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Bruckschlegel C, Pasquier C, Toquer G, Girard L, Odorico M, Lautru J, Diat O, Bauduin P. Toward Distinguishing between the Superchaotropic and Hydrophobic Characters of Nanometric-Sized Ions in Interaction with PEGylated Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4229-4236. [PMID: 38634114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we explore the superchaotropic effect of various polyoxometalate or boron cluster nano-ions on hydrophilic neutral surfaces. Nano-ions, characterized by low charge densities, exhibit strong adsorption on non-ionic hydrophilic surfaces like PEGylated micelles. This adsorption phenomenon was attributed to the enthalpically favorable dehydration of nano-ions, the so-called superchaotropic effect. Here, we investigate the adsorption of three nano-ions, α-SiW12O404-, α-PW12O403-, and B12I122-, with decreasing charge density or increasing superchaotropicity (or hydrophobicity), on hydrophilic solid surfaces, PEGylated gold nanoparticles, and PEGylated gold-coated quartz crystal. Solid surfaces are devoid of hydrophobic regions, enabling the study of the subtle nuance between hydrophobic and superchaotropic effects. Unlike adsorption on PEGylated micelles, the adsorption constant decreases with a reduced charge density, aligning with the well-established principle that hydrophobic ions do not adsorb on hydrophilic surfaces. This research improves our understanding of the subtle difference between superchaotropic and hydrophobic effects in nano-ion adsorption phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bruckschlegel
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Coralie Pasquier
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Toquer
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Luc Girard
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Michael Odorico
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Joseph Lautru
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Diat
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Bauduin
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze Cedex, France
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G Lopez C, Matsumoto A, Shen AQ. Dilute polyelectrolyte solutions: recent progress and open questions. Soft Matter 2024; 20:2635-2687. [PMID: 38427030 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00468f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolytes are a class of polymers possessing ionic groups on their repeating units. Since counterions can dissociate from the polymer backbone, polyelectrolyte chains are strongly influenced by electrostatic interactions. As a result, the physical properties of polyelectrolyte solutions are significantly different from those of electrically neutral polymers. The aim of this article is to highlight key results and some outstanding questions in the polyelectrolyte research from recent literature. We focus on the influence of electrostatics on conformational and hydrodynamic properties of polyelectrolyte chains. A compilation of experimental results from the literature reveals significant disparities with theoretical predictions. We also discuss a new class of polyelectrolytes called poly(ionic liquid)s that exhibit unique physical properties in comparison to ordinary polyelectrolytes. We conclude this review by listing some key research challenges in order to fully understand the conformation and dynamics of polyelectrolytes in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Atsushi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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Grams RJ, Santos WL, Scorei IR, Abad-García A, Rosenblum CA, Bita A, Cerecetto H, Viñas C, Soriano-Ursúa MA. The Rise of Boron-Containing Compounds: Advancements in Synthesis, Medicinal Chemistry, and Emerging Pharmacology. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2441-2511. [PMID: 38382032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Boron-containing compounds (BCC) have emerged as important pharmacophores. To date, five BCC drugs (including boronic acids and boroles) have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of cancer, infections, and atopic dermatitis, while some natural BCC are included in dietary supplements. Boron's Lewis acidity facilitates a mechanism of action via formation of reversible covalent bonds within the active site of target proteins. Boron has also been employed in the development of fluorophores, such as BODIPY for imaging, and in carboranes that are potential neutron capture therapy agents as well as novel agents in diagnostics and therapy. The utility of natural and synthetic BCC has become multifaceted, and the breadth of their applications continues to expand. This review covers the many uses and targets of boron in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Justin Grams
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Antonio Abad-García
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carol Ann Rosenblum
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrei Bita
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Mataojo 2055, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Hohenschutz M, Bauduin P, Lopez CG, Förster B, Richtering W. Superchaotropic Nano-ion Binding as a Gelation Motif in Cellulose Ether Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202210208. [PMID: 36346946 PMCID: PMC10107358 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nanometer-sized anions (nano-ions) like polyoxometalates and boron clusters exhibit so-called superchaotropic behavior, which describes their strong binding to hydrated non-ionic matter in water. We show here that nano-ions, at millimolar concentrations, dramatically enhance the viscosity and induce gelation of aqueous solutions of non-ionic cellulose ethers (CEs), a class of widely utilized polymers known for their thickening and gel-forming ability. These phenomena arise from an interplay of attractive forces and repulsive electrostatic forces between CE-chains upon nano-ion binding. The attractive forces manifest themselves as aggregation of CE-chains into a physically crosslinked polymer network (gel). In turn, the electrostatic repulsions hamper the viscosity increase and gelation. Superchaotropic nano-ion binding emerges as a novel and general physical crosslinking motif for CE-solutions and exceeds by far the conventional thickening effects of classical salts and ionic surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Hohenschutz
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pierre Bauduin
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule, ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | - Carlos G Lopez
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Beate Förster
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Ernst Ruska-Centrum für Mikroskopie und Spektroskopie mit Elektronen (ER-C-1), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., RWTH-Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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5
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Liu X, Yang H, Chen Y, Yang Y, Porcar L, Radulescu A, Guldin S, Jin R, Stellacci F, Luo Z. Quantifying the Solution Structure of Metal Nanoclusters Using Small‐Angle Neutron Scattering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209751. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong China
| | - Huayan Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering Health Science Center Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering University College London London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue-Langevin BP 156 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9 France
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Jülich Center for Neutron Science JCNS at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Stefan Guldin
- Department of Chemical Engineering University College London London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Zhi Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong China
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Liu X, Yang H, Chen Y, Yang Y, Porcar L, Radulescu A, Guldin S, Jin R, Stellacci F, Luo Z. Quantifying the Solution Structure of Metal Nanoclusters Using Small‐Angle Neutron Scattering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Liu
