, Zhang F, Zhang Y. Soft three-dimensional network materials with rational bio-mimetic designs. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1180. [PMID: 32132524 PMCID: PMC7055264 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many biological tissues offer J-shaped stress–strain responses, since their microstructures exhibit a three-dimensional (3D) network construction of curvy filamentary structures that lead to a bending-to-stretching transition of the deformation mode under an external tension. The development of artificial 3D soft materials and device systems that can reproduce the nonlinear, anisotropic mechanical properties of biological tissues remains challenging. Here we report a class of soft 3D network materials that can offer defect-insensitive, nonlinear mechanical responses closely matched with those of biological tissues. This material system exploits a lattice configuration with different 3D topologies, where 3D helical microstructures that connect the lattice nodes serve as building blocks of the network. By tailoring geometries of helical microstructures or lattice topologies, a wide range of desired anisotropic J-shaped stress–strain curves can be achieved. Demonstrative applications of the developed conducting 3D network materials with bio-mimetic mechanical properties suggest potential uses in flexible bio-integrated devices. The development of artificial 3D soft materials and device systems that can reproduce the nonlinear, anisotropic mechanical properties of biological tissues remains challenging. Here, the authors design a class of soft 3D network materials that can offer defect-insensitive, nonlinear mechanical responses closely matched with those of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjia Yan
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Chang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxing Liu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglie Song
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoguo Xue
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China. .,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Frahs S, Reeck JC, Yocham KM, Frederiksen A, Fujimoto K, Scott CM, Beard RS, Brown RJ, Lujan TJ, Solov’yov IA, Estrada D, Oxford JT. Prechondrogenic ATDC5 Cell Attachment and Differentiation on Graphene Foam; Modulation by Surface Functionalization with Fibronectin. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:41906-41924. [PMID: 31639302 PMCID: PMC6858527 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Graphene foam holds promise for tissue engineering applications. In this study, graphene foam was used as a three-dimension scaffold to evaluate cell attachment, cell morphology, and molecular markers of early differentiation. The aim of this study was to determine if cell attachment and elaboration of an extracellular matrix would be modulated by functionalization of graphene foam with fibronectin, an extracellular matrix protein that cells adhere well to, prior to the establishment of three-dimensional cell culture. The molecular dynamic simulation demonstrated that the fibronectin-graphene interaction was stabilized predominantly through interaction between the graphene and arginine side chains of the protein. Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical testing indicated that fibronectin functionalization of graphene altered the mechanical properties of graphene foam. The elastic strength of the scaffold increased due to fibronectin, but the viscoelastic mechanical behavior remained unchanged. An additive effect was observed in the mechanical stiffness when the graphene foam was both coated with fibronectin and cultured with cells for 28 days. Cytoskeletal organization assessed by fluorescence microscopy demonstrated a fibronectin-dependent reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and an increase in actin stress fibers. Gene expression assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of 9 genes encoding cell attachment proteins (Cd44, Ctnna1, Ctnnb1, Itga3, Itga5, Itgav, Itgb1, Ncam1, Sgce), 16 genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins (Col1a1, Col2a1, Col3a1, Col5a1, Col6a1, Ecm1, Emilin1, Fn1, Hapln1, Lamb3, Postn, Sparc, Spp1, Thbs1, Thbs2, Tnc), and 9 genes encoding modulators of remodeling (Adamts1, Adamts2, Ctgf, Mmp14, Mmp2, Tgfbi, Timp1, Timp2, Timp3) indicated that graphene foam provided a microenvironment conducive to expression of genes that are important in early chondrogenesis. Functionalization of graphene foam with fibronectin modified the cellular response to graphene foam, demonstrated by decreases in relative gene expression levels. These findings illustrate the combinatorial factors of microscale materials properties and nanoscale molecular features to consider in the design of three-dimensional graphene scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie
M. Frahs
- Center
of Biomedical Research Excellence in Matrix Biology, Biomolecular
Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Jonathon C. Reeck
- Center
of Biomedical Research Excellence in Matrix Biology, Biomolecular
Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Katie M. Yocham
- Department
of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Anders Frederiksen
- University
of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics,
Chemistry and Pharmacy, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kiyo Fujimoto
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Crystal M. Scott
- Center
of Biomedical Research Excellence in Matrix Biology, Biomolecular
Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Richard S. Beard
- Center
of Biomedical Research Excellence in Matrix Biology, Biomolecular
Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Raquel J. Brown
- Center
of Biomedical Research Excellence in Matrix Biology, Biomolecular
Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Trevor J. Lujan
- Department
of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Ilia A. Solov’yov
- Department
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße
9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - David Estrada
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Center
of Biomedical Research Excellence in Matrix Biology, Biomolecular
Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
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10
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Williams- Godwin L, Brown D, Livingston R, Webb T, Karriem L, Graugnard E, Estrada D. Open-source automated chemical vapor deposition system for the production of two- dimensional nanomaterials. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210817. [PMID: 30650151 PMCID: PMC6334948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of two- dimensional (2D) materials is a rapidly growing area within nanomaterials research. However, the high equipment costs, which include the processing systems necessary for creating these materials, can be a barrier to entry for some researchers interested in studying these novel materials. Such process systems include those used for chemical vapor deposition, a preferred method for making these materials. To address this challenge, this article presents the first open-source design for an automated chemical vapor deposition system that can be built for less than a third of the cost for a comparable commercial system. The materials and directions for the system are divided by subsystems, which allows the system to be easily built, customized and upgraded, depending upon the needs of the user. We include the details for the specific hardware that will be needed, instructions for completing the build, and the software needed to automate the system. With a chemical vapor deposition system built as described, a variety of 2D nanomaterials and their heterostructures can be grown. Specifically, the experimental results clearly demonstrate the capability of this open-source design in producing high quality, 2D nanomaterials such as graphene and tungsten disulfide, which are at the forefront of research in emerging semiconductor devices, sensors, and energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizandra Williams- Godwin
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Dale Brown
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Richard Livingston
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Tyler Webb
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Lynn Karriem
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Elton Graugnard
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - David Estrada
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Amani H, Mostafavi E, Arzaghi H, Davaran S, Akbarzadeh A, Akhavan O, Pazoki-Toroudi H, Webster TJ. Three-Dimensional Graphene Foams: Synthesis, Properties, Biocompatibility, Biodegradability, and Applications in Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:193-214. [PMID: 33405863 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Presently, clinical nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology have impressively demanded the generation of new organic/inorganic analogues of graphene (as one of the intriguing biomedical research targets) for stem-cell-based tissue engineering. Among different shapes of graphene, three-dimensional (3D) graphene foams (GFs) are highly promising candidates to provide conditions for mimicking in vivo environments, affording effective cell attachment, proliferation,and differentiation due to their unique properties. These include the highest biocompatibility among nanostructures, high surface-to-volume ratio, 3D porous structure (to provide a homogeneous/isotropic growth of tissues), highly favorable mechanical characteristics, and rapid mass and electron transport kinetics (which are required for chemical/physical stimulation of differentiated cells). This review aims to describe recent and rapid advances in the fabrication of 3D GFs, together with their use in tissue engineering and regenerative nanomedicine applications. Moreover, we have summarized a broad range of recent studies about the behaviors, biocompatibility/toxicity,and biodegradability of these materials, both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the highlights and challenges of these 3D porous structures, compared to the current polymeric scaffold competitors, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Zhang Z, Klausen LH, Chen M, Dong M. Electroactive Scaffolds for Neurogenesis and Myogenesis: Graphene-Based Nanomaterials. Small 2018; 14:e1801983. [PMID: 30264534 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the major issues in tissue engineering is constructing a functional scaffold to support cell growth and also provide proper synergistic guidance cues. Graphene-based nanomaterials have emerged as biocompatible and electroactive scaffolds for neurogenesis and myogenesis, due to their excellent tunable chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. This review first assesses the recent investigations focusing on the fabrication and applications of graphene-based nanomaterials for neurogenesis and myogenesis, in the form of either 2D films, 3D scaffolds, or composite architectures. Besides, because of their outstanding electrical properties, graphene family materials are particularly suitable for designing electroactive scaffolds that could provide proper electrical stimulation (i.e., electrical or photo stimuli) to promote the regeneration of excitable neurons and muscle cells. Therefore, the effects and mechanism of electrical and/or photo stimulations on neurogenesis and myogenesis are followed. Furthermore, studies on their biocompatibilities and toxicities especially to neural and muscle cells are evaluated. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives in facilitating the development of clinical translation of graphene-family nanomaterials in treating neurodegenerative and muscle diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Menglin Chen
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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