- Southern University of Science and Technology department of biomedical engineering CHINA
| | - Huayang Yang
- Shenzhen University department of medicine CHINA
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Carnegie Mellon University department of chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Ye Yang
- University College London department of chemical engineering UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue-Langevin large scale structure group FRANCE
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich Centre for Neutron Science: Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH Julich Centre for Neutron Science Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) CHINA
| | - Stefan Guldin
- University College London department of chemical engineering UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Carnegie Mellon University department of chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Supramolecular NanoMaterials and Interfaces Laboratory SWITZERLAND
| | - Zhi Luo
- SUSTech: Southern University of Science and Technology Biomedical Engineering Xueyuan Avenue 1088HCI J392 Shenzhen CHINA
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Hu X, Guo D. Superchaotropic Boron Clusters as Membrane Carriers for the Transport of Hydrophilic Cargos. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204979. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Yue Hu
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education) State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dong‐Sheng Guo
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education) State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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8
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Hu X, Guo D. Superchaotropic Boron Clusters as Membrane Carriers for the Transport of Hydrophilic Cargos. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Yue Hu
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education) State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dong‐Sheng Guo
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education) State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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9
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Falaise C, Khlifi S, Bauduin P, Schmid P, Shepard W, Ivanov AA, Sokolov MN, Shestopalov MA, Abramov PA, Cordier S, Marrot J, Haouas M, Cadot E. “Host in Host” Supramolecular Core–Shell Type Systems Based on Giant Ring‐Shaped Polyoxometalates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Falaise
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay Versailles France
| | - Soumaya Khlifi
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay Versailles France
| | - Pierre Bauduin
- ICSM, CEA CNRS ENSCM Université Montpellier 34199 Marcoule France
| | - Philipp Schmid
- ICSM, CEA CNRS ENSCM Université Montpellier 34199 Marcoule France
| | - William Shepard
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubain BP 48 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, CEDEX France
| | - Anton A. Ivanov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Maxim N. Sokolov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | | | - Pavel A. Abramov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- South Ural State University, Prospekt Lenina, 76 454080 Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Stéphane Cordier
- CNRS Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ISCR—UMR 6226 Univ Rennes 35000 Rennes France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay Versailles France
| | - Mohamed Haouas
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay Versailles France
| | - Emmanuel Cadot
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay Versailles France
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10
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Falaise C, Khlifi S, Bauduin P, Schmid P, Shepard W, Ivanov AA, Sokolov MN, Shestopalov MA, Abramov PA, Cordier S, Marrot J, Haouas M, Cadot E. "Host in Host" Supramolecular Core-Shell Type Systems Based on Giant Ring-Shaped Polyoxometalates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14146-14153. [PMID: 33724635 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we show how the chaotropic effect arising from reduced molybdate ions in acidified aqueous solution is able to amplify drastically weak supramolecular interactions. Time-resolved Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) analysis suggests that molybdenum-blue oligomeric species form huge aggregates in the presence of γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) which results in the fast formation of nanoscopic {Mo154 }-based host-guest species, while X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the ending-point of the scenario results in an unprecedented three-component well-ordered core-shell-like motif. A similar arrangement was found by using preformed hexarhenium chalcogenide-type cluster [Re6 Te8 (CN)6 ]4- as exogenous guest. This seminal work brings better understanding of the self-assembly processes in general and gives new opportunities for practical applications in the design of complex multicomponent materials via the simplicity of the non-covalent chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Falaise
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Soumaya Khlifi
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Pierre Bauduin
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Université Montpellier, 34199, Marcoule, France
| | - Philipp Schmid
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Université Montpellier, 34199, Marcoule, France
| | - William Shepard
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubain BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, CEDEX, France
| | - Anton A Ivanov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maxim N Sokolov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Pavel A Abramov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,South Ural State University, Prospekt Lenina, 76, 454080, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Stéphane Cordier
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Mohamed Haouas
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuel Cadot
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
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Merhi T, Jonchère A, Girard L, Diat O, Nuez M, Viñas C, Bauduin P. Highlights on the Binding of Cobalta-Bis-(Dicarbollide) with Glucose Units. Chemistry 2020; 26:13935-13947. [PMID: 32628301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metalla-bis-dicarbollides, such as the cobalta-bis-dicarbollide (COSAN) anion [Co(C2 B9 H11 )2 ]- , have attracted much attention in biology but a deep understanding of their interactions with cell components is still missing. For this purpose, we studied the interactions of COSAN with the glucose moiety, which is ubiquitous at biological interfaces. Octyl-glucopyranoside surfactant (C8G1) was chosen as a model as it self-assembles in water and creates a hydrated glucose-covered interface. At low COSAN content and below the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of C8G1, COSAN binds to C8G1 monomers through the hydrophobic effect. Above the CMC of C8G1, COSAN adsorbs onto C8G1 micelles through the superchaotropic effect. At high COSAN concentrations, COSAN disrupts C8G1 micelles and the assemblies become similar to COSAN micelles but with a small amount of solubilized C8G1. Therefore, COSAN binds in a versatile way to C8G1 through either the hydrophobic or superchaotropic effect depending on their relative concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Merhi
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207, Marcoule, France
| | - Alban Jonchère
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207, Marcoule, France
| | - Luc Girard
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207, Marcoule, France
| | - Olivier Diat
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207, Marcoule, France
| | - Miquel Nuez
- Institute de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institute de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierre Bauduin
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207, Marcoule, France
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